Order 840640: Research Methods in CJ- Research Design/Conclusion - SOLITARY CONFINEMENT

CJ 316 – Research Methods in Criminal Justice

Component #3 – Research Design/Conclusion

Due by midnight on Saturday, February 24, 2018

Here you will explain the design for your proposed research. There are 3 elements to this section.

1. Hypothesis- after your literature review and problem statement you should have a clear thesis question that you are intending to answer. This should be your first sentence under this section backed up by a

few supporting details that illustrates this claim.

a. Example: Community orientated polices has been a major contributor for decreasing crime in inner cities. This fact has been cited throughout the literature over the years and has been seen as

an effective strategy (Please add more details, this is just an example).

b. Side note: You should have around 5 sentences, one stating your hypothesis/ thesis question, and the other sentences should involve supporting details about your hypothesis.

2. Operationalization- Please discuss the variables that you will be using in your study. Each study should contain a dependent and independent variable. In addition if you chose to use a theory to explain your

thesis question then please explain why your chose that theory.

a. Example: crime rate depends on community policing practices. The crime rate is the dependent variable and community policing is the independent variable.

b. In addition, please include any issues of Validity, Reliability, or Ethics that pertain to your operationalizing. Each of these elements should be broken off into separate paragraphs.

3. Research design/ Data and Methods- please describe your proposed research design. This should include:

• The units of analysis

• Sampling frame

• Sampling procedure

• Sample size

• Methods of collection

Example:

With the evolution of the criminal justice system and its continued reliance on technology, the electronic

monitoring system is a safer and more effective way to keep track of criminals and reduce the recidivism of

the probationers. With probation officers under increasing caseloads and having to keep track of more and

more probationers, the people on probation are followed less and have less supervision while on probation.

This gives the probationers the opportunity to break their rules with a less likely chance that the overworked

officer will catch them. The ankle electronic monitoring system helps the officer keep track of more cases

easier and track the probationers more closely.

There are a few variables that are part of the electronic monitoring research. The independent variable of

the research is the electronic monitoring devices and the dependent variable is the reduction of recidivism.

The reduction of recidivism directly relates to the use of the ankle monitoring device. With the ankle

monitor, it convinces the probationer to stick to his clean ways because the probation officer will be notified

of the user’s actions. Without the electronic monitoring device the people on probation could be tempted to

break their rules because the officer is overworked and sees them less.

There are a few threats to the internal validity of this research. The first threat is history, unknown

external events such as unexpected visits from old friends who are against the probation rules, this would

cause them to break their probation and go back to jail. Another threat is instrumentation, the constant

upgrade of ankle monitoring devices and the wide variety available to the probation officers can cause a

reliability issue in the tracking of the probationers. A third threat is the selection biases; this is a problem

because there is a higher likelihood that rich, white people will be selected for the use of the monitoring

system. These people are less likely to recidivate due to their social status.

There is construct validity threats as well. With this research it has to be sure that the ankle monitoring

devices are actually the things that are reducing recidivism. There could be other things that could cause a

reduction in recidivism, such as a group of individuals that made a mistake once, or an over active probation

officer could keep track of the probationers so well that they have no chance to break their probation.

Reliability can become an issue in this research. When researching you want to make sure that the

results that are produced can yield the same result if the experiment is done over and over in different areas.

When gathering information on whether the electronic ankle monitoring devices actually affect the

recidivism of probationers the data needs to be reliable. The way to avoid the reliability issues in this

experiment is to use interrater reliability. This way the results could be compared to other results gathered

by other researchers to see if the data is reliable. Also, the test-retest method could be applied to make sure

that the data gathered is reliable and accurate.

The research being done dose have some ethical considerations to be dealt with. First, since it is a

research project it would have to be cleared by the Institutional Review Board. They would make sure that

there were no issues with the project. Some issues would be that the people being studied would be

considered special populations and thus would require informed consent before starting the study. Another

ethical problem that could occur is asking them about what they do on probation and trying to get the

information from them without tricking or deceiving them. If the subjects are deceived then the data will not

be reliable.

In the data and methods section of the research design, the units of analysis would be individuals. The

thing that is being studied are probationers, and they are people that are the same. The sampling procedure

would be a disproportionate stratified sampling. This is the procedure for this research because not everyone

is on probation, so it is not something common or a representative of the population. The people for the

research have to be chosen from select cases where the people are on probation.

The sample size of this research proposal would hopefully be bigger than smaller. Other research on this

topic has had over fifty thousand people in their research. The one that is proposed would have about ten

thousand participants in it. This is smaller than most of the other sample sizes so there would be less

spurious data. But, it will have enough participants that the data will not be skewed in one way or another.

With the methods of collection, the data would be collected through a mostly qualitative survey. This form

of collection would be used because trying to discover whether the electronic ankle monitoring device

actually influences people not to break their probation and actually decrease recidivism wouldn’t require

numerical data. A longitudinal study would also be conducted during this study; a survey would be

conducted just as the people got onto probation and when they received the ankle monitoring system. Then

another survey would be presented to the subjects at the end of their probation period to see the results.

There are some consequences to using this type of sample. Using a smaller sample size can sometimes

be more accurate but has a tendency to more easily be skewed by outliers; it can also have a higher sampling

error. A larger sample size on the other hand tends to average out the outliers and creates a larger picture

that dose not really show the real data. Using a cross sectional study gives a real in depth view of the

subjects during one point in time, but times always change so the data produced can quickly become

obsolete. The longitudinal study covers the subjects over a longer period of time so it does not become old

as quickly but does not go into as much depth as the other one dose. Lastly, using an experiment can cause

unexpected problem among the subjects, such as the Stanford prison experiment where the subjects ended

up suffering mental problems, causing the experiment to end quickly. A control on the other hand can

produce results that are false. Placebos can trick people into thinking that they are actually feeling the results

the real drug or treatment were supposed to produce.

For the surveys given to the participants, it would be broken up into two different surveys. The first

survey would be given at the start of their probation. It would ask on whether they had the electronic ankle

monitor as part of their probation, how long their probation is and other questions along those lines. The

second survey would be sent to the house of the person on probation and ask whether they felt it influenced

them to not break probation, if they thought about breaking their probation, and whether they finished their

probation without breaking any of the rules. Assistants and sending the surveys with a return envelope and

postage will be the methods of handing out and collecting the surveys for this research. The positives of this

process are that the subjects don’t have to gather at a certain place to take the survey and it is easier for

them. But, at the same time this does not make the survey seem important and they could not fill it out. Also

the people on probation could lie on the survey skewing the results. This format was chosen due to its easy

style to answer for the participants and would show whether the electronic ankle monitoring devices

actually have an influence on the recidivism of the users.

The intended results from this research project would show that the use of electronic ankle monitoring

devices used in probation actually reduces recidivism and makes the probation officers job easier. The

device convinces the wearer that if they were to try and run away from their sentence or to go into areas that

are off limits, the probation officer would quickly learn of it and they would break their rules of probation

and head back to jail. With this success of reduced recidivism, the monitoring device should be more widely

used than the amount it is now. It could help cut back crimes and pull back the prison population which is

stressing our corrections area. The thought of someone watching them during their probation causes the

subjects to change their habits for the better, so that by the time they are free people their bad habits have

been changed to ones that won’t send them back to prison.

Conclusion

Please explain your intended results and the significance for developing this study.