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Policing in the United States

Chapter 1

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020. 2

Law Enforcement Today

• Policing--a complex profession • Law enforcement officers carry out

– Law enforcement – Order maintenance – Crime prevention

• Evaluated only on law enforcement

3Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.1: Summarize the key issues facing law enforcement today.

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

Law Enforcement Today

Public Scrutiny in Our Modern Society • Caused by

– Increase in number of homicides and shootings

– Racially charged incidents involving unarmed Black men

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.1: Summarize the key issues facing law enforcement today.

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

Law Enforcement Today Public Scrutiny in Our Modern Society • Pivotal event: Freddie Gray’s death in

custody • Outcomes

– Strained long-standing racial tensions – Escalation of crime – High rise in homicides – Dramatic fall in arrests

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.1: Summarize the key issues facing law enforcement today. Pivotal Event: Freddie Gray’s death in custody: Arrested on April 12, 2015, by the Baltimore Police Department for the alleged possession of an illegal switchblade knife Fell into a coma while being transported in a police van, was taken to a trauma center Died on April 19, 2015, due to spinal cord injuries sustained in police custody High rise in homicides: Soared to the highest numbers in more than 40 years. Dramatic fall in arrests: Fell from more than 40,000 in 2014, to about 18,000 (through October) of 2017 Fergusson effect--Police were less willing to be proactive after several highly publicized cases.

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

Law Enforcement Today Increased Danger for Police • Sharp rise in number of police personnel

killed in the line of duty • Fear of military style of law enforcement

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Sharp rise in number of police personnel killed in the line of duty: In 2016, the number of U.S. police killed in the line of duty rose sharply to 135, the highest in 5 years. Nearly half of the officers who were killed were fatally shot, including 21 police officer who died in ambush-style attacks carried out across the country.

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

Law Enforcement Today Public Trust in the Police • Concerns

– Legitimacy – Accountability and measurement of

performance – Need for increased cooperation across

jurisdictions

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.5: Discuss some of the current concerns of police in the United States. Legitimacy: Extent that members of the public trust and have confidence that officers will treat people with fairness, dignity and respect, and trustworthy motives. Accountability and measurement of performance: Meaningful measurement is reliant on the reporting of accurate and complete data, something which has become a constant concern and an area with much room for improvement.

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

The Concept and Mandate of the Police

Police as Mediators and Arbitrators in Society • Apprehend people who violate the rights of

others • Bring violators before prosecutors and

judges

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.2: Discuss the concepts and mandate of the police in U.S. society. The term police is derived from the Greek words polis and politeuein, which refer to being a citizen who participates in the affairs of a city or state. The contemporary police officer is just that--a citizen actively involved in the affairs of the state, in the broad sense of the word.

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

The Concept and Mandate of the Police

• Paradox--need for the police and need for protection from the police

• Public criticism • Varied influencers of behavior and

accountability • Complex job requiring discretion

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.3: Describe the difficulty associated with attempting to make generalizations about law enforcement and the scope of the functions they perform. Paradox: While on one hand, police require the legal authority to detain persons suspected of criminal activity, to investigate crimes, and to seize property, on the other hand, they are required to respect (and even to protect) restrictions on police activities that might violate fundamental constitutional protection against unreasonable search and seizure. Public criticism: Both intervention and a lack of intervention can lead to public criticism. While some police problems are defined by a clear solution ground in well-established law, other, less-traditional problems offer not clear legal solution. Varied influencers of behavior and accountability: All police officers are influenced by the expectations of department administrators, courts, community residents, other officers, and even their own perceptions, each of which affects an officer’s expectations of moral and ethical behavior and accountability. Hence, although the police cannot decide which laws to enforce, they can prioritize without violating the ethics or principles that guide them. Complex job requiring discretion: Societies expect police to achieve a variety of outcomes defined by the police mission and mandate which include: Reducing crime and maintain order Reducing the fear of crime Solving neighborhood problems and improve the quality of life Developing greater community cohesion To achieve these outcomes, maintain order, and enforce the law, police are often required to intervene in the daily affairs of private citizens. Regulation of morals, enforcement of traffic laws, mediation of domestic disputes, investigation of crimes, and many other police activities require such interventions. Neither police training nor the law can addresses every possible conflict or intervention. As a result, police officers must exercise discretion by warning some individuals, arresting or ticketing others, or referring parties in a dispute to seek professional legal advice.

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector

Levels of Policing • International, federal, state, county, and

municipal levels • Police personnel could be:

−Full-time officers--sworn personnel −Part-time officers −Officers contracted from outside agencies

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.4: Identify the levels and types of policing in the United States. As of January 1, 2013, more than 15,000 local police and sheriff’s departments and primary state agencies in the United Stated employed an estimated one million persons on a full-time basis. Of these, approximately 725,000 were sworn full-time officers. 5% of police departments (645 agencies) employed 100 or more officers in 2013. 300,000 full-time police officers in the United States New York City Police Department (NYPD) largest police agency in 2013 with 34,454 full-time officers 5,900 agencies (police departments) employed fewer than 10 full-time police officers Other departments did not employ full-time sworn personnel, instead hired part-time officers or contracted with outside agencies to provide police services

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector

Levels of Policing: State Police • Provide statewide communications or

computer systems • Assist in crime scene analysis and

multijurisdictional investigations • Provide training for other police agencies • Collect, analyze, and disseminate information

on crime patterns

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.4: Identify the levels and types of policing in the United States.

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector

Levels of Policing: State Police •Aircraft support •Underwater search and rescue operations •Canine assistance •Traffic enforcement on highways

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.4: Identify the levels and types of policing in the United States.

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector

Levels of Policing: Local Police • Police force of cities, municipalities, and political

subdivisions • Responsibilities

– Maintains order – Prevents crimes – Traffic enforcement – Criminal investigations – Conducts community outreach programs

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.4: Identify the levels and types of policing in the United States.

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector

Levels of Policing: Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs • Deputy sheriffs

–Perform routine patrol duties –Criminal investigations –Traffic enforcement

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.4: Identify the levels and types of policing in the United States.

Cox, Introduction to Policing, 4e. © SAGE Publications, 2020.

Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector

Levels of Policing: Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs • Sheriffs

– Maintain jails – Transport inmates to court – Maintain safety and security of courthouses

and jurors – Serve court papers and extradite prisoners

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.4: Identify the levels and types of policing in the United States.

Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies • Investigations and control of federal crimes • Training and logistical support to state and local

police • Includes

− U.S. Marshals Service − U.S. Secret Service − Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) − U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.4: Identify the levels and types of policing in the United States. U.S. Marshals Service: Enforces directives of federal courts. U.S. Secret Service: Protects the president, vice president, and others and also investigates crimes against the financial infrastructure of the United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Formerly called Bureau of Investigation (BOI), was created in 1908. As of 2008 (the latest statistics available), the FBI employed nearly 17,000 full-time agents. U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency: Is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the Department of Homeland Security. It is responsible for regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting import duties, and enforcement of U.S. regulations that include trade, custody, and immigration. The responsibilities of the Department of Homeland Security include prevention of terrorism and enhancement of security management of national borders; administration of immigration laws; security of cyberspace; ensuring disaster resilience; security of the nation’s air, land, and sea borders to prevent illegal activity; facilitation of lawful travel and trade; coordination of police activities among agencies at multiple levels; and provision of training, grants, and resources.

Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector

Federal agencies that employ law enforcement officers: • Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) • U.S. Customs and Border Protection agency • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and

Explosives (ATF) • The U.S. Supreme Court • The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • Amtrak • Library of Congress

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.4: Identify the levels and types of policing in the United States.

Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector

A Changing Landscape Police Personnel Operating in Rapidly Changing Environment • Use of unmanned aerial vehicles for crime

scene mapping, traffic control, and border monitoring

• Use of global positioning systems (GPS) and sophisticated video surveillance

• USA PATRIOT Act

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.5: Discuss some of the current concerns of police in the United States.. USA PATRIOT Act: (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) extends government authority to tap phones and computers.

A Changing Workforce Variations in Police Departments • Domination of White males • Discrepancy between image of police as

crime fighters and the reality • Community policing • Diverse police force

Additional Types of Police/Security

• Private Security • Special Jurisdiction Police • Auxiliary/Reserve/Special Police • Conservation Police Officers, Game

Wardens • Tribal Police Officers

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Satisfies Learning Objective 1.6: Summarize the additional types of police and the functions they perform. Private Security: Private security or contract guards for executive protection, private investigators, industrial security, and as contract employees for the military Special Jurisdiction Police: College and university police, public and private school police and agencies that serve transportation systems and facilities. Auxiliary/Reserve/Special Police: Assist regular police officers Usually work part time Can be armed or unarmed Can either be paid for their services or volunteer Conservation Police Officers, Game Wardens: Usually have full police authority and statewide or federal jurisdiction Enforcement in state parks Tribal Police Officers: Majority are general-purpose police while others are special jurisdiction agencies that enforce natural resource laws

Additional Types of Police/Security

Slide Number 1
Slide Number 2
Law Enforcement Today
Law Enforcement Today�
Law Enforcement Today�
Law Enforcement Today
Law Enforcement Today
The Concept and Mandate of the Police
The Concept and Mandate of the Police
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
A Changing Landscape
A Changing Workforce
Additional Types of Police/Security
Additional Types of Police/Security