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Cinematography

Film Art, Chapter 5: The Shot: Cinematography

Instructor: Anna Weinstein

No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Cinematography

The director controls what is filmed and how it is filmed.
Cinematographic qualities include:
Photographic aspects of the shot
Framing of the shot
Duration of the shot

No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Photographic Image

There are four important aspects of the photographic image:

Tonalities
Speed of motion
Perspective
Depth of field and focus

No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Tonalities

Tonalities are determined by how light registers on the film itself.
Contrast is affected by film stock, lighting, filters, and developing procedures.
Exposure can manipulate color and contrast, as well as achieve special effects.
Tonalities and color can be altered or enhanced in postproduction.
The result can guide the viewer’s eye to important elements.

No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Contrast

Contrast is the difference in tones from white to gray to black.
High contrast has a lot of white and a lot of black.
Low contrast has mostly gray.

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Speed of Motion

Slow motion may mean a dream or fantasy, convey power, or express a lyrical quality.
Fast motion is an attention-grabber.
Digital postproduction allows for smooth and easy motion change.
Ramping: goes from fast to slow motion very quickly.

No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

For the fight scene in Sherlock Holmes, a specialized digital camera used to create slow motion, was ramped from 24 fps to 800 fps and then back to 24 fps.

Perspective

Lenses change scale and depth depending on focal length.
They can distort images, flatten space, and exaggerate depth.
Zoom lenses manipulate focal length and transform perspective in one shot.

No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

This is a long lens – see them in sports events

Zoom: https://vimeo.com/141729555

Depth of Field and Focus

Focal length affects depth of field.
Depth of field effects are common in digital video.
Citizen Kane is famous for a technique called deep focus.

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Deep Focus in Citizen Kane

Deep focus refers to having everything in the frame, even the background, in focus at the same time, as opposed to having only the people and things in the foreground in focus.
The deep focus technique requires the cinematographer to combine lighting, composition, and type of camera lens to produce the desired effect.
With deep focus, a filmmaker can showcase overlapping actions, and mise-en-scène (the physical environment in which a film takes place) becomes more critical.
Effectively manipulating the mise-en-scène for deep focus actively engages the whole space of the frame without leaving the viewer confused.

No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Deep focus in Citizen Kane: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNTJnHGnVeg

Selective Focus and Racking Focus

Selective focus and racking focus can direct the audience’s attention.
This requires planning and technical ability.
Explanation of racking focus.

No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Frame Dimensions and Shape

Defines the image and creates a vantage point, directing the viewer’s attention.
Aspect ratio has changed over time.
Widescreen formats have been achieved through masking and anamorphic process.

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Types of Shots

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICcE72RwEyc

Onscreen and Offscreen Space

There are six zones of offscreen space, the four edges of the frame, the space behind and in front of the screen.
By using these unseen spaces, the director can achieve, surprise, suspense, and other effects.

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First french toast scene – 12:38

Camera Position: Angle, Level, Height, and Distance of Framing

Particular use of these elements often has a narrative function.
They also frequently have a stylistic function as well, adding visual interest and creating meaning.

No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

47:25

The Mobile Frame

Panning, tilting, tracking, and craning increase information about the space and objects shown.
Often the camera is a substitute for the viewer, creating subjectivity.

No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

47:38 – tracking shot, KvK

1:38:33 – second french toast scene

Duration of the Image: The Long Take

Does not condense time.
Can create parallels and contrasts between scenes and can have its own development of beginning, middle, and end.
Can present a complex pattern of events moving toward a goal.

No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

KvK – 30:06