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Stairways and Ladders

10-hour Construction Outreach

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Introduction

Lesson Overview

Basic types of ladders and stairways

Stairs and ladders hazards

Methods to prevent stairway and ladder hazards.

Employer requirements

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

1926 Subpart X - Stairways and Ladders

Enabling Objectives:

Identify types of stairways and ladders used at a construction site.

Describe types of hazards (i.e., slips, trips, and falls) associated with the use of stairs and ladders.

Describe protective methods used to prevent stairway and ladder hazards.

Recognize employer requirements to protect workers from stairway and ladder hazards.

Introduction

Falls are the leading cause of fatalities in constructions

Falls from ladders make up about one-third of these fatalities

Approximately 25,000 injuries per year due to falls from stairways and ladders

Falls are preventable

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Introduction

Percentage of ladder fall fatalities* and nonfatal ladder fall injuries treated in emergency departments,† by fall height (when documented) — United States, 2011

Source: CDC

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. “Occupational Ladder Fall Injuries – United States, 2011.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). Access at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrtml/mm6316a2.htm?s_cid=mm6316a2_w.

Abbreviations:

CFOI = Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries;

NEISS-Work = National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–occupational supplement;

BLS = Bureau of Labor Statistics.

* Percentage of ladder fall fatalities were generated with restricted access to BLS CFOI microdata and might differ from results released by BLS. Fatality counts on which the percentages are calculated are based are 82 cases where ladder height was indicated and include deaths to workers of all ages, volunteer workers, and resident military personnel.

† Excludes 31 fatalities and 22,600 nonfatal injuries with unknown fall height.

§ 95% confidence interval.

¶ Nonfatal emergency department–treated injuries in this height category did not meet criteria for publication without compromise of confidentiality.

Types of Ladders and Stairways

Basic types of ladders

Source: OSHA

Source: TEEX Harwood

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/ladders/osha3124.html

Fixed ladder – a ladder that cannot be readily moved or carried because it is an integral part of a building or structure.

Job-made wooden ladder – “…a ladder constructed at the construction site. It is not commercially-manufactured. A job-made wooden ladder provides access to and from a work area. It is not intended to serve as a work platform. These ladders are temporary, and are used only until a particular phase of work is completed or until permanent stairways or fixed ladders are installed.” (OSHA DOC FS-3661 05/2013)

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3661.html

Types of Ladders and Stairways

Basic types of ladders

Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Portable ladder – a ladder that can be readily moved or carried

Self-supporting – stepladder, platform ladder, tressel ladder, or other foldout types

Non-self-supporting – extension ladder or other leaning types

Basic types of stairways

Source of graphics: OSHA

Types of Ladders and Stairways

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Stairways

Temporary stairways - stairways that will not be a permanent part of the structure on which construction work is being performed.

Permanent stairways

Metal pan stairs – metal pan landings and treads filled with concrete or other material for permanent use. During construction, “foot traffic is prohibited on stairways with pan stairs where the treads and/or landings are to be filled in with concrete or other material at a later date, unless the stairs are temporarily fitted with wood or other solid material at least to the top edge of each pan” [1926.1052(b)(1)]

Slips

Trips

Falls

Hazards Associated with Stairs and Ladders

Improper use of the top rung of a step ladder

Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Slips

Grease, oil, wet paint, or other slippery spills/debris

Slippery coatings on ladder

Trips

Poor housekeeping/clutter

Power cords, construction materials, or other items in work area that create tripping hazard

Falls – conditions leading to injury-causing incidents involving falls from ladders or stairways

Improper set-up

Using ladders with structural defects

Portable ladders not extending 3 feet above landing surface

Not securing ladder correctly

Standing on top two steps of a stepladder

Overreaching when working from a ladder

Inadequate or missing guardrails or handrails on stairways

Electrical Hazards

Falling Objects

Protruding objects, sharp edges, or rough spots

Hazards Associated with Stairs and Ladders

Source: OSHA

This is an unsafe condition.

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Other potential hazards

Ladder contact with power lines

Falling objects from elevated level when objects are placed on ladders or stairways or are being carried up/down the ladder or stairway

Protruding objects, sharp edges, or rough spots on stairways that could cause injuries

Ladders

Safe practices

Ladder requirements

Structural defects

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Ladder-use practices

Extend side rails 3 feet above the upper landing surface

Don’t exceed load/capacity

Use only as designed

Angle ladder so the horizontal distance of bottom is ¼ the working length of the ladder

Source of graphics: OSHA

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Extend side rails of portable ladders 3 feet above the upper landing surface

When extension is not possible, secure ladder and provide a grasping device to assist workers in mounting/dismounting ladder

A ladder extension must not deflect under a load that would cause the ladder to slip off its support

Keep ladders free of oil, grease, and other slippery substances

Do not exceed maximum intended load of a ladder or the manufacturer’s rated capacity

Use ladders only for the purpose for which they were designed

Angle non-self-supporting ladders so the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is ¼ the working length of the ladder. Job-made wooden ladders should have an angle that equals about 1/8 the working length.

Pitch fixed ladders no more than 90 degrees from the horizontal

Avoid use of ladder on surfaces that are:

Unstable

Not level

Slippery

Secure ladders to prevent movement

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

This ladder is not on a stable surface and is not properly positioned.

Source of photos: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Pitch fixed ladders no more than 90 degrees from the horizontal, measured from the back side of the ladder, when used.

Use ladders only on stable and level surfaces or secure ladders to prevent movement.

Do not use ladders on slippery surfaces, unless they are secured or have slip-resistant feet to prevent movement. Slip-resistant feet must not be used as a substitute for the care in placing, lashing, or holding a ladder upon a slippery surface.

Prevent movement/displacement

Secure

Barricade

Keep clear areas around top and bottom.

Equally support rails of non-self-supporting ladder at the top.

Source of photos: OSHA

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

When using a ladder in a doorway, passageway, driveway, or other area where it can be displaced by workplace activities or traffic, secure the ladder to prevent movement or a barricade to keep traffic/activities away from the ladder.

Keep clear areas around top and bottom of ladders.

Equally support the two rails of a non-self-supporting ladder at the top, unless it is equipped with a single support attachment.

Ascending or descending ladder

Maintain 3-point contact

Face ladder

Stay inside side rails

Never carry tools/objects in hands

Be extra careful getting on or off

Source: OSHA

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Quick Card, Portable Ladder Safety, OSH3246-09N-05

Always maintain a 3-point (two hands and a foot, or two feet and a hand) contact on the ladder when climbing.

Keep your body near the middle of the step and always face the ladder while climbing.

Additional reference – OSHA Fact Sheet, Reducing Falls in Construction: Safe Use of Extension Ladders, DOC FS-3660 (06/2013)

Maintain a 3-point contact (two hands and a foot, or two feet and a hand) when climbing/descending a ladder.

• Face the ladder when climbing up or descending.

• Keep the body inside the side rails.

• Use extra care when getting on or off the ladder at the top or bottom. Avoid tipping the ladder over sideways or causing the ladder base to slide out.

• Carry tools in a tool belt or raise tools up using a hand line. Never carry tools in your hands while climbing up/down a ladder.

Don’t move, shift, or extend while in use.

When exposed to energized electrical equipment, use nonconductive side rails.

Don’t use the top step of a stepladder.

Don’t climb the cross-bracing on the rear section of a stepladder.

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

Source: TEEX – Harwood

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Don’t use single-rail ladders.

Inspect (competent person)

visible defects periodically

and after any incident

that could affect their safe use.

Source of photos: TEEX - Harwood

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Ladder requirements:

Provide double-cleated ladder or two or more ladders:

when having 25 or more employees using as only means of access to work area;

when serves two-way traffic.

Source: OSHA

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Rungs, cleats, and steps:

Parallel, level, and uniformly spaced

Spacing

Along portable or fixed ladder side rails – 10 to 14 inches apart

Between center lines on step stools – 8 to 12 inches apart

Between center lines on extension trestle ladders – 8 to 18 inches apart; extension section 6 to 12 inches

Source: OSHA

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Don’t tie or fasten together to create longer sections, unless design allows

Side rail of spliced side rails must have strength equal to one-piece side rail

Stepladder must have a metal spreader or locking device to hold in open position.

Source: OSHA

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Do not tie or fasten together ladders to create longer sections, unless design is specific for that use.

The resulting side rail of spliced side rails must have strength equal to a one-piece side rail of same material.

Platforms or landings - offset two or more separate ladders used to reach an elevated work area.

Ladder surface - free of projections, sharp edges, or abrasive materials that could puncture or cut user, or snag clothing.

Wood ladders - not coated with any opaque covering, except for identification or warning labels only on one face of a side rail.

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Remove defective ladders from service

Broken or missing parts

Corrosion

Other faulty or defective components

“Do Not Use”

Repair to original design criteria

Source: OSHA

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Remove from service any ladder with structural defect

Broken or missing rungs, cleats, or steps

Broken or split rails

Corroded parts

Other faulty or defective components

Mark as defective or tag “Do Not Use”

Repair ladder to condition meeting its original design criteria before being returned to use

Stairs

Handrails

Stair rail systems

Stair requirements

Temporary pan stairs

Reducing or Eliminating Hazards

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Install handrail on stairways

4 or more risers

30 inches of rise

Reducing or eliminating hazards

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Install at least one handrail on stairways with four or more risers or more than 30 inches of rise

Install stair rail system

Toprail, mid-rail, and sometimes a toeboard

Unprotected sides and edges of stairs with rise of 6 or more feet

Reducing or eliminating hazards

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Install a stair-rail system, including a top rail, mid-rail, and sometimes a toeboard, along the unprotected sides and edges of stairways that rise six feet or more

Must be between 30-36 inches from the upper surface of the stair rail system to the surface of the tread

Must be able to withstand a force of at least 200 pounds

Build/maintain stairs that meet OSHA requirements

Uniform riser height and tread depth

30 to 50 degrees angle

Landings every 12 feet

Remove projections

Correct slippery conditions

Reducing or eliminating hazards

Source: OSHA

Uniform - 30 & 50 deg. angle

No more than 1/4 inch

variation in any stairway system

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Build/maintain stairs that meet OSHA requirements:

Uniform riser height and uniform tread depth with less than ¼ inch variation

Built and installed at an angle between 30 – 50 degrees on the diagonal

Install landings (minimum 30 inches deep and 20 inches wide) at least every 12 feet of vertical rise; protect sides with standard 42” guardrail system

Remove dangerous projections, such as protruding nails, from all stairway/rail parts

Correct slippery conditions on stairways with slip-resistant material

Temporary pan stairs

Secure in place before filling

Fill to top edge

Replace worn treads and landings

Reducing or eliminating hazards

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Fill temporary pan stairs to the top edge of each pan, and replace treads and landings when worn below the top edge.

Metal pan landings and metal pan treads must be secured in place before filling.

Comply with OSHA standards related to stairs and ladders

Training

Inspection

Comply with manufacturers’ requirements and recommendations for all ladders.

Employer requirements

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Identify ladders hazards and solutions

Hazard Recognition - Ladders

Source: TEEX – Harwood

Source: OSHA

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Photo on left: stepladder is not set up properly to be self-supporting.

1926.1053(b)(4)

Ladders shall be used only for the purpose for which they were designed.

Photo on right: Ladder side rails do not extend at least 3 feet above upper landing surface. 1926.1053(b)(1) When portable ladders are used for access to an upper landing surface, the ladder side rails shall extend at least 3 feet (.9 m) above the upper landing surface to which the ladder is used to gain access; or, when such an extension is not possible because of the ladder's length, then the ladder shall be secured at its top to a rigid support that will not deflect, and a grasping device, such as a grabrail, shall be provided to assist employees in mounting and dismounting the ladder

Identify stairs hazards and solutions

Hazard Recognition - Stairs

Source: OSHA

Source: Luis Diaz

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Reference – OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders

Photo on left: Cooler and bucket limiting access. 1926.1051(a)(3)

When a building or structure has only one point of access between levels, that point of access shall be kept clear to permit free passage of employees. When work must be performed or equipment must be used such that free passage at that point of access is restricted, a second point of access shall be provided and used.

Photo on right: no handrails,

1926.1052(c)(1)

Stairways having four or more risers or rising more than 30 inches (76 cm), whichever is less, shall be equipped with:

1926.1052(c)(1)(i)

At least one handrail; and

1926.1052(c)(1)(ii)

One stairrail system along each unprotected side or edge.

Summary

Key components for ladder safety:

A competent person must inspect

Use the correct ladder for the job

Use the correct angle, supports, treads, cross braces, and rails

Don’t overload

Your employer must train you in proper use of a ladder

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Summary

Key components for stairway safety

Treads

Rails

Handrails

Stair rails

Guardrails

Landings and Platforms

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Knowledge Check

When portable ladders are used for access to an upper landing surface, how many feet above the upper landing must the side rails extend?

2 feet

3 feet

4 feet

5 feet

b. 3 feet

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Knowledge Check

You can use metal ladder around power lines or exposed energized electrical equipment.

True – but only if there isn’t any other option to get the work done.

False – you should never use a metal ladder in this circumstance.

b. False – never use a metal ladder in this circumstance

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup

Knowledge Check

Handrails must be able to withstand, without failure, how many pounds of weight applied within 2 inches of the top edge in any downward or outward direction?

300 pounds

250 pounds

200 pounds

175 pounds

c. 200 pounds

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Knowledge Check

Stairways that have four or more risers MUST have a stair rail.

True

False

a. True

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Knowledge Check

A non-self-supporting ladder should be set up at ___ (horizontal distance/working length of ladder).

90 degree angle

30 degree angle

1:2 angle

1:4 angle

d. 1:4 angle

PPT 10-hr. Construction – Stairways and Ladders v.05.18.15

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Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup