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COH601 Global Public Health

Voice-over: Welcome to COH601 “Global Public Health.”

Week One Navigation Menu

Global Health

MDGs/SDGs

Introducing

SDGs

Global Health Agencies

Population & Environment

VO: To get started, click on the session that you want to begin.

Module 1: Global Health

VO: Module 1: Global Health.

What is Health?

Health - state of complete physical, mental & social well-being

Not absence of disease/infirmity

VO: According to the WHO in 2020, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

Critical Thinking

Adding “spiritual” in WHO definition?

Argument to support or omit addition of “spiritual?”

VO: How about adding the word “spiritual” in the WHO definition of health? Think about your best argument to support or to omit the addition of the word “spiritual?”

What is International Health?

International health - interlocking/interrelated health status throughout world

Efforts to improve health of every country

VO: “International health refers to the interlocking and interrelated health status of people throughout the world and to efforts to improve the health of all people of every country.”

What is Global Health?

Important new term/concept

Health problems, issues & concerns:

Transcend national boundaries

Influenced by circumstances in other countries

Best addressed by cooperative actions/solutions

VO: Global health is an important new term, and an important new concept. The Institute of Medicine refers to global health as "health problems, issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries, may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions."

Reading Koplan et al. (2009)

“Global Health is an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.”

VO: “Global Health is an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.”

Reading Koplan et al. (2009) (2)

VO: A screenshot with highlighted text of the first page of the Koplan et al. (2009) article.

Reading Koplan et al. (2009) (3)

VO: This table compares global health with international health and public health from the Koplan et al. (2009) article.

Reading Fried et al. (2010)

VO: This screenshot describes the key tenets of global public health from the Fried et al. (2010) article.

Reading Friedet al. (2010) (2)

Diseases not confined by nations’ resources

Chronic diseases grow with aging population

Cross-national comparisons yield useful insights

Health workforce becoming globalized

Migration from developing countries

VO: Pandemic infectious diseases, such as AIDS and COVID-19, and the health challenges associated with climate change, are not confined by sovereignty or the extent of nations’ resources. Chronic diseases, which contribute to a major share of the global burden of disease, will grow with our aging population. Cross-national comparisons of health systems can yield useful insights. The health workforce is becoming globalized. The dominant model is the migration of the health workforce from developing countries to developed countries, with major resource implications worldwide.

Module 2: MDGs/SDGs

VO: Module 2: MDGs and SDGs.

Millennium Development Goals

UN MDGs - 8 goals to achieve by 2015

Click the following link to visit website:

Millennium Development Goals

MDP: Link https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

VO: The United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were eight goals that all 191 UN member states had agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015.

MDGs

VO: These eight goals were to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; to achieve universal primary education; to promote gender equality and empower women; to reduce child mortality; to improve maternal health; to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; to ensure environmental sustainability; and, to develop a global partnership for development.

Comparing MDGs & SDGs

Millennium Development Goals

Adopted: 2000 Ended: 2015

Focus on developing countries

8 goals 18 targets with 48 indicators

Sustainable Development Goals

Adopted: 2015 Ends: 2030

Universal Applies to all countries

17 goals 169 targets with 230 global indicators

VO: This table compares the UN’s Millennium Development Goals with the Sustainable Development Goals.

SDGs

17 goals for world’s future through 2030

Backed up by 169 detailed targets

Negotiated over 2-year period

9/25/15: Agreed to by nearly all nations

VO: A set of 17 goals for the world’s future, through 2030. Backed up by a set of 169 detailed targets. Negotiated over a two-year period at the United Nations. On September 25th, 2015, agreed to by nearly all the world’s nations.

Unfinished MDGs: SDGs 1-5

VO: 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere. 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

New Areas: SDGs 6-11

VO: 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. 8. Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries. 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.

Green Agenda: SDGs 12-15

VO: 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change). 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. 15. Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

Governance/Peace: SDGs 16

VO: 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels.

Means of Implementation: SDGs 17

VO: 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

New/Different about 17 SDGs?

Apply to every nation/sector

Cities, businesses, schools, organizations to act

Called universality

VO: First, and most important, these goals apply to every nation and every sector. Cities, businesses, schools, organizations, all are challenged to act. This is called universality.

New/Different about 17 SDGs? (2)

Recognized goals all inter-connected in system

Cannot aim to achieve one goal

Must achieve all

Called integration

VO: Second, it is recognized that the goals are all inter-connected, in a system. We cannot aim to achieve just one goal. We must achieve them all. This is called integration.

New/Different about 17 SDGs? (3)

Widely recognized achieving goals

Involves making fundamental changes in how we live

Called transformation

VO: And finally, it is widely recognized that achieving these goals involves making very big, fundamental changes in how we live on Earth. This is called transformation.

Module 3: Introducing SDGs

VO: Module 3: Introducing SDGs.

17 Goals

VO: 17 Goals.

1. End Poverty

VO: 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

2. End Hunger

VO: 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

3. Ensure Healthy Lives

VO: 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

4. Ensure Inclusive/Quality Education

VO: 4. Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning.

5. Achieve Gender Equality

VO: 5. Achieve gender equality and empower women and girls.

6. Ensure Access to Water/Sanitation

VO: 6. Ensure access to water and sanitation for all.

7. Ensure Access to Sustainable Energy

VO: 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.

8. Promote Sustainable Economic Growth

VO: 8. Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment, and decent work for all.

9. Promote Sustainable Industrialization

VO: 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.

10. Reduce Inequality

VO: 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries.

11. Make Cities Inclusive & Sustainable

VO: 11. Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.

12. Ensure Sustainable Consumption

VO: 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

13. Combat Climate Change

VO: 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

14. Sustainably Use of Oceans/Seas

VO: 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources.

15. Sustainably Manage Forests

VO: 15. Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss.

16. Promote Just/Inclusive Societies

VO: 16. Promote just, peaceful, and inclusive societies.

17. Revitalize Sustainable Development

VO: 17. Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

Each Goal is Important

VO: Each goal is important in itself.

Each Goal is Important & Connected

VO: Each goal is important in itself. And they are all connected.

Module 4: Key Global Health Agencies

VO: Module 4: Key Global Health Agencies.

Organizational Actors in Global Health

VO: This table displays selected organizational actors in global health, by type of organization.

United Nations

VO: The United Nations’ entrance.

Intergovernmental Organization

1945: Promote international cooperation

Prevent future conflicts

193 countries

Headquartered in NYC

VO: Established in 1945 right after the Second World War to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts. 193 member countries. Headquartered in New York City.

Six Principal Organs

Organ	Details
General Assembly	All member states
Secretariat	Administrative organ
International Court of Justice	Court for international laws
Security Council	International security issues
Economic & Social Council	Global economical/social affairs
Trusteeship Council	Currently inactive

VO: UN General Assembly: for all UN member states. UN Secretariat: Administrative organ of the UN. International Court of Justice: court for international laws. UN Security Council: for international security issues. UN Economic and Social Council: for global economic and social affairs. UN Trusteeship Council: Currently inactive.

Specialized Agencies

Agency	Details
WHO	World Health Organization Based in Geneva
UNICEF	UN Children’s Fund
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organization
UNESCO	UN Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization Based in Paris
UNAIDS	Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS

VO: WHO: World Health Organization, based in Geneva, Switzerland. UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund. FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization. UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, based in Paris, France. UNAIDS: Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS.

UN System

VO: This infographic displays the various agencies within the United Nations System.

World Health Organization (WHO)

VO: World Health Organization (WHO).

Constitutional Function

Authority on all international health work

Objective:

Attainment of highest level of health by all peoples

VO: Acts as the directing and coordinating authority on all international health work. Objective: The attainment of the highest level of health by all peoples.

Key Roles

Prevention/control of specific diseases

Development of comprehensive health services

Family/environmental health

Health statistics

Bio-medical research

Health literature/information

Cooperation with other organizations

VO: Prevention and control of specific diseases. Development of comprehensive health services. Family health. Environmental health. Health statistics. Bio-medical research. Health literature and information. Cooperation with other organizations.

Birth of WHO

Conceived April 1945

Formalized: April 7th 1948

World Health Day: April 7th

Specific theme each year

VO: WHO was conceived during April 1945. It was formalized 3 years later on April 7th, 1948. World Health Day: 7th April. Specific theme each year.

Six WHO Regions

VO: 1. South-East Asia: New Delhi, India. 2. Africa: Harare, Zimbabwe. 3. The Americas: Washington D.C. 4. Europe: Copenhagen, Denmark. 5. Eastern Mediterranean: Alexandria, Egypt. 6. Western Pacific: Manila, Philippines.

Regional Offices

VO: This table displays the WHO regional offices.

Director General: 2006-2018

VO: Dr. Margaret Chan Director General from November 2006 to June 2018.

Director General

VO: Dr. Tedros Adhanom Director General from July 1, 2018.

UNICEF

MDP: Link https://www.unicef.org/

VO: The United Nations Children’s Fund advocates and works for the protection of children’s rights. Click the slide title to visit the UNICEF website.

190 Countries

Works in 190+ countries to:

Save lives

Defend rights

Help fulfil potential

From early childhood through adolescence

VO: UNICEF works in over 190 countries and territories to save children’s lives, to defend their rights, and to help them fulfil their potential, from early childhood through adolescence.

Key Messages

Every child has right to:

Grow up in safe/inclusive environment

Survive & thrive

Learn

Equitable chance in life

Fulfil potential

VO: Every child has the right to grow up in a safe and inclusive environment. Every child has the right to survive and thrive. Every child has the right to learn. Every child has the right to an equitable chance in life. Every girl has the right to fulfil their potential.

Multilateral Development Banks

The World Bank

Regional Development Banks:

African Development Bank

The Asian Development Bank (ADB)

The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)

VO: The World Bank. Regional Development Banks: African Development Bank, The Asian Development Bank (ADB), and The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB).

Multilateral Development Banks (2)

Owned by member countries

Lend money to promote economic/social development

VO: Owned by their member countries. Lend or grant money to countries to promote economic and social development.

The World Bank

VO: The World Bank is headquartered in Washington, D.C.

Developing Countries

Source of financial/technical assistance

Provides loans, credits & grants

Invests in:

Education

Health

Public administration

Infrastructure

Financial/private sector development

Agriculture

Environment

VO: The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. Provides low-interest loans, zero to low-interest credits, and grants. Invests in education, health, public administration, infrastructure, financial/private sector development, agriculture, and environment.

World Bank Group

VO: This diagram illustrates the five agencies within The World Bank.

Poverty Reduction & Development

Set two goals to achieve by 2030:

End extreme poverty by decreasing % living on > $1.90/day to no more than 3%

Promote shared prosperity by fostering income growth of bottom 40% for every country

VO: The World Bank has set two goals for the world to achieve by 2030. End extreme poverty by decreasing the percentage of people living on less than $1.90/day to no more than 3%. Promote shared prosperity by fostering the income growth of the bottom 40% for every country.

Country Income Classification

VO: Economies are currently divided into four income groupings: low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high.

Country Income Classification (2)

Measured using GNI per capita

Click on following link for up-to-date classification:

World Bank Country and Lending Groups

MDP: Embed https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519

VO: Income is measured using gross national income (GNI) per capita, in U.S. dollars, converted from local currency using the World Bank Atlas Method. Click the “World Bank Country and Lending Groups” link for the most up-to-date classification.

Bilateral Agencies

VO: USAID, Australian Agency for International Development, Canadian International Development Agency, and others. Primarily the development assistance agencies of developed countries.

Bilateral Agencies (2)

Work with low-/middle-income countries

Advance economic/social development

Advocacy

Knowledge generation

Financing

VO: Work directly with low- and middle-income countries to advance economic and social development. Involved in advocacy, knowledge generation, and financing.

Example: USAID

VO: The United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

USAID

Provides economic development assistance for advancement of U.S. economic/political interests

Carries out foreign policy by promoting broad-scale human progress:

Expands stable/free societies

Creates markets & trade partners

Fosters good will abroad

VO: USAID provides economic development assistance for the advancement of US economic and political interests overseas. USAID carries out U.S. foreign policy by promoting broad-scale human progress at the same time it expands stable, free societies, creates markets and trade partners for the United States, and fosters good will abroad.

Selected NGOs

VO: This table displays selected non-governmental organizations involved in global health.

Example: BRAC

VO: BRAC was founded in Bangladesh in 1971.

BRAC

Largest NGO involved in international development

Reaches 110 million people in Asia & Africa:

Bangladesh, Haiti, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Uganda, South Sudan, Philippines, Afghanistan & Tanzania

VO: Largest NGO in the world that is involved in international development work. Reaches 110 million people. Currently working in several countries in Asia and Africa: Bangladesh, Haiti, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Uganda, South Sudan, Philippines, Afghanistan, and Tanzania.

BRAC (2)

Bring together poorest people in poorest countries

Teach:

Read

Think

Pool resources

Start businesses

VO: BRAC’s idea was simple yet radical: bring together the poorest people in the poorest countries and teach them to read, think for themselves, pool their resources, and start their own businesses.

BRAC (3)

Works in areas:

Human rights & social empowerment

Education/health

Economic empowerment & enterprise development

Livelihood training

Environmental sustainability

Disaster preparedness

Women/children take priority

VO: Works in areas of human rights and social empowerment, education and health, economic empowerment and enterprise development, livelihood training, environmental sustainability, and disaster preparedness. Women and children take priority.

Example: Doctors Without Borders

VO: Best known by its French name “Medicins Sans Frontieres.”

Doctors Without Borders

Based in Brussels, Belgium

Made up of affiliated groups in 18 countries

Work in 80+ countries

VO: Based in Brussels, Belgium. Umbrella organization made up of affiliated groups in 18 countries. Work in more than 80 countries.

Doctors Without Borders (2)

Provision health services following crises

Commitment to:

Political independence

Medical ethics

Human rights

VO: Best known for provision of health services following humanitarian crises. Commitment to political independence, medical ethics, and human rights.

Example: Save The Children

VO: Founded in the U.S.

Save The Children

Works in 30 countries

Seeks individual/community self-sufficiency

Particular attention to:

Newborns & children

Reproductive health

HIV/AIDS

VO: Currently works in 30 countries. Seeks to contribute to individual and community self-sufficiency. Particular attention to well-being of newborns and children, reproductive health, and HIV/AIDS.

Other Important Actors

VO: Other Important Actors.

Foundations

Rockefeller Foundation

Wellcome Trust

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

VO: Rockefeller Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Research Funders

Focus on doing/funding research

Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute

US National Institute of Health, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia & others supported by national governments

VO: Focus on doing and funding research. Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute. US National Institute of Health, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, and others supported by national governments.

Think Tanks/Universities

Bring researchers to work on global health issues

Involved in teaching, research & practice

Technical assistance on the design, monitoring & evaluation of projects

VO: Often create institutes that bring researchers together to work on global health issues. Involved in teaching, research, and practice on global health issues. Technical assistance on the design, monitoring and evaluation of global health projects.

Module 5: Population & Environment

VO: Module 5: Population and Environment.

Urbanization

Urbanization - process of growth/change in cities

Featuring population growth

Expanding urban boundaries

Changes in density

Demographic changes

VO: Urbanization is a dynamic process of growth and change in cities, generally featuring population growth, and often also featuring expanding urban boundaries, changes in density, and demographic changes, such as greater diversity.

Development of Cities

Developed along trade routes

Industrialization led to the growth of cities

e.g., London, New York

Urban sprawl accelerated after WW II

VO: Cities developed historically along trade routes. Industrialization led to the growth of cities, such as London and New York. Urban sprawl accelerated rapidly after the World War II.

Urban & Rural Population

VO: By 2010, the world’s urban population surpassed its rural population for the first time. Urbanization in low- and middle-income countries currently growing faster than in developed countries.

Megacities

VO: Megacities are urban areas with a population of 10 million and more.

Megacities (2)

VO: This figure displays selected current and future megacities 2015 to 2030.

Megacities Population Trends

50%+ live in urban than in rural areas

Trend continue to increase

Why do people move to urban areas?

VO: More than half of global population live in urban areas than in rural areas, and this trend will continue to increase. Why do people move to urban areas?

Megacities Population Trends (2)

VO: By 2030, the world is projected to have 41 megacities with more than 10 million inhabitants. Tokyo is the world’s largest megacity and will continue to be the largest even by 2030.

Critical Thinking (2)

Environmental problems that arise in megacities?

VO: Can you think of environmental problems that may arise in megacities?

Measurement of Human Impact on Environment

VO:

100

I = P x A x T

Describes how population, affluence & technology contribute toward environmental impact

VO: This equation describes how our growing population, affluence, and technology contribute toward our environmental impact.

101

I = P x A x T (2)

VO: In words: Human Impact (I) on the environment equals the product of population (P), affluence (A: consumption per capita) and technology (T: environmental impact per unit of consumption).

102

Carrying Capacity

Population area will support without undergoing environmental deterioration

Tends to limit population size

VO: The carrying capacity of an area is the population that an area will support without undergoing environmental deterioration. The carrying capacity of an environment tends to limit population size.

103

Excess Population

VO: Food availability, reproductive behavior, and infectious diseases tend to keep animal populations in check.

104

Exceeded Carrying Capacity

VO: Animal populations experience “population crashes” when population growth exceeds carrying capacity.

105

Our World in Data

Click the following link:

World Population Growth

VO: The Our World in Data website is interactive and kept current with new population data from all over the world. The graphs are also very engaging and interactive.

106

Demographic Transition

VO: Demographic Transition.

107

Stages of Demographic Transition

Alterations over time in fertility, mortality & make-up

Societies progressed through 3 stages that affected:

Age

Sex distributions

VO: Demographic transition refers to alterations over time in a population’s fertility, mortality, and make-up. Developed societies have progressed through three stages that have affected their age and sex distributions.

108

Three Stages

Stage One Stage Two Stage Three

VO: Stage 1: Population mostly young, and fertility and mortality rates are high. Overall, the population remains small. Stage 2: Mortality rates drop, and fertility rates remain high. There is a rapid increase in population, particularly among the younger age groups. Stage 3: Fertility rates drop and cause a more even distribution of the population according to age and sex.

109

Critical Thinking (3)

Happen to economy/social structure if epidemic primarily affecting 30-40s swept the U.S.?

VO: What would happen to the economy and social structure, if a new epidemic primarily affecting the population in their 30-40s swept the United States?

110

Sources

1Koplan, J. P., Bond, T. C., Merson, M. H., Reddy, K. S., Rodriguez, M. H., Sewankambo, N. K., & Wasserheit, J. N. (2009). Towards a common definition of global health. The Lancet, 373(9679), 1993-1995.

2Koplan, J. P., Bond, T. C., Merson, M. H., Reddy, K. S., Rodriguez, M. H., Sewankambo, N. K., & Wasserheit, J. N. (2009). Towards a common definition of global health. The Lancet, 373(9679), 1993-1995.

3Fried, L. P., Bentley, M. E., Buekens, P., Burke, D. S., Frenk, J. J., Klag, M. J., & Spencer, H. C. (2010). Global health is public health. The Lancet, 375(9714), 535-537.

4https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/MDGs.svg/429px-MDGs.svg.png

5https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-material/

6https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-material/

7https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-material/

8https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-material/

9https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-material/

10http://17goals.org/17goals-basic-slide-set/

11http://17goals.org/17goals-basic-slide-set/

12http://17goals.org/17goals-basic-slide-set/

13http://17goals.org/17goals-basic-slide-set/

14http://17goals.org/17goals-basic-slide-set/

15http://17goals.org/17goals-basic-slide-set/