Answering each question

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Week #9: Concept Activity (10 points)

Objective: The purpose of this concept activity is for you to practice interpreting statistical output and explaining what the output means.

Directions: Below you will find output for the three inferential tests we covered this week (t-test, ANOVA, chi-square). For each test, read the explanation that is provided. These explanations will give you background information on the purpose of the study. After reading the explanation you will interpret the output. Look through the output and use it to answer the questions below. There are 10 questions total (each question is worth 1 point). Hint: it is best to go through the lectures first. Then, if necessary, go back with the concept activity sheet and go through the lectures again, completing it while following along.

Due: March 10th, 11:59PM on Blackboard.

T-Test

Researchers were interested in studying differences in religious commitment across different nationalities (Germans, Americans). A sample of 25 Americans and 24 Germans were surveyed and answered questions about their level of religious commitment using a 1-7 scale (higher scores reflect higher levels of religious commitment). The hypothesis the researchers were testing:

H: Germans will have higher levels of religious commitment than Americans.

After collecting data, the researchers conducted a t-test to answer the hypothesis. Below is the output from the t-test. Interpret the output and answer the questions below.

1. What is the independent variable?:

2. What is the dependent variable?:

3. What type of t-test is this? (independent samples, dependent samples):

4. What is the mean (M)and standard deviation (SD) for Americans?: M = , SD =

5. What is the mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) for Germans?: M = , SD =

6. Are there significant differences between the two groups? If so, explain the difference.:

Chi Square

Folks think there may be a link between the relationship status of one’s parents and their state of residence. A group of researchers decided to investigate this topic and after collecting data they ran a chi-square test. The output below is what they came up with after having 307 participants fill out a survey reporting on the relationship status of their parents (Married, Divorced, One parent deceased) and their current state of residence (Florida, Texas, Oregon). Interpret the output and answer the questions below.

*STATE OF RESIDENCE PARENT RELATIONSHIP STATUS Crosstabulation**
	PARENT RELATIONSHIP STATUS	Total
	They are married to each other.	They are divorced from each other.	At least one of them is deceased.
STATE	Florida	Count	30	27	27	84
		Expected Count	43.0	26.3	14.8	84.0
		Residual	-13.0	.7	12.2
		Std. Residual	-2.0	.1	3.2
	Texas	Count	31	21	18	70
		Expected Count	35.8	21.9	12.3	70.0
		Residual	-4.8	-.9	5.7
		Std. Residual	-.8	-.2	1.6
	Oregon	Count	96	48	9	153
		Expected Count	78.2	47.8	26.9	153.0
		Residual	17.8	.2	-17.9
		Std. Residual	2.0	.0	-3.5
Total	Count	157	96	54	307

	Expected Count	157.0	96.0	54.0	307.0

Chi-Square Tests
	Value	df	Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square	33.301a	4	.000
Likelihood Ratio	35.371	4	.000
Linear-by-Linear Association	31.320	1	.000
N of Valid Cases	307
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 12.31.

7. χ2 = __________, p = ___________

8. Is there a significant difference between parent relationship status and state of residence? Interpret the output and explain how parent relationship status relates to state of residence.

ANOVA

The purpose of the following study was to understand whether or not political activity differed based on political party affiliation. Participants were divided into three groups based on their political party affiliation (Republican, Democrat, Undecided). Then, participants answered questions assessing how politically active they are within their political party. Political activity was measured using a 1-7 scale (higher scores indicate higher levels of political activeness). The hypothesis guiding the study was:

H: Democrats are more politically active than Republicans and undecided folks.

After data collection was completed, the researchers conducted an ANOVA to answer the hypothesis. Below is the output from the ANOVA analysis. Interpret the output to answer the questions below.

9. Based on this output, should you retain or reject the null hypothesis? (retain/reject): _____________________

10. Look at the post-hoc tests. Is the hypothesis supported? Why or why not? Interpret the pairwise comparisons and explain if the hypothesis is supported or not.