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Chapter 7

The Migration Transition

Chapter Outline

  • Defining Migration
  • Internal And International Migrants
  • Measuring Migration
  • The Migration Transition Within Countries
  • Migration Between Countries
  • Forced Migration

Migration

  • Changing residence and moving all social activities from one place to another.
  • International migrants move between countries.
  • Internal migrants move within national boundaries.

Measuring Migration

  • The U.S. Census Bureau defines a migrant as a person who has moved to a different county within the U.S.
  • From the standpoint of a local school district, a migration would moving into or out of the school district’s boundaries.

Stocks Versus Flows

  • The migration transition involves a process and a transformation.
  • The process is that people move from one place to another and this represents the migration flow.
  • The transformation is that the migrant stock changes as people move into and out of a given place.

Why Do People Migrate?

  • Push–pull theory
  • People move because they are pushed out of their former location, or because they have been pulled someplace else.
  • Implementing strategy
  • A goal (education, a better job, a nicer house, a more pleasant environment, and so on) might be attained by moving.

Generalizations About Migration

Migration is selective. Only a selected portion of the population migrates.

The heightened propensity to migrate at certain stages of the life cycle is important in the selection of migrants.

Conceptual Model of Migration Decision Making

Who Migrates?

  • Young adults are more likely to migrate than people at any other age.
  • In most societies, it is expected that young adults will leave their parents’ home, establish an independent household, get a job, marry, and have children.
  • In the U.S., women have virtually the same rates of migration as do men, reflecting increasing gender equity.

Young Adults Are Most Likely to Be Migrants

Migration at the Beginning of the 21st Century

Origin in 2001
Destination in 2002: Northeast Midwest South West Totals
Northeast –220 81 235 129 445
Midwest 84 –225 304 142 530
South 487 401 392 394 1,282
West 84 272 351 52 717
Totals 665 754 890 665 2,974

Frey: Patterns of Population Movement in the United States

  • Uneven urban revival
  • A select few metropolitan areas are gaining migrants at the expense of others.
  • Regional racial division
  • Influx of immigrants from Asia and Latin America diversified the receiving states (California, Texas, and New York).

Frey: Patterns of Population Movement in the United States

  • Regional divisions by skill level and poverty
  • Redistribution of knowledge-based industries creates a migration of those with more education.
  • Baby boom and elderly realignments
  • Early baby boomers moved west and south.
  • Suburban dominance and city isolation
  • The modal commuter now lives and works in the suburbs.

Theories of International Migration

  • Theories focused on the initiation of migration patterns:
  • Neoclassical economics
  • The new household economics of migration
  • Dual labor market theory
  • World systems theory

Theories of the Perpetuation of Migration

  • Theories focused on explaining the flow of migrants between countries:
  • Network theory
  • Institutional theory
  • Cumulative causation

Net Immigrants

International Migrant Stock, 2000

Immigration into Canada

Solutions to the Problem of Refugee Populations

  • Repatriation to the country of origin.
  • Resettlement in the country to which they initially fled.
  • Resettlement in a third country.