Criminology HW!
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CJ450DChpt3Victimology.pptxVICTIMOLOGY
CHAPTER 3
CJ 450D
Learning Goal
Students will learn what Victimology is and the important role it plays in our understanding of crime and criminality.
Performance Objectives
Define the term “Victimology.”
Describe the risk factors associated with being victimized in general.
Understand the extent of workplace and school violence.
List the risk factors specifically associated with sexual abuse of children.
Performance Objectives
Compare / contrast the two main theories of victimization
Identify and discuss the main criticism of Victimology.
Discuss the consequences of victimization.
Become familiar with the philosophy behind victim-offender mediation services and how they operate.
Introduction
Is there such as thing as a “victimless” crime?
ALL crime has a victim!
Individuals are harmed, or…
Communities are impacted
The two photos of the little girl are both the same one – Karly Sheehan. Karly lived in Corvallis, OR with her mother. Mom’s boyfriend physically abused Karly to the point that she died from the injuries that had been inflicted over the course of months. Many agencies had opportunities to intervene and take action, but they did not for a variety of unacceptable reasons. Today, Oregon has Karly’s Law which requires law enforcement, DHS, and other agencies to document abuse (through photographs) and seek medical assessment of suspected abuse.
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Introduction
Definition of Victimology –
A subfield of criminology that specializes in studying the events that typically lead to a person becoming a victim in an effort to arrive at general theories of victimization and generate ideas on how to avoid becoming a victim.
Who Gets Victimized?
Becoming a victim is rarely random
The most likely person to become a victim is:
A young, poor, black single male living in an urban area
Protective factors against victimization:
Age (25+ years); increased income; marriage
Who Gets Victimized?
Gender differences:
Females
4.3 times more likely to be victimized by sexual assault
More likely to be victimized by someone they know
Males
1.6 times more likely to be victimized by aggravated assault
Tend to be victimized by strangers
Workplace Violence
From 1993 to 2009 rates declined 62%
Demographics
62.9% males
77.9% white
35-49 age range
Occupations
Most risk – Corrections & Police officers
Least risk – University professor
Workplace Violence
Protection
Become aware of threat indicators
Implement action plans
Develop survival mind-set
Human Trafficking
Estimated 27 million worldwide victims
$5 - $9 billion per year (second only to drugs)
Methods used to exploit
Confiscating all identifying documents
Isolating / accompanying victims
Restricting access to basic necessities (food, medical, clothing, sleep)
Intimidation and abuse
Child Sex Abuse
20% of girls and 5% of boys experience sexual abuse sometime during childhood
Strongest predictor for boys
Living in a father-absent home
Strongest predictor for girls
Living with step-father or mom’s live-in boyfriend
Child Sex Abuse
8 predictors for girls (Finkelhor – 1984)
Living with step-father or mom’s live-in boyfriend
Living without biological mother
Not close to mother
Mother never finished high school
Sex-punitive mother
No physical affection from biological father
Low family income (under $28,416 in 2013)
Two or fewer friends in childhood
No predictors = nearly 0% probability of victimization
5 predictors or more = 66% probability of victimization
Domestic Violence
Refers to any abusive act that occurs within a domestic setting.
Rates of intimate partner violence (1994 – 2010)
Overall rates declined by 64%
For Hispanic women declined 78%
Adult female single parents are…
10x’s higher than households with married adults and
6x’s higher then households with one single female
Identity Theft
Identity theft is not a joke; millions of families suffer every year!
Definition – Use of someone else’s personal information without permission to fraudulently obtain goods or services.
FTC estimates 9 million people are victims of ID theft costing about $50 billion per year.
Victimization Theories
Victim Precipitation Theory –
Applies only to violent victimization
Violent victimization in adolescence has pervasive effects on negative outcomes as adults
Acting in certain provocative ways initiates a chain of events that lead to victimization
Past victimization is the best predictor of future victimization
Violent offenders are twice as likely as non-violent offenders to be victimized
Has been contentiously applied to rape victims
Victimization Theories
Routine Activities / Lifestyle Theory –
People who engage in certain lifestyles (routine activities) are at increased risk for victimization
Stresses that criminal behavior (victimization) takes place thru the interaction of three variables that reflect victims’ routine, day-to-day activities:
Presence of motivated offenders
Availability of suitable targets (victims)
The absence of capable guardians
“Blaming the Victim”?
Victimologists do NOT blame victims, they examine the process of victimization with the goal of preventing it
They remind us that complete innocence and full responsibility lie on a continuum
We must take responsibility for our own safety!
Common sense demands that we take steps to safeguard ourselves and our property
Consequences of Victimization
The worst consequences are psychological
Stress
Shock
Anger
Personal vulnerability
Fear of further victimization / anxiety
Suspicion / loss of trust
Seeing others as sources of threat and harm rather than sources of support
Consequences of Victimization
Rape / Burglary connection
Involve post crime feelings of
Disbelief/shock
Anger
Fear of re-victimization
PTSD symptoms
Leave victims questioning
“Did I contribute to it?”
“Could I have done more to prevent it?”
Victims’ Rights
All 50 states have legislation (constitutional amendments) providing for victims’ rights during criminal proceedings
Oregon’s Crime Victim Bill of Rights found in
Article 1, Section 42 of Oregon’s Constitution
ORS 147.410 and 419C.273
Oregon DOJ Crime Victims Compensation Program
Victim-Offender Mediation
Guest speaker Ken Braun will address this valuable victim resource within the context of the Restorative Justice philosophy.
NEXT WEEK…
Required Victim Essay DUE at start of class!
Chapter 4 – Early Schools of Criminology
Chapter 5 – Crime as Choice
