International Project

Development in Haiti

Kirsten Matthews

PSY228

September 1, 2022

Table of Contents

1. Background: Flag, maps, photo(s), facts

2. Prenatal/birth: Photo(s), statistics, culture

3. Infancy/early childhood: Photo(s), statistics, culture

4. Middle childhood/adolescence: Photo(s), statistics, culture

5. Adulthood/aging: Photo(s), statistics, culture

6. Empirical article

u NOTE: NOT ALL SLIDES ARE INCLUDED IN THIS SAMPLE! THESE SAMPLE SLIDES ARE MEANT TO SHOW YOU FORMATTING AND AMOUNT OF DETAIL FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF SLIDES.

u NOTE ALSO: STATISTICS AND BEST AND WORST HDI COUNTRIES WERE UPDATED 11-4-22, SO IF THEY DO NOT MATCH CURRENT DATA, DON'T WORRY. FOCUS ON THE FORMAT.

Map: Flag

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html

Map: Country

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html

Map: Region

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html

South America

North America

Country: Photos

https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/haiti/

https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/01/1055502

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fishing_village_in_Haiti.jpg

Country Facts: People and Society

u Population: 11,067,777 (July 2020 est)

u Language(s): French, Creole

u Major religion(s): Roman Catholic (54.7%), Protestant (28.5%), Vodou (2.1%)

u Reference: Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/

u Human Development Index (HDI) rank: 163/191

u Human development classification: Low

u For comparison (2021): US is #21. Best HDI is Switzerland (#1). Worst is South Sudan (#191).

u Source: United Nations (n.d.) Global Human Development Indicators http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries

Country Facts: Past and Present

1. Historical fact: After a revolution in the late 1700s, Haiti declared its independence in 1804 and became the first world nation controlled by former slaves.

2. Historical fact: The US occupied Haiti from 1915-1934.

3. Contemporary fact: Haiti has been devastated by natural disasters, including major earthquakes in 2010 and 2021 as well as many severe hurricanes.

4. Contemporary fact: Haiti is the poorest country located within the Western hemisphere.

5. Fun fact: The Hospital Universitaire De Mirebalais is the world’s largest solar powered hospital!

Ø Reference: Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). The World Factbook [Section: Introduction.] https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/

Ø Reference: Partners in Health. (2013, Jan 13). Solar-Powered Hospital in Haiti Yields Sustainable Savings. https://www.pih.org/article/solar-powered-hospital-in-haiti-yields- sustainable-savings

Photos: Pregnancy and Birth

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/gallery/2016/mar/29/pregnancy-and-birth-in-haiti-in-pictures

Pregnancy and Birth: Statistics >Data source: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. (n.d.). Country profiles. https://data.unicef.org/country/

United States

Switzer.: best HDI

S. Sudan: worst HDI

Haiti

Neonatal mortality rate (deaths per 1000 live births) (first 28 days)

3 3 40 25

Maternal mortality ratio (deaths per 100,000 live births) 19 5 1150 480

Antenatal care 4+ visits - percentage of women (aged 15-49 years) attended at least four times during pregnancy by any provider (%)

97% n.a. 17% 67%

Skilled birth attendant - percentage of deliveries attended by skilled health personnel (%)

99% n.a. 19% 42%

Early childbearing - percentage of women (aged 20-24 years) who gave birth before age 18 (%)

n.a. n.a. 28% 14%

Postnatal care for newborns - percentage of newborns who have a postnatal contact with a health provider within 2 days of delivery (%)

n.a. n.a. n.a. 38%

>Data Source: Central Intelligence Agency (n.d.) The World Factbook [Section: People and Society]. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/

United States

Switzer: best HDI

S. Sudan: worst HDI

Your country

Total fertility rate (children born per woman) 1.84 1.58 5.32 2.43

Mother’s mean age at first birth (years) 27 years 31.1 yrs n.a. 22.4 yrs

Pregnancy and Birth: Culture

u Infants are typically born at home, with the birthing parent either squatting or semi- seated.

u Haitians who practice the religion of voodoo may deliver infants under a sheet due to fear of bright light during delivery.

u Those with traditional views also may bury the placenta, either in a corner of the home or beneath the doorway of the birth site.

u Some parents put substances like nutmeg, castor oil, or spider webs onto the umbilical cord.

u The first month after delivery is a period that may involve confinement to the home, although this practice is becoming less common. If practicing confinement, parents do not name infants until after the first month. If an infant dies during this time, it is buried without ceremony. Also during this time, post-partum parents do not leave home in the dark.

u Reference: D’Avanzo. (2008). Mosby’s pocket guide to cultural health assessment (Fourth edition). Mosby Elsevier. https://i-share- wrh.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CARLI_WRH/1brmgne/alma9943626102405904

Empirical article u 1. Reference: Cerna-Turoff, I., Kane, J., Devries, K., Mercy, J., Massetti, G., Baiocchi, M. (2020). Did internal

displacement from the 2010 earthquake in Haiti lead to long term violence against children? A matches pairs study design. Child Abuse and Neglect, 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104393

u 2. Summary:

u 2a. Background: Haiti experienced a major earthquake in 2010 that caused a humanitarian crisis. Death and destruction of infrastructure were high, and 23% of Haitians were displaced from their homes and sent to camps and other informal settlements where violence was rampant. The researchers wondered about the long term effects of displacement on violence against children, especially given disruptions in the family system such as separations combined with mental and financial distress. (pages 2-3)

u 2b. Method: Researchers used the Haitian Violence Against Children Survey conducted 2 years after the earthquake, in a sample of 1457 girls and 1459 boys between the ages of 13-17 years. Researchers compared two groups: those who were displaced by the earthquake versus those who were not. These participants were otherwise matched for various pre-earthquake characteristics. Researchers measured outcome variables related to emotional, physical, and sexual violence. (pp 3-4)

u Results: Being displaced by the earthquake did not predict violence in the past 12 months. (pp 5-7)

u 3. Comment: I was glad to see that the study did not reveal long term increases in violence against the participants! The sample restricted the age range to 13-17 years old. I am curious what the rationale was for limiting the age range (I did not see it mentioned in the article). I also wonder if the same pattern of results would have been found for younger children. Perhaps teenagers have developed a greater repertoire of coping mechanisms than younger children and have developed greater abstract thinking capacities.

Scholarly Article (Published Abstract) u “Empirical evidence is limited and contradictory on violence against children after internal

displacement from natural disasters. Understanding how internal displacement affects violence is key in structuring effective prevention and response. We examined the effect of internal displacement from the 2010 Haitian earthquake on long-term physical, emotional, and sexual violence against children and outlined a methodological framework to improve future evidence quality. We analyzed violence against adolescent girls and boys within the nationally representative, Haiti Violence Against Children Survey. We pre-processed data by matching on pre-earthquake characteristics for displaced and non-displaced children and applied 95 % confidence intervals from McNemar's exact test, with sensitivity analyses, to evaluate differences in violence outcomes between matched pairs after the earthquake. Internal displacement was not associated with past 12-month physical, emotional, and sexual violence two years after the earthquake for girls and boys. Most violence outcomes were robust to potential unmeasured confounding. Odds ratios for any form of violence against girls were 0.84 (95 % CI: 0.52-1.33, p = 0.500) and against boys were 1.03 (95 % CI: 0.61-1.73, p = 1.000). Internal displacement was not a driver of long-term violence against children in Haiti. Current global protocols in disaster settings may initiate services after the optimal window of time to protect children from violence, and the post-displacement setting may be central in determining violence outcomes. The combination of specific data structures and matching methodologies is promising to increase evidence quality after rapid-onset natural disasters, especially in low-resource settings.”