Reflective Learning Journal

China Under Reform, 1978-1997

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Death of Chairman Mao September 9 1976

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It is estimated that somewhere between 2 and 7 million people

were killed or committed suicide during the Cultural Revolution

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The Gang of Four

Jiang Qing (d1991)

Zhang Chunqiao (d2005)

Yao Wenyuan (d2005)

Wang Hongwen (d1992)

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“I was Chairman Mao’s

dog, whoever he told

me to bit, I bit”

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Hua Guofeng

The Two Whatevers Policy

"We will resolutely uphold whatever

policy decisions Chairman Mao

made, and unswervingly follow

whatever instructions Chairman

Mao gave"

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Deng Xiaoping

From a peasant background in Sichuan, Deng studied and worked

in France for five years in the 1920s, where he was influenced by

Marxism-Leninism.

Joined the Communist Party of China in 1923.

Upon his return to China he worked as a political commissar in

rural regions and was considered a "revolutionary veteran" of the

Long March.

Played a major role in the economic reconstruction following the Great Leap Forward in the early 1960s. His economic policies,

however, were at odds with the political ideologies of Chairman

Mao

As a result, he was purged twice during the Cultural Revolution.

Outmaneuvered Hua and by 1977 it was increasingly clear he was

in control.

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The Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee December

1978 Three Key Decisions

Economic Modernization

Series of political

judgments overturned

Gradual influence of

market forces

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Promotion of market mechanisms

Opening up to foreign trade

Farmers could sell surplus

Material incentives seen as the major mechanism to get people to

work harder

De-collectivization begins

Change much more dramatic in the countryside than the cities

Substantial political reform ruled out

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The Reform Period

“Crossing the River by Feeling for the Stones”

1979 Deng puts forward the Four Basic Principles the principles of

the CCP of which no debate was allowed

1. The principle of upholding the socialist path

2. The principle of upholding the people's democratic dictatorship

3. The principle of upholding the leadership of the Communist Party of

China (CPC), and

4. The principle of upholding Mao thought and Marxism-Leninism

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In the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations, dated

January 1, 1979, the United States transferred diplomatic recognition from Taipei to

Beijing.

Deng’s historic

visit to US Jan -

Feb 1979

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On March 1, 1979, the United States and the People's Republic

of China formally established embassies in each other's capitals.

Nixon visits China

1972

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Deng Takes full control

Zhao Ziyang replaces Hua Guofeng as Premier

1980

Hu Yaobang appointed Party Secretary in

1981

Deng becomes chairman of Central

Military Commission November 1981

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GDP Growth

Source China Statistical Handbook

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Economic Troubles and Political Instability

By 1985 the rapid pace of rural reform had slowed

One side affect of deregulation was the increase in inflation and

corruption

The lifting of price controls in late 1984 led to major overheating.

Student Protests of 1986 in support of further economic and social

liberalization and criticising corruption

Hu Yaobang dismissed as Party Secretary and replaced by Zhao

Ziyang

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By the summer of 1986, it was clear

that political reform had become an

increasingly divisive issue within the

political leadership

At the annual summer meeting in

Beidaihe some leaders expressed fears

that the political system was only

suited to economic development and

that further reform could lead to the

negation of the Party’s leadership and

the ‘Four Basic Principles’

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A campaign against ‘bourgeois liberalization’

was launched after dismissal of Hu but was

short lived

In October 1987 Zhao delivered a speech at

13th Party Congress which favoured

commitment to continued reform

“By 1989, for many urban dwellers the

party’s incompetence and moral laxness had

eroded any vestigial notions that the party

was a moral force in Chinese society” (Saich

2004, 71)

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Death of Hu Yaobang April 1989

In university campuses, many posters appeared eulogizing Hu.

Within days, most posters were writing about broader political

issues, such as freedom of the press, democracy, and corruption

Students began gathering in Tiananmen Square

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Drafted a list of seven demands

1. Affirm as correct Hu Yaobang's views on democracy and freedom;

2. Admit that the campaigns against spiritual pollution and bourgeois

liberalization had been wrong;

3. Publish information on the income of state leaders and their family

members;

4. End the ban on privately run newspapers and stop press censorship;

5. Increase funding for education and raise intellectuals' pay;

6. End restrictions on demonstrations in Beijing

7. Provide objective coverage of students in official media.

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On April 21st night before Hu’s state funeral over 100,000

people gathered in the square

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On 22 April serious rioting broke out in Changsha and Xi’an

In Wuhan, university students organized protests against the provincial government.

On 26 April, the party's official newspaper People's Daily issued a front-page editorial

titled "It is necessary to take a clear-cut stand against disturbances.“

The statement enraged students, who interpreted it as a direct indictment on the protests

and its cause

On 27 April some 50,000-100,000 students marched to Tiananmen Square,

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On May 13th student leaders announced they

would begin a hunger strike

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May 15th State Visit of Mikihl Gorbachev

World’s media arrived in Beijing

Welcome reception moved to airport

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In the early morning of 19 May, Zhao Ziyang went to Tiananmen to meet

the students

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On 19 May,Deng presided over a meeting of the Standing Committee and

said that martial law was the only option

At 4:30pm on June 3, politburo standing committee members met with

military leaders and finalized the order for the enforcement of martial law

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On the evening of June 3, state-run television warned residents to stay indoors but

crowds of people took to the streets, as they had two weeks before, to block the

incoming army.

Troops entered the square in the early hours of June 4

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June 24 1989 Jiang Zemin

replaces Zhao Ziyang as

CPC General Secretary

March 1990 Jiang became

chairman of the Central

Military Commission

March 1993 became

President of China

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Deng Xiaoping Southern Tour 1992

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February 1997 Deng Xiaoping dies

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First Presentation

‘Evaluate the legacy of Deng Xiaoping’