Pathophysiology

REVISED SAMPLE

Musculoskeletal disorders are disorders or injuries that affect our body's movement or musculoskeletal system such as muscles, ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels and discs. 

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Risk Factors

Sex (Women more than men)

Age (Mostly begins from 40-60)

Family history

Smoking Environmental Exposures (Asbestos and Silica) Obesity

Treatment:

There is no cure for Rheumatoid arthritis, so medications are used in order to control the disease process as well as manage the pain. The type of drug prescribed by the doctor will depend on the severity of the disease are well as how much inflammation is present in the body.

Some clinical manifestations (symptoms) of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are things like tender, warm and swollen joints. Also, joint stiffness that is usually worse in the mornings and after inactivity can also be a symptom of RA. Fatigue, fever and weight loss are also symptoms of this disease.

ALL SYMTOMS INSERT HERE

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition, which means it's caused by the immune system attacking healthy body tissue. However, it's not yet known what triggers the phenomena.

Diagnosis

Many types of imaging tests can help doctors to diagnose the musculoskeletal disorder

· X-rays are done first

· Bone scanning

· Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

· Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

· Ultrasonography.

The origin of musculoskeletal disorders lies in a mismatch between the external load and capacity of the human body to resist biomechanical and physiological strain. Different body structures tend to have different pathophysiological mechanisms behind the symptoms.

In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system mistakenly sends antibodies to the lining of your joints, where they attack the tissue surrounding the joint. This causes the thin layer of cells (synovium) covering joints to become sore and inflamed, releasing chemicals that damage nearby bones, tendons, cartilage and ligaments.

A healthy immune system protects the body by attacking foreign bacteria and viruses. In cases where an autoimmune disease exists, the body mistakenly attacks healthy tissue instead.

NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Concept Map

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References:

Hans Ulrich Scherer, Thomas Häupl, Gerd R. Burmester (2020). The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Autoimmunity, Volume 110, 102400. ISSN 0896-8411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102400.

McInnes, I. B., & Schett, G. (2017). Pathogenetic insights from the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The Lancet, 389(10086), 2328-2337.

Sigh V, Ostaszewski M, Kalliolias GD, Chiocchia G, Olaso R, Petit-Teixeira E, Helikar T, Niarakis A. (2018). Computational Systems Biology Approach for the Study of Rheumatoid Arthritis: From a Molecular Map to a Dynamical Model. Genom Comput Biol. 4(1). pii: e100050. doi: 10.18547/gcb.2018.vol4.iss1.e100050. Epub 2017 Dec 6. PubMed PMID: 29951575.

Wu, G., Zhu, L., Dent, J. E., & Nardini, C. (2010). A comprehensive molecular interaction map for rheumatoid arthritis. PloS one, 5(4), e10137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010137

Etiology

Pathogenesis (Pathophysiology)

Clinical Manifestations