American History #3
Tooslow1!
chpt21.pdf
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Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
U.S. A NARRATIVE HISTORY, SEVENTH EDITION DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF
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“[M]any influential Americans argued that like European nations, the United States needed to acquire territory overseas. By the end of the century the nation’s political system had taken its first steps toward modernization at home and abroad. They included a major political realignment and a growing overseas empire.”
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The Politics of Paralysis The Revolt of the Farmers The New Realignment Visions of Empire The Imperial Moment
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• Political Stalemate • Margins of victory in presidential elections very close • Nearly 80 percent of eligible voters turned out
• The Parties • Ethnic and religious factors
• Shaped party alignment • Third political parties rallied around a single cause
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The Issues • “Bloody shirts”
Each side blamed the other for the Civil War • Pendleton Act
1883; reform of civil service • McKinley Tariff • Gold, silver, and greenbacks
Currency divisive issue • Bland-Allison Act
1878; silver coinage
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The White House from Hayes to Harrison • The dirty election of 1884
Cleveland won; first Democrat since 1856 1888: Harrison won (Cleveland lost in Electoral College)
• First billion-dollar peacetime budget
Ferment in the States and Cities • State commissions
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“Despite growing expenditures and more
legislation, most people expected little from the federal
government…. Experimental and often effective, state
programs began to grapple with the problems of
corporate power, discriminatory railroad rates, political
corruption, and urban disorder.”
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The Harvest of Discontent • Targets of farm anger
Obvious inequalities; credit at the root of their problems
The Origins of the Farmers’ Alliance • Patrons of Husbandry
“Granger laws” • Granger cases
Congress creates ICC in 1887 • Southern Alliance • Colored Farmers’ Alliance
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• The Alliance Peaks • Ocala Demands
• Called on government to reduce tariffs, abolish national banks, regulate railroads, coin silver money
• The People’s Party • Convention, February 1892
• The Election of 1892 • Populists had some success; Cleveland won
White House • Long-term weakness of the Populists
• Rhetoric of Populism was often violent
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• The Depression of 1893 • Burden fell on local charities rather than government to assist
the unemployed • Changing attitudes about poverty
• The Rumblings of Unrest • Coxey’s Army
• Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
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The Battle of the Standards • Free silver • “Cross of Gold” speech
Bryan, 1896: “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”
Campaign and Election • Republican coalition
Emerges triumphant in 1896 presidential election Dominates American politics for next thirty years
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The Rise of Jim Crow Politics • Systematized disenfranchisement
Democratic Party promoted black disenfranchisement and white supremacy
The African American Response • Ida B. Wells • Atlanta Compromise
Booker T. Washington
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• McKinley in the White House • Foreshadowed “modern” presidents who also acted as party
leaders • Dingley Tariff (1897)
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• Imperialism—European versus American Style • Ecological factors of expansion • Forces encouraging American imperialism
• The Shapers of American Imperialism • Navalism
• Mahan calls for a strong navy • Missionaries
• Spiritual rationale for imperialism • “Social Darwinism” • Commercial factors
• Creation of new markets
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Dreams of a Commercial Empire • William Henry Seward
Commercial empire through demanding equal access to foreign markets
• Acquisition of Midway and Alaska • Blaine’s Pan-American Union
Queen Liliuokalani overthrown by American planters
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• Cuba in revolt • José Martí
• Mounting Tensions • The de Lôme letter • Sinking of the Maine • Teller Amendment
• The Imperial War • Dewey at Manila • Santiago harbor in Cuba
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Peace and the Debate over Empire • Annexing Hawaii • Aguinaldo • Anti-imperialists
Many influential Americans opposed annexation • The role of race
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From Colonial War to Colonial Rule • Philippine-American War
Racial antagonism spurred brutal fighting in Manila • Puerto Rico
An Open Door in China • The open-door notes
Keep spheres of influence open to trade • Boxer Rebellion
Unrest threatened to close the door • Sense of mission guided expansionists
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