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Citations-CitingYourSources111.docxCitations: Citing your Sources
Many of you have probably heard the word plagiarism before but may be unsure of what it means. Plagiarism is taking someone’s words or ideas and presenting them as your own without giving appropriate credit. Some students don’t know how to give appropriate credit, leading to unintentional plagiarism. Whether you intentionally or unintentionally commit plagiarism, it is still a serious offense that can result in having to re-do the assignment at the discretion of your instructor, receive an F or a 0 on the assignment, receive an F in the class, or be expelled from your institution.
YOU WILL LOSE HALF CREDIT ON YOUR SPEECH IF YOU DO NOT CITE YOUR SOURCES PROPERLY. PLEASE READ THROUGH THIS DOCUMENT THOROUGHLY!
Tips to avoid plagiarism, from the University of Texas Libraries, 2009:
· Whenever you use someone else’s exact words, put those words in quotations and cite your source.
· If you rearrange someone else’s words and replace a few with words of your own, you should indicate in the text whose words these were and cite your source. (ex: According to Brown…)
· If you paraphrase, you should cite your source.
· When doing research and taking notes, if you take words verbatim from a source, put them in quotes and record the source and page number in your notes.
· When doing research and taking notes, if you paraphrase or summarize ideas from a source, indicate that in your notes and record the source and page number in your notes.
What do you mean, cite your sources?
For the purpose of your formal speeches, you will be asked to include a number of citations and internal references in your speech and outline. The exact minimum number will be specified by your instructor.
Verbal citations, sometimes called “vocal citations” or “oral citations,” demonstrate the presenter has conducted research and gives credit to the source from which s/he found the information, helping to avoid verbal plagiarism. Additionally the audience can evaluate how credible information the information is and how recently it was conducted. The audience will not see your outline or works cited, therefore they must hear the citations verbally, during the body of your speech.
In the written outline, citations are called “internal references,” “in-text citations,” or when formatted in a certain way, “parenthetical documentation.” For the purposes of this class, your internal references should be included in the outline exactly as you plan to say it out loud. Please underline, highlight, or bold the internal references so that a reader (your instructor) might see them immediately.
Works Cited entries, also called your list of references or bibliography, is a list of all the sources you found and took information from to create your outline, speech, and/or notes and should enable a reader to locate the source, should they wish to do so. This list will be appear at the end of your outline. Sometimes instructors ask for this to be a separate document, but for the purposes of this class, you can put them at the end of the outline. Your works cited entries will not appear in the actual outline, nor should you say them out loud.
There are many different ways to organize a works cited entry, but for the purpose of this class, you will probably be asked to APA format, or American Psychological Association. You can use www.noodletools.com, as well as online citation generators like Citation Machine that can help you create an APA formatted works cited entry for each source you use.
What should a verbal citation/internal reference sound and look like?
For this course, a full verbal citation/internal reference should include:
· The author(s)/entities/organization responsible for generating/writing the information (assuming that is available).
· The title of the article, book, or entry
· The date and/or year published, or the date and/or year the entry was last updated, or the date and year the information was retrieved if the first two are not available
· The name of the publication
What should a verbal citation/internal reference NOT sound and look like?
· You should NEVER read a URL (website address) out loud.
· Example: According to W-W-W-dot-N-P-R-dot-com forward slash sections slash the two way slash 2017 slash 08 slash 25 slash 5-4-6-0-3-3-6-9…WRONG
1. Reading a URL is cumbersome and awkward sounding
2. It tells the audience nothing about the source
3. It does not give credit to the author who wrote the article
4. Like any address, it’s irrelevant to the content, because content can be duplicated anywhere.
5. You would never cite 12800 Abrams Rd, Dallas, TX 75243 as the citation for book you found in the library, so don’t cite a web address for an online article.
· Just the website name.
· Example: According to NPR.com… WRONG
· NPR.com has thousands of articles written by hundreds of contributors.
· Citing the website name does not give credit to the person who took the time to research, write, and publish this work.
· The database name.
· Example: “According to ProQuest, LLC…” WRONG
· A database is a collection of articles organized in a way that makes finding sources simple and clear.
· Think of a database like an online filing cabinet that holds folders of paper. You would never say “According to my filing cabinet,…” because it is just the place that holds the information, not the creator of the information.
Always cite the creator of the information (author or organization), the title of the work, and the date published or last updated.
Each verbal citation should include at least three “pieces” of information, but more than three makes it truly excellent. It’s important to note that a verbal citation should sound like part of a regular sentence, it is not a reading of the works cited entry.
Examples:
For an encyclopedia (i.e. CultureGrams)
5 points - BEST: “According to the 2020 CultureGrams Online World Edition’s entry on New Zealand, in the section “Culture and Society,”… (Note: You can copy and paste this exactly into your outline and just change the country and section!)
4 points - GOOD: “According to the 2020 CultureGrams Online World Edition’s entry on New Zealand,”…
2-3 points MINIMUM: “According to the CultureGrams Online World Edition’s entry on New Zealand,”…
1 point BELOW MINIMUM: “In CultureGrams Online World Edition’s article,”…
0 points WELL BELOW MINIMUM: “CultureGrams said,”…
What would the works cited entry for this source look like? Glad you asked…
New Zealand. (2020). CultureGrams Online Edition. ProQuest.
For the Hofstede Center
In your outline/out loud
According to Geert Hofstede's and Michael Minkov's research on the page "What about [country name]?" last updated in 2010,....
(Note: You can copy and paste this exactly into your outline and just insert the country name!)
Works Cited:
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
For a newspaper article
5 points - BEST: “According to the article “How to Live Wisely,” by Richard White in the July 31st, 2017 edition of the New York Times, many college students these days are spending an enormous amount of time on pursuits they don’t actually value highly at all.”
Note, the author’s full name, the date, the title of the article, and the publication were stated out loud. This would result in 5 points being awarded for one verbal citation that met these criteria.
(Note: You can copy and paste this exactly into your outline and just change the author’s name, title, and date!)
4 points - GOOD: “As noted in the 2017 article “How to Live Wisely,” found in the New York Times, many college students these days are spending an enormous amount of time…”
Note, three elements, the date, title of the article and the publication were stated out loud, but the author’s name was omitted when clearly there is an author that could have been cited. This would result in only 4 points being awarded for one verbal citation that met these criteria, depending on whether or not supplementary material was available and intentionally omitted, or not available.
2-3 points - MINIMUM: “An article in the New York Times, “How to Live Wisely,” stated many college students these days are spending an enormous amount of time…”
Note, student makes it sound as if the publication is doing the reporting and no author exists. This would result in 2-3 points being awarded for one verbal citation that met these criteria, depending on whether or not there was an author’s name readily available. If a title was included, that would help too.
1 pt - BELOW MINIMUM: “A New York Times article reported that many college students these days…”
If only the publication or ONE element is listed, this citation would be given 1 point, because it is below the minimum.
What would the works cited entry for this source look like? Glad you asked…
White, R. (2017, July 31). How to live wisely. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/education/edlife/how-to-live-wisely.html
For a website
Beware – Not every source ever googled is credible. Please do NOT use Wikipedia, About.com, EHow.com, blogs, editorials (opinion pieces – unless you clarify the work is just someone’s opinion), tourist guides, travel blogs, listicles (articles that just lists, such as “10 ways to…”) or like websites. In your list of works cited, you may supply the specific URL, but only in the works cited, not in the written or spoken speech. It is likely more relevant to audiences for speakers to report the sponsor/author of the site and the title of the web page (or section of the web site) where they obtained their information. You may also want them to report when the site was last updated.
5 points - BEST: “I consulted the Central Intelligence Agency’s website The World Factbook and last updated July 2020 to learn more about Canada. In the section entitled ‘Geography: Canada,’ this country is actually the second largest in the world, following only Russia in terms of landmass.”
4 points - GOOD: “According to information I found at cia.gov, the website of the Central Intelligence Agency’s World Factbook, last updated July 2020, Canada is actually…”
2-3 points MINIMUM: “Canada is actually the second largest in the world, following only Russia in terms of landmass, according to the Central Intelligence Agency’s The World Factbook website, cia.gov.”
1 point BELOW MINIMUM: “Canada is actually the second largest in the world, following only Russia in terms of landmass, according to the Central Intelligence Agency’s website.”
1 point BELOW MINIMUM: “Canada is actually the second largest in the world, following only Russia in terms of landmass, according to https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html.”
What would the works cited entry for this source look like? Glad you asked…
Canada. (2020, July 3). CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
For a journal article
Note: Often journal articles are written by numerous authors. If you have one, state their title and full name (Dr. Marcus Arnold or Dr. Arnold). If you have two authors, state both (Dr. Arnold and Dr. Kent). If you have more than two, state the first author listed and truncate the rest to “colleagues” (Dr. Arnold and his colleagues). If you are not sure if someone is a Dr., simply state the first and last name (Sarah Bryant) the FIRST time you cite the source. Any subsequent times, state only the person’s last name (Bryant). Although in a works cited entry the last name is listed first (Bryant, Sarah), when writing it and saying it out loud, you should cite it first name, last name.
5 points - BEST: “Research conducted by Dr. Arnold and Dr. Kent at Harvard University found that incidents of workplace aggression have increased over the past five years. Their 2020 study published in the Journal of Psychology reported that …”
5 points - BEST: “Drs. Arnold and Kent, experts in workplace aggression, authored a 2020 study titled “Bully in Sight,” that shows that incidents of aggression in the workplace are increasing.”
4 points - GOOD: “A 2020 study by Arnold and Kent in the Journal of Psychology reported that incidents of workplace aggression have increased ……”
2-3 points - MINIMUM: “A 2020 study by researchers Arnold and Kent found that incidents of workplace aggression …”
1 point – BELOW MINIMUM: “A Harvard University study found that incidents of workplace aggression …”
What would the works cited entry for this source look like? Glad you asked…
Arnold, M., & Kent, E. (2020). Bully in sight. Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 394-397.
For a book
5 points - BEST: “Dr. John Gottman, an expert in relational communication, describes what is needed to maintain a healthy relationship in his 2002 book The Relationship Cure. He contends that …”
4 points - GOOD: “In his 2002 book, The Relationship Cure, Dr. John Gottman describes how we can maintain our relationships through a series of what he calls “bids.” He explains …”
2-3 points - MINIMUM: “A 2002 book by Dr. John Gottman offers suggestions for …”
1 point - BELOW MINIMUM: “A 2002 book offers suggestions for …”
1 point - BELOW MINIMUM: “John Gottman offers suggestions for …”
What would the works cited entry for this source look like? Glad you asked…
Gottman, J. (2002). The relationship cure: A 5 step guide to strengthening your marriage, family, and friendships. Harmony.
For a personal interview
NOTE: For SPCH 1311 and 1315, your minimum number sources must be from the types above listed. A personal interview can be used, but it cannot count towards your minimum.
5 points - BEST: “On February 20th I conducted a personal interview with Dr. Jennifer Jones, a psychology professor here at Richland College, to learn more about student reports of time management. Dr. Jones told me that …”
4 points - GOOD: “I conducted an interview with Dr. Jennifer Jones, a psychology professor at Richland College, and learned that time management is a big problem for college students.”
2-3 points - MINIMUM: “In an interview I conducted with a psychology professor at the Richland College…”
1 point – BELOW MINIMUM: “In an interview I conducted with Jennifer Jones…”
0 point – WELL BELOW MINIMUM: “In an interview I conducted with a psychology professor…”
What would the works cited entry for this source look like? Glad you asked…
Jones, J. (2020, February 20). Time management. Personal communications.
