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Chapter 1 – Outline

Chapter 2 - Literature Review

Chapter 1 – Outline

Abstract

Cloud computing is simply an on-demand service that makes it possible for users and enterprises to access computer system resources more so data storage and computing capabilities without the direct active administration by the users or institutions. Cloud computing has been identified to offer several benefits. Some of the benefits are helping organizations and users cut on their costs, acceleration innovation through data and information sharing, improving marketing speeds, and increasing operation capabilities by scaling applications that are on demand. As much as cloud computing has numerous benefits to users, its structure and mode of operation have been found to place data and networks at risk and in general expose organizations to numerous security risks.

To understand the risks associated with cloud computing it is advisable to study the features of cloud computing, the benefits of cloud computing as well as the migration process. By conducting such a study, security experts can formulate the best way to implement a cloud solution without compromising their data and operations. There are six main security risks associated with cloud computing.

Data migration is an essential component of cloud computing. The effectiveness of cloud computing is highly dependent on data migration and system integrations. Organizations that safely migrate their data to cloud platforms are better placed to leverage the benefits of cloud computing in comparison to those that do not safely migrate their data. For organizations to ensure that they leverage the benefits of cloud computing they must deal with the security issues associated with cloud computing more so the migration challenges. organizations or users must have in place measures to prevent or counter shadow IT and insider dealings. Also, organizations and users must also have in place measures to ensure that security when using cloud services is guaranteed.

Introduction

Cloud computing is simply an on-demand service that makes it possible for users and enterprises to access computer system resources more so data storage and computing capabilities without the direct active administration by the users or institutions. Cloud computing is only possible through internet connections. Due to the nature of cloud computing, the technology has been found to place data and networks at risk. To understand the risks associated with cloud computing it is advisable to study the features of cloud computing, the benefits of cloud computing as well as the migration process. By conducting such a study, security experts can formulate the best way to implement a cloud solution without compromising their data and operations.

Cloud computing is considered to transform how information technology tends to be managed as well as consumed. Cloud computing has been identified to offer several benefits. Some of the benefits are helping organizations and users cut on their costs, acceleration innovation through data and information sharing, improving marketing speeds, and increasing operation capabilities by scaling applications that are on-demand (Tchernykh et al., 2019). Nevertheless, as cloud computing shape is emerging as a reliable technology as well as developing drastically both within reality as well as conceptually, privacy in addition to security matters still poses challenges that are considered to be significant.

The security risks in cloud computing

For organizations and users to access cloud computing services, they employ the services of cloud service providers. There are several cloud service providers such as Amazon and Microsoft. For one to effectively use the services offered through cloud computing, they must reveal their data and even trade secrets to the service providers (De Carvalho et al., 2017). The providers then integrate the data provided and the systems provided to their cloud infrastructure. Through the integration, users can effectively carry out their functions and transactions online regardless of the location there are in. All that is needed is a secure and reliable internet connection. Majority of the security risks associated with cloud computing stem from the fact that users have to share their data with cloud service providers to access cloud computing capabilities (Rashid & Chaturvedi, 2019).

1. Reduced visibility and control of data and other assets

There are six main security risks associated with cloud computing. The first risk is that users have reduced visibility and control of their data and specific assets. When institutions and users opt to employ the services of external cloud services, the responsibility for some infrastructure and policies inevitably move to the cloud service provider. Consequentially, there is a paradigm shift as regards security logging and monitoring.

The majority of the time, organizations adopt cloud computing they have to perform the monitoring as well as the analysis of information about data, services, applications, and users without the use of network-based monitoring which can only be done on on-premise IT resources. In most cases, organizations have to be content that their cloud service providers will implement security measures that will secure their data as well as other assets. In some cases, cloud service providers do not offer security that effectively secures the assets of their clients.

2. The use of on-demand self-services supports shadow IT

Cloud service providers normally make it easy for personnel of an organization to provision new services without IT consent. Consequentially, software that is supported by an organization’s IT department is introduced to an organization’s operations leading to shadow IT. Shadow IT is known to expose organizations to many unwelcomed risks. According to Chaudhry (2017), shadow IT leads to the easy introduction of malware into an organization’s network. Malware can compromise operations through ransomware, Trojans, and related viruses. Also, the use of shadow IT is known to decrease an organization’s control of its data and network.

3. There is a possibility of a compromise of internet-accessible management application programming interfaces (API)

Due to the excessive reliance on the internet in cloud computing, cloud service providers can expose application programming interfaces that organizations use to interact with cloud services. Organizations use application programming interfaces to manage and monitor their assets and users. Unlike application programming interface management in on-premise computing, cloud service providers application programming interfaces are accessible via the internet and for that reason are exposed to potential exploitation. The interfaces can be turned into successful attacks that can compromise an organization’s assets and operations.

4. Data deletion is never guaranteed

Organizations share their data with their cloud service providers to support operations via cloud services. Once organizations and users terminate their contracts with cloud service providers regardless of the reasons they can never be sure that their cloud service providers do not abuse their data. Organizations might dictate cloud service providers to delete data concerning the organizations but malicious cloud service providers might not fully comply. The lack of full compliance has the potential to lead to the leaking of trade secrets. Also, the undeleted data can be used for ransom purposes as well as compromise the operations of organizations.

5. Leaking or loss of credentials

In the majority of cases, cloud service providers offer their services to several clients and in some cases, the clients can be competitors. Due to access to many customers’ data, cloud service providers are highly targeted by cybercriminals (Alex & Kishore, 2017). Cybercriminals are aware that if they compromise the administrative function of a cloud service provider they will be better placed to access the data of the cloud service providers’ customers. By accessing, the administrative functions of cloud service providers, cybercriminals have access to also the provider’s network, data, systems, and applications. Consequentially, cybercriminals can hack cloud service providers to compromise the data and credentials of clients.

6. High likelihood of insiders abusing authorized access

Insiders such as administrators and staff for both cloud service providers and organizations contracting cloud services who abuse their access to the networks, systems, and data are uniquely positioned to cause harm or exfiltration information. Due to there being many stakeholders, the probability of identifying insider culprits is difficult yet the damage caused by insiders can be too much. Insiders can use their authorized access to access and leak trade secrets as well as create backdoors for cybercriminals to access the networks in use. Through the backdoors created by insiders, cybercriminals can cause severe damages to the cloud service provides or to the organizations that have contracted cloud service providers. Cybercriminals can introduce ransomware as well as steal valuable data.

Data migration for cloud computing

There are several security risks involved in data migration for cloud computing. Top on the list is that a user might not be in a position to fully control their given data as well as control the performance of their applications once they are migrated to a cloud service provider for integration. Also, users may not have the capability of auditing or changing their data policies as well as the processes under which they are supposed to work. Furthermore, during migration, some segments of an application might be misarranged and this has the potential to harm a specific application’s performance (Patrignani, et.al, 2016).

The other main issue as regards security risks during data migration is meeting all data regulations. Trying to comply with regulations at times might be complicated more so if it concerns issues on cross-border. Organizations must consider all possible regulation restraints that may affect their data migration. For example, some countries do not support cloud computing as they consider cloud computing to be highly vulnerable. In such countries, data migration is prohibited. Some countries prohibit the migration or transfer of customers’ data without the consent of customers. Countries like the United States have many rules that cover the distribution of data as well as the transfer and share of personal data.

The other main risk is the possibility of cloud consumers losing their general data by having the data locked into proprietary formats. Consequentially, organizations can lose control over their given data. The main reason for this is because the monitoring tools on the one using the data or who can view the data tend not to be offered to the consumers of cloud computing. As a result, the loss of data is considered to be a possible risk after data has been migrated (Sharma, et.al, 2017).

The fourth risk is that it might not be easy to have service level agreements that are tailor-made concerning the particular necessities of an enterprise. The compensation provided because of downtime might be inadequate. Also, the service level agreements have high probabilities of not covering the concomitant damages. It is considered to be making sense in balancing the expense of guaranteeing uptime which is internal against the benefits of choosing the cloud. There is also the risk of malware infections – this is mainly because of data that is in massive volumes being stored on the cloud. It also needs an internet connection in storing the data therefore anyone who is utilizing cloud services is at risk of encountering cyber-attacks (Tchernykh, et.al, 2019).

There is also the security issue of making sure that there is the availability of data integrity which involves its storage, transfer as well as retrieval which indicates that it gets to change only when responding to transactions that are authorized. The challenge is that there is no standard in place to ensure the integrity of data during migration. Cloud migration is considered to be among the top issues discussed when cloud managers are discussing the adoption of cloud computing services (Elzamly, et.al, 2019).

Cloud tends to behave the same as an interface via which companies are capable of accessing data within a virtual environment. Therefore, the smooth functioning of the cloud relies on how appropriately groomed as well as knowledgeable the providers of the cloud are within this region. Additionally, if migration of data is not carried out systematically as well as appropriately, it is capable of causing problems concerning data as well as cloud security of the assets of an organization. Bearing the above in mind, it is necessary to hire cloud providers who have experience which is sound concerning the field so that cloud service management can be done efficiently as well as effectively (Zelenkov, 2016).

Conclusion

Data migration is an essential component of cloud computing. The effectiveness of cloud computing is highly dependent on data migration and system integrations. Organizations that safely migrate their data to cloud platforms are better placed to leverage the benefits of cloud computing in comparison to those that do not safely migrate their data. In the migration process, two main things must be considered. The first thing is the type of data being migrated. Trade secret and proprietary data ought to be migrated in phases to ensure that it is not compromised or that it is not altered during migration. Secondly, customers or organizations must consider the volume of data being moved in the migration process. Large data volumes must be moved in blocks or phases to ensure that all data is moved in the migration process. The failure to segment large data volumes has the potential to lead to data loss in the migration process.

As much as migration is the center of focus during cloud computing, organizations and users must consider the security risks associated with cloud computing before adopting the technology. Cloud computing offers numerous benefits to users such as easy access to data and systems from any location of the world given that there is internet access. Due to the easy access, organizations and users can streamline operations. For organizations to ensure that they leverage the benefits of cloud computing they must deal with the security issues associated with cloud computing. For example, organizations or users must have in place measures to prevent or counter shadow IT and insider dealings. Also, organizations and users must have in place measures to ensure that security when using cloud services is guaranteed.

Chapter 2 – Literature Review

Abstract

Cloud computing is a novel paradigm capable of combining multiple computing technologies and concepts of the internet to come up with an agile and cost-effective business platform and information technology infrastructure. Adoption of cloud computing in various industries has been on the rise in the recent past. This has enticed organization yearning to go digital get interested with the technology. Adoption of cloud computing requires migration of data and information from the existing servers to cloud servers, a process known as data migration. The purpose of the process is making information available for use over the network. Data migration is vulnerable to several cloud computing risks, as revealed in this paper.

Keywords- Security; Cloud Computing; Data Migration

Introduction

Cloud computing is a novel paradigm capable of combining multiple computing technologies and concepts of the internet to come up with an agile and cost-effective business platform and information technology infrastructure. In the recent past, the adoption of cloud computing in various industries has been on the rise. This has positively impacted the maturity of the markets associated (Hammami et al., 2017). Despite the increasing popularity of cloud computing services like Amazon EC2, a good number of people are still unclear on the path to take because of the associated security issues. Some people lack a solid understanding of what cloud computing is.

Cloud computing, in its simplest definition, can be said to be the provision of computing resources over a network. Most of the recent technology discussions must bring in the element of cloud computing. This is because of the attention the issues have been giving in various sectors. Most enterprises in different industries have been working towards finding strategies through which costs can be minimized (Elzamly et al., 2019). Cloud computing is one of the options that can be followed. In the real sense, the cloud is a metaphor on the internet that I used in describing the complex platforms and infrastructures associated with the handling of data in the cloud (Bo, 2018). When consumers look up to moving their data to deliver services over the IT network, security is always the question.

It is justifiable that security ought to be prioritized during data migration to ensures that the information is sent to the right destination without being tampered with. Secure data migration in the cloud might require legal considerations and the adoption of the right strategies, which will guarantee an efficient flow of information from one platform to another. In this light, the paper sought to examine cloud risks and security approaches associated with security and future data migration for purposes of service delivery over networks.

Cloud Computing

With the evolution of technology, many organizations have adopted the use of cloud computing. Cloud computing is defined as the delivery of various hardware and software services through the internet via a network of remote servers (Radwan, Azer & Abdelbaki, 2017). The remote servers store, manage, and process data that enables users to upgrade or expand their existing infrastructure. Cloud computing has availed three main services to users; platform as a service, infrastructure as a service, and software as a service. The use of cloud computing has helped businesses, organizations, and individuals to save on cost as they do not have to buy or develop hardware and software. Furthermore, users do not have to maintain the software and hardware as they do not own them; it is the responsibility of the third parties availing cloud computing services to maintain and upgrade their hardware and software to meet the requirements of their users.

Unfortunately, the adoption and implementation of cloud computing is not as easy or straightforward as it is claimed. Various challenges hamper the adoption of cloud computing. Some of the challenges are compliance, governance, and control, security, and performance. From the challenges identified, the biggest threat to the adoption of technology is security. By studying the security challenges associated with cloud computing it is possible to identify solutions that can be adopted to make cloud appealing to many more users. The above statement sets the foundation of this paper’s thesis statement; solving the security concerns around cloud computing significantly increases the adoption of cloud computing by users.

Types of Cloud Providers

The type of cloud providers in place determines the ease and security with which data migration can take place from a cloud perspective. The services and resources of the providers vary, so as the possible risks which might be associated (Lynn et al., 2017). There exist various types of cloud providers that facilitate and some thought of facilitating the act of data migration. Depending on the type of firm and its needs, service providers put in place vary (Habjan & Pucihar, 2017).

PaaS, which means platform as a service gives application platform as a service. An example is the Google App Engine. The software platform allows customers to deploy uses based on the language used by providers. The clients only have control over application settings and programming tools built within the organization. The management of the fundamental infrastructure of the application remains a serious responsibility of the providers. Lastly, IaaS refers to infrastructure as a service that delivers all its services through hardware resources, network components to be used, or even the allocated disk size (Habjan & Pucihar, 2017). The hardware resources are allocated virtually, and the clients have full control over how to manage the services they have paid for.

Security Challenges and Risks in Data Migration

According to Durcevic (2019), the security risks of cloud computing are the top concerns of users. The statement was in reference to the findings of a survey carried out in 2018. 77% of the respondents identified security concerns as the reasons as to why they were hesitant to fully adopt cloud computing in their operations. There are four main security concerns as concerns the adoption of cloud computing. Top on the list is data migration challenges. The second main security concern is data breaches of sensitive and proprietary data. The third main security concern is broken authentication. The fourth concern is compromised credentials.

By dealing with the data migration challenges, the majority of the security challenges and concerns in cloud computing can be handled. There are several security challenges and risks in data migration. The challenges include incompatibility with existing architecture, perception of data migration, urge for the secure data migration process, added latency and poor visibility and control, and data loss and wasted costs.

Incompatibility with Existing Architecture

There is so much information about the compatibility of the existing IT infrastructure and cloud service that ought to be provided. Much of the risks are associated with the complexity of the infrastructure in place (Ahuja & Deval, 2018). Highly complex platforms slow down the process of migration. This demands that the organization should have the right people in place with sufficient IT skills and experience to facilitate the flow of information (Caldarell, Ferri & Maffei, 2017). The big and risky question remains, “who can make the entire architecture fit for the cloud at the speed they require?”.

Enterprises that already own broken down/ simplified structures and microservices in the architectures tend to migrate easily compared to other complex structures. This is because various elements of the data can be sorted out well. It is worth noting that not all broken down structures guarantee a safe transfer of data (Sharma, Husain & Ali, 2017). Some simple architectures might be vulnerable than others when it comes to the management of data as well as its migration. This in this will, in turn, result in overall challenges to the organizations.

Perception of Data Migration

According to Hammamiet al. (2017) in their article “A Security Approach for Data Migration in Cloud Computing Based on Human Genetics,” data migration, which is a cloud-based activity is several ways risk-oriented exercise. The issue incorporates both qualitative and quantitative analysis of issues to balance the risks available with benefits and safeguards. The balancing must be applied in a manner that takes into account the issue of accountability in data management practices within the organization. In case the benefits associated with the organization outweigh the ineffectiveness and inefficiencies within the organization, then the risks of migrating data remain high (Corcoran & Datta, 2016). Therefore, it is a must to ensures a balance between possible risks associated and the strengths of control.

Data security is among the common topics in the field of cloud computing. Perhaps, it is because the service providers do not have direct physical access to the security system, and they heavily rely on the cloud data centers. Service providers can only specify the security measure that can be taken but does not have the capacity of determining whether the measures have been implemented or not (Hammami et al., 2017). The risks are further accelerated if the infrastructure is incapable of attaining the confidentiality and auditability of the data that is migrated through space. Reliance on remote transfers requires that the organization use a trusted platform module in generating the non-forgeable system reports and summaries. Failure to use TPM can create risky situations that can result in organizational losses.

Urge for Secure Data Migration Process

Data migration in the cloud is among the areas where managers face serious problems. The provision of cloud services will imply that providers will have to move information over the network to make virtual task execution a possibility. That is information need to be moved from the company’s server to a cloud server that is situated elsewhere. There exist several reasons as to why service providers and managers in charge face several issues (Jain & Menache, 2017). This is because of the associated risks of moving data from one point to another. To begin with, cloud operates within an interface, through which organizations and clients are allowed to access data and information in a virtual environment. Therefore, the smooth execution of the functions fundamentally lies in how well and knowledgeable the cloud providers within the area are.

Moreover, failure to comply with systematic data migration procedures will eventually result in further problems about data privacy and the overall security involved (Patrignani et al., 2016). Thus, having to hire cloud service providers who have sound experience and skills in data management will ensure that cloud-based data migration is managed properly and in the required manner.

For instance, in case, there is an organization that is planning to shifts its data to the cloud so that it can be capable of providing solutions; the first step should be contacting cloud service providers. The providers will eventually start initializing the necessary steps that need to be taken to ensure that security is taken into consideration throughout the process. Failure to follow the right procedure will not only create losses to the organization but also face reputation degradation and heightened data issues.

Added Latency and Poor Visibility and Control

Data migration involves several underestimated risks. These are risks that exist and have effects, but they are assumed to be negligible or too small to have any impact in place. The truth of the matter is that added latency is a serious risk and can have adverse effects on the organization involved in the data transfer process. The risks result when application, systems, and databases used during data transfer and cloud service provision are not in line with the urgency of the services needed (Tchernykh et al., 2019). Latency becomes critical when dealing with eCommerce services and the internet of things because the activities require a vital customer experience. Data migration incorporates the execution of certain tasks that require immediate processing of data and information. In this light, added latency will result in not only frustrations but also disappointment in data migration.

Inadequate or lack of visibility and control in cloud computing is another serious cause of data migration risks. Visibility significantly impacts the utilization and performance of networks. When an organization relies on individually owned data centers, they tend to have better or full control over the issues which ought to be addressed. Besides, the organizations have full control over the resources utilized and how they are normally used. The physical and the host networks tend to be managed properly also. Data migration involves switching to external cloud service providers. In such situations, the organization does not have full control of the services provided, the networks in use as well as the resources that are put to work. This makes the company lack visibility on what is being executed with the presence of data in the cloud and public cloud workloads.

The recent survey undertaken by Dimensional Research revealed that more than 95% of the sample group interviewed confirmed that visibility issues are the major causes of cloud service challenges. It is through visibility that the performance of organizations in the management and handling of data over the cloud has resulted in network issues (Zelenkov, 2016). The results further revealed that 38% of the total sample interviewed points visibility as a major issue in network outages within a cloud server.

Data Loss and Wasted Costs

Data loss is among the common most cloud risks that face data migration to deliver services over a network. Before initiating data migration, there is a need to ensure that the right procedure that will prevent data loss is put in place. The files of data that are being migrated need to be taken good care of so that permanent data loss is avoided (Al-Badi, Tarhini & Al-Qirim, 2018). Errors, corrupted data, and missing files are common issues that might be encountered during the data migration process. Pre-defined solutions like having data backups should be put in place before starting the actual migration information.

Wasted costs is another common risk that data migration is vulnerable to. Models of cloud computing come with different prices. The prices depend on the flexibility and reliability of the cloud services that the model is expected to be providing. Cloud computing involves making payments for storage, transfer, and storage services independently. It is worth noting that failure in one service can have a significant impact on the other services provided even though the payments have been made (Al-Badi, Tarhini & Al-Qirim, 2018). Finding a reliable platform that is capable of taking into account all organizational issues is quite challenging. At times, it incorporates the trial and error process that is costly before arriving at the right model or platform to be used. This risks the right allocation of the funds that might be present within the organization.

Proposed Solutions and Recommendations

The issues of security in cloud computing have been discussed in several ways. Although the paper has not cited out several safety conventions of the networking systems, mitigating all possible errors remains one of the best options of clinching the benefits of the process (Hyseni & Ibrahimi, 2017). Despite all the advantages that have been pointed out, several people and forms find cloud computing security lacking, particularly when it comes to data migration (Sharma et al., 2017). Firms that deal with sensitive data and information like the banking sector worry much about the security of data migration. Slight tampering of the information can result in massive losses within the organization. Therefore, there is a need to take extra caution when transferring data to an onsite. In light of the risk mentioned above activities and issues, the following are the possible solutions and recommendations on how the issue can be addressed.

There exist several solutions through which risks of data loss can be addressed. These include but are not limited to; understanding the possible causes of data loss within an organization. Anything ranging from power outrages to security issues associated with the information and data center can result in data loss (Lin, Yao & Huang, 2016). Therefore, having backups of the information being migrated can be a better strategy as it will ensure the availability of information in case data is lost with backups, one should not worry about the potential of losing the data. in case the infrastructure in place fails to work better, then another one can be deployed, and the process continues without the risk of losing any information

Akinrolabu, New & Martin (2017) points out that wasted costs can also be secured through optimization of costs in areas that are not relevant to the organization and the essential activities that the organization is associated with. The practices that can be mitigated wasted costs include getting rid of underutilized instances, rightsizing the available workload, capitalizing on out scaling issues, and capitalizing on discount instances so that expenditures can be minimized.

Efforts to get rid of latency within the organization and includes having a proper understanding of the root cause of issues. Understanding the existing geographic distance between service providers and clients is essential because it will minimize delays and mitigate misconfiguration issues (Weil, 2020). Alternative ways of how latency can be mitigated include segmenting the traffic flows, having the right multi-cloud connectivity in place, and offloading the internet in case some components are not in use at any given time (Akinrolabu, New & Martin, 2017). If such activities do not help to keep the application in use within the premises can be of great importance.

In an article published in 2017 following a study by Hussain and four other researchers. The researchers start by identifying three main security concerns in the adoption of cloud infrastructure use. The three security risks are a privacy breach, unauthorized data access, and data leakage. The researchers identified that there is a need for cloud service providers and users to classify the security concerns in cloud computing. The risks ought to be ranked as high, medium, or low. By classifying the risks, the following measures can be implemented; data privacy, data encryption, authentication, and authorization of the different services (Hussain et al., 2017). According to the researchers, the multi-level classification framework provides a dynamic security layer for each cloud layer.

A multi-level classification is a good approach and probably a good solution considering the emphasis is in the categorization of risks in the adoption of cloud computing. Through the categorization, the importance of security features is emphasized. Consequentially, both the cloud service providers and the users can ensure data and infrastructure are protected. In business management emphasis is placed on having a reliable risk assessment and management protocol. The emphasis happens to ensure that management is aware of risks and consequentially implements measures to counter the risks. The same principle applies in cloud computing as the identification of risks ensures that stakeholders develop measures to protect themselves.

There exist various tools that can be used in addressing visibility. These are the tools that support the monitoring of cloud services and third-party vendors responsible for offering multiple cloud solutions (Ahmed et al., 2017). Having an automatic response team in place and activity monitoring solutions can help embrace visibility and control. Proper understanding of Distributed Systems can help ensure that the distributed system in place addresses all the possible issues of platform associated with data migration. Having a solid understanding of distributed systems ensures that efficient service provision and delivery has been attained. Besides, it ensures reliable access to the data and information that might be nee

Conclusion

In conclusion, cloud computing has gained popularity over the recent past, and many cooperate organizations are adopting the technology in executing its operations. Once organizations have agreed to adopt cloud technology, data ought to be moved from the areas where it is stored to cloud platforms. This is known as data migration. Several cloud risks impact data migration. The risks make it difficult to migrating data successfully and using it for the intended purposes. Different cloud servers determine the type and frequency of the risks are hitting data migration processes. Three common cloud providers are Saas, PaaS, and IaaS. The risks associated with data migration include the perception of the data migration process, the data migration strategies applied, latency and poor visibility, data loss, and wasted costs. The possible solutions to the highlighted issues include utilizing the costs for essential services to avoid wasted costs, utilization of the right tools to avoid latency, selection of the right procedures, and tools to ensures that the perception and migration process is completed in the right way.

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