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Comm144-Week12.pptxArgumentation & Debate, Toulmin Model, & Case Construction
Abdullah Salehuddin |PhD Student
Today’s Agenda
Argumentation and Debate?
Toulmin Model
Affirmative vs Negation Case
01
02
03
What is argumentation and debate?
01
Argumentation
Argumentation – reason giving in communicative situations by people whose purpose is the justification of acts, beliefs, attitudes, and values
Good reasons - reasons which are psychologically compelling for a given audience, which make further inquiry both unnecessary and redundant—hence justifying a decision to affirm or reject a proposition
Why is argumentation important in various contexts?
A law or policy we want to change or advance
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Debate
Debate - the process of inquiry and advocacy; the seeking of a reasoned judgment on a proposition
Critical thinking - the ability to analyze, criticize, and advocate ideas; to reason inductively and deductively; and to reach factual (or judgmental) conclusions based on sound inferences drawn from unambiguous statements of knowledge or belief
Rhetoric - a universal art of winning the mind by arguments, which means not merely arguments in the courts of justice, and all other sorts of public councils, but in private conference as well (Plato)
***Rhetoric as a discipline has evolved since antiquity to focus on meaning-making through various theoretical and methodological approaches
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4 Functions of Rhetoric
(1) Prevents the triumph of fraud and injustice
(2) Method of instruction for the public
(3) Helps visualize both sides of a given case/argument
(4) Means of defense
Ex. forensics, CSI, court cases. etc.
Ex. pedagogical use of theories
Ex. counterargument (i.e., “While opponents of this view might say…”
Ex. refutation (i.e., “My opponent’s argument against my claim is unwarranted because…”)
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Academic Debate & Values
Academic debate – a debate conducted under the direction of an educational institution for the purpose of providing educational opportunities for its student
Values of debate:
Preparation for (1) effective participation in democratic society and (2) leadership
-research, innovation, etc.
Development in (3) critical thinking, (4) active listening, (5) analytical responding
-fast-paced nature of debate, sharpening impromptu speaking
Enhances (6) personal expression and (7) problem-solving skills
-identify issues with status quo
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Ethical Standards for Debate
(1) importance of competition must be kept in perspective
(2) honesty and integrity should be maintained at the highest levels
(3) debaters MUST treat each other with respect
-attack arguments/evidence, NOT YOUR PEERS
(4) evidence standards require complete source citations and verbatim quotation
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Toulmin Model
02
Toulmin Model of Argument
Claim – the conclusion we are trying to establish by our argument
Grounds – evidence establishing the foundation of the claim (general)
Warrants – underlying reasoning advanced to justify the move from grounds to claim (specific)
Backing – additional evidence to support warrant
Potential rebuttals – introduction of evidence to weaken or destroy another’s claim
A model for understanding the structural mechanism through which practical reasoning occurs in any argument
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Basic Model of Argument
Claim – the conclusion we are trying to establish by our argument
Grounds – evidence establishing the foundation of the claim
Warrants – underlying reasoning advanced to justify the move from grounds to claim
Backing – additional evidence to support warrant
Potential rebuttals – introduction of evidence to weaken or destroy another’s claim
Dogs are the greatest pets
A great pet is intelligent, obedient, and loving
Dogs are perceptive, easily trained, and very affectionate
Basic Model of Argument
Claim – the conclusion we are trying to establish by our argument
Grounds – evidence establishing the foundation of the claim
Warrants – underlying reasoning advanced to justify the move from grounds to claim
Backing – additional evidence to support warrant
Potential rebuttals – introduction of evidence to weaken or destroy another’s claim
Dogs are the greatest pets
A great pet is intelligent, obedient, and loving
Dogs are perceptive, easily trained, and very affectionate
Basic Model of Argument
Claim – the conclusion we are trying to establish by our argument
Grounds – evidence establishing the foundation of the claim
Warrants – underlying reasoning advanced to justify the move from grounds to claim
Backing – additional evidence to support warrant
Potential rebuttals – introduction of evidence to weaken or destroy another’s claim
Dogs are the greatest pets
A great pet is intelligent, obedient, and loving
Dogs are perceptive, easily trained, and very affectionate
Basic Model of Argument
Claim – the conclusion we are trying to establish by our argument
Grounds – evidence establishing the foundation of the claim
Warrants – underlying reasoning advanced to justify the move from grounds to claim
Backing – additional evidence to support warrant
Potential rebuttals – introduction of evidence to weaken or destroy another’s claim
Dogs are the greatest pets
A great pet is intelligent, obedient, and loving
Dogs are perceptive, easily trained, and very affectionate
Dogs are the greatest pets
A great pet is intelligent, obedient, and loving
Dogs are perceptive, easily trained, and very affectionate
These traits are why dogs are widely used as service animals
Claim – the conclusion we are trying to establish by our argument
Grounds – evidence establishing the foundation of the claim
Warrants – underlying reasoning advanced to justify the move from grounds to claim
Backing – additional evidence to support warrant
Potential rebuttals – introduction of evidence to weaken or destroy another’s claim
Adding Complexity to Model
Dogs are the greatest pets
A great pet is intelligent, obedient, and loving
Dogs are perceptive, easily trained, and very affectionate
These traits are why dogs are widely used as service animals
Adding Complexity to Model
Claim – the conclusion we are trying to establish by our argument
Grounds – evidence establishing the foundation of the claim
Warrants – underlying reasoning advanced to justify the move from grounds to claim
Backing – additional evidence to support warrant
Potential rebuttals – introduction of evidence to weaken or destroy another’s claim
Group Activity
Get into groups of 4-6 students
Make an argument about any social phenomenon (in 5 minutes)
Each student should produce one piece of the Toulmin model
Argument must, at least, include four dimensions of the model
-claim, grounds, warrant, backing, & rebuttal
Audience members may present one rebuttal per group
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Affirmative vs Negation
03
Policy Debate: One Resolution, Two Sides
Two Sides
Policy debate – debate between two teams on opposite sides advocating for or against a specific resolution grounded in policy change
Resolution – a policy proposition that debaters may agree or disagree with
Negation Side
-disagrees with resolution/ affirmative’s solvency plan
Affirmative Side
-agrees with the resolution
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General Structure of Debate
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General Structure of Debate
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General Structure of Debate
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First Half of Debate
Debate Responsibilities: First Half of Debate
1st Affirmative Constructive (1AC)
Define key terms in resolution
Prove the harm
-impact, qual sig., & quant sig.
Prove the inherency (i.e., imminent harm)
-structural vs attitudinal
Prove solvency (i.e., plan to resolve harm)
-comparative advantage of plan
-plan must solve the problem
Prove advantages
-cost-benefit analysis
***This speech is the only pre-written case/argument***
1st Negative Constructive (1NC)
Re-define key terms (if not satisfied with 1AC’s definitions)
Overview of the negative position (accounting for the same factors as 1AC)
Attack topicality
-or whether 1AC’s arguments precisely focused on the topics of the resolution
Present off-case arguments
-any objections to 1AC’s values, objectives, advantages?
Refute on-point case/arguments
-poke holes in the claims, grounds, warrants presented by 1AC
***This speech is extemporaneous***
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Debate Responsibilities: First Half of Debate (Cont.)
2nd Affirmative Constructive (2AC)
Respond to 1NC’s topicality argument
Answer all off-case arguments
-dropping arguments will negatively impact debate outcome
Answer on-point case attacks
-use logic/evidence to refute
-dropping arguments will negatively impact debate outcome
Add new impacts or arguments to 1AC’s first constructive
-expand arguments, supply more grounds, warrants, backing, etc.
***This speech is extemporaneous***
2nd Negative Constructive (2NC)
Respond to 2AC’s arguments
-refute any illogical counterarguments or weak evidence
Reestablish the initial negation claims
-restate position and why it matters more or is more accurate than opponent
Add to or magnify the negative argument
-present additional grounds, warrants, backing for 1NC’s initial arguments
-intensify the impacts/effects of proposed plan/side
***This speech is extemporaneous***
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Second Half of Debate (new claims/arguments CANNOT be advanced)
Debate Responsibilities: Second Half of Debate
1st Negative Rebuttal (1NR)
Respond to 2AC’s arguments
-refute any illogical counterarguments or weak evidence
Reestablish the initial negation claims
-restate position and why it matters more or is more accurate than opponent
Add to or magnify the negative argument
-present additional grounds, warrants, backing for 1NC’s initial arguments
-intensify the impacts/effects of proposed plan/side
***This speech is extemporaneous***
1st Affirmative Rebuttal (1AR)
Refute the negative’s off-case arguments
-refute any illogical counterarguments or weak evidence
Refute the negative’s on-case arguments
-restate position and why it matters more or is more accurate than opponent
Extend case claims from 2AC
-present additional grounds, warrants, backing for 1NC’s initial arguments
-intensify the impacts/effects of proposed plan/side
***This speech is extemporaneous***
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Debate Responsibilities: Second Half of Debate (Cont.)
2nd Negative Rebuttal (2NR)
Begin with overview, previewing reasons to vote for the negation side
Reestablish the most important arguments in the negative’s case
-some arguments may have collapsed due to refutation – adjust in this speech to capture valid ones
Conclude by presenting the best reasons to justify a decision for the negation side
-identify validity of arguments
-weaknesses of opponents’ arguments
***This speech is extemporaneous***
2nd Affirmative Rebuttal (2AR)
Begin with overview, previewing reasons to vote for the negation side
Refute off-case attacks by 2NR
Extend affirmative case
Conclude by presenting the best reasons to justify a decision for the negation side
-identify validity of arguments
-weaknesses of opponents’ arguments
***This speech is extemporaneous***
***This is also the most dangerous speech, but why?***
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Thank You!
*Feel free to e-mail me
*Talk after lectures
*Attend office hours on Mondays
CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik
