Answering question

Proper In-Text Citations and References By Bruce Heiman and Linda Lam

Fall 2003-13 SFSU

CITATIONS-how to cite information within the main body of text One author:

Hall (2003) indicates similar patterns for investing occur. US firms account for most of the FDI in the world economy (Hall, 2003).

Three or more authors-one article:

Holland, Holt, Levi, and Beckett (1983) indicate that… OR (after the first citation)

Holland et al. (1983) also found that…. Several articles, single + multi-authors:

After the Civil Rights movement a growing number of racial/ethnic scholars such as Almaguer (1975), Barrera (1978), and Takaki (1979) found,…

• The subject of this study seemed to perform their duties as determined by the institutional arrangements within which they worked (Watson, Kumar, & Michaelsen, 1993; Cox, Lobel, & McLoed, 1991; Fitzgerald, 1993). (Note: semicolons [;] separate different sources inside one citation)

Exact Quotation of Sources:

Charles W. Hall (2003) offers some interesting causes and reflections about “crucial-to-measure-the-impact-of import quotas and voluntary export restraints” (p.176). He stated, “An import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of some good that may be imported into another country” (Hall, 2003, p.176).

Citing two or more works by the same author in one in-text cite:

According to Charles W. Hall (1994; 2003), “low-cost transportation has made it more economical to ship products around the world.”

REFERENCES (end of document bibliography) Rule: If you cite it, you must put the detailed bibliographical information on the source in the References section. Rule: If you put it into the References section, you MUST have cited it in the main text or a footnote. Sometimes you have to improvise: the goal of ALL references is to offer information that allows the reader to easily find the full content of your source. This is a rather simple “author-date” format. Use any format (MLA or APA or other) but apply consistently. Book, 1 author:

Arrow, K. J. (1974). The limits of organization. New York, Norton & Co. Book, 2 authors:

Cooper, W. E. and Emory, L. (1995). Business research methods. Chicago: Irwin. Journal, 1 author:

Conner, K. R. (1991). “A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm?” Journal of Management 17 (1): 121-154. *Note on above example: 17 (1): 121-154. is the formatted way to indicate where

one’s journal is from. In other words, it reads out to mean Volume 17, first issue/issue 1, pages 121-154.

Journal, 2 authors:

Conner K. R. and C. K. Prahalad (1996). “A resource-based theory of the firm: Knowledge versus opportunism.” Organization Science 7(5): 477-501. *Note on indenting—you could and should format all multi-line references as follows: Conner K. R. and C. K. Prahalad (1996). “A resource-based theory of the firm:

Knowledge versus opportunism.” Organization Science 7(5): 477-501. [This aids in readability of the first author’s name]

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*References for magazine and newspaper articles can be placed in a footnote or at an end of the essay, in References, but not both. Magazine Article:

Corliss, R. (1993, September 13). “Pacific overtures.” Time, 142, 68-70. Newspaper Article:

“For job seekers, a toll free gift of expert advice.” (1993, December 12) New York Times, p. D1.

Examples of References for Internet-based Sources [Try to stay focused on the Author(s), even if it is aninstitution, firm, or website, though tht last is not most-preferred, as it may not be a permanent address—permanent web-links are preferred]. Individual works:

Pi, M. (No date). “Psychology with style.” [Online]. Available: http://www.uwsp.edu/acad/psych/apa4.htm [1998, July 7]

Journals:

Malmstrom, V. H. (1995, Jan.). “Geographical origins of the Tarascans.” Geographical Review [Online], 85, 31 (10 pages). Available: CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY (CDL)® (MAGS). [1997, August 10].

*When citing a printout of the text in your document instead of the original journal article use [n.p.] (no pagination) since no page numbers exist.

Full-text internet articles:

Carranza, L.E. (1994). “Le Corbusier and the problems of representation.” Journal of Architectural Education [Online], 48(2). Available: http://www.mitpress.mit.edu/jrnls-catalog/File:jae48-2.html. [1997, September 22].

Newspapers:

Ferriss, S. (1995, July 16). “Latino rock - hot like a ‘volcano’: Mission District label 1st to focus on trend.” San Francisco Examiner [Online], p. C1. Available: http://www.examiner.com. [1997, September 23].

Encyclopedias (e.g., wikis, others):

“Bosnia and Herzegovina.” (1997). In Britannica Online [Online]. Available: http://www.eb.com: 180/cgi-bin/g?DocF=micro/79/88.html. [1997, September 23].