second week
yorker
chp08.pptPart Three
Population Structure
and Characteristics
Part Outline
- 8 The Age Transition
- 9 Population Aging
- 10 The Family and Household Transition
- 11 The Urban Transition
Chapter 8
The Age Transition
Chapter Outline
- The Concepts of Age and Age Cohorts
- The Concepts of Sex and Gender
- Measuring the Dynamics of the Age Transition
- The Age Transition
- Age Transitions at Work
Age and Age Cohorts
- Society assigns social roles on the basis of age and gender.
- Younger people are treated differently from older people.
- Different kinds of behavior are expected of people as they move through different ages.
Age Stratification Theory
- Societies distribute resources unequally by age.
- These resources include economic goods as well as social approval, acceptance, and respect.
- Age strata, and the prestige and power associated with each, are influenced by the needs of society and by characteristics of people at each age.
Aspects of Human Society that Vary by Age and Sex
| Category | Characteristic or Activity |
| Demographic | Being sick and having restricted activities |
| Dying | |
| Being sexually active | |
| Having a baby | |
| Moving or migrating |
Aspects of Human Society that Vary by Age and Sex
| Category | Characteristic or Activity |
| Social | Getting married/divorced |
| Being involved in religious organizations and activity | |
| Being involved in political organizations and activity |
Aspects of Human Society that Vary by Age and Sex
| Category | Characteristic or Activity |
| Social | School enrollment |
| Level of educational attainment | |
| Being involved in criminal behavior |
Aspects of Human Society that Vary by Age and Sex
| Category | Characteristic or Activity |
| Economic | Being in the labor force |
| Occupation within the labor force | |
| Current income | |
| Level of accumulated wealth |
Lexis Diagram: Relationship between Cohorts and Period Data
Age Cohorts and Age Strata Are Closely Intertwined
Sex Ratios by Age in Selected Countries, 2004
Dynamics of the Age Transition
- A population with 35% or more of its people under age 15 is “young.”
- A population with 12% or more of its people aged 65 or older is “old.”
- As the proportion of young people increases relative to the total, the population “grows younger.”
- An aging population is one in which the proportion of older people is increasing relative to the total.
The Age Structure
- There are three major ways to quantify the age structure:
- Average age of a population
- Dependency ratio
- Growth rates by age
Population Pyramids
Changes in Number and Rate of Growth at Specific Ages
| China | India | |||
| Growth rate | Absolute change | Growth rate | Absolute change | |
| Age Group | 1980– 2000 | 1980– 2000 | 1980– 2000 | 1980– 2000 |
| 0–4 | –0.15 | –3,004 | 0.84 | 17,606 |
| 5–9 | –0.97 | –21,938 | 1.26 | 25,339 |
| 10–14 | –0.50 | –12,434 | 1.55 | 29,112 |
| 15–19 | –0.35 | –7,358 | 1.79 | 30,747 |
| 20–24 | 0.63 | 11,590 | 1.78 | 26,618 |
Changes in Number and Rate of Growth at Specific Ages
| China | India | |||
| Growth rate | Absolute change | Growth rate | Absolute change | |
| Age Group | 1980– 2000 | 1980– 2000 | 1980– 2000 | 1980– 2000 |
| 25–29 | 1.52 | 31,810 | 2.36 | 31,516 |
| 30–34 | 3.25 | 60,631 | 2.81 | 32,939 |
| 35–39 | 3.53 | 53,163 | 2.93 | 30,165 |
| 40–44 | 2.71 | 35,142 | 2.74 | 24,902 |
| 45–49 | 3.11 | 39,765 | 2.36 | 18,338 |
Changes in Number and Rate of Growth at Specific Ages
| China | India | |||
| Growth rate | Absolute change | Growth rate | Absolute change | |
| Age Group | 1980– 2000 | 1980– 2000 | 1980– 2000 | 1980– 2000 |
| 50–54 | 2.27 | 22,796 | 2.12 | 13,572 |
| 55–59 | 1.69 | 13,395 | 2.15 | 11,304 |
| 60–64 | 2.26 | 15,068 | 2.36 | 10,077 |
| 65–69 | 2.78 | 14,957 | 2.56 | 8,375 |
Changes in Number and Rate of Growth at Specific Ages
| China | India | |||
| Growth rate | Absolute change | Growth rate | Absolute change | |
| Age Group | 1980– 2000 | 1980– 2000 | 1980– 2000 | 1980– 2000 |
| 70–74 | 2.75 | 10,615 | 2.74 | 6,121 |
| 75–79 | 3.09 | 7,278 | 3.20 | 4,113 |
| 80+ | 4.90 | 7,203 | 4.93 | 3,963 |
Stable and Stationary Populations
- In a stable population neither the age-specific birth rates nor the age-specific death rates have changed for a long time.
- A stable population could be growing at a constant rate or declining at a constant rate.
- If a stable population is unchanging, we call it a stationary population.
Global Distribution of Younger and Older Populations
Age Structure of Immigrants to U.S., 2002
Age Pyramids for U.S. With and Without International Migration
Age Structure of U.S.
Changing Age Structures in China, U.S. and Mexico
