Literature Review and Theoretical Framework

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MMG 517: Research and literature Reviews

Class 4 6/22/21

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Research Methods

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Welcome

Attendance

Everyone finish problem statement?

Started on Literature Review?

Link:

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Last week

We discussed literature reviews.

We looked at an example

We discussed APA in text and reference citations

We reviewed the CCOL for research

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Assignment next week

Come to your conference time on Thursday

Complete a first draft of your literature reviews and theoretical frameworks, and hypotheses

Due: First draft of literature reviews, theoretical frameworks, and hypotheses

Read: Chapter 7 – Elements of Research Design

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Agenda for tonight

We will:

Review literature reviews, research, and synthesizing sources, and APA

Discuss variables, theoretical frameworks and hypotheses.

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Research projects

This main product of this class is a complete research study. This involves all of the parts outlined in the syllabus

Introduction/problem statement

Literature review

Theoretical framework

Research design – methodology

Subjects

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Example

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Literature reviews

A literature review is a systematic review of available literature, typically scholarly, on your research question.

The literature review seeks to answer your research question(s) by finding out what others have said about the topics in the past.

Generally, a literature review is organized thematically by topic and comprised of numerous sources.

All sources are cited in APA format.

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Literature Reviews (cont)

Problem statements provide the background, but Lit reviews seek to identify key variables of interest.

Literature reviews are typically based on academic research include items like:

Causes

Solutions

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Project Literature Review

Your literature review for this project should be at least 5-7 pp and include 8, high quality sources (not just statistics).

However, your literature review may include many more sources.

All sources must be cited correctly in APA style and be included on the references page.

Sofia Example – notice how she is focusing on key variables of interest

Review APA style in document.

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Researching

Once you have your outline completed, you should start researching your topic to find research related to it.

First establish keywords:

Two main places to research:

CCOL

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Sample reference with a webpage

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Breakout Actvity 1

Join breakout rooms for 5 minutes. Take terms discussing

What is your research question?

What do you plan to research for the literature review?

Are you stuck at all? On what?

Give each other feedback.

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Theoretical Framework

As you search the literature to find answers to your research question, you should begin to conceptualize the solutions to the problem.

Once you have an idea about what the best solution(s) might be, you should create a theoretical framework.

A theoretical framework represents your beliefs on how certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other (a model) and an explanation on why you believe that these variables are associated to each other (a theory).

Develop using logical beliefs and research from the LR

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Theoretical Framework

Basic steps:

Identify and label the variables correctly

State the relationships among the variables: formulate hypotheses

Explain how or why you expect these relationships

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Variable

Any concept or construct that varies or changes in value

Examples: production units, absenteeism, motivation (p. 68) - example

Main types of variables:

Dependent variable

Independent variable

Moderating variable

Mediating variable

Variables can be Definite (male/female) or continuous (age)

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Dependent Variables

Dependent variable (DV)

Is of primary interest to the researcher. The goal of the research project is to understand, predict or explain the variability of this variable.

Examples 85, 6.1 and 6.2

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Independent variable

Independent variable (IV)

Influences the DV in either positive or negative way. The variance in the DV is accounted for by the IV.

To establish IV

IV should covary with DV (change together)

IV should precede DV

No other factor should influence DV (control for variable/experiment). But often many IV impact DV

Theory for relationship must exist

Examples p. 87, ex 6.3 and 6.4

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Identifying Variables

Breakout rooms

In breakout rooms. Share your research topic and question. Try to identify your main variables of interest

What is your dependent variable?

What is/are your independent variable(s)?

How do they relate?

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Moderators

Moderating variable

Moderator is qualitative (e.g., gender, race, class) or quantitative (e.g., level of reward) variable that affects the direction and/or strength of relation between independent and dependent variable.

Example 2 p. 89, 6.5 and 6.6

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Mediating Variable

Mediating variable

surfaces between the time the independent variables start operating to influence the dependent variable and the time their impact is felt on it.

Example p. 90, 6.9

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Hypothesis

A tentative, yet testable, statement, which predicts what you expect to find in your empirical data.

Derived from conceptual model (TF)

Often relational in nature

Logically conjectured relationships between two or more variables.

If - then statements

Directional suggest a correlative relationship (positive, negative, more than)

Non directional doesn’t specify (if the relationship is unclear)

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Null and Alternate Hypotheses

Hypotheses must be falsifiable

Null hypotheses H0 state that no relationship exists

Alternate hypotheses HA say that a relationship does exist.

If null hypothesis is rejected all remaining HA are plausible.

Hypothesis testing can be quantitative or qualitative (interviews)

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Exercise

Give the hypotheses for the following framework:

Service quality

Customer switching

Switching cost

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Exercise

Give the hypotheses for the following framework:

Customer satisfaction

Service quality

Customer switching

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Theoretical Framework

Once your variables are identified, you should develop your theoretical framework.

The Theoretical framework describes the relationship of your variables.

Examples.

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