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Perception – Chapter Three

The Perception Process

Selection

Factors the influence selection

Intense stimuli

Repetitious stimuli

Contrast or change in stimulation

Motives

Organization

Figure-ground organization

Perceptual schema

Appearance

Social roles

Interaction style

Psychological traits

Membership

Stereotyping

Punctuation

Interpretation

Degree of involvement with the other

person

Past experience

Assumptions about human behavior

Attitudes

Expectations

Knowledge

Self-concept

Relational satisfaction

Negotiation

Narratives

Shared narratives

Influences on Perception

Access to Information

New Information

Identities/Roles Overlap

Social Media

Physiological Influences

Senses

Age

Health and Fatigue

Hunger

Biological cycles

Psychological challenges

Cultural Differences

Value of talk

Ethnocentrism

Geography

Social Roles

Gender Roles

Occupational Roles

Zimbardo research

Relational Roles

Identities/Roles

Common Tendencies In Perception

Attribution Error

We Judge Ourselves More Charitably Than Others (Self-Serving

Bias)

Anchoring

Availability

Representativeness

Optimism and Overconfidence

Gains and Losses

Framing

Confirmation

We Are Influenced by Our Expectations

We Cling to First Impressions (Halo Effect)

We Tend to Assume Others are Similar to Us

We Are Influenced by the Obvious

Perception Checking

Elements

Describe behavior

Interpret behavior in two ways

Request clarification

Perception-Checking

Considerations Completeness

Nonverbal congruency

Cultural rules

Low-context cultures

(individualistic) High-context

cultures (collectivistic)

Face-Saving

Empathy, Cognitive Complexity, and Communication

Definition – ability to re-create another’s perspective

Perspective taking

Emotional dimension

Genuine concern

Sympathy – compassion for another’s predicament from your point of view

Cognitive Complexity

Construct a variety of frameworks for viewing an issue

Connection between empathy