3.08

3.06 Research and Citations Step 1: When researching a topic, it's helpful to first cast a wide net. You may not use them all—you only have to use a minimum of three—but it takes time to find the best sources. Be sure to check on the credibility of your sources before you select them to use. MLA Citation Guide

Step 2: You will create an annotated bibliography for the outside sources. There is no required length in your annotation. However, you need to ensure you answered the following questions for each of your selected sources:

● Authority: Look into the background of the author of the source. What makes them an authority on the issue?

● Credibility: Is the source published in a reputable newspaper, magazine, or book? Is someone responsible for supporting and correcting any wrong information?

● Connection: How will you tie this source to your selected novel and human rights issue? It may only connect to one or the other. That is okay!

● Quotation: What is one really great sentence from this source that you will use in your paper (if you change your mind later, that is okay). Be sure to properly cite it in MLA Guidelines.

Smith, Rhona KM. International human rights law. Oxford University Press, 2022. ISBN-13 978-0192845382 Rhona KM Smith is a distinguished professor of law at the University of Durham who specializes in International Human Rights Laws. The source "International Human Rights Law" is published by Oxford University Press, renowned for its exceptional standards and scholarly accuracy, ensuring the reliability of this source. This source will be pertinent to my analysis of the human rights issue in my selected novel, as it will offer comprehensive information on the legally acknowledged international human rights and their intended implementation and observance (Smith and Rhona 76). A relevant quote from this source that I can incorporate into my dissertation is, "The primary aim of human rights law is to safeguard individuals from infringements upon their fundamental liberties." Kälin, Walter, and Jörg Künzli. The law of international human rights protection. Oxford University Press, USA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chq024 Walter Kälin and Jörg Künzli are recognized legal experts with profound knowledge and competence in human rights and international law, rendering them authoritative figures. This source was produced by Oxford University Press, USA, in 2019 and undergoes a meticulous editorial process to guarantee the accuracy and dependability of all offered content. This source is suitable for analyzing the novel's portrayal of state-level policies and legal frameworks about the protection and accountability of human rights (Kälin et al. 63). A notable statement from this source is: "Establishing a climate of human dignity involves adhering to legal principles and honoring essential entitlements, ranging from the preservation of life to the promotion of equal treatment regardless of race or gender, safeguarding civil and political liberties, and ensuring freedom from both torture and degrading treatment." Moeckli, Daniel, et al., eds. International human rights law. Oxford University Press, 2022. ISBN: 9780198860112 The book "International Human Rights Law" authored by Daniel Moeckli, Philipp Dann, Christoph Grabenwarter, Christine Kiefer, Robert Kolb, Etienne Baconnier, and Eibe Riedel, provides readers with a thorough and all-encompassing examination of international human rights law. The book is issued by Oxford University Press, a reputable institution that provides support and rectifies any erroneous material. This source would be valuable in establishing a connection between the chosen novel and the human rights issue, as it explores various subjects, including the inception of human rights and their implementation (Moeckli et al. 112). An exceptionally perceptive statement from the book is: "International human rights law aims to ensure that each individual is granted a diverse array of rights and liberties." This point is a valuable connection between the novel and the human rights issue, as it elucidates the significance of comprehending and safeguarding human rights. Quintavalla, Alberto, and Klaus Heine. "Priorities and human rights." The International Journal of Human Rights 23.4 (2019): 679-697. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2018.1562917 Professors Alberto Quintavalla and Klaus Heine, affiliated with the University of Torino, provide extensive expertise to their paper on priorities and human rights. Their extensive research and publishing backgrounds on human rights bring a wealth of knowledge to their work. Their research has been published in The International Magazine of Human Rights, a prestigious peer-reviewed magazine dedicated to verifying information accuracy. This source analyzes the emphasis placed on human rights. It can be utilized to discover the marginalization of specific individuals in society, as depicted in the chosen novel, and its role in generating adverse consequences and human rights infringements

(Quintavalla et al. 685). An exemplary statement from my paper's source states, "The prioritization of human rights is not equivalent, as they are perceived to be of lesser significance compared to security and development." An Na'im, Abdullahi. Toward an Islamic reformation: Civil liberties, human rights, and international law. Syracuse University Press, 2019. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/204/monograph/book/66213 Human rights comprise a collection of universally applicable concepts and norms that safeguard the rights and freedoms of all individuals without any form of discrimination. They aim to guarantee universal access to freedom, justice, and security. Abdullahi An Na'im's book, "Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law," thoroughly explores this matter and puts forward precise strategies for establishing an Islamic civil society that aligns with Islamic law and adheres to international human rights agreements (An Na'im & Abdullahi). An Na'im advocates for restructuring how Islamic nations interpret their legal systems and acknowledge the universality of human rights. He proposes that by reinterpreting Islamic law, Islamic communities can adhere to international human rights accords and actively contribute to upholding and advancing such principles. He advocates for Islamic societies to adopt the principles of human rights, including adherence to legal systems, safeguarding fundamental civil and political freedoms, limiting unchecked governmental authority, promoting religious freedom, and upholding the rights of minority groups.

References An Na'im, Abdullahi. Toward an Islamic reformation: Civil liberties, human rights, and international law. Syracuse University Press,

2019. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/204/monograph/book/66213 Hubert, Anna-Maria. "The human right to science and its relationship to international environmental law." European Journal of

International Law 31.2 2020: 625–656. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa038 Kälin, Walter, and Jörg Künzli. The law of international human rights protection. Oxford University Press, USA, 2019.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chq024 Moeckli, Daniel, et al., eds. International human rights law. Oxford University Press, 2022. ISBN: 9780198860112 Quintavalla, Alberto, and Klaus Heine. "Priorities and human rights." The International Journal of Human Rights 23.4 (2019): 679-697.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2018.1562917 Smith, Rhona KM. International human rights law. Oxford University Press, 2022. ISBN-13:978-0192845382

Rubric On Target Almost There Needs Improvement

Annotation (35 points)

35-27 points The annotation contains enough information to meet the credibility, authority, connection, and quotation requirements.

26-18 points The annotation contains some information to meet the credibly, authority, connection, and quotation requirements.

17-0 points The annotation does not contain information to meet the credibly, authority, connection, and quotation requirements.

MLA Citation Format (15 points)

15-12 points

The page format is correct with page numbering, the proper header, and title.

The citations are formatted correctly according to MLA Style Guidelines.

12-8 points

The page format is correct with most elements: page numbering, the proper header, and title.

The citations are formatted mostly according to MLA Style Guidelines.

10-0 points

The page format is incorrect.

The citations are not formatted according to MLA Style Guidelines.