ans

Running head: CHINCHERINCHEE PLANT AND ITS PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY 1

CHINCHERINCHEE PLANT AND ITS PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY 11

Chincherinchee plant and it's phytochemical

Student’s name:

Professor’s name:

Course:

Date:

Introduction

The interaction between human and plants have always been associated with an aspect of health, and human beings have significantly relied on the plant for healing medical elements. The desire to get more for the plant and utilize plants for benefits has been a primary motivating factor toward understanding more about the organic composition and compounds found in the plants. In the process of trying to fulfill the desire, human being forms various strategies that help them in the study of plant healing properties, which when combines for photochemistry science.

The phytochemicals study forms four major classifications that include carotenoids, flavonoids, ellagic acid, and allium. Each of these classifications has types of subclasses. The carotenoids study include compounds such as blood, fat cells in the form of free radical fluids that can be found in fruits and vegetables. On the other hand, the flavonoids compounds include compounds such as resveratrol hesperidin, tangeritin, anthocyanin, and quercetin. They help human to prevent inflammation, block enzyme that active raise in blood as well as prevent sticking together of the platelets. The phytochemical study under the ellagic acid classification also plays a crucial part in maintaining human health, and it focuses on understanding plant compounds that help to reduces cholesterol. Through this study, it is clear that plants such as strawberries, kiwifruits, current, and raspberries have an acid compound that helps in lowering cholesterol. Allium phytochemical study also helps in understanding plant healing and preventive health property that help in improving health. This article focuses on the chincherinchee plant and the phytochemical properties it poses. It also has different sections discussed in detail to understand the phytochemical of the chincherinchee plant.

Ares where the chincherinchee plant grows

Chincherinchee is a plant that is widely grown in South Africa between Cape Town and Paarl, especially in the fields within Philadelphia to Joostenbervlakte (Mostert et al., 2020). These regions include Cape Peninsula, Agulhas plains, Bhisho, Nelspruit, Polokwane, Pretoria, and Kimberley, as well as Southern Australia, such as New South Wales. It is also known as the Star of Bethlehem or wonder flower. Most farmers in these regions prefer to grow the plant from September to December (spring) (Mostert et al., 2020). These regions have well-drained and slightly acidic to neutral soil. It seems to do well in areas with good drainage and different types of land, such as sandy soil, gritty loamy, and moderately clayish soil. The plant initially grows in the winter rainfall climate. It also adapts well in a sunny environment and can tolerate several conditions such as dry sunny, slightly sloppy bed, bushland climate, and waterlogging (Mostert et al., 2020). It can, therefore, grow in areas with semi-arid, mild tropical or tropical climate conditions. In gardens, the plant grows well during rainfall summer (warm conditions) in well-drained soils, and spring is the best boom season for the plant.

Scientific classification of the chincherinchee plant

The scientific name for chincherinchee is Ornithogalum thyroids, and it is a bulbous geophyte. The term Chincherinchee is a translation from a dry stalk-rubbing sound description tijienkerientjee. The scientific description includes a Linnaean system for biological classification. Therefore the first term Orinthogalum classifies the species name of the plant, and it is among the subfamily of scilloideae from the family of Asparagaceae (Mostert et al., 2020). The term Ornithogalum comes from two Greek names Ornithos and Gala, which mean bird and milk, respectively. As a bulbous geophyte, it grows to a height of about 200 to 500 mm with few fleshy leaves that have a dimension of length ranging from150 to 300 mm and width ranging from 5 to 15 mm. The lance-shaped leaves have a smooth and smooth texture, and they die soon after the plant flower. The stalks of the plant are leafless with either a concentrated cluster that consists of about 30-50 flowers or a loose group that has 5-20 flowers (Mostert et al., 2020). Most of the flowers take shape a bowl-like shape with a substantial green bract. The flower takes creamy white or pure white color petals with faded green centers. The plant fruits carpels form a spindle-like capsule that has thin walls separated in a longitudinal order with shiny-black seeds of different shapes. It is also a perennial plant with the capability to become dormant in the winter season and spring back to life in summer or spring seasons.

Chincherinchee phytochemical

The naturally occurring and biologically active chemical compounds found in the plant are classified as phytochemicals. The chemical has pharmaceutical ingredients and thus have health benefits to human being besides protecting the plant from environmental damage, diseases, pollution, weather changes, and exposure to UV (Salachna & Zawadzińska, 2017). Plant form different colors, flavor, and aroma depending on the chemical composition they have in various parts such as the flowers, stem, leaves, and roots. The classification of the phytochemical currently forms two major classes, which include primary metabolites and secondary metabolites. Examples of primary metabolites include proteins, amino acids, purines, and common sugar, while secondary metabolite consists of alkaloids, curcumins, glucosides, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic, and terpenes.

Parts of the chincherinchee plant with the highest phytochemical activity

In the biological growth of the chincherinchee plant, the flower reveals high growth regulation. For example, according to Salachna & Zawadzińska, (2017), research, the result indicates that plant that had larger flower/bulb size had better growth rates. The size of the bulb in the plant determines the amount of food it can store. Large flowers have better food storage potential, and this makes sense why the plant has a considerable growth rate. The chincherinchee plant also has high resists to diseases, and according to research, it has phenolic metabolites that help it to protect the root form soft-rot diseases that affect most of the Ornithogalum plants. The polyphenols in the chincherinchee plant apply as glycosides that have several glycosidic moieties. These metabolites help the plant to grow, reproduce, and protect the plant from biotic and abiotic pathogen stress.

Additionally, the plant also produces flavonoids to help the plant fight against pathogens activities. Chincherinchee plants also have the flavonoid metabolites that protect it from harmful UV-B radiation through antifeedants, antioxidants, and phytoalexins. Therefore the parts of the plant with the highest level phytochemical activities include the roots and the flowers. The primary activities in the roots help the plant to fight pathogenic diseases while the flowers help the plant to store food for growth.

The interesting fact about chincherinchee plant

The plant has a high level of toxic elements that kills livestock such as culture, horses, and pigs if consumed through a condition known as krimpsiekte (Mostert et al., 2020). Therefore if there is a spot in the grazing land, farmers should take care and take effective to control them. The leaves of the plant can easily be confused with hay. Therefore farmers, especially in South Africa Region and Southern Australia, should take care while preparing grass in their fields. The flowers in the plant give it commercial values for home decoration as well as displays on occasion. The plant has a high absorption rate, which is used enables the plant to absorb the food color if the stalk is immense in fluids with high concentration. The planting can be done using the bulbils or by using the seeds; however, using the bulbil is the best method. The name "star of Bethlehem" as applied to name the chincherinchee plant, was formed through the inspiration of the distinctive shape form by the bloom. Surprisingly, this name is also used for a closely related plant known as the Ornithogalum umbellatum. The plant is known for its infestation capability, especially in disturbed abandoned land, and in South Africa where it originated, it is believed to have the potential to spread rapidly. Given its high resistance to the traditional control method, farmers are advised to a modern approach to control it in the farms. It also has unique features that can help an individual to distinguish it from other plants such as white flowers with six petals each, leaves emerging from the bulb, small black seeds, and a single underground bulb.

Medicinal values and the phytochemical extracted from the plant

Chincherinchee is used as a medical due to its high value in homeopathy that is diluted and used for stomach treatments such as peptic ulcers, duodenal ulcers, and gastric ulcers stomach upset and heartburn symptoms (Plančić, Božin, Kladar, Rat & Srđenović, 2015). Traditionally healers also use the plant for diabetes, hepatitis, and some cancer types. The peptic ulcer usually has symptoms such as severe stomach pain and vomiting. To old patients, this illness indicates signs of blood loss sharp pain that can wake the victim for the sleep. After vomiting, the patient usually reveals from the pain, or one can take antacids/ H2 receptors antagonists. Although this plant is poisonous, research indicates that only if a high quantity is consumed. Therefore traditionally healer used the plant homeopathic in diluted water ( only five drops) to treat patients suffering for any of the above illnesses. The patient who treated using chincherinchee must have dyspeptic symptoms (Plančić, Božin, Kladar, Rat & Srđenović, 2015). This includes felling sick in the night to the point of waking up, having chest and stomach agonizing feeling, having flatus horizon rolls in the stomach, and loss of appetites. Other symptoms that the traditional healer treated using homeopathic extract include pain that extends to the heart/back, and if food, onions, and drinks increase patient symptoms. The mechanism used by the homeopathic treatment applies the principle of similar in which the substance for the treatment can cause can severe consequences put if used in small quality it stimulates the body immunity system to develop preventing and healing mechanism of that symptoms.

An example of current phytochemical research about chincherinchee plant

In one of the current research, the study concentrates on explaining the three structures novel chincherinchee that help the plant to develop defense mechanisms in the process of responding to pectobacterium carotovorum that attacks its root in the form of soft rot disease. The researcher uses a hybrid form from two Ornithogalum thyroids and Ornithogalum dubium then tests whether the resistance of the chincherinchee resistance to the pathogen would help the hybrid to improve resistance to the diseases. In the three hybrids compound of novel kaempferol O-tri-glycosides (phytochemicals), the research indicates an improvement in its strength as soon as the bacteria pathogen is ingested in them (Yedidia, Schultz, Golan, Gottlieb & Kerem, 2019).

However, comparing the improvement with the original chincherinchee, the results indicate that the chincherinchee without interspecific breeding still had a strong resistance. Each of the spectral analysis of the compound is done separately. During the first compound analysis, the study identifies sugar moiety acetate moiety and aglycone moiety. The extracts were formed from different parts of the chincherinchee plants. The conclusion from this the result included that through interspecific bleeding, the chincherinchee resistant mechanism can help to improve the capability of other ornamental plants to fight against soft rot pathogens. In the first analysis, the researcher used an electrospray ionization of compound one to calculate the molecular mass ([M - H] at mlz 767) and the molecular formula to the kaemferol-O-tri-glycosides (that this C34H39O20) (Yedidia, Schultz, Golan, Gottlieb & Kerem, 2019).

Conclusion

Chincherinchee is a dominant plant in South Africa, and it is one of the multiple plants that belong to the species of Ornithogalum in the family of Asparagaceae. The plant is a toxin to livestock if it is consumed in large quantities. Through similar treatment, the homeopathy compounds help healer to treat diseases such as stomach illness, diabetes, and cancers. The chincherinchee plant is also used from decoration and on occasions and homesteads. Unlike other Ornithogalum, plant chincherinchee has a high resistance to a pathogen which enables the plant to protect itself from root rot diseases and other environmental hazards.

Chincherinchee plant

Kaempferol-O-tri-glycosides 1 , 2 and 3

The selected nuclear magnetic resonance compound

References

Mostert, I., Visser, M., Gazendam, I., Cloete, M., Burger, J. T., & Maree, H. J. (2020). Complete genome sequence of a novel polerovirus in Ornithogalum thyrsoides from South Africa. Archives of Virology, 165(2), 483-486.

Plančić, M., Božin, B., Kladar, N., Rat, M., & Srđenović, B. (2015). Phytochemical profile and biological activities of the genus Ornithogalum L.(Hyacinthaceae). Biologia Serbica, 36(1-2).

Salachna, P., & Zawadzińska, A. (2017). Effect of daminozide and flurprimidol on growth, flowering, and bulb yield of Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. Folia horticulture, 29(1), 33-38.

Yedidia, I., Schultz, K., Golan, A., Gottlieb, H. E., & Kerem, Z. (2019). Structural Elucidation of Three Novel Kaempferol O-tri-Glycosides that Are Involved in the Defense Response of Hybrid Ornithogalum to Pectobacterium carotovorum. Molecules, 24(16), 2910.