CJUS Paper

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Running head: HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD

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HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD

Human trafficking in the United States and Abroad

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Instructor Name

Abstract

According to Anti-Slavery International report, approximately 200 million people globally are in slavery captivity worldwide with approximately 800,000 people being engaged in human trafficking across both domestic and international borders annually and forced into human slavery. Initially, I believed human trafficking is a horrible challenge facing only developing countries until I recently heard on a US native describing her traumatizing trafficking experience within the United States. Primarily, over forty-fivethousandpeople have trafficked annually into the United States for exploitation. Mainly this paper will discuss human trafficking issues, explaining effect trafficking affects to different countries, United States included and the respective solution, and addressing how a well-rounded and holistic approach is necessary for mitigating this global challenges on all fronts. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: The abstract is left justified and should not have an indentation (Chapter 2, 2.04, p. 27) (Figure 2.1, p. 41). Comment by Stephanie Hobson: There is an unnecessary space here; delete it. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: Avoid using first person in formal writing. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: This word is misspelled. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: This should be two words. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: This passage is choppy. Rewrite to improve the flow for clarity. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: This is a great introduction to your paper, but not a great abstract. The abstract should provide a concise summary of the argument of the paper instead of introducing that argument.

Human trafficking in the United States and Abroad

Human traffickingrefersto modern slavery characterized by illegal trading and smuggling of people, for sexual exploitation or forced labor.Trafficking is formally defined as the transportation, recruitment, transfer, receipt or harboring of human using abduction, coercion, deception, fraud, or power abuse of a vulnerability position for the exploitation objectives.  Ostensibly, Human trafficking is not tantamount with forced smuggling or migration(McPhillips, 2017). Comment by Stephanie Hobson: Add a space here. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: Add a space here. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: This material seems like a direct quote from the source. Direct quotes need to be surrounded by quotation marks. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: It is very important to clearly indicate both the beginning and ending points of source material to avoid documentation plagiarism.

Human trafficking in the United States occurs mostly around global travel-hubs that significant immigrant populations such as Texas, Georgia, and California states. According to the Justice Department in the US, it is estimated thatapproximately 35,50 to 170,500 individuals are trafficked annually into the country. The Global Slavery2016 Index estimated that including the entire U.S.immigrants and citizens, there are 57,700 people suffering from human trafficking.Consequentially, trafficked individuals include teenagers, men, young children, and women who are either foreign nationals or domestic citizens (Staff, 2018). Comment by Stephanie Hobson: Again, this material seems like a quote. Statistics should be quoted. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: Add a space here.

The United Nations Protocol (UNP) has undertaken deliberate action to suppress, punish, and prevent human trafficking, especially children and women and it describes human trafficking main objective as exploitation. Consequentially, the exploitation may include, prostitution or minimum exploitation of other human being or other sexual exploitation forms, forced services or labor, practices or slavery similar to servitude, removal of organs, or slavery.” (University, n.d.). Comment by Stephanie Hobson: An apostrophe ( ‘ ) can be used to indicate the possessive form of nouns and to indicate the omission of letters in a contraction. To make a singular noun possessive, add an apostrophe followed by an S (e.g., the cat’s toy). To make a plural noun possessive, add an S followed by an apostrophe (e.g., the teachers’ salaries). An apostrophe is never used to make a singular word plural. An apostrophe can also be used to create contractions (e.g., can’t, won’t, shouldn’t).

This paper will focus on human trafficking both within and without the US focusing on literature review, trigger factors, prevention approaches, and criticism. Ostensibly,Human Trafficking is a rising immoral ideology destroying our societies or communities, increasing delinquencyaction and depriving the virtue of the current world's youth. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: A quick summary: an argument is a claim with a reason for the claim. All your research will become different reasons that support your claim. This is why being specific is so important. You need to identify a specific claim and then identify specific reasons that support your claim. That’s how you make a good argument. This paper is a little weak because you haven’t given us a strong claim in the beginning. There is a claim here--which is great!—but it could be stronger. http://www.liberty.edu/index.cfm?PID=12268 http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/

Literature review

According to ILO report, it is estimated currently there are 20.9 million individuals living in slavery conditions of which 5.5 million are children that are swept up into both forced labor and sex trafficking, with girls and women represent approximately 70% of the total trafficking victims. However, despite the victim's differences in race, nationality, race, gender, and sexual orientation, most of the victims share have similar trait: either attributable to general home community conditions, individual circumstance, or marginalized group membership (Staff, 2018). Ostensibly, most human trafficking victims experienced disempowerment before meeting with their respective trafficker.

Primarily, Human trafficking is not prone to regional challenges, nor confined to developing nations or low-income areas as it is prevalent in virtually all regions globally, including Western Europe and the United States. Since human trafficking is transnational delinquency, and because trafficking victims statistics are challenging to compile, scholars have been significantly unable to regulate the relative human trafficking prevalence across regions (McPhillips, 2017). Comment by Stephanie Hobson: An apostrophe ( ‘ ) can be used to indicate the possessive form of nouns and to indicate the omission of letters in a contraction. To make a singular noun possessive, add an apostrophe followed by an S (e.g., the cat’s toy). To make a plural noun possessive, add an S followed by an apostrophe (e.g., the teachers’ salaries). An apostrophe is never used to make a singular word plural. An apostrophe can also be used to create contractions (e.g., can’t, won’t, shouldn’t).

Principally, there is a rising criminal Responsibility and handling the concerns and problems associated with human trafficking.“Within the U.S., there is a 2000 Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) that constitutes “the human trafficking statute cornerstone.” Ostensibly, the act established a human trafficking law as a federal crime alongside requiring traffickers to compensate restitution to the victims. Additionally, the law also generated the T Visa, that permits trafficking victims, and their respective kinfolks to remain in the U.S. and solidifies them permanent residency eligibility after three years (Goncalves, 2017). Comment by Stephanie Hobson: Do not use capital letters in this instance. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: A common parenthetical citation includes the author surname, followed by the year of publication (e.g., (Martin, 2000)). With a work that has two authors always cite both names every time (Chapter 6, 6.13, pp. 174-176). Comment by Stephanie Hobson: Frequent repetition of similar words weakens prose and discourages people from reading to the end of an essay. Use a wider variety of words to effectively convey intent and increase the readability of the text.

Trafficking cases are aimed at pushing to the promotion of supply-chain accountability which is a term symbolizing corporate responsibility for the suppliers and contractors conduct where some organizations have propelled litigation against organizations in this area. Therefore, launching human trafficking corporate liability perpetrated by some subcontractors, for example, the civil rights grouping Asian Americans Advancing Justice (AAAJ) took on a noticeable case in the 1990s. Consequentially, other organizations, for example, theVerité which is a non-profit, have engaged with corporations to promote compliance through existing laws and legislation (Goncalves, 2017). Comment by Stephanie Hobson: Add more explanation here for clarity.

The U.S. is working extremely hard toeradicate human trafficking in the worldwide and U.S. The Department of State (DS) releases data annually accumulated on the human trafficking state in several different nations U.S. being among them in line with the 2000 Trafficking Victim Protection Act standards.Additionally, nations lease trafficking cases data as per federal estimates and prosecution of the trafficked persons. Nevertheless, the report further cautions that the said data is not a true representative of the number of people usually trafficked because of lack of consistency between several agencies and states combating human trafficking and the incapacity to justify for undiscovered victims (State, 2017). Comment by Stephanie Hobson: This passage is choppy. Rewrite to improve the flow for clarity. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: Add a brief concluding paragraph at the end of each section to wrap up your points and connect them to your claim.

Criticism

According to "Human Trafficking Evokes Outrage, Little Evidence" a 2007 Washington Post, in US human trafficking is fundamentally nonexistent. Nevertheless, there are several human trafficking victims compared on few granted certification. Initially, certification calls for a victim to cooperate effectively with a police agents investigation. After a police raid, certain and holistic focusing ons to go home, while some victims are unwilling to offer maximum police cooperation and hence are deported, while some other victims are fear commerce and against rancorous traffickers. Therefore, the certification application requires law enforcement support. Conversely, when the victim appears not to be useful for a prosecution, or when the police withdrawals a case, hence they are not supposed to reside in the U.S. and hence cannot be counted as trafficking victims (McPhillips, 2017). Comment by Stephanie Hobson: Unclear. Rewrite so that your intended meaning is more apparent to the reader. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: Unclear. Rewrite so that your intended meaning is more apparent to the reader.

Principally, several critics and authorities of modern anti-prostitution activism have indicated that there is human trafficking hysteria as conflated with charitable adult prostitution is characterized with the moral panichallmarks and closely mirrors the white-slavery hysteria especially during an of the 20th century. Typically, such broad claims and panics are triggered by the insufficient factual provision, for example, victims "horror stories" replace research, andlawmakershurry to enact dangerously vague and broad legislation resulting in infringement of civil rights (State, 2017). Comment by Stephanie Hobson: This passage is choppy. Rewrite to improve the flow for clarity.

Triggering factors

Human trafficking in the US and abroad is triggered by several factors such as poverty, globalization, prostitution, and government corruption fear.

Poverty

Primarily, poverty triggers increased human trafficking in several ways; for instance, poverty affects the individual choice and notion often driving families to in focusing based positively correlated of education and desperation. In some nations, poverty triggers parents to compels their kids as a laborer in correlated with the nation with economy stability, for example, the U.S.A, without triggered increased knowing that they are being forced into prostitution or slave labor. Moreover, once this trafficking andkidnapping of the child happen, the victim habitually accepts their current situation and inhibits efforts to free from their imprisonment. Occasionally, they wind up unaided in a required to they are not conversant with the language used, thereby complicating aid seeking. Additionally, victims comprehend and their prevailing positions since they feel it is the only avenue of sending some remittances to their associated family and hence their enslaved circumstances may in other cases is better compared totheir original desperate and impoverished state(Homeland Security, n.d.). Comment by Stephanie Hobson: This passage is choppy. Rewrite to improve the flow for clarity. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: Unclear. Rewrite so that your intended meaning is more apparent to the reader.

Globalization

The human trafficking rate is directly proportional and positively correlated with globalization.  Consequentially, globalization hastriggered increased cross-border commerce and the cheap labor demand; however, other nations the US included migration policies have not reformed with the cheap labor demand level, hence triggering immigration illegally. Ostensibly, this triggers an ideal environment for organized criminal activities to formulate trafficking circles. With the current rising of foreign goods trade to rural areas, and corresponding rural market import competition has also triggered people in poverty-stricken regions to migrate to developed and industrialized economies in search of greener pastures and better livelihoods (Goldberg, 2010). Conversely, their desperate condition often makes it susceptible to trafficking and exploitation into different forced labor forms to aid that economy. Finally, the technological advances are interlinked with globalization as it facilitates the ease conduction of trafficking operations and organized criminal circles.

Prostitution

According to feminists, for example, Carole Pateman argued that exploitation entails both sex trafficking and prostitution. Consequentially, the feminist believe that cross-border commerce is agreeing to become a sex worker or a prostitute in a foreign nation that the worker was trafficked due mitigate preceding human environment the cheap her to consider that sex-work as the only viable profession available. Contrary, other policies have example Kamala Kempadoo argues that prostitution is regarded as a profession like other migrant work triggering illegally. Nevertheless, due to theprostitution criminalization, prostitutes are then subjected to exploitation, subsequent trafficking, and coercion(Homeland Security, n.d.).

In the USA according to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, 80,000 women have arrested because of prostitution or prostitution-related crime although there are current debates regarding the policy modifications based on the arguments. In aid provision for sex trafficking victims, the government should take a position on whether or not there is inherent interlink between sex trafficking and the sex industry. These individuals involved in active prostitution are 80% like to contract Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and several of them cannot afford to pursue treatment as the STIs results in lifelong diseases, serious infections, and sometimes lead to death (Staff, 2018).

Government corruption Fear

Despite, U.S. provision of trafficking victims protection, few victims pursue the government's support because of corruption fear, deportation fear, or reprisals triggers ideal their family. Ostensibly, traffickingvictims may be countries citizens with corrupt governments which eventually aid trafficking. However, where victims' original nations lack dependable police systems, then trafficking victims are cautious to reach out for support. For example, JessaDillow Crisp was among several human trafficking victims, who had faced the police agents in her state to be corruptive and engaged in the trafficking(Homeland Security, n.d.).

Human Trafficking solution

Human trafficking is currently regions as global human rights threats. To developed trafficking is in crime identification, there are still and better that susceptible to victims protection, better crime perpetrators prosecution, exploitation into effort different forced trafficking. It is advisable to billion directly approach it facilitates emergingglobal slavery. Despite, being easier in focusing on a few areas, it is estimated that to undertake a comprehensive and holistic approach required to comprehend better and mitigate human trafficking vice (State, 2017).

The improvement of economic, social, educational condition and assistance in source nations is required to moderate the migration attraction. In some nations, there is no significant career, or educational opportunities for several impoverish residents, particularly women. Migration because of employment, any type of employment, are perceived as the only job opportunity option. Consequentially, it is very likely for a desperate individual to be exploited, and there is immigration illegally need for stiffer The human penalties for human trafficking convict to deter other people from engaging in the exploitation or trafficking rate trafficked people (Staff, 2018).

Several people engaged in human trafficking are enticed by the high-yield and low-cost of trafficked victims. Principally, human trafficking penalties and other associated crimes are reduced than those for arms and drugs smuggling. With the TVPA emergency and emerging Civil Rights Enforcement (CRE) division particularly formulated for human trafficking. Currently, there are advanced steps of are human trafficking universal definition, alongside approaches to protect victims, prevent trafficking, and prosecute traffickers (Goldberg, 2010).

A significant approach in the right direction is undertaking education law enforcement and enlighten the general public on identifying victims and preventing trafficking of trafficking. Therefore, bringing this issue can trade to ease off traffickers operation. Therefore, everyone in globally should focus on halting slavery and corresponding the slavery products, including sweatshop and prostitution products. Therefore, world slavery is supposed to have a proper understanding of the products is estimated how they arise(Homeland Security, n.d.).Additionally, employees and corporation should be monitored to safeguard employment rights.

Finally, victims rehabilitationmust be personally based and locally and hence not all trafficking victims have similar experiences, and most of them dislike to openly discuss or talk about their experiences openly. Through counseling and rehabilitation, there is hope of getting a better picture of the human trafficking process and effective prosecution of the traffickers. Primarily, the solution fits into the Liberty University worldview, that seeks to offer training in criminal justice administrators to trigger criminal justice dogmas within a Christian context by ensuring that there is a morally ethical culture against human traffic.

Conclusion

Human trafficking has become a worldwide epidemic and a modern world slavery epidemic. According to the UN report, it is estimated that approximately four million individuals are trafficked annually. UNICEF approximates 50% of worldwide trafficking victims are children of which two-thirds are in it forcefully. Conversely,human trafficking is estimated to rank in $10 billion annually making human trafficking the third highest thresholdcriminal enterprise of which $4 billion directly comes from the brothel industry. Consequentially, there are high children mortality rates due to poor treatment and there is significantly high rates of orphan in third-world and developing nations contribute to the sex slavery problem. There are 600,000 to 800,000 trafficking across using human annually and then held against the transport cost and held in sexual servitude which are usually lured with false promises, trickery, or simply abducted. Finally, drugs trigger addictions and weaken individuals resolve to leave. Therefore, it is evident thatHuman Trafficking is a rising immoral ideology destroying our societies or communities, increasing delinquency action and depriving the virtue of the current world's youth. Comment by Stephanie Hobson: I see that you are still in the process of writing, but here are some things to focus on: Think about your “outline.” Your outline is important because a paper is supposed to be an argument. An argument is a claim with reasons for the claim. Each section should support the claim in some way. This is why at the end of each section you need to write a paragraph connecting the research back to the claim. Your outline is where you develop these connections. The outline is where you think about the whole argument and how each part relates to/ support the claim you are making. Always add a sentence or two to follow up a quote and show how it supports your argument. Also be sure to clearly indicate the beginning and ending points of source material. Other than this, I think you are aware of the “surface” level problems of your writing. Obviously you aren’t finished with this yet and you need to “proof” it still. I think you need to focus your attention on the early steps to the writing process. If you can develop your skills at outlining and drafting, you will greatly enhance the strength of your papers! Good work! I can tell you have worked hard on this. I want my comments to show you weaknesses, but not discourage you! This should help you see where to apply your energy, not discourage you from working!

References Comment by Stephanie Hobson: When writing research papers at the graduate level, it is important to find sources from various mediums to support your argument. Scholarly journal articles and books are very important to providing peer reviewed material. Websites can be used, but should be used in conjunction with material that is considered more scholarly.

Goldberg, M. (2010). Human Trafficking: Report Ranks the U.S., World Countries. Daily Beast. Goncalves, R. H. (2017). Combatting Human Trafficking. Harvard University, 67. Homeland Security. (n.d.). Retrieved from U.S Department of Homeland Security: https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/what-human-trafficking McPhillips, D. (2017). 5 of the Worst Countries for Human Trafficking. US News & World Report. Staff, H. (2018). Human Trafficking search. Retrieved from http://humantraffickingsearch.org/human-trafficking-statistics-2017/ State, U. D. (2017). Trafficking in Persons Report. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/271339.pdf University, T. I. (n.d.). Northeastern University. Retrieved from Northeastern University: http://www.northeastern.edu/humantrafficking/background-on-human-trafficking/