DB WEEK 5
Chapter 8 Summary
The Evolution of American Newspapers American newspapers can trace their colonial roots back almost a century before the American Revolution. One of the best papers of the colonial era was the Pennsylvania Gazette, run by Benjamin Franklin starting in 1729. Newspapers of this era tended to develop along one of two lines, the partisan press, which generally represented the views of one political party, and the commercial press, which reported things like shipping news. Up until the 1830s, these papers were sold by yearly subscriptions and were read by more affluent people. But in 1833, the penny paper was born when Benjamin Day dropped the price of the New York Sun to a penny and started focusing on human–interest stories to appeal to a mass audience that included lower– and middle–class readers. As the number of newspapers grew, six New York papers founded the Associated Press, the first of the wire services. Competition and the growing popularity of penny papers brought about the era of yellow journalism. The two newspaper owners most associated with this brand of journalism were Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. Yellow journalism ended up being something of a contradiction. On the one hand it sensationalized stories that focused on scandals, crime, and disasters or just made up stories to sell papers. On the other hand, the same papers would become powerful instruments for social reform and pioneered investigative journalism. Competing Models of Modern Print Journalism Just before the start of the twentieth century, Adolph Ochs championed the idea of an informative and impartial newspaper with the New York Times. This could be seen as the start of objective journalism becoming the ideal for modern journalists. Often using the inverted– pyramid style of reporting, this style of journalism drew a line between reports and opinion columns, and dictated a neutral stance by reporters. Despite the dominance of “just–the–facts” reporting, by the 1920s it was also apparent to some critics that the approach wasn’t always effective at explaining a complex and increasingly interconnected world. Some of this need for greater explanation, context, and analysis was met by interpretive journalism. This reaction against the objective approach to modern reporting also found a home in the tradition of literary journalism, which used fictional storytelling techniques within nonfiction material. In the last decades of the twentieth century, journalism found itself deeply affected by the visual and storytelling style of television news, and then the Internet. Two developments in the 1980s changed the landscape of modern journalism. USA Today arrived in 1982, bringing TV–inspired color to newspapers, and newspapers began to publish online, starting with the Columbus Dispatch in 1980. Online journalism is completely changing the industry. Readers are getting their news from a variety of online sources, online news has sped up the news cycle, and nontraditional online news has begun to influence the types of stories reported by traditional news sources. The Business and Ownership of Newspapers There are several kinds of newspapers in the industry today, and they serve many different roles. Smaller nondaily papers that typically carry information on local schools, social events, and items of community interest are focused on consensus–oriented journalism. Papers that
Chapter 8 Summary
tend to cover more of the events or issues that deviate from the accepted standard (usually larger dailies) practice conflict–oriented journalism. In addition to those categories, there are smaller weekly and monthly papers that serve specific minority groups in the United States such as Spanish–speaking immigrants, retired workers, and the gay and lesbian communities. In the 1960s, there was a sudden increase of alternative papers, or the underground press, that questioned mainstream politics and conventional values by voicing radical opinions. Despite their differences, all newspapers tend to operate in some similar ways. They have staff, including editors and reporters, who work to fill the newshole, the space in a paper that isn’t taken up by advertising. Sometimes these papers use feature syndicates to help fill the newshole. However, recent consolidation and cutbacks, especially in large papers owned as part of financially troubled newspaper chains, have led to layoffs and the closing of bureaus outside of a paper’s city limits. In order to stay in business, some papers have entered into joint operating agreements (JOAs) to partially combine operations with other papers. Challenges Facing Newspapers Today The newspaper industry has suffered several devastating setbacks in the last thirty years. Readership has been declining for a century, but with more and more news consumers going online, the drop has been accelerating. At the same time, the recent recession has caused advertisers to cut their ad budgets, simultaneously threatening the two traditional ways newspapers make money – subscriptions and advertising. However, as seems to be typical of mass media industries, newspapers are attempting to adapt and look for ways to improve their economic outlook. Many small–town papers are actually doing better than their big–city counterparts, partly because of their smaller debt load and their extremely local focus, which doesn’t have the same kinds of competition from other media. Newspapers are also struggling to find ways to make their online versions profitable after essentially giving away their content for free online. At the same time, nonprofessional bloggers are challenging newspapers’ authority and leading the new phenomenon of citizen journalism— a movement where concerned citizens and activist amateurs disseminate news and information, typically online through blogs. The lines between blogging and journalism continue to blur, as established journalists leave traditional news agencies for the blogosphere, and traditional news agencies hire journalists to blog for their Web sites. Some concerned journalism critics are suggesting different business models and ideas to combat newspapers’ decline, including having wealthy universities support newspapers or to have them operate as nonprofits. Newspapers and Democracy Despite all the turmoil in the newspaper industry, newspapers have the longest and strongest role in sustaining democracy. As a result, media observers are very worried about the short– and long–term impact of newspapers closing or drastically cutting their news staffs.