PhD TIM-1. Dissertation Chapter 2&3- Literature Review and Research Methodology

After decades of anticipation and discussion, the Internet of Things has become a reality across the globe. The Internet of Things (IoT) has come with new trends that are creating huge developments and have continued to extend the online world in a myriad of manner. Connecting things to people provides vast opportunities for new learning methods, responding to issues, and monitoring situations. The IoT is now a single uniform network of connected devices. Still, its various technologies are put together and working in a coordinating manner to provide several benefits to people in developing and developed nations. The emerging trends in the IoT are making life extraordinarily facile and accessible for different people. Notably, it's not only making life more straightforward, but it's also turning the world into a small place or village. Thanks to the increasing new trends and advancements, It has become hugely entrenched in the systems of even the developing countries. These trends positively change the different sectors in developing countries like health, business, agriculture, and people's lives. These trends are now connecting physicals things and work and promoting activities like people with the help of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

In developing countries like Ghana, the impact of the emerging trend in IoT has also been felt. The country has continued to see the use of IoT technologies in the development of activities. For instance, in 2017, the government reported over 2 million individuals to connect online through technology (Hopalı & Vayvay, 2018). Not within the country has been put through rural interconnection where people from remote regions can now access resources and information that were not previously available. The countries continue to increase their plans for IoT connections by introducing ICT technologies to help in socio-economic developments. Through the IoT connection from urban to rural regions, the country has enhanced health, eCommerce, and education and made farmers' lives more accessible across the country (Hopalı & Vayvay, 2018). The new trends are used to facilitate the large and small businesses, which is also benefiting the country to leap big. Comment by Marty Crossland: Grammar issue? I'm not following what this sentence may be supposed to communicate.

Since the technologies continue to move faster and with tremendous speed, the developing country's consumers and businesses are expected to get significant innovations through IoT, where products are anticipated to be very successful. The massive growth sees different trends that will help elevate various sectors (Odoi-Lartey & Danso, 2018). However, despite the enormous positive growth, the trends in IoT come with critical challenges. One trend that is of great concern is the issue of security. Due to the enormous increase in the IoT across the globe, more issues have also emerged. These issues are centered on security problems like cyber threats, which are a huge risk to organizations, industries, and individuals. Specifically, these issues are affecting both developed and developing countries. Thus, a country like Ghana is no exception, and being a developing country when it comes to the IoT, it faces enormous risk compared to other countries with sophisticated technology.

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—"things"—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet. (Agarwal & Nethravathi 2021). The IoT is a huge chance that is highly gaining ground in this modern computing world. Since the Internet has become of great significance to people's lives, new technologies have continued to rise and creating rapid development in the IoT field (Odoi-Lartey & Danso, 2018). The IoT technology is characterized by the interconnection of smart objects like radio frequency identification and sensors, which help transfer data without human interactions. The progressive developments in informatics, telecommunication, and sensors that created a way to actualize pervasive intelligence have shown the IoT future. It has found its way into various applications like transportation, logistics, health, agriculture, automation, and remote monitoring (Odoi-Lartey & Danso, 2018). The technologies have not only been felt in the developed countries. Still, they are also being experienced in developing countries where governments have begun to venture and emphasize the utilization of new trends. The developing countries are pressuring and investing in the public sector to become more innovative, collaborative, and open to help in the actualization of the new trends and be at the global per (Odoi-Lartey & Danso, 2018). They have realized that the Internet of things is transforming how people live, travel, work and conduct business. The IoT has become the center of the industrial and digitals transformation of cities, society, and organizations. Since the developing nations differ from the developed nation when it comes to IoT projects, it's essential to research the realization of IoT within the growing nations. Therefore, it's essential to research the emerging trend in the IoT in developing countries. Comment by Marty Crossland: Not clear what this means. Comment by Marty Crossland: Not proper citation format. "...according to Odoi-Lartey and Danso (2018)."

Moreover, it's also essential to have a survey on a country like Ghana as one of the developing countries to see where they have reached when it comes to development, adaptation, challenges, and utilization of IoT technology. IoT has wide applications in Agriculture technology, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Software, Architecture, and Industrial applications. Connected devices make it possible to track production and monitor performance in real-time.

The problem to be addressed by this study is the lack of understanding of effective utilization of the IoT in developing countries, particularly in Ghana, in their industrial development and the perceived risk associated with the use of the technology. The information era has increased globalization through the widespread use of the Internet, which creates an interconnected world (Otu, 2019). In most cases, the adoption of emerging trends and capabilities of the IoT by the developing countries has had a profound impact on their economy when it comes to allowing individuals to communicate over long distances and also reducing the national cost of production, promoting better health care, and establishing standard quantity. However, there is no apparent transformation and development process of how the developing countries have reached when it comes to IoT technology (Otu, 2019). Comment by Marty Crossland: I'm doubting whether this can actually be the problem you are addressing, because it will probably be outside the scope of your dissertation for you to make any changes or have any influence to effect actual changes in the level of utilization of the IoT in Ghana, as this statement seems to imply. Since dissertations are usually about gaining knowledge rather than effecting change, it would seem more appropriate to state the problem in terms of a lack of knowledge or a lack of understanding about how the IoT is limiting its effective utilization in Ghana, and your purpose would be to discover or define some of that missing knowledge.

Additionally, people have only recently recognized the need for IoT technologies appropriate for developing nations' capabilities. The countries have also been faced with challenges of IoT technology diffusion and the uneven penetration and distribution of the technology within the countries (Ndung'u & Signé, 2020). For the developing nations to effectively participate in the IoT market places, they require adequate resources and expertise to avoid any rapid advances since they will create more challenges (Otu, 2019). Thus, it's important to research one of the countries to determine how it has progressed and how it has adopted the emerging trends in the IoT. It's also essential to look at some of the challenges, benefits, and vulnerabilities the developing countries face when adapting the IoT technology. Despite the enormous potentials and benefits of the IoT, there has not been specific research to analyze the various challenges and threats associated with the wide use of its application in developing countries in general and Ghana in particular.

Therefore, it is essential to undertake research, first to understand the level of adoption of the IoT in Ghana, the operational application of the technology, and the levels of challenges and threats that individuals, companies, institutions, and government may face the use of technology.

Purpose Of The Study

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Introduction to Theoretical Framework

TAM is an expansion of Fishbein and Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen (1975), whose aim is to provide detailed information on factors that determine acceptance and usage of IoT. It includes Perceived usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use which are critical when choosing acceptance of technology by communities and is ideal when analyzing their behavior. According to Wei et al. (2018), various factors encourage the use and acceptance of technology. Such aspects include the ability of the individuals to enumerate their differences, beliefs, social influences, attitudes, and influences by different situations. These aspects play a significant role in influencing the individual's desire to embrace IoT and encourage the capacity to reject or accept it.

Additionally, the authors stated that the individual's behavior is determined by their intention or urge to perform the behavior, which is the ability to make decisions. Their behavior signals this to take a step and engage in the actual conduct, which is adopting IoT in their daily activities. TAM remains the most accepted model. It seeks to define the characteristics that push individuals of a developing nation like Ghana to adopt technology and make it part and parcel of their daily lives. The curiosity of the individuals can determine these characteristics to adopt IoT with the urge to know what it will do for their lives which will propel them into making actual usage of the technology. Another superiority of this model in determining the eagerness of individuals in countries like Ghana to adopt the technology is its ability to envision and predict the curiosity and motivations that will make them make the decision. The intention of individuals to adopt IoT is determined by their nature which reflects their human attitude, subjectivity existing within them, which indicates their social influence, and the last aspect is their perceived behavioral control. Therefore, an individual's intention to adopt or develop a particular skill can be driven by the aspects as mentioned earlier. To validate the model's reliability, numerous researchers such as Simon et al. (2011) made a physical test of the technique by predicting the possibility of technology acceptance among individuals from service teachers in developing countries. The outcomes indicate that indeed there is a definite relationship between the method and acquisition of information. Shih et al. (2011) also discovered that the personal behavior of accepting a particular technology is valuable. Still, it is incomplete if we fail to look at social aspects and the individuals' environment. Alharbi and Drew (2014) also found that various issues affected an individual's intention to adopt mobile usage in making payments. It found out that effort expectancy, performance expectancy, and social influence played a significant role in making the individual accept e-finance. In connection to this, Alenezi et al. (2011) recommend that during the formulation stage, the perception concerning new technology, social norms, and subjective development influences the customer to purchase the technology as they make decisions based on perceptions about the quality of the product or service.

Alenezi et al. (2011) further observed the significance of the relationship between the Perceived Ease of Use and its Perceived Usefulness to a broader context. They found out that the two directly associate with the attitudes used to determine acceptance and use of technology. Pasaoglu (2011) Sees Perceived Usefulness as a subjective prompt that including particular features to specific application systems will increase job performance within that organization which they define as performance expectation. On the other hand, Cheung and Vogel (2013) discovered that the beliefs would drive the Apparent Ease of Use that adoption of the technology will be hassle-free and effortless to acquire or purchase a specific set of skills that the author defines as effort expectation. To clarify the issue, Mojtahed et al. (2011) stated that TAM was in a better position to anticipate that certain attitudes will directly impact the mindset that would propel the efforts of people to adopt the technology.

Over and over again, TAM has proven to be successful, especially when it comes to revealing specific shortcomings within society. In their study, Cheung and Vogel (2013) discovered that apart from the development of information usage, statistics demonstrate that there has been a significant decrease among the elderly, low-income societies, and the illiterate to use technological resources and devices. This is in comparison to the young, learned, and influential individuals in the community. The application of TAM in determining the individuals to target with specific technology has helped developers confirm that education, age, race, and earnings are directly linked to visualizing the significance of information through reliance on technology. This, in turn, develops the necessity and attitudes to incline and initially gather skills to help them access information on how the technology will be used and how it will benefit them.

Technology Organization Environmental Model

Technology, Organization, and Environment (TOE) is a model which DePietro, Wiarda, and Fleischer (1990) describe as an essential procedure in technological innovation. The authors analyze the model to a profound extent starting from engineers being the initial developers of an organization to the technology being adopted and put to work by entrepreneurs and other individuals. The TOE model represents the segment of the innovation process reflecting on how the organization's context influences the rate at which the innovations are implemented and adopted. The TOE model is an organizational theory that attempts to explain the various elements incorporated by an entity to influence the decisions to adopt the technology. The three essential elements are the organizational framework, technological framework, and environmental framework strategically positioned to influence innovation (Awa, & Ojiabo, 2016).

Figure 1: Technology-Organization-Environment Framework (TOE). (DePietro, Wiarda, & Fleischer, 1990)

Technological Framework

The technological framework encompasses all technologies that Ghana views to be most relevant and in which some are already in use within the firm while others are in the market. Still, the country is yet to decide to purchase. The current technologies existing within the nation are more important and play a significant role in facilitating the adoption process. They establish a broadened limit on the pace and scope of the nation's technological transition. The technical innovations in the market but are yet to be adopted by the government also influence the innovation adoption rate because they restrict what is attainable (Chan et al., 2018). They show Ghana the technologies they can change and adapt to be more effective in their operations. Inside the innovation groups outside Ghana are the innovations whose aim is to create incremental, inconsistent, and synthetic changes. The innovations that make gradual transitions usually introduce new attributes or new versions of the current technology. The comprehensive technologies often embody the least substantial risk and create a platform of change in adopting innovations within the organization. In Zhang et al. (2003), illustrations include changing from CRT computer monitors to adopting LCD monitors or executing upgrades from one version of the organization's ERP system to bringing in a new update. The innovations that develop synthetic transitions usually create a foundation of moderate changes within Ghanaian organizations, where the current technologies or ideas are incorporated in a novel routine. An example of this change is how Ghana Universities deliver the contents of their courses from online sources (Awidi, 2008). And there are no innovations that have been introduced on storing, recording, and transmitting information, and they do not see the necessity of creating innovation in their course content. As a result, the universities can decide to combine their current technologies in a novel way to innovate the education systems to make them better.

On the contrary, the technologies that bring discontinuous changes within the facility after its implementation are known as radical innovations. They indicate enormous deviations from the existing technology or procedures. An example of these innovations includes implementing bar-code scanning within the grocery industries during the 1980s to adopt PCs in numerous institutions or even shifting to cloud computing (Baker, 2012). In most cases, in a developing country like Ghana, many industries will be characterized by the technical innovations that will bring incremental changes and synthetic changes at an agreeable pace of technological adoption. Their decisions will be limited to the two choices.

On the contrary, some of Ghana's industries might be characterized by discontinuous changes. Therefore, it will require that the industry's management make quick decisions to land them into the next technology to enhance and attract competitive advantage. During evaluation for the discontinuous technologies, the enterprises should always consider whether the technology they will adopt aims to strengthen their competence (Chandra & Kumar, 2018). Competence enhancing technologies empower the organization to change as they establish upon their expertise.

In contrast, competence demolishing innovations usually results in magnificent changes within the industries which is not reputable. An example of competence tarnishing invention includes the shift to cloud computing, which might prove challenging because the organizations are in a country that is currently developing and thus may not have adequate resources to finance the shift (Sunyaev, 2020). In the long run, the industries that have invested almost all of their resources to achieve high IT function levels may now find that the expertise will no longer give them a competitive advantage.

Instead of adopting a technology that will most probably make them incompetent, the industries can opt to shift towards competence developing institutions that demonstrate vast asset and resource tracking capacity, which relies on bar-coding and building competence around it. Even with the need to shift, such as involving optical scanners and bar codes with RFID tags to adopting digital scanners, companies can capitalize on the current databases to act as storage sites (Hou, Liao, & Luo, 2020). They can move on to adopting new efficiencies within their processes if the manual scanning becomes obsolete. In summary, it is essential that Ghanaian government advisors direct organizations on careful consideration of the type of organization they should apply to their business processes that will mainly focus on creating new uses of the existing technologies. It should create awareness to the organization owners that some innovation may bring drastic outcomes if implemented, and therefore they should stay away from them.

The organizational framework often refers to the attributes and resources of the Ghanaian organizations, including the linking structures among staff, the size of the firm, intra-organizational communication procedures, and the volume of slack resources held by the organization. Historically, there are numerous ways in which this context affects the rate of innovation implementation and adoption in its decisions. In Yoon, Jeong, and Park (2021), the first mechanism in the organizational framework is linking structures that link subunits of the institution or the extent of internal boundaries to spread innovation. Unofficial linking agents, including boundary spanners, product champions, and gatekeepers, are related to the adoption. Bayuo (2017) asserts that the cross-functional employees and teams with unofficial or official linkages to other departments or other value chain associates are supplementary illustrations of the mechanisms.

More extensively, the organizational framework has been carefully researched to discover its association with innovation adoption in many institutions in Ghana. For instance, decentralized and organic organizational structures are linked with innovation adoption (Darvishmotevali, (2019). Ghana institutions that have fully adopted this form of corporate structure focus on creating teams equipped with a high degree of fluidity in their responsibilities and encourage lateral communication as an extension to enhancing the communication process along the reporting lines (Owusu, 2018). Other researches on the kind of organizational structure an organization should adopt signify that while the decentralized and organic system can be a perfect match for the adoption phase of the innovation process. on the other hand, mechanical structures emphasizing more clear employee roles can be best suited for the innovation process.

Procedures of communication adopted within an organization have also played a significant role in promoting or inhibiting innovation adoption. Vodonick (2018) notes that top managers can nurture innovation by establishing an organizational framework that will readily accommodate changes and support innovations that supplement the firm's core mission and vision. In Dansoh, Oteng, and Frimpong (2017), the behaviors portrayed by Ghana's top management and the communication they will decide on adopting should focus on describing the responsibility of innovation in the firm's overall strategy, indicate the significance of the invention to the staff, and approach to rewarding innovation legally and informally. The communication process to be embraced should focus on placing the history of innovation within the firm at the heart of its operations and building an excellent leadership team that will cast a compelling and achievable vision for the future of the organization.

Other most discussed aspects within Ghana's organizational framework impacting IoT adoption are the firm's size and slack. While many literature pieces indicate that an entity's slackness enhances adoption, other articles suggest that innovation can occur even with the absence of this aspect (Pasaoglu, 2011). Others prove that the presence of slack within the organization's business processes does not mean that it successfully adopts it. While slack is attractive and helpful in many instances, it is neither necessary nor adequate for innovation. The size of the facility is another widely studied context but a valid link to illustrate the relationship between the two aspects is nowhere to be found. Generally, large-scale organizations within Ghana are more likely to embrace innovation (Ankrah & Freeman, 2021). Still, most of this research has faced a lot of criticism on the foundations that size is often considered a crude proxy for more precise and meaningful underlying organizational factors. Such factors include the ability of the organization to possess a specific superior resource. Rajapathirana and Hui (2018) note that the relationship between the size of the organization and the adoption of innovation cannot be decisively confirmed. Researchers are constantly arguing to use more or more precise measures or organizational variables instead of relying on the generic and straightforward action, which is the firm's size.

The environmental framework involves how Ghana structures its industries, the absence or presence of robust technology service providers, and the government's ability to regulate its environment. Numerous studies have been carried out to investigate industry structure in Ghana in various ways. For example, stiff competition within Ghana's consumer markets stimulates the adoption of many innovation strategies. Similarly, dominating firms within the value chain can have a high possibility of influencing the decisions made by the other value chain partners to involve themselves in innovating their value chains. About the industry's life cycle, many studies argue that organizations situated in rapidly growing industries have a high tendency to innovate more frequently (McKinn, 2016). Comment by Marty Crossland: If this is true, then you should cite three or more of them here. Comment by Marty Crossland: If this is true, then you should cite three or more of them here.

Another example is in the banking industries where the government implements strict measures on privacy which may prevent these financial institutions from inventing new ways that customers can use to access their financial information (Tchao et al., 2017). Therefore, there is an evident relationship between government regulations and innovation because one action can either discourage or encourage the other.

Guided interviews will be used as a data-gathering technique. This reflects in the ability to plan for anticipated responses. Also, the interview will ensure unexpected responses are recorded for later analysis. The data collection method offers a framework of the schematic presentation of problem topics leading to extensive exploration. This had a consideration of open-ended questions enabling the respondent to give complete information. The sample size would involve five stakeholders in the technology industry, five consumers of the IoT products and services, and five distributors. Comment by Marty Crossland: On page 7 you said you would be using something you called "structured questionnaires." That is different that what you are naming here, and I am not familiar with either term. I think you mean "structured interviews," but you are not saying that in either place. Comment by Marty Crossland: Unclear what this refers to. Consumers and distributors would be considered stakeholders. Did you perhaps mean "vendors" of IoT?

Data analysis will be enabled through meta-analysis as a thematic analysis method. Specifically, responses from participants shall be analyzed to identify recurring themes concerning IoT implementation at an organizational level. Eventually, the results obtained from the analysis will be used in making study conclusions. Comment by Marty Crossland: Does this mean that when you say "consumers" in the paragraph above, you mean organizational consumers instead of individual consumers? Please clarify.

The following research question will be the underlying guide to gain an understanding of the various opportunities and challenges associated with the use of the Internet of Things (IoT): Comment by Marty Crossland: "Gaining understanding" is not a proper purpose statement, as it is not quantifiable, and you do not know when you are finished. What will be the actual expected deliverable from the study?

1. How has the use of IoT technology contributed to the development of Ghana’s economy? Comment by Marty Crossland: This does not seem to align with your problem statement on page 5. Your problem statement seems to assume a premise that IoT has not been utilized in Ghana. Therefore, you have already answered this supposed research question -- it has not contributed to-date to Ghana's economy.

2. What are the prospects of new applications of IoT in “Ghana Beyond Aid” digitization agenda?

3. What are the risk factors associated with the broad use of IoT in Ghana?

The research will provide insights into emerging trends in IoT in Ghana. An analysis on the present use of IoT in the Ghanaian economy will shed more light on the various applications of the technology and will further reveal the risk criteria associated with is mass adoption. One of the major importance of the study is directly related to to Ghana’s digitization agenda under the “Ghana Beyond Aid” policy. The study will seek to understand the extent to which the rate of sdoption of the technology in both industry and commerce and other sectors that will utilize the IoT applications in their operations The study will offer directions for adding practical application of IoT devices in health and other personal gadgets to alert people on various issues, thus providing them with information promptly. They can capture much information about their energy consumption over time. While the technology-empowered device helps the user save on time and cost, IoT will translate to increased savings due to performing numerous activities independently. Comment by Marty Crossland: "Seek to understand" is simply a process of research. What will be the actual deliverable from your study? Comment by Marty Crossland: The rate of adoption is a quantitative measure. I am not seeing any quantitative methodology that can definitively measure this rate, so how do you propose to do so? Comment by Marty Crossland: You seem to be primarily aiming to share wisdom about "what ought to be" or what "ought to happen." That is not an appropriate purpose or goal for a dissertation. A dissertation is primarily about discovering new knowledge about the topic, and not about acquiring or demonstrating wisdom about how to use that knowledge. You will certainly have an opportunity to share your thoughts about how this new knowledge might be used wisely in Chapter 5, but the main focus for the dissertation proposal should be only about how to acquire valid knowledge about the topic. This short video may be useful for helping to understand the difference: https://youtu.be/XCM-QFyzI8U.

The below list of terms will provide the reader with a study context and better understand the research concepts and constructs.

Internet of Things. The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—"things"—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet. (Agarwal & Nethravathi, 2021).

Technology Acceptance Model . The TechnologyAcceptance Model is the continuous improvement and progress in technology-related applications by accepting or rejecting a dilemma. (Wei, Wang, Zhu, S., Xue, and Chen, 2018).

Technology Organization Environmental Model . Technology, Organization, and Environment (TOE) is a model which DePietro, Wiarda, and Fleischer describe as an essential procedure in technological innovation (DePietro, Wiarda, and Fleischer, 1990).

Chapter Summary

Chapter 1 introduced the Internet of Things and how it has changed the IT industry and the technology landscape. The chapter also highlighted the technical framework associated with the adoption of new technologies. The chapter also defined the purpose of the study and the research question. The remainder of this study will include Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 4, and Chapter 5. Chapter 2 is a literature review that describes the literature on the Internet of Things opportunities, challenges, threats, and privacy issues. This chapter also discusses how organizations and institutions use IoT to maximize operational competencies and be competitive in the ever-evolving digital technology landscape. Chapter 3 describes the research design and methodology, including the sample selection process, data collection, analysis, and guided interviews. Chapter 4 provides an empirical analysis of the results of the study. Lastly, Chapter 5 deals with the results and provides recommendations, concluding comments, a summary of findings, and future research opportunities.

Agarwal, Y., & Nethravathi, K. A. (2021). Emerging Trends in the Internet of Things. In Advances in Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering (pp. 771-782). Springer, Singapore. Comment by Marty Crossland: Journal title should be in italics.

Alenezi, A. R., Karim, A. A., and Veloo, A. (2011). Institutional support and e-learning acceptance: An extension of the technology acceptance model. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 8(2), 3-16.

Alharbi, S., and Drew, S. (2014). Using the technology acceptance model in understanding academics' behavioural intention to use learning management systems. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 5(1), 143-155.

Al-Turjman, F., Kamal, A., Husain Rehmani, M., Radwan, A., & Khan Pathan, A. S. (2019). The green internet of things (g-iot). Comment by Marty Crossland: Incomplete reference. Where was it published?

Ankrah, D. A., & Freeman, C. Y. (2021). Operationalizing the agricultural innovation system concept in a developing country context–examining the case of the MiDA programme in Ghana. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 1-20.

Arora, A., Kaur, A., Bhushan, B., & Saini, H. (2019, July). Security concerns and future trends of the Internet of Things. In 2019 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT) (Vol. 1, pp. 891-896). IEEE. Comment by Marty Crossland: Conference title should be in italics.

Awa, H. O., and Ojiabo, O. U. (2016). A model of adoption determinants of ERP within the TOE framework. Information Technology and People.

Awidi, I. T. (2008). Developing an e-learning strategy for public universities in Ghana. Educause Quarterly, 31(2), 66.

Ayebeng Botchway, E., & Yeboah-Boateng, E. O. (2019). IoT Readiness of Project Management Teams Within Local Government Organizations in Ghana. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(07). Comment by Marty Crossland: Journal title should be in italics.

Ayetor, G. K., Mbonigaba, I., Ampofo, J., & Sunnu, A. (2021). Investigating the state of road vehicle emissions in Africa: A case study of Ghana and Rwanda. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 11, 100409.

Baker, J. (2012). The technology–organization–environment framework. Information systems theory, 231-245.

Bayuo, B. (2017). Growing technology and innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa through Business Innovation Centres: A case study of Ghana. Comment by Marty Crossland: Incomplete reference. Where was it published?

Boakye, A., & Babatunde Olumide, O. (2020). The role of the Internet of things (IoT) to support health services in rural communities. A case study of Ghana and Sierra Leone. Transnational Corporations Review, 1-8. Comment by Marty Crossland: Journal title should be in italics.

Chan, A. P. C., Darko, A., Olanipekun, A. O., & Ameyaw, E. E. (2018). Critical barriers to green building technologies adoption in developing countries: The case of Ghana. Journal of cleaner production, 172, 1067-1079.

Chandra, S., & Kumar, K. N. (2018). Exploring Factors Influencing Organizational Adoption Of Augmented Reality In E-Commerce: Empirical Analysis Using Technology-Organization-Environment Model. Journal of electronic commerce research, 19(3).

Cheung, R., and Vogel, D. (2013). Predicting user acceptance of collaborative technologies: An extension of the technology acceptance model for e-learning. Computers and Education , 63, 160-175. Comment by Marty Crossland: Journal title should be in italics.

Dansoh, A., Oteng, D., & Frimpong, S. (2017). Innovation development and adoption in small construction firms in Ghana. Construction Innovation.

Darvishmotevali, M. (2019). Decentralization and innovative behavior: The moderating role of supervisor support. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 8, 31-45.

Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly. 13, 319-339

DePietro, R., Wiarda, E., & Fleischer, M. (1990). "The context for change: Organization, technology, and environment," in Tornatzky, L. G. and Fleischer, M. (Eds.) The processes of technological innovation, Lexington Books: Lexington, MA., pp. 151-175

Gangwar, H., Date, H., and Ramaswamy, R. (2015). Understanding determinants of cloud computing adoption using an integrated TAM-TOE model. Journal of enterprise information management. Comment by Marty Crossland: Journal title should be in italics. Incomplete reference. Need journal volume and number, plus page numbers.

Gu, F., Ma, B., Guo, J., Summers, P. A., & Hall, P. (2017). Internet of things and Big Data as potential solutions to waste electrical and electronic equipment management: An exploratory study. Waste Management, 68, 434-448. Comment by Marty Crossland: Journal title should be in italics.

Hopalı, E., & Vayvay, Ö. (2018). Internet of Things (IoT) and its challenges for usability in developing countries. Vol, 2, 6-9. Comment by Marty Crossland: Incomplete reference. Journal title?

Hou, L., Liao, R., & Luo, Q. (2020). IoT and Blockchain-Based Smart Agri-food Supply Chains. Handbook of Smart Cities, 1-22.

Kobusińska, A., Leung, C., Hsu, C. H., Raghavendra, S., & Chang, V. (2018). Emerging trends, issues, and challenges in the Internet of Things, Big Data, and cloud computing.

Mojtahed, R., Nunes, J. M. B., and Peng, G. C. (2011). THE role of the technology acceptance model in information systems research: a case study. In Proceedings of the IADIS International Workshop on Information Systems Research Trends, Approaches and Methodologies. Sheffield.

Nasajpour, M., Pouriyeh, S., Parizi, R. M., Dorodchi, M., Valero, M., & Arabnia, H. R. (2020). Internet of Things for current COVID-19 and future pandemics: An exploratory study. Journal of healthcare informatics research, 1-40. Comment by Marty Crossland: Journal title should be in italics.

Ndung'u, N., & Signé, L. (2020). The Fourth Industrial Revolution and digitization will transform Africa into a global powerhouse. Brookings, Jan, 8.

Odoi-Lartey, B., & Danso, E. (2018). Improving Agricultural Production using Internet of Things (IoT) and Open Source Technologies. International Journal of Computer Applications, 179(21), 36-42. Comment by Marty Crossland: Journal title should be in italics.

Otu, L. S. (2019, May). The Internet of Economic Things: The Socio-Economic Transformation Value of the Internet of Things (IoT). In 2019 International Conference on Cyber Security and Internet of Things (ICSIoT) (pp. 109-113). IEEE.

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