Psychology- Counselling Techniques
Vartika27
Corey10e_PPT_ch05edited37211.pptx
CHAPTER 5
Adlerian Therapy
Copyright © 2021 Cengage
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How do Psychoanalytic theory and Adlerian differ?
Adler (L) focused a lot on the cognitive theory-Cognitive Learning Theory (CLT) is about understanding how the human mind works while people learn. The theory focuses on how information is processed by the brain, and how learning occurs through that internal processing of information
Freud (R) focused a lot on the individuals unconscious thoughts using vehicles such a dreams, day dreaming, as physical defenses.
Let’s pick up where we left off last week to explore the case of Jack-
You will break up into groups of 3 and explore his case for 12 minutes. After 12 minutes if you are on line, your break out room will close and you will be ushered into the classroom.
Please be ready to discuss the case with your classmates answering the questions posed in his case.
Introduction
Adler founded the Society for Individual Psychology in 1912.
Freudian revisionists agreed that relational, social, and cultural factors were of great significance in shaping personality.
Adlerian psychology principles are applied to education, parenting, individual and group therapy, and group counseling.
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Adlerian brief therapy: An intervention that is concise, deliberate, direct, efficient, focused, short-term, and purposeful.
Basic mistakes: Faulty, self-defeating perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs that may have been appropriate at one time but are no longer useful. These are myths that are influential in shaping personality.
Birth order: Adler identified five psychological positions from which children tend to view life: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only. Actual birth order itself is less important than a person’s interpretation of his or her place in the family.
Community feeling: An individual’s awareness of being part of the human community. Community feeling embodies the sense of being connected to all humanity and to being committed to making the world a better place.
Early recollections: Childhood memories (before the age of 9) of one-time events. People retain these memories as capsule summaries of their present philosophy of life. From a series of early recollections, it is possible to understand mistaken notions, present attitudes, social interests, and possible future behavior.
Encouragement: The process of increasing one’s courage to face life tasks; used throughout therapy as a way to counter discouragement and to help people set realistic goals.
Family atmosphere: The climate of relationships among family members.
Terminology
Family constellation: The social and psychological structure of the family system; includes birth order, the individual’s perception of self, sibling characteristics and ratings, and parental relationships. Each person forms his or her unique view of self, others, and life through the family constellation.
Fictional finalism: An imagined central goal that gives direction to behavior and unity to the personality; an image of what people would be like if they were perfect and perfectly secure.
Goal alignment: A congruence between the client’s and the counselor’s goals and the collaborative effort of two persons working equally toward specific, agreed-on goals.
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Guiding self-ideal: Another term for fictional finalism, which represents an individual’s image of a goal of perfection.
Holistic concept: We cannot be understood in parts; all aspects of ourselves must be understood in relation to each other.
Individual Psychology: Adler’s original name for his approach that stressed understanding the whole person, how all dimensions of a person are interconnected, and how all these dimensions are unified by the person’s movement toward a life goal.
Inferiority feelings: The early determining force in behavior; the source of human striving and the wellspring of creativity. Humans attempt to compensate for both imagined and real inferiorities, which helps them overcome handicaps.
Insight: A special form of awareness that facilitates a meaningful understanding within the therapeutic relationship and acts as a foundation for change.
Interpretation: Understanding clients’ underlying motives for behaving the way they do in the here and now.
Life tasks: Universal problems in human life, including the tasks of friendship (community), work (a division of labor), and intimacy (love and marriage).
Lifestyle: The core beliefs and assumptions through which the person organizes his or her reality and finds meaning in life events. Our perceptions of self, others, and the world. Our characteristic way of thinking, acting, feeling, living, and striving toward long-term goals.
Lifestyle assessment: The process of gathering early memories, which involves learning to understand the goals and motivations of the client.
Objective interview: Adlerians seek basic information about the client’s life as a part of the lifestyle assessment process.
Phenomenological approach: Focus on the way people perceive their world. For Adlerians, objective reality is less important than how people interpret reality and the meanings they attach to what they experience.
Private logic: Basic convictions and assumptions of the individual that underlie the lifestyle pattern and explain how behaviors fit together to provide consistency.
Reorientation: The phase of the counseling process in which clients are helped to discover a new and more functional perspective and are encouraged to take risks and make changes in their lives.
Social interest: A sense of identification with humanity; a feeling of belonging; an interest in the common good.
Striving for superiority: A strong inclination toward becoming competent, toward mastering the environment, and toward self-improvement. The striving for perfection (and superiority) is a movement toward enhancement of self.
Style of life: An individual’s way of thinking, feeling, and acting; a conceptual framework by which the world is perceived and by which people are able to cope with life tasks; the person’s personality.
Subjective interview: The process whereby the counselor helps clients tell their life story as completely as possible.
View of Human Nature
Focused on the person’s past as perceived in the present and how an individual’s interpretation of early events
Inferiority Feelings
Are normal and a source of all human striving
Are the wellspring of creativity
Develop when we are young—characterized by early feelings of hopelessness
Superiority Feelings
Promote mastery and enable us to overcome obstacles
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Subjective Perception of Reality
The world is seen from the client’s subjective frame of reference described as phenomenological.
Subjective reality—paying attention to the individual the way in which people perceive their world
Strive to understand the world from the client’s vantage point
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Unity and Patterns of Human Personality
For Adler, Individual Psychology:
Individual psychology is the psychological method or science founded by Adler. Adler said one must take into account the patients whole environment including the people the patient associates the term individual is used to mean the patient is an indivisible whole.
Meant indivisible psychology
Takes a holistic approach in that we must understand ourselves in socially embedded contexts, rather than in parts
Assumes that all human behavior has a purpose in relation to achieving our goals—the guiding self-ideal
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Unity and Patterns of Human Personality
A life movement that organizes our reality, giving meaning to life
“fictional finalism” or “guiding self ideal”
Striving for perfection implies striving for greater competence, for the common good of others
Lifestyle, described as our perceptions regarding self, others, and the world
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Social Interest and Community Feeling
Adler’s most significant and distinctive concept
Social interest—bonding people feel for each other
Mental health is measured by the degree to which we share with others and are concerned with their welfare.
People express social interest through shared activity, cooperation, participation in the common good, and mutual respect.
Embodies a community feeling and the capacity to cooperate and contribute to something bigger than oneself
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The Life Tasks
We must successfully master three universal life tasks:
Building friendships (social task)
Establishing intimacy (love–marriage task)
Contributing to society (occupational task)
Each of these tasks requires the development of psychological capacities for friendship and belonging, for contribution and self-worth, and for cooperation.
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Birth Order and Sibling Relationships
Five psychological positions:
(1) Oldest child—receives more attention, spoiled, center of attention
(2) Second child of only two—behaves as if in a race, often opposite to the first born
(3) Middle child—often feels squeezed out
(4) Youngest child—the baby of the family
(5) Only child—does not learn to share or cooperate with other children, learns to deal with adults
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Therapeutic Goals
Collaborative arrangement between the client and the counselor
General psychological investigation or lifestyle assessment, disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions
Emphasis on health, well-being, and prevention of problems
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Therapist’s Function and Role
Client become discouraged because of mistaken beliefs, faulty values, and useless goals.
Family constellation includes parents, siblings, and others in the home, life tasks, and early recollections.
Early recollections
Stories of events that a person says occurred before 10 years of age
Lifestyle assessment
Earning to understand the goals and motivations of the client
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Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures
Phase 1: Establishing the Relationship
Supportive, collaborative, educational, encouraging process
Person-to-person contact with the client precedes identification of the problem
Help client build awareness of his or her strengths
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Life style – convictions developed early in life, to help them understand, predict control experiences…
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures
Phase 2: Assessing the Individual’s Psychological Dynamics
Lifestyle assessment
Subjective interview
Objective interview
Family constellation
Early recollections
Basic mistakes
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Life style – convictions developed early in life, to help them understand, predict control experiences…
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures
Phase 3: Encouraging Self-Understanding and Insight
Interpret the findings of the assessment.
Hidden goals and purposes of behavior are made conscious.
Therapist offers interpretations to help clients gain insight into their private logic and lifestyle.
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Life style – convictions developed early in life, to help them understand, predict control experiences…
Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures
Phase 4: Reorientation and Re-education
Action-oriented phase; emphasis is on putting insights into practice.
Clients are reoriented toward the useful side of life.
Clients are encouraged to act as if they were the people they want to be.
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Life style – convictions developed early in life, to help them understand, predict control experiences…
Encouragement
Encouragement is the most distinctive intervention and is central to all phases of Adlerian therapy.
It is a fundamental attitude more than a technique.
Expecting clients to assume responsibility for their lives builds their self-confidence and courage.
Discouragement is the basic condition that prevents people from functioning.
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Adlerian Techniques
Immediacy
Advice
Humor
Silence
Paradoxical intention
Acting as if
Catching oneself
Push-button technique
Externalization
Reauthoring
Avoiding the traps
Confrontation
Use of stories and fables
Early recollection analysis
Lifestyle assessment
Encouraging
Task setting and commitment
Giving homework
Terminating and summarizing
Metta meditation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nR0dohZ3iIw
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Other Areas of Application
Child guidance
Parent–child counseling
Couples counseling
Family counseling and therapy
Group counseling and therapy
Individual counseling with children, adolescents, and adults
Cultural conflicts
Correctional and rehabilitation counseling
Mental health institutions
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Application to Family Counseling
Focus on the family atmosphere, the family constellation, and the interactive goals of each member
Family atmosphere is the climate characterizing the relationship between the parents and their attitudes toward life, gender roles, and decision making
Increase awareness of the interaction of the individuals within the family system
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Application to Group Counseling
Group provides a social context in which members can develop a sense of belonging, community, and social relatedness.
Sharing of early recollections increases group cohesiveness.
Action-oriented strategies for behavior change are implemented to help group members work together to challenge erroneous beliefs about self, life, and others.
Employs a time-limited framework
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Strengths From a Diversity Perspective
Adlerian therapy focuses on multicultural and social justice issues and addresses the concerns of a contemporary global society.
Concepts of age, ethnicity, lifestyle, sexual/affectional orientations, and gender differences emerge in therapy.
Adlerians focus on cooperation and socially oriented values.
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Strengths From a Diversity Perspective
Adlerians investigate culture in much the same way that they approach birth order and family atmosphere.
The approach offers flexibility in applying cognitive and action-oriented techniques to help clients explore their problems in a cultural context.
Adler was one of the first psychologists at the turn of the century to advocate equality for women.
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Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective
The approach focuses on the self as the locus of change and responsibility, which may be problematic for some clients.
Exploring past childhood experiences, early memories, family experiences, and dreams may not appeal to all.
If clients expect the therapist to be the “expert,” they may be dissatisfied with the Adlerian’s collaborative stance.
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Contributions of Adlerian Therapy
This approach is flexible and integrative; it allows for the use of relational, cognitive, behavioral, emotive, and experiential techniques.
It is suited to brief, time-limited therapy.
Many of Adler’s ideas were revolutionary and far ahead of his time. Many of his ideas have found their way into most of the other therapeutic approaches.
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Limitations and Criticisms of the Adlerian Approach
Adler spent most of his time teaching his theory as opposed to systematically documenting it.
Many of Adler’s ideas are vague and general, which makes it difficult to conduct research on some concepts.
Although brilliant in many ways, Adler was not scholarly.
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Let’s watch the case of Gwen
Break up into groups (those in seat will count off into 5 groups; those on line will be in groups of 3. You will have 12 minutes to discuss them share with the entire class) and address the case asking yourselves the following questions.
What’s due-
| 10 | Adlerian Therapy | Chapter 5 | Take home quiz ch 4 Due 3 11 by 11:59pm Journal 3 assigned As a therapist, how can you envision using the Adlerian and Existential therapies? |
Next class
| 17 | Existential Therapy Julie who can not trust men using the Adlerian Theory | Chapter 6 | Take home quiz ch 5 Due by 3 18 at 11:59pm Journal 3 due by 6pm |
