Psychology- Counselling Techniques
Vartika27
Corey10e_PPT_ch07edited32421.pptx
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy updated TENTH EDITION
Gerald Corey
Cengage
Copyright © 2021 Cengage
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Chapter 7
Person-Centered Therapy
Copyright © 2021 Cengage
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Introduction
This approach emphasizes the following:
Personal characteristics of the therapist
Quality of the therapeutic relationship
Person’s capacity for self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship
Terminology
Accurate empathic understanding: The act of perceiving accurately the internal frame of reference of another; the ability to grasp the person’s subjective world without losing one’s own identity.
Actualizing tendency: A growth force within us; a directional process of striving toward self-regulation, self-determination, realization, fulfillment, perfection, and inner freedom; the basis on which people can be trusted to identify and resolve their own problems in a therapeutic relationship.
Congruence: The state in which self-experiences are accurately symbolized in the self-concept. As applied to the therapist, congruence is matching one’s inner experiencing with external expressions; congruence is a quality of realness or genuineness of the therapist.
Creative Connection®: A process developed by Natalie Rogers whereby a client or group member is invited to access inner feelings through an uninterrupted sequence of movement, sound, visual art, and journal writing. As the client moves through this process, hidden or unconscious aspects of self are discovered, and these insights are shared with the therapist.
Emotion-focused therapy (EFT): entails the practice of therapy being informed by understanding the role of emotion in psychotherapeutic change. Strategies used in EFT are aimed at strengthening the self, regulating affect, and creating new meaning
Empathy: A deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client.
Expressive arts therapy: An approach that makes use of various arts—such as movement, drawing, painting, sculpting, music, and improvisation—in a supportive setting for the purpose of growth and healing.
Hierarchy of Needs: We are able to strive toward self-actualization only after these four basic needs are met: physiological, safety, love, and esteem.
Humanistic psychology: A movement, often referred to as the “third force,” that emphasizes freedom, choice, values, growth, self-actualization, becoming, spontaneity, creativity, play, humor, peak experiences, and psychological health. Immediacy: Addressing what is going on between the client and therapist right now.
Motivational Interviewing (MI): A humanistic, client-centered, psychosocial, directive counseling approach that was developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in the early 1980s. Person-centered expressive arts therapy: Pioneered by Natalie Rogers, it extends person-centered theory by helping individuals access their feelings through creative expressions. (Same as expressive arts therapy.)
Positive psychology: A movement that has come into prominence, which shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach. Presence: The ability to “be with” someone fully in the present moment; being engaged and absorbed in the relationship with the client.
Self-actualization: The central theme of the work of Abraham Maslow. His theory of self-actualization is postulated on a hierarchy of needs as a source of motivation.
Stages of Change: People are assumed to progress through a series of five identifiable stages of motivation and readiness to change in the counseling process. They include the precontemplation stage, the contemplation stage, the preparation stage, the action stage, and the maintenance stage.
The MI Spirit: It is essential that therapists function within the spirit of MI, rather than simply applying the strategies of the approach. The attitudes and skills in MI are based on a person-centered philosophy.
Therapeutic core conditions: The necessary and sufficient characteristics of the therapeutic relationship for client change to occur. These core conditions include therapist congruence (or genuineness), unconditional positive regard (acceptance and respect), and accurate empathic understanding.
“Third force” in therapy: An alternative to psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches; under this heading are the experiential and relationship-oriented therapies (existential therapy, person-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy). Unconditional positive regard: The nonjudgmental expression of fundamental respect for the person as a human; acceptance of a person’s right to his or her feelings
Four Periods of Development of the Approach
This approach challenges the following:
Assumption that “the counselor knows best”
Validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation
Belief that clients cannot resolve their own problems without help
The first period (nondirective counseling) provided a powerful alternative to the directive and interpretive approaches.
Four Periods of Development of the Approach
The second period (client-centered therapy) reflected emphasis on the client rather than nondirective methods.
The third period addressed the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapy.
The fourth phase marked by considerable expansion of education, couples and families, industry, and groups.
Emotion-Focused Therapy
Evidence-based approach developed by Leslie Greenberg
Rooted in a person-centered philosophy but synthesizes aspects of Gestalt and existential therapies
Emphasizes awareness, acceptance, and understanding of emotion and the visceral experience of emotion
Emotional change can be a primary pathway to cognitive and behavioral change.
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Emotion-Focused Therapy
A range of experiential techniques are used to strengthen the self, regulate affect, and create new meaning.
Emotion-Focused Therapy strategies help clients with too little emotion access their emotions and help clients who experience too much emotion contain their emotions.
It is effective in treating anxiety, intimate partner violence, eating disorders, and trauma.
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Existentialism and Humanism
Tended to be confusing for students and theorists alike
Share a respect for the client’s subjective experience and the uniqueness and individuality of each client
Emphasis on concepts such as freedom, choice, values, personal responsibility, and meaning
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Abraham Maslow’s Contributions to Humanistic Psychology
The positive psychology movement shares concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach.
Core characteristics of self-actualizing people are self-awareness, freedom, basic honesty and caring, and trust and autonomy.
Hierarchy of needs is a source of motivation, with the most basic needs being physiological needs.
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View of Human Nature
At their core, humans are trustworthy and positive.
Humans are capable of making changes and living productive and effective lives.
Humans innately gravitate toward self-actualization.
Given the right growth-fostering conditions, individuals strive to move forward and fulfill their creative nature.
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View of Human Nature
Counselor’s creation of a “growth-promoting” climate
The following are the three therapist attributes that create a growth-promoting climate:
Congruence: Genuineness or realness
Unconditional positive regard: Acceptance and caring
Accurate empathic understanding: The ability to deeply grasp the subjective world of another person
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Client’s Experience in Therapy
Clients have the opportunity to explore their feelings, beliefs, behavior, and worldview.
Client may hope to find “the way” through the guidance of the therapist.
Therapy relationship provides a supportive structure within which clients’ self-healing capacities are activated.
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Relationship Between Therapist and Client
The following six conditions are necessary and sufficient for personality changes to occur:
1. Two persons are in psychological contact.
2. The first, the client, is experiencing incongruence.
3. The second person, the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship.
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Relationship Between Therapist and Client
4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard or real caring for the client.
5. The therapist experiences empathy for the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client.
6. The communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved.
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Relationship Between Therapist and Client
Is invested in developing his or her own life experiences to deepen self-knowledge and move toward self-actualization
Is genuine, integrated, and authentic
Can openly express feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client
Serves as a model of a human being struggling toward greater realness
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Evolution of Person-Centered Methods
Effective therapy requires therapists to be fully present and engaged with their clients.
“Being with” clients and entering imaginatively into their world of perceptions and feelings
Listening, accepting, respecting, understanding, and responding must be honest expressions by the therapist.
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Evolution of Person-Centered Methods
Immediacy, or addressing what is going on between the client and therapist, is highly valued.
It is essential for therapists to adapt their therapeutic style to accommodate the unique needs of the clients.
Person-centered approach work in diverse ways.
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The Role of Assessment
Focuses on the quality of the therapeutic relationship
Engages in co-assessment with the client and does not value traditional assessment and diagnosis
Clients involved in a collaborative process in making decisions
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Application of the Philosophy of the Person-Centered Approach
Emphasizes staying with clients as opposed to getting ahead of them with interpretations
Straightforward and easy to comprehend, and they encourage locating power in the person
Demands a great deal of the therapist
Without a person-centered way of being, mere application of skills is likely to be hollow
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Application to Crisis Intervention
When people are in crisis, one of the first steps is to give them an opportunity to fully express themselves.
Genuine support, caring, and non-possessive warmth can motivate people to do something to work through and resolve a crisis.
Communicating a deep sense of understanding should always precede other problem-solving interventions.
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Application to Group Counseling
Therapist takes on the role of facilitator who creates a therapeutic environment
Techniques are not stressed
Exhibits deep trust of the group members
The responsibility for the direction of the group is on members, who set the goals for the group
Provides support for members
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Application to Group Counseling
The group setting fosters an open and accepting community where members can work on self-acceptance.
Individuals learn that they do not have to experience the process of change alone; they grow from the support of group members.
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Principles of Expressive Arts Therapy
All people have an innate ability to be creative.
Creative process is transformative and healing. The healing aspects include meditation, art, and music.
Consciousness achieved through self-discovery, self-awareness, and insight.
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Principles of Expressive Arts Therapy
Self-awareness, understanding, and insight are achieved by delving into our feelings of grief, anger, pain, fear, joy, and ecstasy.
Feelings and emotions are an energy source.
The expressive arts lead us into the unconscious.
One art form stimulates and nurtures the other.
A connection exists between our life force.
The various art modes interrelate in what Natalie Rogers calls the “creative connection.”
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Creativity and Offering Stimulating Experiences
Following are the conditions that foster creativity:
Acceptance of the individual
A nonjudgmental setting
Empathy
Psychological freedom
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Creativity and Offering Stimulating Experiences
Stimulating and challenging experiences
Individuals who have experienced unsafe creative environments feel “held back” and may disengage from creative processes.
Art is not only for the few who develop a talent or master a medium. We all can use various art forms to facilitate self-expression and personal growth.
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Motivational Interviewing
A humanistic, client-centered, psychosocial, directive counseling approach developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in the early 1980s
Applied to many clinical problems but was initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking
Both MI and person-centered practitioners believe in the client’s abilities, strengths, resources, and competencies.
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MI Spirit
Is deliberately directive and aimed at reducing client ambivalence about change and increasing intrinsic motivation
Honoring the “MI Spirit” is essential
Assisting clients to become their own advocates for change and primary agents of change
Achieving successful outcomes as the specific theoretical model
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The Basic Principles of Motivational Interviewing
Therapists strive to experience the world from the client’s perspective without judgment or criticism.
Evoke and explore both discrepancies and ambivalence
Reluctance to change is viewed and expected part of the therapeutic process
Therapists support clients’ self-efficacy
Strengthening clients’ commitment to change and assist them in implementing a change plan
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The Stages of Change
Precontemplation stage
Contemplation stage
Preparation stage
Action stage
Maintenance stage
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Strengths From a Diversity Perspective
PCT has had a major impact on the field of human relations with diverse cultural groups.
Carl Rogers’ work has reached more than 30 countries, and his writings have been translated into 12 languages.
The therapist is viewed as a “fellow explorer” who attempts to understand the client’s phenomenological world in an interested, accepting, and open way.
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Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective
Clients who expect a directive counselor may be put off by this unstructured approach.
It is difficult to translate the core therapeutic conditions into actual practice in certain cultures.
The focus on individual autonomy and personal growth may be viewed as “selfish” in cultures that stress the common good.
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Contributions of the Person-Centered Approach
Natalie Rogers’ use of nonverbal methods and expressive arts to enable individuals to heal and develop has expanded her father’s pioneering work.
Carl Rogers literally opened the field to research.
The philosophy and principles of this approach permeate the practice of most therapists.
Extensive research supports the effectiveness of PCT with a wide range of clients and problems of all age groups.
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Limitations and Criticisms of the Person-Centered Approach
Emphasizes the role of techniques aimed at bringing about change in clients’ behavior
Therapeutic core conditions are necessary for therapy to succeed.
The therapist’s genuineness determines the power of the therapeutic relationship.
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