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Series Chimalpahin

Susan Schroeder, Series Editor

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Annals of His Time

Don Domingo de San Anton Mufi6n Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin

Edited and translated by

James Lockhart, Susan Schroeder, and Doris N amala

Stanford University Press Stanford, California

2006

The present book belongs to an ongoing informal Series Chimalpahin organized by Susan Schroeder as general or series editor to publish the entire extant output of Chimalpahin in critical editions in English and the original language. Further volumes, whose venue, editorship, and even content are still not fully determined, are to be expected in due course. In the name of flexibility, the items in the series will not bear volume numbers, The two­ volume Codex Chimalpahin, edited by Arthur AnderSon and Schroeder, should be counted as part of this effort.

Stanford University Press Stanford, California

© 2006 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press.

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chimalpahin Cuauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo Francisco de San Ant6n Mufi6n, 1579-1660.

Annals of his time : don Domingo de San Ant6n Mufi6n Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin /

edited and translated by James Lockhart, Susan Schroeder, and Doris Namala.

p. cm.-(Series Chimalpahin)

Introduction in English; English and Nahuatl on opposite pages.

Includes bibliographical references and index,

ISBN 0-8047-5454-3 (cloth : alk. paper)

1. Chimalpahin Cuauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo Francisco de San Ant6n Mufi6n, 1579-

1660, 2. Manuscripts, Nahuatl-Mexico-Mexico City, 3. Aztecs-History. 4. Aztecs­

Politics and government. 5. Aztecs-Social life and customs. L Lockhart, James. II.

Schroeder, Susan. III. Namala, Doris. IV. Title, V. Series.

F1219.54.A98C45 2006

972'.018-dc22

Original Printing 2006

2005028443

Last figure below indicates year of this printing: 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06

Contents Some Major Blocks of Text

Figure I. First page of the Paris manuscript Figure 2. Annals entry for the beginning of the year 5 Rabbit, 1614

Map l. Mexico City in Chimalpahin's time

Introduction Annals of His Time The Manuscript and its History Some Aspects of the Edition Acknowledgments

Transcription and Translation 1577-1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 (with parts from 1609) 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615

Glossary

Bibliography

Index

vi

vii viii

ix

3

10 14 22

26 35 36 40 46 52 54 58 62 64 66 70 74 76 78 84 88 94

106 154 160 172 194 232 270 294

308

311

315

li\lERSl1Y Of-UTAH IJ3RAR1ES

Some major blocks of text

Flood of 1604 Flooding and excavation, 1607 World, Mexica, and Spanish Mexican history Arrival of the Japanese, 1610 Eclipse, 1611 Earthquake, 1611 Fray Geronimo de Zarate, 1612 Funeral of Archbishop Guerra, 1612 Suspected rebellion of blacks, 1612 Two female opponents of crosses, 1613 The vicinity of San Antonio Abad, 1613 A new archbishop, 1613 The pallium, 1613 More Japanese affairs, 1614 The order of San Antonio, 1614 More on the order of San Antonio, 1614

78-85 96-107 114-55 170-73 176-85 186-93

194--201 200-11 214--25 250-57 256-59 260-65 266-69 272-77 278-83 290-93

,.

Figure l, First page of the Paris manuscript. Fonds Mexicain 220, p. I. Reproduced with the permission of the Bibliotheque Nationale de France.

Figure 2. Annals entry for the beginning of the year 5 tochtli, I 6 I 4, with standard information about the election of the cabildo officials of Tenochtitlan. Fonds Mexicain 220, p. 238. Reproduced with the permission of the Bibliotheque Nationale de France.

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SANTIAGO " :I'ELOLCO ---\----~ San!aCruzde Santiago

~\ It 'sanflilgo ~ Tlalelolco

c Coleglo H Hospital ~

• Site or Building w- Drafted by Robin IL Gary, 2004 Ada tecl li'nm a ma b ·Richard.Bo ·ct' 1980

Map 1. Mexico City in Chimalpahin's time.

Annals of His Time

1 I

Introduction yn ipampa ye nican nictlallia nicmachiyotia yn imiquilitzin ynin omoteneuh­ tzino huey teopixqui omoyetzticatca yniqu iuhqui yxiptlatzin omochiuhtzinoti­ catca nican Sancto Padre ynic huel omohuelitiltiaya yniqu icatzinco ypampa­ tzinco miec Jubileos oquimotemaquillitia yn iuh otiquittaque auh monequi no quimatizque oncan in quittazque ytocatenehuallocatzin yn aquique i;atepan ye nemiquihui yn amo quimottilique yn amo quimiximachilique ynin ye huey teo­ pixqui ocatca ypampa yuh ninomati caocac yuhqui nican Mexico oc ce teopixqui yttoz yn oc ompa ye tonitztihui ypan cahuitl

The reason that I set down and record here the death of this said late great re­ ligious is that he became like the representative of the holy Father here because he was fully authorized to go along issuing many jubilees in his name and on his behalf, as we saw. And also those who will live later, who didn't see and know how great a religious he was, need to know of him and see his name men­ tioned, because I think that in future times another religious like him will not be seen again here in Mexico.

(From Chimalpahin's entry for September 7, 1614.)

Annals of His Time The premier practitioner of the genre of Nahuatl annals in the form they took after the

conquest was born in 1579 in Amaquemecan (Amecameca), baptized apparently as Do­ mingo Francisco, then went very young to Mexico City, and eventually came to be known there as don Domingo de San Anton after the church where he worked, sometimes referring to himself in magnificent fashion as don Domingo de San Ant6n Muii6n Chi­ malpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin. Scholars somehow settled on calling him Chimalpahin, one of two names of earlier lords of Amaquemecan that he appropriated to himself, and though that convention is not well founded, it is too late to protest, and we will call him Chimalpahin too. 1

The item we publish here is devoted overwhelmingly (despite one abbreviated resume of Mexica history from the beginning) to events occurring in the time after Chimalpahin was born, and indeed the momentum accumulates as he reaches the years of his early prime. After very brief annual entries for the 1570s and 80s, clearly set down after the fact, for the 1590s and early 1600s we find usually from two to four pages. For 1604 to 1608 we see an increase to five to nine pages a year, and then a further large and rapid increase in the first years of the second decade of the seventeenth century, when Chimal­ pahin was in his thirties, reaching a maximum of 41 pages for 1613 before the series as we know it halts in 1615. A reader cannot avoid the impression that the material certainly from about 1608 to the end, and possibly from considerably earlier, was first written pri­ marily at the time of the events, and it deals for the most part with things the author saw or heard about as they happened. No wonder that from as early as the eighteenth century

I. We even retain the practice, originating with the author himself, of writing the name with an h, though by standard orthography it is not justified, The second element of the name appears to be a preterit agentive form of the verb paina, "to run, hasten," in which a glottal stop is not otherwise attested.

- 3 -

4 INIRODUC110N

the work was being called the Diario, diary or journal. The word "Diario" by now has a tradition as strong as it is lasting, but there can be no doubt that it did not originate with Chimalpahin, and we consider it to be highly misleading.

For a century and more after his rediscovery in the late nineteenth century, translators and commentators gave their attention above all to his massive effort to tell the precontact history of central Mexico (principally Amaquemecan and Mexico Tenoch­ titlan),2 but recently his extensive and equally impressive writing on postcontact times has also drawn attention,3 and the present publication is part of that trend.

The texts published here belong in the clearest and fullest way to the tradition of Nahuatl annals, a genre concerned primarily with events of interest to the public, and indeed to the public of the author's own local sociopolitical entity. They are no diary; Chimalpahin's own activities are barely mentioned, his feelings fully and openly ex-­ pressed only on rare occasions. And indeed it would have been against the annals tradition to give the work a title at all, or even perhaps to conceive it as a separate entity as op­ posed to other texts Chimalpahin wrote or compiled.4 We publish this set of annals sep­ arately, respecting its character as an independent corpus and sequence in the original, but in a sense it belongs together with a large number of similar entries scattered through Chimalpahin' s other manuscripts despite their often preponderantly precontact subject matter, and we hope that in due course all this material can be subjected to a common analysis.

2. The Paris annals that have come to be called the "Relaciones" constitute the bulk of Ch.' s writings about the precontact era. Dating to the time that the materials seem first to have become available in Paris, Remi Simeon published the sixth and seventh Relaciones in French in 1889. The Germans followed after an interval, with several scholars trans­ lating and publishing different Relaciones; Ernst Mengin published the fifth Relacion in German (1944, 1949, 1950), followed by a handsome series of volumes with facsimiles of all the Paris Relaciones. In 1958 Walter Lehmann and Gerdt Kutscher published more selections from the same sources. Gtinter Zimmermann, the most accomplished member of this school, published portions of the second, third, and eighth Relaciones in 1960, and in 1963-65 he brought out his invaluable transcription of both the corpus of Relaciones and Ch.'s contemporary annals (the so-called "Diario," the text edited here). A set of ana­ lytical notes to the edition conveyed many ofZimmermann's insights, but a planned full translation of the texts never came to pass. In the edition Zimmermann reorganized all of the Relaciones into chronological order by individual entry. On the one hand he for the first time brought out the scope of Ch.' s work and made research in it more feasible, while on the other hand he obscured the integrity of the individual texts and caused considerable confusion regarding the nature of annals and of Ch.' s oeuvre. A recent publi­ cation by Elke Ruhnau (Chimalpahin 2001A) with all of the Relaciones sums up the accomplishments of the German school.

In the time after World War II Mexican scholars also began publishing portions of the Relaciones in Spanish translation, often without transcriptions; most of this work is mentioned in Schroeder 1991, pp. 26-30. Far the best of these efforts, by Rafael Tena (Chimalpahin 1998), embraces the entire Relaciones, containing both a full transcription and an excellent translation.

3. As in Chimalpahin 2001 (the Tena edition) and Namala 2002. 4. See the passage on pp. 238-39, at n. 4, which could be construed as including

Ch.'s contemporary annals within the same framework or as a later patt of the same work as preconquest portions.

ANNALS OF ms TIME 5

Although the original strong pictorial component of postconquest annals has virtually disappeared in Chimalpahin ( only in some of the later years do we find even any pictorial representation of the Nahuatl year signs),5 in every other way the work published here has the characteristics of a classic set of annals, in addition to some transformations and developments of those characteristics that are rarely seen elsewhere. In the annals tradi­ tion, the present work is organized into year units, giving both the Spanish calendar year and what is taken for its Nahuatl preconquest-style equivalent. Within each year every entry is separate from every other, connected only by a strictly chronological sequence of months and days.

The content is broadly speaking ultra-typical of Nahuatl annals both before and after the conquest: the celebration of the local sociopolitical entity by detailing its officers and public functions and in other ways; a record of the installation and removal of local high officials; reports of plagues, storms, and earthquakes, and of scandalous and other locally newsworthy events. Its main anomaly is its breadth. Almost any set of annals one can point to will concentrate overwhelmingly on and have as its focal point the author's home entity, where he invariably writes. The same principle obtains in Chimalpahin, but his migration gave him two homes. The primary focus in his contemporary annals is on the place of his residence as an adult, when he was doing the writing of the present text, on the indigenous Mexico Tenochtitlan and the Spanish Mexico City, including the amorphous single overall entity that they were becoming; the double nature of that entity explains much that seems quite unique in Chimalpahin' s work here. But the reader will also find many traces of his roots in Amaquemecan and even specifically in Tzaqualtitlan Tenanco within it.

Chimalpahin's contemporary writings have many possible uses. It appears to us that they illuminate in the first instance the author's mentality and conceptual equipment, and to an extent Nahua mentality and concepts in his time more generally. They are surely the best developed of known annals material with a postconquest range, not forgetting the Tlaxcalan don Juan Buenaventura Zapata y Mendoza, whose writings can be considered at least in the same class. 6 Although the Nahua annalists may report facts mentioned no­ where else, especially on matters purely inside the indigenous context, the annals should not be taken for objective reporting, nor is their main value a contribution of facts. Chimalpahin, exceptional though he is in many ways, is the same as the others in this respect. The most obvious use of Chimalpahin' s writing on his own time is in intel­ lectual and cultural studies dealing with Nahua attitudes and concepts in the urban centers of central Mexico in the first half of the seventeenth century. The picture that emerges is one of persistence, if in a modified form, of Nahua concepts, structures, and values at the very core of Nahua-Spanish contact.

With his well developed writings, his repeated use of the same terms in many slight­ ly varying contexts, Chimalpahin offers a rich opportunity for the study of Nahua cate­ gories of various kinds. Studies based primarily on his writings with precontact content, though ranging over the whole corpus, have already illuminated his sociopolitical

5. Although Ch. is a rather extreme example, the gradual diminishing of the pictorial element is a fact of the evolution of the genre; also, from early on there were annals with­ out a pictorial element, such as the "Annals of Juan Bautista" (Reyes Garcia 2001).

6. See Lockhart 1992, pp. 391-92.

6

categories. 7 In his contemporary writings Chimalpahin makes copious use of Nahua social categories. 8 He demonstrates how Nahuatl responded to the need to talk about indigenous people as a single ethnic group by expanding the semantic range of existing terms as well as mining the language's great potential for new formations. The most all­ embracing of these terms, the related macehualli and nican tlaca, will be discussed in greater detail below under matters of translation (p. 17), in which they figure so strongly. Both used native vocabulary and built on while extending native meanings. They even both appeared at first above all in the first person plural, with the prefix ti-, "we," which had been used in preconquest times to indicate ethnic or gender solidarity. This form proved transitional, since as the new meanings became established the ti- was increasingly dropped, as we see happening in the very texts published here.

Despite these large ethnic terms, the use of already established references to smaller groups of indigenous continued to predominate. Chimalpahin's writings demonstrate that the altepetl and tlaxi/acalli (i.e., the Nahua etlmic state and its constituent parts; see the discussion below, pp. 17-18) still functioned as the Nahuas' primary source of ethnic identity, since individuals and groups are identified by altepetl and tlaxilacalli names, and the terms altepehuaque and tlaxi/acaleque ("people of the altepetl and tlaxilacalli") abound. At the same time, however, altepehuaque undergoes some semantic change, as its mean­ ing extends to embrace the non-indigenous population too. Chaneque ("possessors of homes, residents, citizens") also becomes an ethnically open term, as it refers to people of any ethnicity who reside within the limits of an altepetl or tlaxilacalli. The term tlaca­ nechico/tin ("people gathered from various places") in reference to the non-Nahua indig­ enous residents of Mexico Tenochtitlan is a Nahuatl construction but apparently not part of the basic traditional vocabulary and may have been influenced by Spanish designations of outsiders.

Regarding Chimalpahin' s categories for non-indigenous people we find a very different scenario. Here well established Spanish loanwords prevail, suggesting that by Chimal­ pahin's time people of non- or partially indigenous descent had long been accepted as part of the Nahuas' daily lives. Much as with the relatively fewer occurrences of the archaic nican tlaca in reference to the indigenous, Chimalpahin rarely calls the Spaniards cristia­ nos, "Christians," which tended to be the preferred term in the early postconquest years. Instead, the hybrid word castilteca and Spanish espailo/es, as well as forms with double plurals, one from each language, espaii.olestin and espafi.olesme, far outnumber the earlier term. A careful analysis of these contemporary annals even suggests that casti/teca too was declining during the time of Chimalpahin's literary activity. Whereas casti/teca and the double plurals of espafio/es dominate in the earlier entries, after 1613 they disappear entirely. During the same time period, between 1613 and 1615, simple espaiioles with­ out the double plural appears 50 times. Thus we learn in Chimalpahin not only about Nahuatl social categorization but something about the chronology of its evolution.

In the context of all other ethnic groups, Chimalpahin uses Spanish loanwords from the beginning. Whether it be other Europeans, blacks, Japanese, or people of mixed descent, Chimalpahin calls these groups exactly as the Spaniards did. Even Nahuatl

7. Schroeder 1991, pp, 119-97; Lockhart 1992, pp. 14--44, passim. 8. For more on the categories and topics of Ch. as discussed in the following several

paragraphs, see Namala 2002.

ANNALS OF HIS TIME 7

tliltique, literally "blacks," in reference to people of African descent represents a direct translation of Spanish negros. Perhaps the use of criollo is a bit of an exception, as Chimalpahin always pairs it with the Nahuatl circumscription nican tepiltzin, "a child of people here," implying his relative unfamiliarity with the word, and after all it was only at that time beginning to come into use in Spanish to refer to ethnic Spaniards, and that usually in the restricted realm of officeholding.

Chimalpahin's gender categories partake of some of the same trends observed with ethnic categories. As with the evolution of Nahuatl words that came to designate indig­ enous people as a group in the postconquest years, the basic Nahuatl gender terms cihuatl, "woman, female" and oquichtli, "man, male," also took on a distinct ethnic dimension by referring not merely to women and men but specifically to indigenous women and indigenous men. With men, the form using ti-, "we," also appears with ethnic meaning, extending its preconquest use to indicate the solidarity of males as a group.9 Regarding Spanish women and men, Chimalpahin consistently uses Spanish loanwords, if not always in exactly the same way as in Spanish texts. 10 Chimalpahin's vocabulary dem­ onstrates that Spanish gender terms were subjected to the same gendered rules as their Nahuatl counterparts, for the male and female terms were generally borrowed separately.

In his reporting in general, so close to traditional annals fare, Chimalpahin documents a thriving indigenous culture despite or perhaps because of the interconnectedness of the indigenous and Spanish worlds. For example, Chimalpahin's often repeated respect for the ruling authorities, indigenous and Spanish alike, speaks to the annalist's deeply felt re­ sponsibility to portray the greatness of his altepetl, and it is both Spanish and indigenous officials, both secular and ecclesiastic, who more than anyone else represent this great­ ness. Altepetl reportage and magnification is thus Chimalpahin's basic thrust, and a quite noncommittal but approving stance is his main mode, both of these things fully within the Nahua annals tradition. If we look at the text as a whole, we will soon grasp that demographic decline, economic woes, and other scourges of the indigenous population are not major themes, and not much space is devoted to them. When Chimalpahin does turn to such a topic, it is usually to speak of something that was of great public concern in Mexico City, often among high civil and ecclesiastical officials, as in his reporting of great loss of indigenous life in connection with the vast project of draining the Valley of Mexico, the Desagiie. Likewise, negative comments on officials are rare, and when we see them, the reason is often, apparently, that the majority confonsus in Spanish official­ dom, especially in the ecclesiastical sector, was also negative, as with the criticism of the Franciscan fray Ger6nimo de Zarate, chaplain at the central Franciscan establishment for indigenous people, San Jose, or of Archbishop Guerra for his continued frivolities after a major earthquake had struck and devastated the city.11 At times, it is true, we seem to detect a more personal note, as when Chimalpahin deplores the denuding of the slopes of Chapultepec, which he had thought so beautiful, as the result of a Spanish effort to locate some entirely illusory deposits of gold, with the wood of the formerly glorious

9. I.e., in precontact and even postcontact usage any group of men was called "we men" if a man was speaking; the same expression now took on an ethnic coloration as well. For a subtlety of this usage see pp. 182-83, n. 7,

10. See below, p. 20, for the meaning of senora in Nahuatl. II. Pp. 194-201, 212-13, 250-51 (Zarate), pp. 188-93 (Guerra).

8 INIRODUCTION

felled trees going for cooking. 12 Even here in a sense the greatness of the altepetl is at issue.

In Chimalpahin' s portrayal of natural phenomena and in particular natural disasters his split personality in terms of upholding indigenous traditions versus embracing modernity sometimes comes to the fore. On the one hand, he fully accepts and eagerly passes on to his readers modern scientific explanations of, for example, a solar eclipse, clearly rejecting his ancestors' non-Christian religious interpretation of such an event. On the other hand,

and again mirroring his own times, Chimalpahin is not immune to superstitious beliefs regarding this matter, either, and not merely indigenous beliefs, for the Spaniards had their own superstitions, not clearly distinguished from scientific findings, on such matters. Ultimately, church processions replace ancient Mexica rituals as a means of coping with natural disasters in the annalist's accounts. They also become symbols of unity, joining together the altepetl's Spanish and indigenous citizens in their plea to a common deity for help, as well as in the display of altepetl magnificence. Yet processions by cofradfas and various other kinds of organizations are also a way in which a series of sociopolitical, corporate, and religious entities and subentities, Spanish and indigenous, expressed them­ selves within a framework of rivalry, and Chimalpahin reports the processions with a sharp sense of their significance within the politics of entities.

It becomes clear that Chimalpahin's notion of the altepetl was in the process of changing, as the Spanish city that was developing within its boundaries became more and more integrated with the indigenous entity and into Chimalpahin's writing. This tendency is seen in other annals t90 but is more pronounced in Chimalpahin' s work, in part be­

cause of the nature of the capital city, in part because Chimalpahin was himself so em­ bedded in the Spanish ecclesiastical world. While ethnicity remains an important factor in the definition and acceptance of localized identities, spectacles and scandals illustrate the ever-changing boundaries of rivalry and unity, as they cut across ethnic lines. For exam­ ple, Chimalpahin's entries show that localized identities continue to reflect the original Nahua arrangement of Mexico Tenochtitlan's four separate and separately functioning parts, each of them displaying a strong sense of microethnic identity and pride; moreover, his often condescending remarks regarding Tlatelolco not only reinforce his Tenochca perspective, but also acknowledge the separate, if clearly inferior, status of that altepetl, even though from the Spanish point of view it was becoming just another part of the colonial City of Mexico. And Chimalpahin gives us examples of pride and separatist tendencies among Mexica entities far smaller than the four great districts.

In his few explicit statements about his motives for writing his contemporary annals, Chimalpahin tends to stress the need to convey to future generations how things in the altepetl were in his day. He wants future citizens to know and be amazed that the area around the church of San Ant6n, by their time well developed, had in his been almost a lake; he thinks they will need to know that there had been such a figure as a particular Jesuit savant whom Chimalpahin and many others admired. 13 If we look at his writing itself as mute evidence on this point, over and above the traditional annalist's stance we can detect a reporter's urge to portray unusual events vividly, as with the great earthquake or the arrival of the Japanese. 14 We also find him intent on explaining to indigenous

12. Pp. 300-03. 13. Pp. 258-59 (San Anton), 284-87 (Jesuit).

r I

ANNALS OF HIS TIME 9

people and even to himself new Spanish or European lore that has just been relayed to him by some Spaniard, generally an ecclesiastic, as in his discussion of the mechanics of the solar eclipses just alluded to, or in his treatise on the order of San Antonio Abad. 15

In the long run the serious reader of this large portion of Chimalpahin' s work will learn how his qualities are reflected, if sometimes subtly, in virtually all parts of it. At first the reader may get an ultimately false impression of an endless series of short, trivial, uncommunicative entries. Until one acquires the background and then develops the sensitivities needed to appreciate such material fully, it can be helpful to concentrate on some of the more spectacular passages in the work, where Chimalpahin's qualities are more immediately evident. Some of the outstanding examples are the already mentioned earthquake account (pp. 186-93) and the descriptions of the Japanese (pp. 170-73, 272- 77);16 others include the funeral procession of Archbishop Guerra (pp. 200-11), the tales related to an alleged uprising by those of African descent (214-25), and two accounts about women who opposed the erection of crosses and were miraculously struck down (pp. 250-57). First reactions may vary to the description of the solar eclipse (176-85) and the accounts of water channeling projects (96-107, passim, and 292-95).

Processions and other public events in Mexico City play such a role in Chimalpahin that one gains a better sense of things if one knows the general layout of the Mexico City of his time, especially the location of churches and public buildings. With no ,attempt to be exhaustive, we have provided a map which we hope will be of use to the reader.

We have done our best in the English translation to give the reader most of the content and a good deal of the flavor of the Nahuatl original. Something that cannot easily be conveyed in a translation is the way that Chimalpahin used Spanish loanwords in his Nahuatl original; only a survey of the transcription of the original will give one a full sense of how Chimalpahin on the one hand was very conversant with a large amount of Spanish lore and concepts, and the corresponding Spanish luanwur<ls had become a prom­ inent feature of his vocabulary, no more problematic to him than vocabulary of native origin. But the reader of the transcription will also see many forms that from a Spanish point of view are misspelled; virtually all of these represent typical sound substitutions used by Nahuatl speakers in the long time before Nahuatl acquired the Spanish sounds that were lacking in its phonetic repertoire, using unvoiced stops instead of voiced stops for example. Presumably such substitutions were typical of Chimalpahin's pronunciation despite his in some ways great erndition in Spanish matters. We even find "fuente," the word for a fountain, with the intention puente, "bridge," 17 because Nahuatl lacked [f] and used [p] as the closest equivalent, so that from the point of view of a Nahuatl speaker J and p were pronounced identically and could be interchanged. One wonders if this type of pronunciation was only for loanwords in Nahuatl, or if Chimalpahin carried it into Spanish conversation as well. A bit of writing in Spanish is to be found in our text, and it is perfectly spelled by the Spanish standards of the time, though its syntax and idiom

subtly betray a non-native speaker. 18

14. Pp. 186-93; 170-73, 272-77. 15. Pp. 176-85 (eclipse), 278-83, 290-93 (San Antonio Abad). 16. Related bits about the Japanese, rounding out the story, are on pp. 174-77, 236-

37, 278-79, 282-83, 290-91, and 294-95. 17. Pp. 300--01 at n. 5. 18. As on pp. 232-33 at n. I.

,i'

10

The Manuscript and its History The primary original manuscript of the set of annals published here is housed in the

Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris (BNP), as Fonds Mexicain 220, and is in remarkably good

condition. 1 It is bound in velum with five leather ties through the spine, with two addi­ tional leather ties to close the volume. Written on the spine in brown stencil-like letters

is "Diario d. D. Domingo d. S. Anton." 2 The paste-downs on the inside front of the bind­

ing are pages from Vida de/ Venerable Padre . .. , which is similar to the treatment of a copy of Chimalpahin's version of Francisco Lopez de Gomara's Conquista de Mexico (1552) made by Lorenzo Boturini Benaducci ca. 1740.3 The annals text numbers 284 pages (the pagination was added later by another hand).

The beginning of the text as presented here is a separate manuscript fragment that is now located in Mexico City. 4 No doubt remains that Chimalpahin intended its contents

to go with those of the main manuscript, not only because the years and months mesh perfectly, but because of specific indications made by the author in the originals. Lead-in

words added at the lower right of the last page of the first section are identical with the first words of the main part. On that same last page Chimalpahin made a notation that an

entry slightly out of chronological order should be inserted further on, and at the correct

place on the first page of the main manuscript he indicated that the entry from above should be inserted. 5 The set as we know it, then, starts with the year 1577, 7 House, two

years before Chimalpahin was born. 6 The fragment continues to 1589, 6 House, usually with an entry for each year. The annals for 1589 then merge into the main BNP text (beginning with the same year), which is characterized thereafter by many more details for each year.

Although the existence of a lead-in from the last page of the fragment to the first page of the main part would seem to indicate that at one time the two were joined together, such a conclusion cannot be drawn with certainty. It seems rather that when doing the present fragmentary first part, which is attached to another set of material, the idea of

composing a major sequence concentrating upon his own lifetime may have gradually dawned upon Chimalpahin, and that having decided upon such a project he transfened to a

new manuscript but did not cany out the laborious recopying required to start afresh from the beginning. It is also not clear that the section we are including as the first part was

conceived of by Chimalpahin as a beginning of anything. Indeed, with the exception of the genealogical work on his home entity which he called a chronicle,? it is not clear that

I. See Schroeder 1991, pp. 27-29, for a more detailed treatment of the physical history of Ch.'s known manuscripts.

2. Schroeder visited the Bibliotheque Nationale in 1995 to examine both the manu­ scripts 74 and 220 of the Fonds Mexicain. She returned in 2001 to check the present tran­ scription against the original. This description incorporates her observations on these occasions.

3. Browning Manuscript, CASE 5011, Newberry Library, Chicago. 4. For background on the manuscript see Reyes Garcia 1971. 5. See pp. 32-33, nn. 4, 5, 6. 6. Ch. was born on Tuesday, May 26, 1579, the year 9 Reed in his scheme. The date

of his death has not been verified. 7. Entitled by Ch. "La genealogia y declaracion de la DeScenden[cia] linage E genera­

~ion y Origen de sus antepas[ados] de! Senor Don domingo Hernandez Ayopochtzin ... "

THE MANUSCRIPT AND ITS HISI'ORY 11

he considered any of his various collections of papers to be well defined separate units. He

may have thought of them as portions of a single large work. Even in this first part he refers to a viceroy's not having any encomienda "'either,"8 i.e., either he had somewhere else written material for his contemporary annals sequence going back even farther in time than 1577, or he viewed similar statements he had already made in other connections as

belonging to the same work in a larger sense. Despite its relative cleanness, throughout the whole primary manuscript one will find

marginal and superscript additions and words and passages crossed out. Part of Chimal­ pahin's normal procedure are dashes connecting the text with the right margin in the case

of short lines, especially at the end of paragraphs. Each verso page has a lead-in word or

words at the bottom anticipating the beginning of the following recto page. These words are not mentioned or reproduced here, except for the crucial one connecting the two parts of the manuscript. Perhaps only a total of five lead-ins from bottom verso to top recto are

missing in the entire main manuscript. There are no recto to verso Iead-ins.9 The paper is European and linen-like in finish, with paper size, ink, and writing quite uniform (espe"

cially when one compares this set with Chimalpahin's other manuscripts); most entries are neat, unhurried, and well spaced. The last entry is on p. 282, dated October 14, 1615,

and concludes a little over half way down the page. How to answer the question of whether or not the present ending of our principal

manuscript also represents the end of Chimalpahin' s enterprise of keeping contemporary annals systematically is related in part to events that occuned after 1615. Pp. 283 and 284 of the manuscript contain a copy made by don Carlos de Siglienza y Gongora (a Mexico

City savant and bibliophile, 1645-1700) of what was apparently the first part of the diary of bachiller Gregorio Martin de Ouija of Mexico City, beginning in October 1623. 10 An entry for June 22, 1624, tells of the sudden death of Chimalpahin's patron, fray Agustin de! Espiritu Santo, after which the church of San Antonio Abad was commandeered by a group of Augustinian friars who refused to leave but then were forcibly evicted, after

which in turn city officials closed the church the next month. This move must have put Chimalpahin out of his primary job. Somehow he managed to add occasional bits of

information to his other annals up to at least the year 1631. 11

What became of Chimalpahin's manuscripts upon his death is not certainly known, but we have some reason to believe that they were acquired by don Hernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl, affiliated with Tetzcoco and famous for his historical writings in Spanish. 12

Alva Ixtlilxochitl was a great collector of pictorial and alphabetic manuscripts, which he

8. In the entry for 1580, pp. 26-27 at n. 6. 9. Occasional small paper pasteovers are found covering the text or on the margins and

may be considered inelevant because they are mostly in French, clearly of a much later date, and never in Ch.'s handwriting.

10. For the remainder of the diary, see Guijo 1952. 11. For an item from 1629 see Chimalpahin 1963, p. 41; for one from 1631 see ibid.,

p. 49. 12. Although Alva Ixtlilxochitl held the position of judge-governor in both Tetzcoco

and Tlalmanalco, and he was a prominent person, Ch. never mentions him, perhaps be­ cause Alva Ixtlilxochitl was much more Hispanized, of partly Spanish descent and writing almost exclusively in Spanish. Though he was the approximate contemporary of Ch. as to birthdate, he was in effect of a later cohort.

I

I I

12 INTRODUCTION

used to exalt his home region in his books. Since Sigiienza is known to have inherited much of Ixtlilxochitl's collection, it is natural to suspect that the writings of Chimal­ pahin were among it. What is certain is that the manuscripts of both Alva Ixtlilxochitl and Chimalpahin became part of Sigiienza's impressive collection of antiquities. Toward the bottom of the last page of our primary manuscript with Chimalpahin's writing on it, in a hand that closely resembles that of Sigiienza, is written: "Although the good don Domingo de San Ant6n Chimalpahin lived longer, I did not find any more personal papers on this matter other than those contained here, etc."13

The facts as known, then, are that it was not until some years after 1615, in 1624, that Chimalpahin's circumstances of employment changed in a way that might have af­ fected his production of the contemporary anmtls, and that he made some additions to his writings even after that time. Yet Chimalpahin's manuscript ends on a half-filled page, something that otherwise does not occur in it, and there was some slacking off of the pace of writing already in 1614 compared to 1613. Among the mass of Chimalpahin's writing that was once in Sigiienza's possession he found nothing more apparently closely related to it. We can only suspect that Chimalpahin in fact halted the effort here, perhaps to concentrate more on preconquest material.

Upon his death Siguenza willed his collection of books and manuscripts to the Jesuits' Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo in Mexico City. Yet no copy of the will is extant, and we do not know for certain that all of Chimalpahin's works were delivered to the colegio as prescribed. Fray Agustin de Vetancurt, a close friend of Siguenza writing at the end of the seventeenth century, credits Chimalpahin as one of his sources of information for his history of ancient Mexico in his "Catalogo de autores impressos, y de instrumentos manuscritos." It is not clear whether he knew Chimalpahin's writing while it was still in SigUenza's hands or after transferral to the Jesuits.

The first published record of Chimalpahin's manuscripts comes from Lorenzo Boturini's catalog (1746). However, Chimalpahin's "Diario" is not mentioned by Botu­ rini, and it was only in recent years that Schroeder discovered that it had been in the library of the Jesuits' secondary school for Nahua boys, the Colegio de San Gregorio in Mexico City. An inventory of the library's collection was made upon the expulsion of the Jesuits (I 767), and the manuscript was listed among the Nahuatl-language materials in the collection.

The record of the subsequent whereabouts of the contemporary annals manuscript is sketchy, but most likely it became part of a large collection of manuscripts, rare books, and other antiquities that were acquired by Joseph Maria Alexis Aubin in the 1830s during a buying trip to Mexico, then being taken to Paris in 1840. E. Eugene Goupil purchased the same materials from Aubin in 1889, and his widow donated the entire collection of 384 manuscripts and other items to the Bibliotheque Nationale de France in 1898. It is likely that the contemporary annals were acquired separately from Chimalpahin's other Nahuatl annals at the BNP, for they have different catalog numbers, and the contemporary annals are paginated, whereas all of his other manuscripts are numbered by folio.

13. The comments by Siguenza at the end of Ch.' s contemporary annals are not signed, but Schroeder has compared the writing with signed remarks by Siguenza on a manuscript attributed to Alva Ixtlilxochitl, MS 374, vols. 1 and 2, in the Bible Society Library, Cambridge University.

THE MANUSCR!Pf AND ITS HISTORY 13

Only eighteen folios of manuscript by Chimalpahin remain in Mexico. Referred to as the "Anales Tepanecas," this manuscript is housed in the Archivo Hist6rico of the Insti­ tuto Nacional de Antropologfa e Historia. It is the last two folios in this set that Chimal­ pahin designated as belonging with his larger contemporary annals manuscript.

Let us now try to see what the ahove rather technical considerations add up to. We have already expressed the suspicion that the project of an annals sequence covering Chimalpahin's own lifetime, with current entries added indefinitely into the future once he had reached the year in which he was writing, seems to have come to him bit by bit, and that the new cleaner manuscript now in Paris represents the point at which he undertook the enterprise definitively.

The manuscript, however, contains some apparently contradictory clues. The mere fact of additions, deletions, and changes points toward an original, that is, that Chimalpahin first wrote down his thoughts in exactly this form on this very paper. These features surely tell us that the author continued to revise the manuscript, but they do not neces­ sarily prove that it was the first form the material took in the author's hands, Indeed, we find some cases in which whole phrases were left out inadvertently, then placed between the lines or in the margins, phrases without which the other material would make no sense. 14 We also find entries which appear to be current with the event narrated, and then in the body of the entry will appear some retrospective remark, such as that the image referred to is still there today, and this obviously posterior comment is part of the ma­ terial written in the original lines, not an insert.15 On reflection, however, one sees that these things do not necessarily prove that Chimalpahin had written an earlier version, merely that there was an earlier version of that particular entry on which he was basing himself, and he could equally well be copying from texts written by others, as we know he so frequently did. One must also consider the cost of paper to a person in Chimal­ pahin's circumstances, the effort of recopying, and the fact that he did not recopy and physically integrate the first part of the sequence, even though it was quite imperative to do so. On balance, we consider it probable that the version we now have represents in most cases Chimalpahin's only redaction of the material. On the basis of the facts men­ tioned above we can also speculate that the full-scale enterprise of contemporary annals, having gone on for several years, ended in 1615 as it appears to in the manuscript.

To such considerations one can add the evidence of Chimalpahin's orthography. The general impression given by the whole, in both its parts, is of a sameness of the hand and of the spelling, so that nothing would seem to say that it was not all written at the same time. Chimalpahin was trained in a mainly standard form of Nahuatl orthography of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, a style sometimes referred to as Franciscan, but in truth it was simply the general style in educated circles of that time before some innovations came in in the course of the early seventeenth century, often associated with the Jesuits, but actually somewhat broader than that. The most unusual feature of Chi­ malpahin's writing is the use of uhc for syllable-final [kW]. The three main styles

14. As for example on pp. 212-13 at n. 4, or on pp. 262-63 at n. 4, or on pp. 280- 81 at n. 3.

15. See the example on pp. 258-59, where a house presently being built in one part of the entry is later referred to as already finished. For examples of an even larger interval of time, see pp. 16-17, n. 3.

14

were cuh, as in most mundane Nahuatl writing, cu as in Molina, and uc as in Carochi. The word "lord" will often be seen in mundane writing as 1'tecuhtli"; in Molina it is "tecutli," in Carochi "teuctli." Chimalpahin is rare in writing "teuhctli," but this feature like much else in the manuscript never varies.

Other aspects do vary, and what is more, they evolve meaningfully across the manu­ scripts. In Chimalpahin's mature style, a syllable-final, word-internal glottal stop is often but not always represented in writing, taking the form of an h. With some common roots the h ultimately becomes almost invariable in the author's renderings. Such is not the case uniformly throughout our manuscripts, however. If we take the common word iquac, "at that time, when," which in pronunciation has a glottal stop at the end of the first syllable, one will find no instance of h ("ihquac") in the fragment in Mexico City. The same is true in a large initial part of the manuscript proper; the first instance of "ihquac" that we have seen comes on p. 121 of the manuscript, in an entry for September 1609. Then both versions occur, until with the entries for 1612 and after, the version with the h becomes predominant, in long stretches universal. Virtually the same story can be told for the word tlatoani, "ruler," first often "tlatohuani," then almost always "tlahtohuani"; the trend with related words is the same.

In the early part of the text Chimalpahin follows the convention of his time (and indeed it continued to be the main convention in Nahuatl writing for long afterward) in rendering [kW a] as qua. Taking again the same word iquac, we find that it appears in the early fragment and in a large first part of the main manuscript in several variants, but always with qua. But in the 1612 entries, variants with cua become predominant, and after that qua is virtually absent. The same trend is seen with other words containing [kW a].

Although its study is more subjective and we have not gone into it as thoroughly as the orthography, some traces of evolution can also be detected in Chimalpahin's mainly stable calligraphy. For example, at one point late in the game he seems to change the orientation and shape of the character representing the cedilla; he also begins to write more capital E's.

All this evidence of orthographic and calligraphic evolution strengthens the notion that Chimalpahin was writing the manuscript bit by bit over an extended time, hence that what we have is truly his original version, with much of the part after perhaps 1605 or so written close to the time of the events as they occuned. The evidence also strengthens the connection between the two parts of the manuscript, showing a seamless continuity of trends from the fragment into the main part. In this context we can be even more assured that the change over the course of the text in Chimalpahin's ethnic terminology, alluded to in the first section above, represents an evolution in his usage over the years covered.

Some Aspects of the Edition Conventions. The transcription in our edition adds nothing and attempts to retain

all the letters, diacritic marks and abbreviations of the original as closely as they can be

I. We do not capitalize anything Ch. does not. An element of subjectivity enters in because only certain letters have an actual different form for capital and lower case; in others one must judge from variations in size alone. Perhaps we have put too many capital J's in the transcription because Ch.'s universal j is a large letter. Some other letters, notably J, present somewhat similar problems. We do sometimes include in brackets characters which are not clear in the manuscript.

ASPECTS OF TIIB EDIDON 15

reproduced in print. 1 As in comparable editions, however, the original spacing of letters is disregarded in favor of spacing by the norms of present-day grammarians; as in similar cases, the justification is not only the lack of entire consistency in the original but great difficulty in determining whether at a certain juncture it intends a space between letters or not, as one might indeed expect in a situation where the "space" as we know it did not

exist.2

Many instances of syllable-final n and sometimes m are written in Chimalpahin, and in the work of other writers of his time, as a variously curved line over the preceding vowel. One can dispute whether this overbar is exactly the same in appearance as the diacritic that Chimalpahin puts where one would expect a Spanish tilde(~) (neither of them in practice is confined to a position directly over the letter affected). Following precedent in some printed books of that time and of this, we have reproduced both signs the same, as a tilde over a printed letter.

Reproduction of the original extends to punctuation and lack thereof. Some otherwise highly respectable editions of Nahuatl texts still follow the policy of repunctuating everything as though it were in modern English, Spanish, or German. One problem with such a procedure is that it commits the transcription once and for all to a particular interpretation of the sentence structure, precisely the part that we moderns are least likely to grasp. It also involves abandoning distinctions made in the original which not only can help in comprehending the meaning and organization of the text, but can place the text at a certain point in the tradition of Nahuatl ortl10graphy, often telling a great deal about its

affiliations. To indicate paragraph-like entities or the beginning of an entry, Chimalpahin like

many others uses a sign in which two curved lines converge at a horizontal line forming the foot of the character; we have reproduced it as an underlined v. A separate entry us­ ually begins at the left margin, ending wherever the words dictate, and we have followed the original exactly in this respect. To indicate divisions or new topics within such an entity, Chimalpahin sometimes uses a double or single diagonal (//or/). We have repro­ duced these signs just as in the original. It may be that the double diagonal indicates a more significant division than a single one, but we are not sure. At times one can detect hardly any justification for the presence of a given diagonal. Since these signs and the spacing of units are the best indication available of the author's sense of the organization of his material, we have reproduced them also in our translation in the corresponding places and have strictly followed the original's division into units or lack thereof.

At the level of words and sentences, Chimalpahin has signs that in appearance more or less approximate the period, comma, semicolon, and colon. They do not, however, behave like punctuation marks in European writing, either of that time or of ours. They come out of a tradition in which Nahua writers used one or all of these marks to indicate the end of a phonological/semantic phrase. 3 In Chimalpahin's writing, however, the origin of the practice can hardly be detected. In effect the marks come mainly at the end of

2. See Lockhart 1992, pp. 338-339; Lockhart 1993, pp. 26-27; and Lockhart 1995, pp. 134-35. To the justifications may be added that even experts, much less neophytes, are severely hampered in scanning the texts unless they are respaced. The deterrent effect of an unspaced printed text is much greater than that of a handwritten original.

3. Lockhart 1992, pp. 339-40; Lockhart 1993, pp. 25-26; Lockhart 1995, p. 134.

' '1.,'

16 INTRODUCTION

significant words, especially nouns, and particularly certain favorite nouns which usually bear such a mark. They also, as in Spanish writing, often accompany numbers, appearing even on both sides of the number. The period and comma are identical in their function and manner of distribution; the semicolon and colon are possibly different at times, but mainly they too follow the same lines. Chimalpahin thus had little motivation to distin­ guish period from comma or colon from semicolon. Rather than a clearly demarcated dot for a period versus a dot plus a curved line for a comma, he produced a continuum, some pure dots, some dots with the barest hint of a tail, some with a small tail, and some with a long one. The editors have not been entirely of one mind as to where along this line the point of demarcation should be. In the end, dots with only tiny additional marks were counted as periods, the rest as commas. Since there is no difference from Chimalpahin's point of view, the matter can rest there. Semicolons and colons presented the same prob­ lem, even less significant because they are far fewer in number.

It was Chimalpahin's general policy (not universally observed, however) to draw a dash from the last letter on a given line of text to the normal right margin. Since these lines have no syntactic or other grammatical or semantic function but are part of the physical allocation of the text on the original written page and would be out of place on a page with a different physical allocation of letters, they have been omitted in the transcription. A special case are some lines or dashes, occasionally ornamented, that Chimalpahin sometimes put at the end of a paragraph-like unit, occasionally without reaching the right-hand margin. We have reproduced some of these lines.

Translation philosophy. Our translation policy is a simple one, to try to give the closest equivalents available in idiomatic modern English, taking advantage of the progress in grammar and lexicon achieved over the last generation,4 and also of experience with the wider variety of older Nahuatl texts circulating during the same time.5 In choos­ ing between an idiomatic English version that corresponds closely to the sense of the original and a more literal rendering which is less idiomatic and does not give the sense, we prefer the first alternative. We take advantage of the indications given in subordinating particles of various kinds to build longer English sentences than were often characteristic of older translations, believing that in the original too the syntax is often complex and long of breath. Yet while we generally tend toward a pragmatic rather than a literal trans­ lation, we are also trying to convey to a reader who does not know Nahuatl a number of important things in the original that do not correspond to anything in normal English discourse. Thus to the quite self-explanatory basic side of our translations the reader will find rather numerous exceptions, which do call for explanation. Explaining them will at the same time throw light on Chimalpahin's procedures and vocabulary.

4. As in Andrews 1975, Carochi 2001, Karttunen 1983, Launey 1979, and Lockhart 2001.

5. The translations here are comparable to those in Karttunen and Lockhart 1987 (the less literal of the two versions), Lockhart 1993, and Sousa, Poole and Lockhart 1998.

6. As in the entry for June 6, 1593, where an eagle was put on top of a church "as it appears today" (pp. 42-43); or the entry for July 23, 1594, in which the Discalced moved to a new site, and the remainder of the entry says that they were there thirteen years before moving again (pp. 50-51); or the entry for April 4, 1599, in which some images were set up "as they appear today" (pp. 66-67); or the entry for September 7, 1603, in which a church was inaugurated "where today mass is said" (pp. 76-77); or the entry for October

ASPECTS OF THE EDITION 17

Axcan. A great many of Chimalpahin's entries begin with the word axcan, meaning in this context "today." It gradually becomes clear that many entries so beginning were not written on the actual day .of the events narrated; surely not those in the early part of the work, occurring when Chimalpahin was still a child (though these entries may have been copied from others which in fact were written closer to the events). Not infrequently we see evidence that some or even the bulk of an entry was written years after the fact.6 In view of its use in the original one might be justified in rendering this kind of axcan as "at this point," or leaving it out altogether, as Rafael Tena quite justifiably does at times in his 2001 Spanish edition of these texts. But since the word is an important item in the stylistics of Chimalpahin and of Nahuatl annals in general, and it is lacking in many entries, we have felt it best to give the reader the full information, putting "today" every time that this smi of axe an appears.

Macehualli and nican tlaca. An important item in Chimalpahin's vocabulary is macehualli. The word may originally have meant "human being"; by the sixteenth century it most often referred to social rank, to a commoner as opposed to a noble, although in the plural or collective it still could approach the sense "the people." By around 1600 this word, while often retaining its earlier senses, was becoming the primary term for indigenous people when their altepetl or other affiliations were not mentioned, often appearing in the first person plural.7 Its field of reference in this sense was virtually the same as Spanish indio, "Indian," and in some cases it can be seen as an attempt to find an equivalent for the Spanish word. Its implications are not at all the same, however, so we have not felt it appropriate to translate macehualli as Indian. "Indigenous person or people" could have been justified in many cases, but the evolution and ramifications of the word are of such interest and complexity that we have retained "commoner," from which even a reader with no knowledge of Nahuatl can track the word through the text and see that it sometimes refers to indigenous people of low rank, and sometimes-generally or always in the plural-to the indigenous population in general (in one case it even refers to the indigenous population of an Asian region). 8

Through much of the sixteenth century, before "macehualli" became dominant, the same sense had been expressed by the phrase nican titlaca, "we people here," which faded after 1600. Chimalpahin, however, still sometimes uses it as a stylistic alternative to "macehualli" or uses the two as a pair for effect. The expression is quite transparent, and we have retained the literal translation.

Altepetl. With the key term altepetl we have taken a somewhat different tack, retaining the Nahuatl term itself in the English translation, as has already been done in many publications in the field of Nahuatl studies and Mexican ethnohistory. It is be­ coming a part of the vocabulary of early Mexican history as important as the Spanish

18, 1603, in which the brothers of San Juan de Dias arrived, who "today are at the Hos­ pital de los Desamparados" (pp. 76--77). Note that all these examples are from the earlier part of the text. In later years instances are fewer, as in the entry for November 17, 1610 (pp. 168-69), which speaks of some names being inscribed in a chapel "as they now appear." Other cases are more subtle or debatable.

7. See Lockhart 1992, pp. 115-16. The ethnic sense was present from an early time; see a fully developed instance, even in the first person plural, from the 1560s in the "Annals of Juan Bautista" (Reyes Garcia 2001, pp. 152-53, paragraph 36).

8. See Namala 2002 for more detail.

',, :, i, ,,

I ,

I

18 INIRODUCTION

"encomienda," and indeed, an altepetl was usually the basis of an encomienda. 9 The word, originally a doublet meaning "water(s) and mountain(s)," had come to be the primary term in Nahuatl for an independent state. In central Mexico it referred usually to a local

ethnic state, of which there were many in the region before the Spanish conquest, and most of them survived into Chimalpahin's time, seen by the Spaniards as indigenous

municipalities, but still called altepetl by the Nahuas when using their own language. The altepetl was the master institution of the Nahua world both before and after contact,

and it is important that we gain a full understanding of the word's meaning and use in a

variety of contexts. In Chimalpahin's usage here, it will be seen that he can mean any in­

dividual sociopolitical entity of the traditional type, including the indigenous corporation

of Mexico Tenochtitlan as it existed under the Spaniards, but it seems at times to indicate the total complex formation of the capital city, including Spaniards and their corporation as well as the indigenous component. JO When the word is used with a plural sense (not

always easy to detect because Chimalpahin like most Nahuatl speakers did not make any external distinction between singular and plural), it usually refers to the various altepetl

surrounding Tenochtitlan throughout the Valley of Mexico, or perhaps at times in an even wider area. The term will also be found occasionally as a description of entities in

Europe, Asia, and South America, sometimes seeming to refer to vast realms and some­ times to individual cities; such instances are hard to assess because it is not always certain that Chimalpahin himself understood the nature of the foreign entity.

Tlaxilacalli. The constituent parts or districts of an altepetl were called primarily tlaxilacalli, and we have retained the Nahuatl word in the English as with the broader term and for the same reason, to allow readers of English only to follow the terminology of

Nahuatl sociopolitical organization. It was once thought that entities at this level were uniformly called calpolli, but such turns out not to be the case, at least for the post­ contact period. In other annals with a larger precontact content, Chimalpahin tends to call the entities calpolli as long as they are migrating and tlaxilacalli after they have settled permanently and taken on a landed dimension. 11 The word itself has not yet been securely

analyzed, though it seems to have calli, "house," as the last element; there is a glottal stop before the x.

Mexico. In Chimalpahin "Mexico" still has the traditional Nahuatl meaning of the area inhabited by the Mexica in the narrower ethnic sense, limited to Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco; sometimes the meaning seems to be Tenochtitlan only, and sometimes the whole mixed Spanish-indigenous capital of New Spain. Yet since the indigenous conno­ tation still predominates, we have not felt it appropriate to translate "Mexico City" except

in the relatively few instances where the Spanish loanword ciudad is used in addition. Let the reader understand, then, that "Mexico" in our trans]ation refers approximately to the

area now called Mexico City, The term was not yet and long afterward would not be used for New Spain as a whole or for the country we call Mexico today. At some point the

word, in Spanish at least, seems to have come to refer to Mexico City and its environs, more or less the Valley of Mexico, but just when such usage became common is not yet

9, For more on the altepetl and tlaxilacalli see Lockhart 1992, pp. 14-58, and Schroeder 1991, pp. 119-53.

10. See Namala 2002. 11. Schroeder 1991, pp. 143-53,

ASPECTS OF TilE EDITION 19

well understood, and there is no hint of it in Chimalpahin. In Spanish, mexicano from an

early time meant the Nahuatl language, and in Nahuatl mexicatl, "Mexica person," was sometimes used among the migrants in north Mexico to mean all Nahuatl speakers, 12 but again Chimalpahin has no reflection of such usage.

One will see reference in the translation to the four parts of Mexico Tenochtitlan, in

the Nahuatl usually simply nauhcan, literally "in four places." Tenochtitlan was a com­

plex altepetl consisting of four separate sub-altepetl, each large and complex in itself. The units are of the type that Chimalpahin calls tlayacatl altepetl in referring to his native

Amaquemecan, but he never uses that word for the four parts of Tenochtitlan; indeed he

gives them no specific appellation at all. The four parts rotated in all matters in a counter­

clockwise direction starting with San Juan Moyotlan in the southwest, then going on to San Pablo Teopan in the southeast, San Sebastian Atzaqualco in the northeast, and

finally Santa Marfa Cuepopan in the northwest. In an ongoing rotation there was really no distinction of first and last, but in virtually any listing of Chimalpahin' s the order will

put San Juan first and go through the list to Santa Maria. 13 The municipal council building for all Tenochtitlan (the tecpan or palace, variously translated here) was also in

San Juan Moyotlan. Tlatelolco, though a Mexica altepetl, was separate from Tenochtitlan

and did not partake in the four-part order. The Spaniards may not always have been aware

of the distinction. Other altepetl. The names of Nahua altepetl are generally given in the translation

in their standard Nahuatl form, though a few well known names retain their Spanish form so that the reader can be sure that that is the settlement that is in question: thus Tlaxcala, Tacuba, Tacubaya, rather than Tlaxcallan, Tlacopan, and Atlacuihuayan. Nevertheless, the well known Amecameca, since it was so important to Chimalpahin as his homeland and because he understood the entity in such a different way than the Spaniards, appears here

as Arnaquemecan. Teopixqui, In postcontact times the Nahuatl word teopixqui, having originally

referred to priests of the indigenous gods, was expanded by normal processes to mean

Christian priests. But since mendicant friars were so predominant in the first decades after the conquest, the word normally meant friar or at least religious, a member of a religious order (such as a Jesuit), with the Spanish loanword clerigo being used for secular clerics.

Nevertheless, in principle the word could refer to any Christian priest. Our usual trans­ lation is friar or religious, but occasionally, depending on the context, priest. At times it is not entirely clear whether Chimalpahin means religious, all clergy, or secular priests.

Celar/seral/selar. A puzzling word in Chimalpahin's vocabulary is "seral," "selar,"

or "celar," which refers to some institution or building on the central square of Mexico City in his time and must be a loan from Spanish. "Sera!" occurs eight times in the

present corpus, "celar" four times, and "selar" twice, It has been proposed 14 that "selar," which could conceivably be the basic form despite being the least used by Chimalpahin, is from Spanish seglar, ''secular," and stands for the longer phrase cabildo seglar, "secular

(municipal) council," as opposed to the cabildo eclesiiistico, the ecclesiastical council,

12, As in Anderson, Berdan and Lockhart 1976, Doc. 23. 13. See for example the passage of 1600 in which for the first time four alcaldes were

named (pp. 66--67). 14, Tena in Chimalpahin 2001, p. 420.

S Il J\

I Al' \ Don

Qua j;

t Am,

I, con1

i rem

tion f pre,

1 imp

f inb lnrg•· I .

cult

rep,

I, I;,',

I : I:

20 IN1RODUCTION

i.e., the cathedral chapter. This interpretation is tempting, but the situation is still puzzling. The written form "selar" (probably pronounced [sela:l] by Chimalpahin, so that

"seral" would merely be a preferred hypercorrection representing the same pronunciation) is a plausible rendering of Spanish seglar, for the Nahuas would have had problems with

the [gl] cluster and would have been likely to reduce it. One implausibility in this

interpretation, however, is the relative rarity of the word seglar in Mexican Spanish sources of the sixteenth and early seventeenth century. It surely was not on the lips of the

general populace on ordinary occasions and is hardly in the same class with other words

that the Nahuas took as their own and changed in meaning, like their tomin, "money," originally derived from a Spanish coin of that name, or their senora (often pronounced [xino:la']), "Spanish woman."

Whatever the origin, the word in Chimalpahin does seem to refer to the building housing the Mexico City municipal council or cabildo on the southeast corner of the

main square, and can be translated as municipal building or cabildo building. Chimal­ pahin' s entries show unambiguously that his seral or selar was a notable edifice on the

square, that it was distinct from the viceregal palace, that it had an arcade in front of it,

and that it was the headquru1ers of the corregidor of Mexico City. These attributes are suf­

ficient to indicate what the word means; moreover, if the seral is not the cabildo building, that important feature of the central square of Mexico City is left unaccountably unmen­

tioned. The word sometimes seems to refer specifically to the jail associated with the building, and it occurred to us that the origin might be Spanish carcel, but too much omission and metathesis must be postulated to make this derivation at all likely. 15

The expression was by no means new with Chimalpahin. The Codex Osuna, prepared in Mexico City in 1565, has an instance in which the sense seems fully developed. A

Spaniard who is pictured as involved in land allocation is labeled an "alcaldes ~elar." 16

Although only one alcalde is shown, the accompanying text has the reliable plural

"alcaldesme," so that this does not seem to be a hypercorrect plural actually meaning a singular. From the nature of the activities and the fact that the alcalde pictured is accompanied by a regidor, it is clear that they are from the Spanish cabildo of Mexico

City. The exact meaning of '',elar" is left somewhat ambiguous; it could equally well mean "secular" (secular alcalde) or "municipal building" (alcalde from the municipal build­ ing) but since it does not agree in number with "alcaldes," it seems more likely that it is a substantive referring to the institution or the building. Freestanding loan adjectives hardly existed at this time and were very rare even in Chimalpahin's time.

The so-called Annals of Juan Bautista, done in Mexico City in the 1560s, contain the

word three times, always in the form "celar." Luis Reyes in his recent excellent edition puts forth the interpretation that the meaning is "roof terrace," based on the phrase "celar

15. The c with which the word begins four times in Ch. might have more affinity with carcel. In the early seventeenth century s and c/z seem to have been converging in Mexican Spanish as [s], whereas in earlier decades the Nahuas perceived them differently, keeping the Spanish c/z the same in their writing, where it represented [s], but often converting s to x, pronounced [sh]. That the word begins with c in both the "Juan Bau­ tista" annals and the Codex Osuna (see the two notes immediately following) is ominous for the interpretation of the word as originating in seglar, implying, as we in fact have come to believe for now, that the form at its inception began with c,

ASPECTS OFTIIB BDIDON 21

tlapanco" found in the margin at one point. Reyes believes that the notation was made by a person learning to translate Spanish and that "celar" and "tlapanco," "roof terrace," are to

be taken as equivalents. Possibly so, but it is our belief that the phrase just as likely says that the events referred to were viewed from the roof of the cabildo building. Two

occurrences in the text proper are highly obscure and do not settle the meaning to our

satisfaction. 17

Tlatoani. A term almost as crucial for Nahua sociopolitical organization as "alte­ petl" is tlatoani, literally "speaker" and in practice the dynastic ruler of an altepetl. 18 The

word underwent constant evolution in the postcontact period. Much change had already occurred before Chimalpahin's time, and it continued after that. We might well have kept

the Nahuatl word in our English, but it is so frequent and would in many situations be so awkward that we have translated it instead. "Ruler" in our translation usually renders

tlatoani in the sense of dynastic ruler of an altepetl. The plural, "rulers," most often represents the plural of the Nahuatl word, tlatoque, but the sense is often not of several

dynastic rulers but of the members of an indigenous municipal council, usually that of Mexico Tenochtitlan. This different meaning of the plural was widespread in Nahuatl as

early as the mid-sixteenth century. The word also appears in Chimalpahin (and other

Nahuatl writings) applied to certain high Spanish officials, above all the viceroy and sometimes Audienciajudges as well. Here the term, although surely very meaningful, has something of the flavor of an additional courtesy title, and our most usual translation is "lord." Chimalpahin uses the Spanish loanword obispo, "bishop," but also, often in tandem with it, teopixcatlatoani, which we translate as "priestly ruler," At times other

high ecclesiastical officials also receive the appellation. A related term in Chimalpahin's usage, seen less here than in other works of his but still present, is quauhtlatoani, literally "eagle speaker" or "eagle ruler," meaning ruler through war or more broadly through individual merit rather than dynastic claim. In view of the nature of the office, we

translate it as "interim ruler." Treatment of saints, names of feasts, etc. We go very far toward putting not

only the names of churches but the corresponding names of saints and religious concepts or events in Spanish. Most would agree that it is better to call the main Franciscan establishment in Mexico City the church of San Francisco rather than of St. Francis.

Once that step is taken, if we then give the saint the name of Francis (and the churches are named more frequently than the saints), the unity of the two is lost. Also, after

enough exposure to these matters one tends to develop a sense that the Spanish terms have a different feeling and even to an extent a different meaning than their English equi­

valents. Thus with a very few exceptions for ad hoc reasons, the names of the churches and saints are in Spanish, as well as such things as Anunciaci6n, Purificaci6n, etc.

Other names. Nahuatl names are given in our standard orthography in the transla­

tion. Spanish names, whether ofNahuas or of Spaniards, are given using modern Spanish spelling conventions for clarity of identification. Given the vagaries of Chimalpahin's orthography of loanwords, full clarity has not always been established. When reconver-

16. Cadice Osuna, f. 7v. Ch. himself has exactly the same phrase, "alcalde celar," in an entry for March 25, 1594 (pp. 50-51).

17. Reyes Garcfa 2001, pp. 150-51, 152-53, 240-41. 18. See Lockhart 1992, pp. 18, 31-35, and Schroeder 1991, pp. 162-93.

Ii , 1··' I

. ::1: "i

22 INTRODUCTION

sion of Chimalpahin's letter substitutions leads to a well known Spanish name, we have proceeded with confidence and made no comment. With less well known names, we have carried out a certain amount of research in publications, both of that time and of ours, to identify officials, clerics, and other prominent persons, but we were not able in the present context to perform such research exhaustively. In some cases where we are not sure of the intended name we have simply inserted a note with the comment "Name not established." We have little doubt that quite a few persons named in the text will later be identified with greater precision.

Commentary on problems of translation. Our position on how to deal with translation uncertainties is an intermediate or provisional one. Many translators of this kind of material have provided virtually no notes or commentary other than alternate readings of words apparently incorrect in the original, if that. As translations have grown more sophisticated in recent years, more commentary is called for. Yet the field has not yet reached the stage of definitive editions, in which every single passage of dubious or contested meaning would be discussed in detail, all alternatives presented, and the thinking behind them elucidated. In the present state of things, such a procedure would lead to notes more copious than the texts, without corresponding profit. We have discussed in the notes only certain problems that have particularly occupied us and that have a relatively limited scope, for many larger puzzles are not yet ripe for discussion. One cannot com­ plain unduly of Chimalpahin's difficulty despite the richness of his vocabulary and syn­ tax, for his often repeated words and phrases give us many clues toward their decipher­ ment, but the very nature of the annals genre, in which some unattested technical term may surface in a brief entry without much or any context and never be repeated again, can present problems which in the short run have no solution.

Reference numbers for the notes appear in both the transcription and the facing trans­ lation, even when the topic concerns only one of the two, to help the reader keep track of parallel words and passages on the two sides, for it is our experience that even the veteran reader of Nahuatl can use such help. Words or short passages which are repeated in the notes literally from Chimalpahin, or which are given as it is thought he intended them, are in roman and in quotes: ateuhctli," "tlahtohuani," etc. Nahuatl words cited in the ab­ stract are in italics and in our standard orthography: teuctli, tlatoani, etc.

Acknowledgments

Intellectually, our greatest debt is to Rafael Tena. Our transcription and translation was complete in a first draft before we became aware of his Spanish edition of the same ma­ terial published in 2001, but it has helped us very considerably nevertheless. Tena's translations are on a distinctly higher level than those of any earlier translator of Chimal­ pahin working in Spanish. 1 We have compared his translation quite systematically with our own. In many easies where ther~ is a difference (aside from those which are the result of somewhat divergent philosophies of translation), by our understanding either interpre­ tation could be justified; in other cases we believe we have hit on a more accurate solu-

I. It may be that consultation with Luis Reyes has had its effect here, but we have come to the conclusion that Tena is a translator of exceptional qualities in his own right.

2. Notably in the case of senora, which Tena does not recognize as meaning "Spanish woman of any rank.,,

:·1 I I

I

ACKNOWLEOOMENTS 23

tion. 2 But in yet other cases Tena had found a solution which we had not yet recognized, and in such cases after full consideration we have often followed him in that conclusion, with consequent gain to the translation. 3

Our debt is nearly as large to Stafford Poole, C.M., whose deep knowledge of the Mexican church in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and beyond that of church lore of all kinds, has been essential to our explorations and saved us from many an egregious error. We have consulted him again and again, often several times on the same matter, and we vastly appreciate his patience with us as well as his advice. In some cases we have specifically acknowledged him in notes, but his contribution goes well beyond that. On the other hand, to spare him we did not consult him on every last church-related point, so any mistakes remaining in such matters are our own responsibility. We also express our gratitude to Frances Berdan, whom we consulted on some points of indigenous-style

dress. No thanks are enough for Rebecca Horn, who from a gift copy and without our prior

knowledge did a full proofreading after we had finished, finding a multitude of errors we had sought in vain.

We are exceedingly grateful to Madame Monique Cohen, Conservateur general of the Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Departement des Manuscrits, Division Orientale, for granting Schroeder access to Chimalpahin's manuscripts in 1995 and again in 2001. We thank the Stone Center for Latin American Studies at Tulane University for subvention

assistance.

3. Tena follows older policies of transcription, adding modern-style punctuation and capitalization and not reproducing abbreviations as in the original, in addition to which the division into words is occasionally erroneous, especially in mistaking a possessive prefix in- for the particle in. In fact, Zimmermann, as sophisticated as he was, preceded Tena in a good many of these errors and may have influenced him. Tena also, again like Zimmermann, does not rigorously respect Ch.' s original units in terms of paragraphs and sections.

Transcription and Translation

f awi

f Imo tion

I pre(

J imp

f is tl

I larg dee,

I imn

I the Spa

I vfov

cult rep<

con

I.

i·: :!

26 TRANSCRIPTION AND TilANSLATION

[f 17] 1[ vii. calli xihuitl, 1577.1 y ypan in y xihuitl oquimihcuilhui yamoxtzin libro in

itoca d las moradas y la madre Teresa de Jesus [, .. ] car[ ... ]' yn ipan in yn ipan metztli Januarius. xxxi. mani necocollo. februarius. xxviii. mani nccocollo, Mar~o xxxi. mani ypan ceuh yn cocolliztli, auh yxquich ye micohuac ynic nohuian ypan nueua espafia

timicque yn timacehualtin yhuan tliltique auh c;an quexquich yn espafioles. micque yhuan

ypan in <Jttez huell onez yquac ynic cenca chicahuac opopocaya citlalli tlanextli ytech omoquetz. oc achi tlaca yn pehuaya, yhuan yquac mochiuh yn tlahuahuanaliztli yn iuh

mochihuaya, ye hueeauh ye quintlamahuic;oltique yn tlatoque 3 yhuan yquac yaneuica maxitieo. yn Padreme descalc;os st. franeo teopixque c;an moquixtitiquizque mohuica a la china,

'II viii. toehtli xihuitl 1578. yquae ypan in tlayahualloloc yn ompa la compafia de Jesus yn teatinos. 4 ypampa ompa motlallito yn inecauhcatzin yn imomiyotzin Sanctome ompa hualla Roma oncan oneohuac yn igla mayor. ynic tlayahualloloc,

'II ix. acatl xihuitl. 1579. ypan in yquac momiquilli yn totlac;otatzin fray Alonso de mo­ Jina st. franCO teopixqui totemachticatzin catca. auh ye no ceppa yquac necocoloc (yeztli

toyacacpa quiz) hue! totocac yn cocoliztli miec tlacatl yn momiquilli, auh no yquac ypan

pascua nauidad y hualmohuicaque monjastin yn ipilhuan Sancta clara yn axcan oncan moyetzticate petlacalco ompa huallehuaque ompa catca achtopa yn trinidad 5 glericostin yn quinpachohuaya achtopa.

1[ x. tecpatl xihuitl 1580. ypan in yquac quiz mohuicac quitlalcahui yn altepetl mexico, yn visurrey Don martin enrriquez ynic mohuicac peru yn tlahtocat matlactli omey xihuitl

qualli ynic tlapachoco mexico. auh c;anno yquac maxitico yn visorrey Don lurenc;o xuarez de mendoi;a conde de corufia ynin anotle &omienda quipiaya 6 yn mocallaquico mexico y­ pan metztli ye 4. mani octubre martes ypan ylhuitzin st. fran° 0 , // Auh no yquac ma­

xitico yn padreme Sant fran° 0 descalc;os yn moyetzticate uerta yhuan huitzillopochco, / yhuan quitohua oc ceppa ypan metztli ye ix. mani octubre Domingotica yn opeuh

popocaya citlalli ca cenca nohuiyan yttoc cenca huey yn ipocyo mochiuh vmpa y motlalli yn tonatiuh ycallaquiyampa 7

'II xi. calli xihuitl 1581.

'II xii. tochtli xi[f 17v ]huitl 1582. ypan in yn iquac ypan metztli ynic xxii. mani Julius.

1. This beginning portion now exists separately from the bulk of the manuscript. See introduction, p 10.

2. This sentence, in the transcription from "ypan" to "car[ ... ]," was added above the line in Ch.' s hand but in a different ink.

3. It is not entirely clear whether the reference is, as so often, to the Mexica cabildo members, or to high Spanish authorities, or to indigenous rulers of olden times.

4. Although it was not proper usage, the Jesuits were often called Theatines. Even Mother Teresa is said to have confused the Theatines with the Jesuits. The Congregation of Regular Clerics was founded at Rome in 1524. Gian Pietro Caraffa (later Pope Paul IV), the first superior of the group, was bishop of Chieti (Theate in Latin), thus the name Theatines. The Theatines carried out conversion campaigns in Europe, Russia, and India,

:1 I'

/

1577-1582 27

[f 17] 'II 7 House year, 1577. 1 y In this year mother Teresa de Jesus [ ... ] wrote her book named De las moradas. 2 In this year, in the month of January, 31 [days], there was

sickness; during the 28 [days] of February there was sickness; in the 31 [days] of March the sickness abated. And during this time there were deaths all over New Spain; we

commoners died, and the blacks, but only a few Spaniards died. And in this year there

clearly appeared a comet with a very distinct tail; radiance arose from it, beginning while there was a bit of daylight. And at this time striping [for gladiatorial sacrifice] was

performed as it was in ancient times; with it they honored the rulers. 3 And at this time for the first time there arrived the fathers who are Discalced friars of San Francisco; they just

passed through on their way to China [the Philippines].

'II 8 Rabbit year, 1578. In this year was when there was a procession to the [church of] the Company of Jesus, the Theatines, 4 going to place there the relics and bones of saints which had come from Rome; the procession set out from the cathedral.

'II 9 Reed year, 1579. In this year our precious father fray Alonso de Molina, Franciscan

friar, passed away; he was our preacher. And this was when there was a sickness again (blood came from our noses). The sickness really raged; many people died. And this was

also when, at Christmas, the nuns who are children of Santa Clara came to where they

now are, at Petlacalco; they came from where they were first, at Trinidad; 5 secular priests

were in charge of them at first.

'II 10 Flint year, 1580. In this year was when Viceroy don Martin Enriquez left, went from, and abandoned the altepetl of Mexico to go to Peru. He ruled 13 years and governed

well in Mexico. At the same time Viceroy don Lorenzo Suarez de Mendoza, Count of Corufia, arrived; he had no cncomicnda cithcr.6 He entered Mexico on Tuesday the 4th of the month of October, the feast day of San Francisco. // And this was also when the Discalced Franciscan fathers arrived, who are at the orchard and in Huitzilopochco. / And

they say that in this month, on the 9th of October, on Sunday, a comet began to appear again. It was seen everywhere, with a very large tail; it placed itself in the west. 7

'II 11 House year, 1581. 'I[ 12 Rabbit year, [f 17v] 1582. In this year, on the 22nd of the month of July, on the

but not the Americas until the twentieth century. The Society of Jesus was founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1540 and also had schools and other establishments in Europe and Asia, but it was only the Jesuits who came to the Americas in the sixteenth century.

5. See Muriel 1991, 2: 139, "una de las mas hermosas iglesias de la ciudad de Mexico es sin duda la de la Santisima Trinidad anexa al Hospital de San Pedro."

6. The passage sounds like it refers to an encomienda in New Spain, but possibly it means being a comendador of a military order in Spain. The fact that it says "anotle encomienda," "no encomienda either," implies that this set (as Ch. viewed it, at least, for he may have imagined a unity across manuscripts) once contained earlier entries than those we now have. The sentence was added above the line.

7. This sentence, in the transcription from "ca cenca" to "ycallaquiyampa," was added in the margin below.

'

28 1RANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

ypan ylhuitzin Sancta maria magdalena yquac acico yn aotli Sant Juan auh yn ipan metztli ynic xxxi. mani deciembre yn huetzico atl tianquizco acaxic, yquac mochalli yn acaxitl yn tianquizco mani chiquacenxiuhtica yecahuico

']! xiii acatl xihuitl 1583. ypan in yquac moyecti motlacuicuilli yn acallotli yn nican mexico yn izqui acallotli nohuiampa huitza yn altepetl ypan tlaca // auh no yquac motlallique Beatati1 yn oncan teopan Sancta monica ypilhuan oncan huitzillan, // no yquac hualmohuicac crucifix a yn ompa monextitzino totollapan +. Sant guilermo.2 c;a iuh huiptla de ramos Saul Pablo maxitico auh c;atepan hualmohuicac. yn Sant. augustin. xolloco quimonamiquillito yn ixquichtin teopixque augustinos. francos, Dominigos elerigos. teatinos. yhuan yquac yancuican motlayahualhuique yn Santo Domingo ypilhuan hue! mahuiztic yn itlayhiyohuiliztzin 11° Dios. ynic motecpanno yquac ypan metztli ynic xxix. Junius. ypan ylhuitzin st. Pedro yhuan st. Pablo apostoles. yn omomiquilli tlahtohuani Don lurenco [sic] xuarez de medoc;a Code de corufia. visurrey qualli ynic tlapachoco mexico ompa motocac yn inacayo Sant. franc0 , yn tlahtocatico onxihuitl ypan chicuhcnauhtetl metztli3 y_ cequintin quimachiyotia nima yquac y visurey m[o?u?]chiuhtzino - [?] Don P[0 ?] moy[a] de contreras arc;obpo. yn o iu[h] momiquill[i] d6 lure[nc;o] +4

1[ i. tecpatl xihuitl. 1584. ypan I yn xihuitl oncan matlacpohualxihuitl ypan ye­ pohualxihuitl quichiuhque ynic cate mexica tenochtitlan yquac ypan in omopehualti yn alkle. de carte Santiago de vera ynic mohuicac china quinmohuiquilli tlapitzq. nahuintin auh c;a huallaque hualmocuepq. c;an ice! yn quihuicaque chirimias quipitza atlixocan ychan II auh no yquac omochiuhtzino bisitador general yn ipan nueua espafia niman omochiuh­ tzino gouernador vi surrey yn teoyotica tlahtohuani Don P0 . moya de contrcras. ar~obispo. mexico. yhuan ynquisidor mayor [f 18] Mochiuhtica yn iquac omomiquilli tlahtohuani Don lurern;o xuarez de mendo~a visurrey ynic niman ipan ocallac gouernador visurrey omochiuhtzino yn arc;obispo, Auh no yquac mito yn ixquichtin teopixque yn S franCO .S. augustin, st: Domingo aocmo yehuantin motemachtilizque y nohuian altepetl ypan yehuantin calaquizque yn clerigos. yhuan yn altepetl ypan tlaca tlahtoque nohuian tlacue­ paco tlananquillico yn inpiipatzinco teopixque / auh no yquac omoyancuilli yn iglesia mayor teopancalli -

']! 2. calli xihuitl. 1585. ypan in mochiuh ynic tlayahualloloc yn ipampa Sancto Concilio yn teoyotica necentlaliliztli Sancto Domingo hualpehualloto. oncan hualhuilohuac y Sant. augustin yhuan yn ixquichtin teopixque obisposme yn motlayahualhuique Don fray bartolome de ledesma obispo huaxacac st 0 . Domingo teopixqui Don fray Domingo de alc;ura obispo xalixco teopixqui sto. Domingo. Don fra gre0 . montano obispo, campech teopixqui 5 st 0 . Domingo. Don diego Romano obispo tlaxcallan teopixqui Sant P0 .

I. Pious women wearing a habit but lacking full and formal affiliation with an order. 2. The bringing of the crucifix of Totolapan to the capital in 1583 is referred to again

on pp. 140-41. 3. The words "ypan cenpohualli onmatlactl ypan eylhuitl," "and 33 days," are marked

out. But the same numbers appear again in this connection on pp. 140-41 at n. 3. The

f 1582-1585 29

feast day of Santa Maria Magdalena, was when the aqueduct reached San Juan. And on the 31st of the month of December water ran in the fountain in the marketplace; at that time the fountain that is in the marketplace was inaugurated. [The work on the aqueduct and fountain] took six years to finish.

'I! 13 Reed year, 1583. In this year was when all the canals here in Mexico were cleaned and cleared out; from everywhere the people of the [various] altepetl came.// And it was also when beatas, 1 children of Santa Monica, were established at Huitzillan. // It was also when the crucifix was brought that appeared in San Guillermo Totolapan; 2 it arrived in San Pablo two days before Palm Sunday and later was brought to San Agustin Xoloco; all the Augustinian, Franciscan, and Dominican friars, the secular priests, and the Theatines went to meet it. And this is when the children of Santo Domingo went in procession for the first time; it was splendid how the passion of our lord God was arranged. This was when, on the 29th of the month of June, on the feast day of San Pablo and San Pedro Ap6stoles, the ruler don Lorenzo Suarez de Mendoza, Count of Corufia, viceroy, passed away; he governed well in Mexico. His body was buried at San Francisco. He ruled for 2 years and 9 months.3 y_ Some record that right then after don Lorenzo died, don Pedro Moya de Contreras, archbishop, became viceroy.4

'I! I Flint year, 1584. In this year the Mexica had spent 260 years in Tenochtitlan. This was when the alcalde de corte, Santiago de Vera, set out for China [the Philippines]. He took along four players of wind instruments, but they came back and returned; [in the end] they took only a player of the chirimfa from Atlixxocan. // This was also when the spiritual ruler don Pedro Moya de Contreras, archbishop in Mexico, was made inspector general in New Spain, and then he was made governor, viceroy, and chief inquisitor; [f

18] when the lord don Lorenzo Suarez de Mendoza, viceroy, passed away, the archbishop entered as appointed governor and viceroy. And this was also when it was said that all the friars, the Franciscans, Augustinians, and Dominicans, were no longer to preach in the altepetl everywhere; the secular priests were to enter. And the rulers of the people in the altepetl everywhere came to appeal and help on behalf of the friars, I This was also when the cathedral building was renovated. -

']! 2 House year, 1585. In this year it happened that there was a procession because of the Holy Council, the spiritual assembly. It started from Santo Domingo and came to San Agustin, and all tl1e priests who were bishops went in procession: don fray Bartolome de Ledesma, bishop of Oaxaca, a Dominican friar; don fray Domingo de Arzola, bishop of Jalisco, a Dominican friar; don fray Gregorio Montano, bishop of Campeche, 5 a Do­ minican friar; don Diego Romano, bishop of Tlaxcala, a priest of San Pedro, a secular

odd 33 days, more than any month, also occurs elsewhere in the corpus. 4. This sentence, in the transcription from "cequintin" to "lure[n'to]," is in the right

margin. 5. Torquemada 1975, I: 649, has Montalvo as the bishop's name but speaks of

Yucatan rather than Campeche.

i, I;·

' ' '

30 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

clerico. Don fray Juan de medina obispo michhuacan 1 teopixqui Sant. augustin [Yquac yn oxitin coro yglesia] mayor [in ipan lunes a xv] dias de henero 1585 afios oncan mochihuazquia c6c6cilio 2-ee-eeqUifllttrvevet~imaehiyelia ye qttin inpatHII [i?]quac yn gouor. visurrey mochiuhtzino an;o15po. mexico auh--amo nelli ea ye-omtt0-ye-empa tlaepae. 3

y <;a huallatzauhctia yn an;obispo casolla quihuallaquitia yhuan ytopil ymitra auh c;an moch capa yn quitlallitiaque obisposme / Don fray gomez de cordova obispo quauhtemalla 4 teopixqui Sant Jeronimo. auh ynin mochiuh ypan ye 20. Enero ypan ylhuitzin st. Sebastian y Auh ynic tzonquiz ypan yn ilhuitzin st. lucas c;anno iuh tlayahualloloc eylhuitl viemes. Sabado Domingo auh c;anno ypan yn omito xihuitl 1585. alias. no yquac maxitico visurrey Don aluaro Manrrique de ,unica quinhualhuicac yn Padreme carmenitas (ypan metztli a 17. nouiembre)

1[ iii. tochtli xihuitl. 1586. yquac ypan in calacq Sant Sebastian dom1go possesion macaque teopixque carmenistas ypan 29. de enero. ynic mocallaquique. tlayahualloliztica. on can oneohuac yn [f. 18v] Sancto Domingo ye quimocuillique ynic cemicac on can moyetztiezque ynin teopixque yehuantin yn motenehua descar,os ypilhuantzitzinhuan yn totla~onan5 Sancta maria del carme.

Y. Auh ,anno yquac axcan miercoles 6 yn ipan Sant Bernabe ylhuitzin ye xi mani Junia. yquac ommopehualti yn teoyotica tlahtohuani ar,obispo. ynic mohuicac castillan ye teotlac yn omopehualti Don Pedro moya de contreras. caxtolxihuitl once yn omotlahtoca­ tillico mexico, yexihuitl ynquisidor moyetzticatca auh niman ye quimocuilli yn teoyotica ytlahtocayo ar,obispo, matlacxihuitl yn ar,obispo moyetzticatca auh ynin ynic mohuicac espafia. yn igou 0 r.tzin conmotlallitehuac yn ipampatzinco tlapachoz st•. ygla mexico yehuatzin yn docto7 don Sancho Sanchez de mufion maestreescue1a8 gou0 r. y vi[cario general yn st•. ygla catedral de mexico]9 yhuan mochi ar,obispado yn icatzinco Don P0 •

moya de contreras ar,obispo mexico. del consejo de! rey nro Sefior10 -

'I[ iiii. acatl xihuitl. 1587.

'I[ v. tecpatl xihuitl 1588. ypan in cenca totocac cocoliztli yhuan yquac mixnamicque teopixque descal,os yhuan st francisco yn iquac mochallaniaya yn itechpa comisario auh cenca achi huecahuac yn innetequipachol moteylhuiaya yn audiencia y Auh ,anno ypan yn xihuitl yn omoteneuh maxitico Juez visitador comisario quihual­ mihualli papa ynic quintlatetemollico st. franCO teopixque auh yn maxitico ypan ye xix. mani octubre Juebestica

I. Torquemada, ibid., has "don fray Juan de Medina Rincon, obispo de Michuacan." 2. This sentence, the material from "Yquac" to "c5c5cilio" in the transcription, was

added along the left margin. The portions in brackets are now worn away in the original and are taken from the Tena edition.

3. This sentence is on the right margin, in the transcription from "oc cequintin" to "tlacpac." As can be seen in the transcription, a substantial portion is marked out. The translation above represents only the unerased portions. The original statement would be: Other elders note that it was not until this year that the archbishop of Mexico was made governor and viceroy, but it is not true, for it was declared above.

r 1585-1588 31

priest; don fray Juan de Medina, bishop of Michoacan, 1 an Augustinian friar. The choir in the cathedral collapsed on Monday the 15th day of January of the year 1585; they were going to hold the council there.2 At that time the archbishop was made governor and

viceroy.3

y The archbishop came at the end, wearing a chasuble, with his staff and miter, and all the bishops came wearing capes. / Don fray Gomez de Cordoba, bishop of Guatemala, 4 a Hieronymite friar [was one of the bishops]. And this happened on the 20th of January, on the feast day of San Sebastian. y And when [the council] ended it was on the feast day of San Lucas; processions were also held in the same fashion for three days, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. In the same said year of 1585 was also when the viceroy don Alvaro Manrrique de Zuniga arrived, on the 17th of November; he brought along the Carmelite fathers.

'I[ 3 Rabbit year, 1586. In this year, Sunday the 29th of January, was when the Carmelite friars entered [the church of] San Sebastian and were given possession. They entered in procession, having set out from [f. 18v] Santo Domingo. They took [possession] so that these friars called Discalced, children of our precious mother 5 Santa Marfa del Carmen, would be there forever. y And likewise at this time, today Wednesday 6 the feast day of San Bernabe, the 1 Ith of June, was when the spiritual ruler the archbishop don Pedro Moya de Contreras set out to go to Spain; it was afternoon when he departed. He ruled in Mexico for 16 years; for three years he was inquisitor and then he assumed his spiritual rulership as archbishop. He was archbishop for ten years, and when he went to Spain he left installed as his governor to govern the holy church in Mexico dr.7 don Sancho Sanchez de Mufion, maestrescuela 8 [in the cathedral chapter], governor [and vicar general of the cathedral] 9 and all the arch­ bishopric in the name of don Pedro Moya de Contreras, archbishop of Mexico, of the council of the king our lord. 10 -

'I[ 4 Reed year, 1587.

'I[ 5 Flint year, 1588. In this year sickness raged greatly. And this was when the Discalced friars and the Franciscan friars disputed, when they argued about the commissary, and their wonies lasted quite a while; they made complaint to the Audiencia. y And in this same said year the commissary arrived as a judge inspector sent by the pope to investigate the Franciscan friars, and he anived on Thursday the 19th of October.

4. Torquemada, ibid., has "don G6mez de Roxas, Obispo de Quauhtemallan." 5. Ch.'s intention was no doubt "totla,onantzin." 6. The words "axcan miercoles" are written above the line. 7. For "doctor." 8. A cathedral dignitary nominally charged with teaching divinity. 9. Reconstructed from Galicia Chimalpopoca's copy in accordance with Reyes Garcfa

1971 and Chimalpahin 2001. 10. The last part of the paragraph was added and spills over into the margins.

I

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'i

32 TRANSCRIPI10N AND TRANSLATION

1[ vi. calli xihuitl. 1589. ypan in xihuitl otlallolin ypan ye IO mani abril ypan martes ynic oppa mochiuh ye 26. mani abril hue! totocac niman oppa mochiuh tlallolinaliztli

Fue Gregorio Lopez a aquella soledad de Sancta fee a 22 de mayo de 1589 segundo dia de pascua de espiritu santo donde prosiguio sus exercicios de oracion. y contemplaciO hasta el dia de su muerte.1

y yn axcan ypan lunes ye .9. de Julio yquac omomiquilli yn ichpoch marques visurrey cuyohuacii yn mic2 ytoca Dona franca blanga ypan misa omito yn oncan Sant Joseph oncan motocac y S franc0

y Auh yn iquac miercoles yn ipan yvisperastzin Sant Andres apostol Jueues a xxx de nouiembre 3 yquac omacoque yn Sant. franc0 teopixque possesion ynic hue] imaxca yez teocalli st_ Juan yhuan Sancta maria. yn oquimacac possesion alkle de carte Seruandes. auh vel ipil ilhuitzin S. Andres oncan misa mito cuepopan.4

y Sabado ypan ye .5. mani de agosto yn ipan ilhuitzin quiz sancta maria de la nieues motenehua cepayauhcihuapilli yquac motlallitzino in de nra Senora de Monserate yn ipan tlaxillacalli S. Juan tequixquipan. 5

y Auh 6 yn ipan axcan miercoles a 29. de nouiembre de 1589. afios. yquac possesion macaque in teopixque S1. Franco, yn Gean st. Juan ytencopatzinco yn marques.7 yhuan

Sancta maria yquac guardian8 moyetzticatca fray bonauentura auh yn prouincial ytoca fray Domingo de arisaga9

y Auh yn ipan ynic .30. mani metztli deqiembre yquac mopehualti 10 yn totla,otatzin ganonico ytocatzin Juan gonsalo moyetzticatca huehuetlan visitacion ompa motlamace­ huiliaya

'II vii. tochtli xihuitl. 1590. ypan in lunes ynic cemilhuitl mani metztli de henero yn momiquilli ye teotlac ye omito ypan yancuic xihuitl. yn totla,otatzin ganonico Juan gonsalo yn moyetzticatca huehuetlan visitacion nican mexico yn momiquillico. ynqui-

I. For this material in Spanish about Gregorio Lopez, no longer visible in the original, we rely on the version of Luis Reyes.

2. This clause, in the transcription "cuyohuacil yn mic," was added above the line. 3. This phrase, in the transcription "jueues a xxx de nouiembre," was added above the

line. 4. The material in the transcription from "auh" to "cuepopan," corresponding to the

second half of the sentence in the translation, is added above the line. More importantly, in the left margin at this point are added the words "ynin tlatolli

tlatzintla yetiuh," "this statement is to go below." They represent a rare notation by Ch. to himself for the rearrangement of the manuscript and definitively connect this fragment to the larger portion in Paris. Seen. 6 just below.

5. At the bottom of the transcription are the words "Auh yn ipil" as a lead into the next page. The first page of the material from Paris in fact begins "Auh yn ipan," proving again that the sections belong together and are consecutive.

6. Here the main manuscript now in Paris begins with p. 1. In the upper margin, in Ch.' s hand but in fainter brown ink, is a notation "cincan in yequiuh y tlacpac ca tlah­ tolli.," "there is where the statement above is to come to be," or less literally, "the above entry is to be put there," i.e., the entry for Thursday November 30 in the now separate fragment kept in Mexico, marked there for moving, is to be placed in chronological se-

1589-1590 33

']{ 6 House year, 1589. In this year, on Tuesday the 10th of April, there was an earth­ quake, and it happened again on the 26th of April; it was very strong; then there was an earthquake again. Gregorio L6pez went on the 22nd of May of 1589, the second day of Pentecost to that solitary place of Santa Fe, where he pursued his exercises of prayer and contemplation until the day of his death. 1

y Today on Monday the 9th of July was when the daughter of the Marques and viceroy named dona Francisca Blanca passed away; she died in Coyoacan.2 A mass was said for her at San Josef, and she was buried at San Francisco. y And on Wednesday the eve of San Andres Apostol, Thursday the 30th of November, 3

was when the Franciscan friars were given possession so that the churches of San Juan and Santa Maria would be fully their property. The one who gave them possession was the alcalde de carte Cervantes, and right on the feast day of San Andres mass was said in [Santa Marfa] Cuepopan.4

y On Saturday, the 5th of August, when the feast day of Santa Maria de las Nieves, called the snow lady, was celebrated, the [image of] Nuestra Senora de Montserrat was placed in the tlaxilacalli of San Juan Tequixquipan.5

y Today,6 on Wednesday the 29th of November of the year 1589, was when the Fran­ ciscan friars were given possession of San Juan and Santa Marfa at the order of the

Marques.7 Fray Buenaventura was the father guardian8 at that time, and the name of the provincial head was fray Domingo de Arisaga.9

v On the 30th of the month of December our precious father the canon whose name is Juan Gonzalo [began]. 10 He had been at [the church ofl Visitacion in Huehuetlan, where he had been doing penance.

j[ 7 Rabbit year, 1590. On Monday, first day of the month of January of the new year, in the afternoon, the aforementioned canon, our precious father Juan Gonzalo, passed away;

he had been at [the church ofl Visitacion in Huehuetlan. He came here to Mexico to die,

quence after the first entry on this page, for November 29. The meshing statements repre­ sent positive proof that the two parts belong together and are consecul!ve. An alternative interpretation might be that in both notations "tlahtolli" (literally "that whkh i~ said," hence "statement, words, language," and many related senses) refers to the ent1re fust sec­ tion of contemporary annals material and that the meaning is that that section is to be attached to the main part. But in view of the placing of the notations, especially the first one, and the situation with one entry being out of chronological sequence, we greatly prefer the first explanation. Either would tie the two parts together.

7. San Juan Moyotlan and Santa Maria Cuepopan were two of the four great con­ stituent parts of the indigenous entity Mexico Tenochtitlan, th': other two _being San Pablo Teopan and San Sebastian Atzaqualco. The Franciscans received possess10n of both the churches in the areas and the whole ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

8. "Guardian" (guardian), in usage almost always "father guardian" (padre guardian), was the title of the prior of a Franciscan establishment. Here the main Franciscan church of Mexico City is surely meant. _ _ .

9. Mendieta 1980, pp. 542--43, 770, lists a fray Dommgo de Areizaga as the eigh­ teenth provincial head.

10. What he began is not clear. With -on, pehua means to set out for somewhere, but -on is missing. The expected sense would be "arrived." See the entry just below.

·}' ·11 'I

ij ,[

34 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

sidor ychantzinco. auh oncan yglesian mayor caxatica yn quimotoquillique. Y. Auh Juebes. a xviii. de henero yquac mohuicac Don aluaro Manrrique de 9unica visurrey marques. mohuicac espafia. yo tlahtocatico macuilxihuitl,

Y. Auh yn axcan Juebes a veynte y cinco 25. dias del mes de henero de 1590, afios. ypan

ylhuitzin la conuersion S. pablo. yquac maxitico mocallaquico nican mexico tlahtohuani ynic ome ytoca Don luis de velasco visurrey ynin ypiltzin yn huehue Don luis de velasco visurrey catca ye ome nican mexico, Y. yn ipan axcan Domingo a xi. de febrero de 1590 afios. yquac moteochiuh yn tlatlalantli.

ynic mochiuh ynic moquetz teocalli st. Franco oncan hualmohuicac in visurrey Don luis

de velasco comendador st.tiago. yhua oydoresme

Y. Auh yn ipan ye v. mani metztli de febrero. yquac momiquilli in totla9otatzin fray Bernardino de sahagun tlatilolco moyetzticatca auh nica yn motocatzino callitic sant frac0 ,

mochintin huallaque tlatilolco tlahtoque 1 quimotoquillico

Y. lunes ye tlami metztli abril yn ipan in xihuitl omoteneuh yquac mopehualti yn acallotli ynic moyecti yn nican mexico ytencopatzinco visurrey tetzcoco tla- y_ auh yn omotzauhc s. Franco teocalli yn aocmo ornpa mihtoa missa domingotica a xxvi de Agosto. 2

[p. 2]copan mexico hue! ce metztli moyecti yn izqui acallotli. y yn ipan ye vii. de octubre yquac analloc cuitlaxcohuapan ytoca Don Antonio ypiltzin

catca Don carlos quinto ytiachcauhtzin in Don Pelipe Rey espaiia yntlan nenca portugal tlaca auh y hualhuicoc nican mexico ypan lunes a xxix dias octobre ytech tlan yaoyotl quichihuaznequia nican otzaqualoc carte.

y Domingo a xiiii. de octubre yquac mocallaqui quimotlalilique Sacrameto, in Sant. Josep. tlamayauhcampa ye cenpeuh in ye ompa missa quitta castilteca yhuan ye peuh ynic moxitini teocalli sant Franco 1

y yn ipan in xihuitl omoteneuh 1590 yquac momiquilli yn st0 • Padre 3 Sixta quinto sant. Franco teopixqui catca.

'I[ viii. acatl xihuitl 1591. ypan in lunes ye 4. mani metztli de febrero yquac missa ypantzinco mito in santo Padre Sixta, quinto. S. Joseph yn missa ypa mito mochintin oncan mohuicatza in teopixque st0 . Domingo. s1. augustin, teatinos. calmenitas. des­ car90s. mercenadios. yhuan onca rnohuicatza visurrey y_ martes av. dias del mes de febrero yquac macoque possesion in Padreme descal'tos oncan in sanct ipolito. yquiyahuayoc ytecopatzinco visurrey ciudad tlaca quinmomaquillique

alkles. regidores. yn oncan moteocaltitzinoque auh ce tlacatl espafiol pilli monetolti yn quiquetzaz teocalli ytoca Don matheo de moleon matlactli omome mill pesos. yn qui­ huenchiuh teocuitlatl ynic mochihuaz teocalli

y ypan yn Domingo ye tlami metztli man;o yquac quipehualtiij yn espafiolesme netolleque ynic tlaxitinique mesti9os chichimeca tliltique cequi castilteca yehuatl yn iglesia st Franco teocalli quixitinique

y yn ipan viernes. sancto a 12. de abril. yquac peuh tzintic in yancuic cofradia in suledad.

Sant. Joseph. ynnenonotzaltica mochiuh yn teopixque prouincial fray Domingo yhuan

l. I.e., the members of the Tlatelolco cabildo. 2. This part was added later at the bottom of p. I.

f I

' I

1590-1591 35

at the home of the Inquisitor, and they buried him at the cathedral in a separate tomb. y Thursday the 18th of January was when don Alvaro Manrrique de Zuniga, viceroy and Marques, left and went to Spain; he ruled for five years.

y Today, Thursday the 25th day of the month of January of the year 1590 on the day of

the conversion of San Pablo, was when the second ruler of the name of don Luis de Ve­

lasco, viceroy, arrived and entered here in Mexico; he is the child of don Luis de Velasco the elder who was viceroy, the second one here in Mexico. y Today, Sunday the I Ith of February of the year 1590, was when the groundbreaking

was blessed for the building and erection of the church of San Francisco; the viceroy don

Luis de Velasco, comendador of Santiago, and the judges of the Royal Audiencia came. y On the. 5th of the month of February was when our precious father fray Bernardino de

Sahagun passed away. He had been at Tlatelolco, and he was buried here at San Francisco, inside the church. All the Tlatelolco rulers 1 came to bury him.

y Monday the last of the month of April in the said year was when cleaning of the canals here in Mexico began by order of the viceroy. In Tetzcoco, Tacuba, [p. 2] and Mexico, all the canals were cleaned for a whole month.

y And the church of San Francisco was closed, and mass was no longer said there, on Sunday the 26th of August. 2

y On the 7th of October was when one called don Antonio, who was the child of don Carlos V and older brother of don Felipe, king of Spain, was arrested in Puebla. He had

lived among the Portuguese. He was brought here to Mexico on Monday the 29th day of October; he was accused of wanting to make war, and he was shut up in the court jail.

y Sunday the 14th of October was when the Sacrament was installed and put inside [the church of] San Josef, on the right side. With that the Spaniards for the first time began to

attend mass there, and with that the demolition of the church of San Francisco began. Y. The said year of 1590 was when the Holy Father 3 Sixtus V passed away; he was a Franciscan friar.

'I[ 8 Reed year, 1591. On Monday, the 4th of the month of February, was when a mass was said for the Holy Father Sixtus V; it was at San Josef that the mass for him was

said. All the religious came: the Dominicans, the Augustinians, the Theatines, the Car­

melites, the Discalced, the Mercedarians; and the viceroy came too. y Tuesday, the 5th day of the month of February, was when the Discalced fathers were given possession [of land] close to San Hip61ito. By the viceroy's order the municipal people, the alcaldes and regidores [of the Spanish cabildo], gave it to them, and they established a church there. A Spanish person, a nobleman, named don Mateo de Mole6n,

vowed to construct the church, making an offering of twelve thousand pesos in gold to build the church. y Sunday, the last of the month of March, was when the Spaniards who had taken vows began having mestizos, Chichimecas, blacks, and some Spaniards carry out demolition work; they demolished the church of San Francisco. y Good Friday, the 12th of April, was wh9n the new cofradfa of the Soledad was first

founded at San Josef. It was done with the agreement of the following friars: the pro-

3. I.e., pope.

i,: , ,

36 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

guardian fray Bonauentura yhuan tiuinidores 1 yehuatin ynmacehual mochiuh in mexica huell ipan tlahtoque fray gr11')0 yhua [p. J] fray Franco de ganboa // auh lunes a 29. de

abril. yquac quitamachiuhque quitenexhuique yn teocalli sl Francisco yn iuh yez yehuatl

ynic ye moteca tepantli

y_ Domingo ye ix. mani metztli de Junia. de 1591 afios. yquac papacohuac yn

ipampatzinco ar9obispo Don Pedro monya de cotreras. quimomaquillique yn ompa espafia huey tlahtocayotl ye quimohuecapanilhui in Rey. su magd. yn macoc conJejoyotl de

indias Presidente y nican ye nohuian nueua espafia ycemactzinco quimocahuilli yn nican mexico y lunes a 17. de Junia. de 1591 a0 s. yquac onpeuhque tlaxcalteca yancuic mexico chiuhc­

nauhtlan yn namicoto oncan papaquiltiloque yollaliloque yn ica tlaqualtzintli y nohuian altepetl ypa tlahtoque 2 yhuan in mexico tlatilolco s1. Franco teopixque quinmohui­

quillique onca teochihualloque nahuatiloque in chiuhcnauhtlan in visurrey. no oncan quin­ monamiquillito yhua no omentin yahque tlapitzque tlatzotzonque 3 mexica ce st. Pablo

ychan ytoca augustin cano ynic ome ytoca Domingo sanchez, st. Jua ychan.

y_ Domingo a . 7. de Julio yquac tlayahualoloc sto. Domingo hui!ohuac yxquixtin 4 yn teopixque tlayahualloque ynic chicueteocaltin yhuan tlahtoque oydoresme ypampa ynic

tlayahualloloc ypapa yn ipiltzin Rey ynic hue! maxitiz castilla

y Domingo ye xxi. mani metztli Julio de 1591 a0 s. yacuica motlayahualhui sacramento

yn Sant. Antonio abbad. in xolloco auh ynic motlayahualhui yntlaytlaniliztica mochiuh yn capellan Joseph mendez yhua yn Padron Diego de mufion quimotlatlauhtilique in

maestre escuel!a 5 yhua Provisor, ar9obispo yxiptlatzin y_ agosto ypan yn acico. agustin cano yn quincahuato tlaxcalteca yancuic mexicu t;an t:om­ posteria6 quincahuato onca hualmocuepque yhuan cequintin quinhualhuicaque chichimeca

teanaco tenechicoco yn nica mexico [p. 4]

y_ yn ipan yvisperatzin ytlacatilitzin : tla9opiltzintli Jesus. temaquixtiani ypan martes. a

24. de di9iembre de 1591 afios. yquac quimanque Retabla. mage yn oncan pochteca 7

ymandas manca ye oncan quimanque quiquetzque yn ixiptlatzin Sancto fray Diego.

Sanctiego ye mitohua amo corona quipiaya 8 9an quate9ontzin motilon catca yhua portero. yhuan cocirotia 9 yxquich quimochihuiliaya y netitlaniztequitl yn tlatequipanoliztli

'II ix. tecpatl xihuitl. 1592. yn ipan in martes a 21. de henero. yquac tlayxmanaJoc in

Sane! ipolito tianquizco hue! mocencauh yn inauhcampayxti ynic mexico yhuan tlatilolco mito acaxitl oncan momanaz yhuan moquahuaqui mohuexoaqui auh in ye teotlac niman ye tzatzihuac in tiyanquizco. Sant. lazaro mito aocac ompa tiamiquiz in Sant ipolito, yn

moztla yxquich tlacatl nican tiamiquiz auh 9an quezquilhuitl yn ontiamicoc niman oc

I. Members of a council authorized to resolve serious matters for the order. 2. Perhaps the cabildos, or perhaps more literally the governors and dynastic rulers. 3. Perhaps specifically fifers and drummers. 4. For "yxquichtin," 5. Seep. 31, n. 8.

1591-1592 37

vincial head, fray Domingo, and the father guardian, fray Buenaventura, and the defini­ dores.1 It was done for the benefit of the Mexica; fray Geronimo and fp. 3] fray Francisco de Gamboa urged it strongly.// And Monday, the 29th of April, was when they measured and spread lime, [marking out] how the church of San Francisco will be, so they can begin laying the walls now.

y Sunday the 9th of the month of June of the year 1591 was when there was rejoicing

because there in Spain they granted the archbishop don Pedro Moya de Contreras the great rulership with which the king, His Majesty, exalted him; he was given the presidency of

the Council of the Indies, by which [the king] left [matters] everywhere in New Spain,

and here in Mexico, entirely in his hands.

Y. Monday the 17th of June of the year 1591 was when the Tlaxcalans left for New

Mexico. At Chiucnauhtlan people went out to meet them and feted them and encouraged them by feeding them. The rulers of the altepet12 all around and the Franciscan friars of

Mexico and Tlatelolco accompanied them; there they were blessed and bid farewell for Chiucnauhtlan. The viceroy also went there to meet them. And also two Mexica musi­

cians3 went; one is from San Pablo, named Agustin Cano; the second is named Domingo Sanchez, from San Juan.

y Sunday the 7th of July was when there was a procession going to Santo Domingo; al!4

the friars from eight churches went in procession, as well as tbe lords judges of the Royal

Audiencia. The reason for the procession was so that the child of the king would be able to reach Castile [safely].

y On Sunday, the 21st of the month of July of the year 1591, the Sacrament was taken in procession for the first time at [the church of! San Antonio Abad in Xoloco, and the procession took place at the request of the chaplain Josef Mendez and the patron Diego de Mufi6n; they asked the maestrescuela 5 and the vicar general, the archbishop's deputy. y In August th~re arrived Agustfn Cano, who went to convey the Tlaxcalans to New Mexico; he only went with them as far as Compostela; 6 he and several Chichimecas who accompanied them came back from there to come here to Mexico to get and collect [more] people. [p. 4]

y The eve of the birth of the precious child Jesus the savior, Tuesday the 24th of Decem­

ber of the year 1591, was when they set up an altarpiece and image where the carrying platform of the merchants 7 had been; they set up and erected there the image of the saint

fray Diego de San Diego, who it is said did not have the tonsure, 8 but was just a lay friar and doorkeeper and acted as cook;9 he did all the errands and menial work.

'II 9 Flint year, 1592. Tuesday the 21st of January was when things were dismantled at the San Hipolito market. Great preparations were made in the four parts of Mexico and in Tlatelolco. It was said that a water tank was to be set up there, and trees and willows were planted. And in the afternoon a proclamation was made in the marketplace of San Lazaro

saying that no one was to engage in business any longer at San Hipolito, that the next

6. Compostela, now in southern Nayarit, was founded as the capital of New Galicia. 7. In view of the termpochteca, these were presumably indigenous merchants, but that

is not fully established. 8. Le., was not ordained. 9. The form "cocirotia" is apparently for "cocinerotia."

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38 TRANSCR!Pf!ON AND TRANSLATION

ceppa ompa momanato in tianquiztli yn 6can mocaltitzinohua Padreme descal<;os. yhuan

yn tlatilolca moztlacahuica ompa tiamicozquia yn inchan tlatilolco auh ye moteylhuique

audiencia yn mexica cihua amo huel neltic 1

y_ Domingo a 23. de febrero. yquac yglesia mayor mocenquixtitzinoque in teopixque 2 yn izquican moyetzticate nican ynic mexico ypampa iuh mocac mito ohualla yp3.notzin ytamachiuhca yn imiccaquimiliuhcayotzin tt0 . Dios. yn motenehua savanas. ompa hualla

in Roma y_ Juebes a 5. de mar<;o. yquac netlatiloc in tlequiquizcalco yn oncan mochihua tlequi­

quiztli altepehuaque cohuatequitque 3 yn motlatique achi quezquintin hue! temamauhti ynic

quixolocac 4 ynnacayo onca quinhualhuicaque ospital real cequi patique yhuan cequintin

momiquillique y_ Junes ye 3. de febrero. de 1592 afios. yquac motlallitzinoq yn la compafia de Jesus. teati­

nos teopixque yn oncan carte quiahuac catca huell ipan in sant. bias. ylhuitzin catca

yohualtica mocallaquico niman quimotlallilique sacramento yhuan quimopilhuique cam­ pana quinmotocayotillique de los prouesos. yn onca mohuetzitico tcopixquc [p. 5] Auh yn iquac oquimomachiltique Sant. Franco teopixque niman mocentlalitzinoque yn Domi­

nigos. augustinos clerigos. in oteylhuitzinoto yn audiencia yxpantzinco visurrey Don luis de velasco. yhuan quisidor sanctos garcia. yhuan no yquac nican moyetztica Don fray Do­

mingo de sala<;ar china obispo, quinmolhuilli tleyn ticchihuazque ca omotzontec ompa yn espafia camo nican omochiuh ca ompa ohualla yn huelitiliztli auh cenca yx5 mixna­ mictzinoque nima onmopehualtique yn castillan st. Franco teopixque moteylhuitzinoto

aocmo huelitique

y axcan viernes a xvii. de febrero yquac nican quizque chachapoltin tlatilolcopa hual­ itztiaque ye tlapoyahua 6 can nohuiii cenmantiaque ynic yaque, // auh yn ipan lunes a 20 de abril de 1592. ye no ceppa huallaque otzillin nahui ora iuhqui hecatepoztli 7 hualmoquetz­ tiaque <;a cenmantiaque nohuian yahyaque st. miguel tlacopan atlacuihuayan cuyohuaca

y_ Domingo a 26. de abril yquac quimonpehualtique yn ocellome castillan quinhuicaque onteme tecpan comonidad. 8 manca auh no yquac mochiuh in tlahtocatilmatli tlauhto­

natiuh ye ontetl. ocelonacazminque xiuhtilmatli ye tlapatiuh chalchiuhtlatenyo 9 yhuan cactli iuh mito quimottiliz. in Principe Rey Don Phelipe, portadortin 10 yn quitzonque.

I. Much is left unsaid about the market moves and manipulations. See Gibson 1964, pp. 352-58, 395, for some information on the development of markets in Mexico City in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries.

2. Teopixqui here probably means religious specifically, as so often in Ch. 3. Although Mexico Tenochtitlan was very much an altepetl, altepehuaque unqualified

is most often used in Ch. to refer to the people of a whole larger area. The Spanish repartimiento system for procuring temporary labor was still viewed by the Nahuas as their traditional rotary labor, coatequitl, which at the base it was.

4. We have located no transitive verb xoloca. Possibly there is a relation to xoloni, for a wound or the like to get worse, or to intransitive xoloca and some associated verbs having to do with folding, bending, wrinkling.

5. In the Nahuatl, "yx" must be for "ye."

r 11 ,, 1592 39

day everyone was to do business here [in San Lazaro]. But for only a few days was busi­

ness done there; then the market was set up again where the Discalced fathers are housed. And the Tlatelolca had been deceived, for they were going to do business at their home of

Tlatelolco, but the Mexica women brought complaint about it before the Audiencia, and

it was not permitted to be carried out. 1

y_ Sunday the 23rd of February was when the clerics 2 from all the places where they are

here in Mexico assembled because, as was heard and was said, the cloth fit to our lord

God, his shroud, called sheets, had arrived here; it came from Rome.

y_ Thursday the 5th of March was when people were burned at the armory, where firearms are made. Those who were burned were citizens of [surrounding] altepetl doing reparti­

miento labor, 3 quite a few of them; it was truly frightening how it [damaged? wrinkled?] 4

their flesh. They brought them to the royal hospital; some got well, and some died. y_ Monday the 3rd of February of the year 1592 was when the Theatine religious who were

outside the court jail established themselves at [the church of] the Company of Jesus. It was right on the feast day of San Blas; they entered at night, then they installed the

Sacrament and hung up the bell. They called the religious who settled there the professed. [p. 5] And when the Franciscan friars found out about it, they and the Dominicans, Augustinians, and secular priests assembled and went to complain to a convocation before the viceroy don Luis de Velasco and the inquisitor Santos Garcia, and also don fray

Domingo de Salazar, the bishop of the Philippines, was here at that time, and he said to them, "What are we to do? The judgment was made there in Spain and it was not done

here, for the permission came from there." They had great arguments over it,5 then Fran­ ciscan friars set out for Spain to make complaint; they could no longer [achieve any­

thing]. .Y. Today, Friday the 17th of February, was when grasshoppers came by here, coming from the direction of Tlatelolco. It was getting dark; 6 they spread out everywhere as they went. //Andon Monday, the 20th of April of 1592, they came again, at four o'clock. They

came raised up like a [tornado?J,7 they spread out and went everywhere: to San Miguel,

Tacuba, Tacubaya, Coyoacan. y_ Sunday the 26th of April was when they sent two jaguars off to Spain; they took two that had been at the community palace; 8 also at that time was made a rising sun ruler's

cloak and second a turquoise cloak with a diagonal jaguar design and a greenstone border, 9

with sandals, it was said for the prince and king don Felipe to see. [The embroiderers]1°

6. Possibly the meaning is that the locusts covered the sky and made it dark. "Can" just after this is for "9an."

7. The term ecatepoztli, literally "wind-axe," refers to some portentous meteorological phenomenon. For an example see Lockhart 1993, p. 242. Reference to its rapid motion and appearing out of nowhere point to a tornado, but the meaning is not fully established.

8. The courthouse and cabildo headquarters in San Juan Moyotlan, apparently. 9. We have not accounted for "ye tlapatiuh," which literally seems to say "goes broken

with." Perhaps one of the motifs interrupted the other. 10. Given standard letter substitutions of the time, "portadortin" apparently contains

bordador, a professional tailor specializing in embroidery. A more remote possibility would be portador, exactly the form given in the Nahuatl, which refers to the bearer of a message or present.

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40 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

auh yn iten quichiuhque tlatenchiuhque tianquizpan tlaca yvan ce tlahpoyahuac quetzal­ tonatiuh yn ipan mantiuh yn1 ye vecauh mexico tlahtoq. quimoqtiaya moch ya

y Yn ipan in ciudad mexico a 25. de mayo. yquac hualla acico yn itlahtollotzin an;obispo Don po. moya de cotreras ynic omomiquilli yn ompa castilla auh yn iuh mocac tlahtolli yn ipan carta yn hualicuiliuhtia yn momiquilli ypa de febrero. auh yn ipa 29. de mayo. yquac peuh yn itepoz miccatepoztli ynic nohuian tzillin yn ipa yxquich teocalli mani me­ xico. yn ihtic altepetl caxtolomey tonatiuh in tzilinia campanas. // auh ypa caxtolilhuitl Junia de 1592 afios. in missa ypantzinco mito yn iglesia mayor. motlalli monomento, 1

auh ynic chicueteocaUi nican moyetzticate teopixque cecentetl missa mayor ypa quimital­ huique,

y martes ye tlami metztli de Junia de 1592. aiios. yquac peuh in Sant. Pablo, [p. 6]

Teocalli ynic motlallan. motenexten ye quichiuhque possesion yn teopixque Sant. augustin Padreme yn onca moyetzticate yhuan gou'?r Don Antonio valeriano all-a-es. Franco de la cruz. yhua hernando garcia Don Juan martin yhua mochintin Sant Pablo tlaca pipiltin Regidores. ypampa ca oaxcatilloque omacoque yn teopixque ypampa mochi tlacatl tetl quicuic quinapallo in teopixque in contlalliq. tlatatacco tenex,oquititlan.

y Yn ipan xihuitl de 1592. yquac motlalli yn tlacallaquilli nanahui tomines oome tomin ,an tlahuenchihualiztli mochiuh yn ihuicpatzinco Rey yn quimomaquiliaya in jordadosme cenhuetz ynic nohuian altepetl ypan ynic tlantica cemanahuatl ytlal tecpan in tecaquiltiloc ynic mochihuaz momanaz. oncan ticpehualtique in totequiuh alkle franCO de la cruz regidor mayor Thomas de Aquino merino pablo ximenez tequicaltitlan 2

.Y. Miercoles a xvi. de Setiembre yquac tapachiuhque nohuian ceca tlaxicac in tlapanco yhuan mieccan xixitin papachiuh in calli nctlapacholloc,

y Juebes a xii. de octubre yquac mopitz ye yohua in campana st Joseph espafiol in quichiuh yehuatl yn huey campana st Josepeh ypa motlatolti fray geronimo de ,arate

'I! x. calli xihuitl. 1593. a0 s Domingo a 28. de mar,o yquac yohuatzinco tlahuizcalpan in st Joseph teopan yn ocenquixohuac yn onetecoc 3 yn ohualquiz totatzin fray Juan de sttiago niman ye ye tepehuia ymecauh yea in tehuitequi ynic hualtequixtia ythualco yhuan quauhtica tehuitec auh niman ic quicauh4 yn itequiuh. yehuatl. yxquetzalloc in fray Pedro de reqna quimonahuatilli. conmissario fray bern° ynic yehuatl capellan mochiuh in st. Joseph. yhuan fr. Jermo de ,arate conmisario ,an I quimoquixtili ytlaytlaniliztica teteuhctin5 peticio quicalaquiq -

1. A wooden ceremonial structure set up in the area in front of the main altar, a cata­ falque, sometimes fashioned in imitation of a church.

2. Ch. must have copied the last sentence directly from a source, perhaps not even the same one that supplied the material for the rest of the entry. Merino was a title given to various sub-cabildo offices.

3. The meaning of "yn cenquixohuac" by itself is "when everyone had assembled." "Yn onetecoc" apparently means the same. Although the most frequent meaning of reflexive

r it

1592-1593 41

were the ones who sewed it, and marketplace people who make borders did its borders, and a dark sun of fine plumes was spread out on it. The rulers in Mexico wore this long ago.

It all went [to Spain]. y In the city of Mexico on the 25th of May was when news came and arrived of the arch­ bishop don Pedro Moya de Contreras, that he had died in Spain, and as the news was heard

in the letter that came written, he passed away in February. The 29th of May was when the bells for him began, so that they were tolled in all the churches there are in Mexico. The bells tolled in the altepetl for eighteen days. // And on the 15th day of June of the year 1592, mass was said for him in the cathedral. The monument 1 was set up, and in eight churches here the priests in them said a high mass for him in each one.

y Tuesday the last of the month of June of the year 1592 was when [p. 6] groundbreaking and spreading lime for a church began at the church of San Pablo, with which the friars, the Augustinian fathers, who are there now took possession, and the governor [ of Tenochtitlan] don Antonio Valeriano, the alcaldes Francisco de la Cruz, Hernando Garcia, and don Juan Martfn, and all the nobles and regidores of San Pablo, because the friars were given possession, all took and carried in their arms stones which the friars placed in

the excavation among the cement. y The year of 1592 was when a tribute of four reales for each person was established, [plus] two reales each which was just an offering made to the king, who gave it to the soldiers; it fell upon the altepetl everywhere as far as the end of the lands of the world. At the palace it was announced that it was to be raised and offered. At that point we, the alcalde Francisco de la Cruz, the regidor mayor Tomas de Aquino, and Pablo Jimenez,

official at the tribute house, began our periods of office. 2

y Wednesday the 16th of September was when we were flooded; the roofs leaked greatly everywhere, and in many places the houses collapsed and fell in, and people were caught

underneath. y Thursday the 12th of October, at night, was when the bell of San Josef was cast; it was a Spaniard who did it. It was the big bell of San Josef; fray Geronimo de Zarate was in

charge of it.

'll JO House year, 1593. Sunday the 28th of March was when, very early in the morning, at dawn, when everyone had assembled 3 at the church of San Josef, our father fray Juan de Santiago came out, whereupon he chased people away, he lashed them with his whip, so that he drove people out of the patio, and he beat people with a stick. Then because of that he relinquished his post.4 Fray Pedro de Requena was put in [the post in his place]; the commissary fray Bernardino gave him the order for him to be made chaplain at San Josef, along with fray Ger6nimo de Zarate. The commissary ejected him only at the

request of the lords;5 they put in a petition.

teca is to lie down, it also has to do with things spreading, etc., and here it seems to be synonymous with the cenqui<;a that immediately precedes it.

4. Was made to relinquish it, apparently. Niman ic generally means "thereupon," but here niman, "then," and ic, "for that reason," seem to be intended separately. .

s. Apparently meaning the members of the indigenous cabildo of Mexico Tenochti­ tlan. This sentence is in the margin.

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42 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

y Domingo a xi. de abril yquac quichallique yn incapilla netolleque espai\oles. in naza­

Reno ypilhuan huell ipan motlalli in de ramos. ynic moteochiuh quauhxihuitl hitic quixohuac ynic tlayahualoloc I auh yn ipa visperas onca machtilloque yn espai\olesme yehuatl motemachtili Reynoso. S. Franco -

y Domingo a xxv. de abril yquac moteochiuh in custodia yn imaxca tepetlatzinca

natiuidas tlaca niman yhuan [p. 7J Y n icehualcaltzin yn palio yhuan teocuitlatlecaxitl

sesario 1 I auh yn huehuetlan tlaca niman no yciuhca centetl quinextique quicouhque in costodia hue! mahuiztic

y martes a xxvii. de abril yquac motatacac yn atlauhtli yn atoyac hicac yn iohui all in

quauhtla huallaticac mololhui ynic motatacac mexico. tlatilolco yhua chinampaneca 2

yhuan tepaneca. 3 in quitatacaque atlauhtli atoyatl

y Yn ipan Domingo Spm pasqua penthecostes ypa ye 6. mani metztli de Junia de 1593

afios. ipa Spm pasqua yquac quiquetzque in quauhtli yn icpac teocalli S1 Joseph tlapanix­ quac yn iuh neztica axcan yhuan yquac quimextequacuillotique 4 in teocalli in atenamitl yn

tecpantoc tlapanixijc ytencopatzinco mochiuh in totatzin fray Jeronimo de sarate yquac

yecauh in temimilchayahuac 5 ynic motlapacho in tlamayecampa

y Viernes ye 4. mani metztli de Junia yquac peuh moquetzaco in quiyahuitl a,o he ome

ora6 yn moquetzaco auh yn hualathuic visita general ye cue] cenca <;oquititlan mochiuh auh ,an niman iciuh 7 hueyx macoc yn at] tlaapachiuh yn nica mexico, yhuan ynic nohuian chinampa yn inauhcampaixti yhuan ceca nohuian tlaxicac in techachan cenca netoliniloc II auh niman ye huahuac in toctzintli in nohuian chinampa

y Juebes ye xvii : rnani metztli de Junia. yquac motlayahualhui in Sacramento auh amo hue! mochiuh amo hue! mohtlatoquilti ,an callitic yn motlayahualhui yn iglesia mayor.

ynic ahuel moquixti ypampa cenca quiyauh hue! totocac in quiahuitl. yhuan cenca ,oquititlan catca chiuh 8 auh yn ixquichtin maceuhque hue! mocencauhque ynic mexico

yhua tlatilolco yhua yn ixquichtin nepapan oficialesme mochitin cecentlamantli quichiuh­ que yn ineahuiltiliz yn ipapa iuh mochiuh ye motlanahuatilli yn audiencia Real yhua ciudad alkles hor 0 • cerar corregidor mayor huey pena quitlalli yn aquin amo mahuiltiz. Justiciatica tlatzacuiltilozque I auh in yehuatzin fr Jeronimo de sarate temachtiani Sant. Joseph. no cenca huell ipan motlatolti ye motlatlaquauhnahuatilli in papaquiliztli

I. Here Ch. gives Nahuatl explanations before using the Spanish loanwords. 2. The Spanish word chinampa means an intensively cultivated strip or plot of earth,

usually artificially built up, sitting in the midst of water in marshes, shallow lakes, and the like. The Nahuatl word was chinamitl, to which the locative -pan was so often added, giving chinampan, that that was the form (minus a weak final n) that the Spaniards borrowed and that has become known in English. A large area south and east of Mexico Tenochtitlan was dominated by chinampas, and its inhabitants were known as chinam­ paneca, chinampa people or inhabitants.

3. An ethnic group spreading across several altepetl on the western side of the valley. 4. In the form "quimextequacuillotique," tequacuilli is a statue or idol, followed by an

assimilated form of the nominal suffix -yo, giving a collective sense; -tia, of which we have here the preterit plural, means to provide to someone or something what the nom-

1593 43

y Sunday, the 11th of April, was when they inaugurated the chapel of the Spaniards who

had taken vows as children of the Nazarene; it was established right on Palm [Sunday]. The way it was blessed was that leaves of trees were brought from inside and taken in

procession. I And during vespers the Spaniards heard a sermon; the Franciscan Reinoso preached.

y Sunday, the 25th of April, was when a monstrance belonging to the Tepetlatzinca, the people of Nativitas, was blessed, as well as [p. 7] a structure to give it shade, a canopy,

and a golden fire-bowl, a censer. 1 I And then the people of Huehuetlan also quickly

produced one; they bought a very splendid monstrance. y Tuesday, the 27th of April, was when the ravine was excavated at the river, [where] the

channel of water [canal] comes from the forest; [people] were collected for digging in Mexico and Tlatelolco; also people of the chinampa territories 2 and Tepaneca 3 excavated

the ravine and river. y Sunday the holiday of the Holy Spirit, Pentecost, on the 6th of the month of June of

the year 1593, was when they erected the eagle on top of the church of San Josef, on the

front side of the roof, as it appears today, and it was when they put [cloud images?] 4 on the parapet of the church, lined up in a row at the front of the roof. It was done by order

of our father fray Ger6nimo de Zarate. At this time the [row of columns?] 5 with which the right-hand side was covered was finished. y Friday the 4th of the month of June was when rain began to fall; it lasted perhaps two

hours, 6 and at dawn on the morning of the general inspection it had already become very muddy. And then very quickly 7 the water grew and rose so that it was flooded here in Mexico, and in the chinampas in all four parts, and it leaked very much everywhere in people's houses; there was great misery. II And after that the young maize plants dried up

in the chinampas everywhere. y Thursday the 17th of the month of June was when the Sacrament went in procession, but it could not be done, it could not make progress on the road; it went in procession

only inside the cathedral, since it couldn't be taken out because it rained very much; the rain really pelted down, and it became 8 very muddy. All the dancers prepared themselves well, in Mexico as well as Tlatelolco, and all the different tradespeople performed their

acts of entertainment as separate groups; the reason it was done that way is that the Royal Audiencia along with the alcaldes ordinaries of the [Spanish] city and the corregidor ma­ yor at the municipal building ordered it and set a big fine for whoever should not take part in the celebration; they would be punished by the officers of the law. I And fray Gero-

inal core of the construction designates. The puzzling part of the word is "-mex-," an element apparently modifying tequacuilli, which we are unable to identify. Perhaps it is for -mix- from mixtli, "cloud." Conceivably the xis weakened from tz and the intention is -metz- from metztli, "moon." The most frequent decoration of the edge of the roof of sixteenth-century Mexican churches was a row of merlons or almenas, and that is prob­ ably what is meant.

5. Temimilchayahuac could refer to the columns arrayed around an internal patio, including those integrated into balustrades.

6. We take "ome ora" to be durative. It may be, however, that the time by the clock is meant. For a clear case of durative use of hara see pp. 304-05, entry for Sept. 9, 1615.

7. For "iciuhca.'' 8. For "mochiuh," apparently, although it seems that "catca" would suffice.

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44 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

mochihuaz yhua quihto in corregi 0 r, mayor yn aquique hue! mahuiztic quichihuazq. motlaxtlahuizque macoz/j tomines. - [p. 8]

y auh yn ipan Domingo a a 1 20 de Junio yquac yequene motlayahualhui motlatoquilti yn Sacramento ynin r;an hue! oc mixcahui yn iglesia mayor tlayahualoloc auh yxquich mochiuh in papaquiliztli macehualiztli xochillacatzoque miec tlamantli mochiuh ynic motimalloque in mexica yhua tlatilolca yhua amo <;an quexquich yn andas tlayahuallo yhua yn vanderas. auh in Sant Josep caltitlan yn oncan motenamiquiliani teopixque onca quinmomanillique in Sant Franco_ yhuan st. Diego hue! pafio yn quinmoquentillique ynneolololtzin auh actihuetz in tlapechtli poztec yn quahuitl auh oncan ytlacauhque in Sanctome ymatzin2 poztec in st. Fran°0 . yhua yn st Diego no ytlacauh

y Domingo a 27. de Junio yquac motlayahualhui in Sacramento in st. Fran° 0 • yhuan st. Augustin st 0 . Domingo yhua tlatilolco yn tlayahualoloc auh yn ixquich mochiuh st. Fran° 0 . yn ixquichtin nepapan oficialesme mochintin cecentetl tlapechtli quitlallique oncan quichiuhque yn intlachihual yhuan oncan papacque mitotique in quauhtlapechco pochteca tepozpitzque teopa tlaca quauhxinque yhua Jordadosme. acalchimaltica quin­ namicque yn acalloco yn iquiahuac. castaneda hue! huey papaquiliztli mochiuh aic iuhqui mochihuani yn omochiuh auh yehuatzin missa oquimitalhuico in tlahtohuani quisidor3

y Yn ipan axcan Domingo ye xviii. mani metztli de Julio de 1593. afios. yquac hual­ mohuicaque mocallaquico in Sant Juan de la penitencia yn cihuapipiltin monjastin Sancta clara ypilhuantzitzin ,an oc macuiltin yn hualmohuicaque ye teotlac in mocallaquico otzillin nahui ora yxquichtin quinmocahuillico in teopixque st Fran° 0 . guardian diuni­ dores comissario prouincial quinmoyomahuilico ynic quinmotlalilico yhuan corregidor mayor yhuan miequintin castilteca. yn quihualmohuiquillique ,an ica Coche yn huallaque ompa hualquizque yn st.ta clara y Yn ipan axcan viernes. yn ipan ylhuitzin tt'? Dios. motenehua [p. 9] Trasfiguracion ye 6. mani metztli agosto. yquac quimotlallilico in Sacramento yn oncan s\ Juan baptista de la penitencia ye cenca quimocnelili yn ialtepetzin 11°. Dios. ye quimomahuic;otili qui­ motenyotilli yn moyotecayotl. 4 II auh no mohuicatza yn tlahtoque yn visurrey yhuan oydores. quimoyomahuillico ynic quimotlalilico Sacramento mochi hualla yn iidas yn nohuian Jujetos. yhuan in teopixque necoc motecpatzinoque ynic hualmohuicaque y Yn ipan axcan Domingo av. de Septiembre yquac macehualloc yn oncan quanpatlani­ lizquauhtitlan ye motlanahuatilli visurrey michcuicatl 5 yn meuh yxquichtin huallaque in chinampaneca xochmilca nauhteuhctin 6 yxquich hualla yn intlahuiz yn ipan macehuaco yhuan yn mexico. tlatilolco oficialesme yhuan tlacopaneca yn macehuaco cenca tlama­ hui<;oque in tlahtoque yhua obispome y Yn ipan axcan Domingo a Ires dias de! mes de octubre de 1593. afios in yehuatzin teo-

I. The word "a" is inadvertently repeated in the original. 2. Or hands, or arm or arms. 3. Here as often happened, the in is left off inquisidor, having been taken to be the

Nahuatl article/subordinator of that shape. 4. San Juan Moyotlan, one of the four main parts of Tenochtitlan, first in order and

seat of the municipal government.

1593 45

nimo de Zarate, preacher at San Josef, also did a great deal to see to it; he strongly ordered that the celebration be carried out. The corregidor mayor said that those who did it really splendidly would be paid, they would be given money. [p. 8] y And Sunday, the1 20th of June, was when the Sacrament finally went in procession and went on its way [outdoors]; this was still confined to going in procession in the cathedral area. All the celebration and dancing was performed, they strung flowers together, and many different things were done, of which the Mexica and the Tlatelolca were proud; and a great many carrying platforms and banners went in procession. And at San Josef, next to the church, where the friars usually meet people, they set up San Francisco and San Diego, they clothed them well in woolens as their raiment, but the platform collapsed; the wood broke, and the saints were damaged. San Francisco's hand2 broke off, and San Diego was also damaged. y_ Sunday, the 27th of June, was when the Sacrament went in procession at San Francisco, San Agustin, and Santo Domingo, and there was a procession in Tlatelolco. And everything was done at San Francisco. All the different tradespeople set up a platform each. There they carried out their activities, and the merchants, blacksmiths, church attendants [musicians], and carpenters celebrated and danced on the wooden platforms. And the soldiers [mock warriors] met them in war boats in the canal outside the place of Castaneda. A very great celebration took place; never had anything happened like what happened. And the lord inquisitor3 came to say mass. y Today, Sunday, the 18th of the month of July of the year 1593, was when the lady nuns, children of Santa Clara, came and entered San Juan de la Penitencia; for now only five came; they entered in the afternoon at four o'clock. The Franciscan friars, the father guardian, the definidores, the commissary, and the provincial head all came in person to deliver them and set them up, and the corregidor mayor and many Spaniards accompanied them. They came by carriage, leaving from Santa Clara.

y Today, Friday, the feast day of our lord God called [p. 9] Transfiguration, on the 6th of the month of August, was when the Sacrament was brought to be placed in San Juan Bautista de la Penitencia, whereby our lord God greatly favored his altepetl and gave honor and fame to the entity of Moyotlan.4 // And also the lords viceroy and Audiencia judges came in person to place the Sacrament; all the carrying platforms [with saints] came from the subject settlements all around, and the friars came in rows on both sides. y Today, Sunday the 5th of September, was when there was dancing next to the pole for head-flying [the volador]. The viceroy ordered it; it was a fish song that was sung.5 The chinampa people, the Xochimilca, the people of the four lords6 all came, bringing all their insignia with which they danced. Also the tradespeople of Mexico and Tlatelolco and the people ofTacuba came to dance. The lords and the bishops greatly marveled at it all. y Today, Sunday, the 3rd day of the month of October of the year 1593, the ruler in di-

5. There might have been one song or many of them; the michcuicatl, fish song, is a genre seen in the Cantares Mexicanos. Ch. himself refers to michcuicatl again in Chimal­ pahin 1963-65, 2: 41.

6. A group of altepetl south of Mexico City. See Gibson 1964, p. 443, under Mexi­ calzingo.

'

I

j! !;,!'

46 'IRANSCRll'TION AND'IRANSLATION

yotica tlahtohuani ynquisidor Sanctos garcia quimocuilli in teoyotica ytlahtocayotzin ynic obispo. mochiuhtzino oncan teochihualloc in Sant. Josep yn st. Franco yehuatl quimo­ teochihuilli in visitador. Don die go Roma [ cu]itlaxcohuapan obispo. auh quauhtlapechtli moman in Sant Joseph temimiltitlan tlamellauhyan tlayxpan yxquichtin mohuicatza in teopixque yn izquican moyetzticate teopixque yhuan tlahtoque visurrey. yhuan oydores. yhuan ciudad tlaca allees. hor0 s yxpantzinco mochiuh in comissario. yhuan prouincial. // auh in imoztlayoc lunes yn ipan ylhuitzin catca Sant Franco, a 4. de octubre yquac nez yn quauhtli quichiuhque tlacuilloque tenochtli quichiuhque ycpac ycaca quauhtli auh in totatzin S Franco ypa mehuiltitica yuhq ma ycauallo ypil moyetztica ythualco cruz ytzintla yn yn quiquetzq cenca mahuiqolloc yhull ypan mehuiltitica yn Sant. Franco huell ipa tlato fr. Jerll)0 de <;arate temachtiani1 -

y Yn ipan axcan a .5. de octobre de 1593. afios. ypan martes yn onicallac yteopanchan­ tzinco notla<;ottatzin Senor Sant. Antonio Abbad. y nican xolloco nehuatl Domingo de st. Anton mufion chimalpahin ompa nochan tzaqualtitla tenanco Amaquemecan chalco, [p. JO]

'I[ xi. tochtli xihuitl 1594. afios. yn ipan a 3. de henero lunes yquac momiquilli yn tlacatl in tlacopan tlahtohuani catca ytoca Don Juan cortes ypiltzin catca yn tlacatl Don Antonio cortes totoquihuaztli. Domingo yohuan yn momiquilli yn otlathuic lunes ye monoltitoc yquac quimotoquillique chiuhcnauhxihuitl yn ontlahtocat yn oquipacho altepetl tlacopan // auh nahui metztli yn ayac tlahtohuani catca // auh niman ye hualla yn tlaxcallan Juez ytoca Don leonardo xicotencatl quimixquechilli yn visurrcy ynic yehuatl quipachoto altepetl tlacopan. Y. Yn ipan abril de 1594 afios. yn o iuh onquiz ynezcalilitzin tt'.' Dios. in pasqua Resu­ rretion yquac miquanitzinoque yn teopixque yn iztac abito quimaquitzinohua ypilhua­ tzitzinhuan yn totlai;onantzin Sancta maria de las mercedes Redemptio de captiuos yn teopixque quinmotocayotilia mercenadios. ompa motlallitzinoto yn ipan tlaxillacalli tomatla yquiahauc in tzauhqui 2 espafiol ytoca lucas de tuefias. auh yexihuitl yhuan yey metztli yn moyetzticatca Sant ipolito ypan tlaxillacalli teocaltitlan

Y. Juebes. a 24. de febrero yn ipan ylhuitzin Sant. mathias apostol ye omilhuitl ne­ <;ahuallo quaresma yquac vey. tlayahualoliztli mochiuh ompa hualpeohuac in Sant. Jeronimo oncan hualhuilohuac in de monserate tequixquipan ynic tlayahualloloc oncan quimotlallilico yn ilhuicac cihuapilli de nuestra senora de monserate. quimonapalhuitica yn itla<;oconetzin huellacencahualoc yn otlica quauhtlapechtli motlatlalli yn otlica ochpanco tolquatectli3 vanderas. auh in yomatzinco visurrey yhua tlahtoque oydores yn oncan mohuicatza ynic quimotlallilico cihuapilli Dios. ynantzin motlayahualhuiq -

y Nican peuh tzintic ynic ye piello yn ilhuitzin Sancto Thomas de aquino, Sancto Do­ mingo teopixqui ye tzatzihuac yn nohuian caltzallan ynic tecaquitilloc ynic yxquich

I. This episode and its meaning are briefly discussed in Lockhart 1992, p. 236. 2. Literally weaver in the Nahuatl; the meaning of obrajero is not merely one who

weaves but one who runs if not owns a textile shop.

1593-1594 47

vine matters, the inquisitor Santos Garcia, took up his divine rulership, being made bishop. He was consecrated at San Josef, [which is] at San Francisco; it was the inspector don Diego Romano, bishop of Puebla, who consecrated him. A wooden platform was set up at San Josef, next to the stone pillars, right in front. All the religious from all the places where they are came, and it was done in the presence of the lords viceroy and Audiencia judges, and the members of the [Spanish] cabildo, the alcaldes ordinarios, and the [Franciscan] commissary and the provincial head. // The following day, Monday, on the feast day of San Francisco, the 4th of October, was when the eagle which the painters made was revealed. They made a prickly pear cactus on top of which stood an eagle, and our father San Francisco was sitting on it, as if he were on his horse. They set it up at the foot of the cross in the patio. It was greatly marveled at, and San Francisco sits on it, Fray Geronimo de Zarate, preacher, really favored [the project]. 1

Y. Today, Tuesday, the 5th of October of the year of 1593, I, Domingo de San Anton Mufion Chimalpahin, from Tzaqualtitlan Tenanco, Amaquemecan, Chalco, entered the church of my precious father the lord San Antonio Abad here in Xoloco. [p. 10]

'I[ 11 Rabbit year, 1594. Monday the 3rd of January was when the lord ruler of Tacuba, whose name was don Juan Cortes, passed away. He was the child of the lord don Antonio Cortes Totoquihuaztli. It was Sunday night when he passed away; at dawn Monday he was already lying [dead]. That was when they buried him. He was ruler and governed the altepctl of Tacuba for nine years. // And for four months no one was ruler. // Then a judge named don Leonardo Xicotencatl came from Tlaxcala; the viceroy appointed him, so that he went to govern the altepetl of Tacuba. y April of the year 1594, after the resuscitation of our lord God, the holiday of the Resur­ rection [Easter] had passed, was when the friars who wear white habits, the children of our precious mother Santa Marfa de las Mercedes y de la Redencion de Cautivos, the friars they call Mercedarians, moved. They went to establish themselves in the tlaxilacalli of Tomatlan at the entryway of the house of Lucas de Duenas, a Spaniard who was an obrajero.2 For three years and three months they had been at San Hipolito in the tlaxila­

calli of Teocaltitlan. y Thursday the 24th of February, the feast day of the apostle San Matias, the second day of fasting at Lent, was when a great procession took place. People began at San Ger6nimo and came to [the church of] Montserrat in Tequixquipan in procession; they came there to set up [the image of] our Lady of Montserrat, who carries her precious child in her arms. Things were well prepared along the way; wooden platforms were set up in different places along the way on the main road, and banners.3 And the viceroy and lords judges of the Audiencia came in person to establish the Lady, mother of God; they went in procession. - Y. Here began and was founded the observation of the feast day of Santo Tomas de Aquino, a Dominican friar. It was proclaimed in the streets everywhere to inform people how until

3. Ch. seems to mean that the tolquatectli are the same thing as the banners. By its parts the construction looks like it would mean a reed or rush with the top part cut off. We have not found the word quatectli as such, but from Molina's verb "quatecuia. nino," it appears to refer to a cloth head covering.

I !l•j

!

48 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

cahuitl aye opieloya yniquilhuitzin. qui,aya. cecexiuhtica Sancto - Ip. 11] Auh yn axcan

ye peva in cecexiuhtica ylhuitzin quiztiaz huey pielloz quihualmihualli ytlanahuatHtzin in Sancto Padre in moyetztica Roma ypan a vii. de mar90 de 1594. afios ypan lunes motlali yn ilhuitzin Sancto. yn ipan in omoteneuh xivitl -

Y. Yn ipan axcan viernes. ye xi. mani metztli de mar90 de 1594. afios. yquac possesion

quimocuilli macoc yn arcediano Don Juan de ceruantes. ynic yxiptlatzin mochiuh yn ar~obispo Bonilla, oncan yn iglesia mayor macoc ytencopatzinco mochiuh. yn ar­ cobispo.1 Bunilla ynin visitador. mochihuato yn Peril, auh castillan quimocuillito ynic

ar,obispo, mochiuh auh ompa yn quihualmacac yn ihuelitiliz ynic ypampa gouernador mochiuh yo arcediano y nican ciudad mexico yo oquic yxquichcauh visita quichihuato

peru, auh hue! tlacencahualloc yn iglesia mayor hue! huey papaquiliztli mochiuh yn iquac

macoc teoyotica tlatocayotl cenyohual in papacohuac quahoocotl in tlatlac yn icpac teocalli yhua mahuiltique yn espafiolesme, yhuan yn cavildo. / yn dean / arcediano, prouisor. canonigos.tin yn ixquichtin clerigos.

Y. Yo ipan axcan sabado a xix. de mar,o yn ipan ylhuitzI Sant. Joseph yquac mochalli

momamal in vandera chichiltic tamasco yo itech icuiliuhtoc ytech micuillo tlachinolli teoatl 2 quitentocatoc yhua yo tlahtoque yn otlahtocatico mexico mochi tenochtli ymac

ycuiliuhtihui tlatoq yhua quauhtli tlahtocayotl conaquitica auh ypan metztica in to­

tla,otatzin. S. Fran CO, iuhqui ma cauallo pohui ycruz ymaquicac yhuan in yamatzin 3

quimo,ohuilitica. auh tlapanixquac y mopillo. yn onca S Josepeh cenca quimahui,o. in

tlahtohuani visurrey yhua tlahtoq, oydoresme - Y. Yn ipan axcan Domingo. a xx. de man;o de 1594. afios. yquac yancuic monasterio de monjas motlalli in teatinos caltitlan motocayoti ytocayocan de nra Senora Encarnacion

yquac motlallitzinoque in cihuapipiltin ompa hualmoquixtique in de la comcepcion ynic opa mohuetziltito Ip. 12] Yancuic monasterio. ynin ypilhuantzitzinhuan yn totla9onan­ tzin de la conception Y. Yn ipan axcan Juebes. a xxiiii. de mar,o de 1594. afios. yquac molnamic yn imiquil­

litzin tlahtohuani visurrey yn huehue Don luis de velasco catca yn itatzin catca totlah­ tocauh visurrey yo axcan moyetztica yn quenin mochiuh yn iquac momiquilli yn ipan xihuitl mill y quinientos y sesenta y quatro afios. in ye axca cenpohualli onmatlactli xi­

huitl. ypan yey metztli yn omolnamiquico munometo motlalli in callitic st. Domingo yn 5can missa ypiitzinco mitto. yxquichtin oncan cenquizque in teopixque in missa ypa quimitalhuique yhuan tlayahualloloc yn ithualco teopa gonatica 4 quimonapalhuique yn

iyomiyo oydoresme in quinapalloque, auh yn otzonquiz missa oc cecni quimotoquilliq yn iyomiyotzin. yhuan quinmotlaqualtilli yn ixquixtin 5 teopixq. - Y. Yo ipan viernes a xxv. de mar,o de 1594 afios. yn ipan yhuilhuitzin 6 anuciacion Sancta maria yquac hualmohuicaque in monjastin yn oncan Sant. Juan bapta. de la penitecia, yn

ipilhuan Sancta clara chicueyntin in ye no hualmohuicaque ye matlactin omomen mo­ chiuhque yn achto nahuintin huallaque auh ,an quihualhuillanque yea coche yntlan hual-

1. For "ar,obispo." The version given here of the appointments differs somewhat from that on pp. 152-53.

2. Or one could take it that the pictographic symbol at/ tlachinolli (water and scorched fields), which was a traditional metaphor for battle or war, was literally reproduced along the edges.

1594 49

now the saint's feast day had never been observed and held each year; Ip. 11] but now it

would start going along being held every year, observed in grand style. The Holy Father who is in Rome sent his order that the feast day of the saint was set on the 7th of March of the year 1594, on a Monday of the said year.

Y. Today, Friday, the !Ith of the month of March of the year of 1594, was when the

archdeacon don Juan de Cervantes was given and took possession [of his office] by which he became the deputy of Archbishop Bonilla. [Possession] was given to him at the cathe­

dral; it was done by order of Archbishop 1 Bonilla, who went to Peru appointed as inspec­

tor [general]. He went to Spain to get the appointment as archbishop, and from there he

gave him power that on his behalf the archdeacon was made governor [ of the archdiocese] here in the city of Mexico until he had gone to perform his inspection in Peru. Things

were well prepared at the cathedral, and a very great celebration was held when he was given the divine rulership; all night people celebrated, torches were burned on top of the

church, and the Spaniards, and the cathedral chapter, the dean, the archdeacon, the vicar general, the canons, and all the secular priests made merry.

Y. Today, Saturday the 19th of March, the feast day of San Josef, was when the banner of

crimson damask was initiated and inaugurated, on which is painted, along the edges of which were painted [scenes of] war,2 and the rulers who governed in Mexico all go painted

on the branches of a cactus, and [they put in?] an eagle [representing] the rulership, and on it is our precious father San Francisco, as though it were considered a horse; he has a

cross in his hand and he displays a paper. 3 It was hung above the portal at San Josef; the lord viceroy and the lords judges of the Audiencia greatly marveled at it. Y. Today, Sunday the 20th of March of the year 1594, was when a convent of nuns was

newly established next to the house of the Theatines. It was called and is at the place called Nuestra Senora de la Encarnaci6ni When the ladies established themselves, they departed from [the convent of] Concepcion, so that they settled Ip. 12] at the new con­

vent; they were children of our precious mother of Concepci6n. Y. Today, Thursday the 24th of March of the year 1594, was when the death of the lord

viceroy, the late don Luis de Velasco the elder, who was father of our ruler the present viceroy, was remembered. How it happened when he died in the year of 1564, thirty years

and three months ago now, was remembered. The catafalque was set up inside the church of Santo Domingo, where mass was said for him. All the religious assembled there and said a mass for him, and there was a procession in the church patio. In a cradle 4 they car­ ried his bones; it was the Audiencia judges who caITied them. When mass was finished,

they buried his bones in another place, and he [the present viceroy?] fed all5 the friars.

Y. Friday, the 25th of March of the year 1594, on the feast day 6 of the Annunciation of St. Mary, was when nuns, children of Santa Clara, came to San Juan Bautista de la Peni­

tencia. There were eight more who came, with which the first four who came became twelve. They brought them by caITiage; their relatives rode along next to them, and the

3. That is, a paper with a legend written on it, what the Spaniards called a letrero. 4. The letters "gona" seem to correspond to Spanish cuna. 5. For "ixquichtin." 6. For "ylhuitzin" or possibly "yn ilhuitzin."

:"" I ,.

50 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

yetiaque yn inhuanyolque quihualmohuiquilli alkle celar 1 gonsalo gomez de ceruantes yhua alguacil mayor. Balthasar mexia yhuii castilteca mahuiztique auh in teopixij, oncan quinmochielico. S. Ju0 auh yn tlahtoque mexico alkles Regidores 2 yhuan yn ixquichtin macehualtin toquichtin cihua quinnamiquito ohtlica yhuan cequintin huell ompa Sancta clara quimanillito. auh yn oacico Sant. Juan caltenco xochitica namicoque yhua quin­ xochitzetzelloque hue] quinmahuiztilique yn cihuapipiltin auh oncan hualmohuicaij yn tlahtoque oydores yhuan visurrey oncan machtilloque yn ipa missa

y_ Yn iquac o iuh onquiz yn inezcaliliztzin tt0 . Dias. yn ipan .x. abril 1594 a0 s. yn oquiz pasqua <;an yquezquilhuiyoc. nima Ye omopehualti yn teoyotica tlahtohuani obispo. Don Franco Sanctos garcia ompa mohuicac in tonallan 3 ompa motlalli [p. 13] Yn itequitzin ynic teoyotica motlahtocatillito tonallan confirmacion quimotemaquilitia ynic mohuicac in oncan tlatilolco, auh yn ixiptlatzin. mochiuh in quimopatilli inquisidor. mochiuh ytoca Don Bartholome lubo querrero

y_ Yn Padreme mercenadios yn iquac mohuicaque motlallitzinoto yn iquiahuac luis de tuenas. tzauhqui. ypan tlaxillacalli tomatlan. <;an ic onquiz in pasqua Resurretion ypa abril de 1594 aiios. yexihuitl yhuan nahui metztli yn onca catca ypan tlaxillacalli St ipolito teocaltitlan. novian nenij. acan tlaqualitaq. auh ,an matlactetl once metztli yn ompa catca tomatla ye niman hualmiquanique in to<;anitlan yquiahuac yn diego mexia cerda ypan metztli de febrero de 1595. aiios. ychan volundate. ye ce onca motlaliij.

y_ Yn ipan axcan sabado a xxiii. de Julio de 1594. a0 s. yn mahuiztililoni Padreme yn huey tlamacehualiztli quimopielia descalsos yquac hualmiquanitzinoque yn oncan yancuic yncaltzin oquimoqucchillique Sant ipolito quiyahuac yn ihuicpa tlaxillacalli huehuecalco // auh yn ompa moyetzticatca a la huerta sant cosrne sant damian matlacxihuitl orney yhua chicontetl metztli yn oncan ye hualmiquanitzinoque yancuic teopan st. Diego. huehuecalco. y_ Yn ipan axcan ylhuitzin Sanctiago apostol ypan xxv. de Julio. de 1594 a0 s. nican motenehua yn ipan axcan xihuitl ticate yhuan huehue xihuitl xi. tochtli. yquac cenca huey. netoliniliztli Iopa mochiuh cenca tlatonalhuac huellayhiyohui in tonacayotl huahuac teteyn yhua cequi cehuechililoc ayaxcan yn quiyahuico amo cenca totocac <;an tla<;oquiyauh tlacuilolquiyauh auh cenca mayanaloc ynic mexico yhuan ji nohuian huela<;otic in tlaolli in ce tomi <;a aquiton catca aoc hue] centlaxcalchiquihuitl. <;a iuhqui. ce cacahuatl momatia ce tomin // Auh yn iquac cenca oncatca yn michin yn xoxohuiltin <;a xicaltica quintamachihuaya yn mediotica auh yn cetica tlaolquahuacalli ynic quitamachihuaya yhua oncatca nez yn izcahuitli4 -

y_ Auh yn ipan yquac ylhuitzin st. bartholomen a 24. de agosto 94. a0 s. in yehuantin atlacuihuayan tlaca ynic motlayecoltiaya yztac oct!i5 yquac quiquixtique madamento [p.

1. Gonzalo G6mez de Cervantes had held many positions as judge and administrator, including that of governor of Tlaxcala. It is possible that some higher post, based in the municipal building, is meant here, yet the same phrase apparently meaning one of the alcaldes on the Spanish cabildo appears much earlier in the Codex Osuna (see intro­ duction, p. 21). See introduction to Gomez de Cervantes 1944.

2. The members of the indigenous cabildo.

1594 51

alcalde [of the municipal cabildo],1 Gonzalo G6mez de Cervantes, and the alguacil mayor Baltasar Mejia, and highly esteemed Spaniards came accompanying them. The friars came to await them at San Juan, and the rulers of Mexico, the alcaldes and regidores,Z and all the commoners [indigenous people], men and women, went to meet them along the way, and some went all the way to Santa Clara to get them. And when they got just outside San Juan, they were met with flowers and had flowers sprinkled over them; they greatly honored the ladies. The lords Audiencia judges and the viceroy came; there they heard a sermon during mass. y_ After the great festivity of the Resurrection of our lord God had passed and the festivity been held on the 10th of April of the year of 1594, only a few days after that the ruler in divine matters, the bishop don Francisco Santos Garcia, departed. He went to Tonallan, 3

where his office was established, [p. 13] so that he went to be ruler in divine matters in Tonallan. He went along administering [the sacrament of] confirmation to people as he went to Tlatelolco. The person appointed his deputy, who replaced him and became inquisitor, was don Bartolome Lobo Guerrero. y_ The Mercedarian fathers went to establish themselves next to the house of Luis de Duenas, obrajero, in the tlaxilacalli of Tomatlan, just after the festivity of Resurrection had passed, in April of the year 1594. For three years and four months they were in the tlaxilacalli of San Hipolito Teocaltitlan. They lived everywhere and were satisfied nowhere. For only eleven months were they in Tomatla, then they moved to To<;anitlan, next to the house of Diego Mejia Cerda, in the month of February of the year 1595, at the house of [ihe Voluntad?], where they settled once and for all. y_ Today, Saturday the 23rd of July of the year of 1594, was when the revered fathers who observe the great penitence, the Discalced, moved to their new house that they built outside of San Hipolito in the direction of the tlaxilacalli of Huehuecalco. // They were at the gan..kn of San Cusme an<l San Damian for thirteen years and seven months, from where they moved to the new church of San Diego in Huehuecalco.

y_ Today, on the feast day of the apostle Santiago, on the 25th of July of the year 1594, here it is mentioned that in the year we are in now, the year 11 Rabbit in the old style, was when very great misery came upon us. It got very dry. The maize really suffered; it got all dry and cracked up, and some froze. It hardly rained; it did not rain hard, but only drizzled and sprinkled. There was a great famine, so that in Mexico and everywhere maize became very expensive. One real could buy only a little bit, no longer even one full basket of bread; a real was considered no more than a cacao bean.// And when there were lots of fish, catfish, they would measure out just a gourd vessel full for )lalf a real, and for one real they would measure out a maize container full, and there were small lake worms that appeared. 4

y_ On the feast day of San Bartolome, the 24th of August of the year 94, the people of Tacubaya, who make their living with white pulque,5 got an order [p. 14] from the vice-

3. Means Jalisco. See entry for May 20, 1596, pp. 56-57. 4. Perhaps the meaning is that the worms, in Mexican Spanish izcahuite, were sold

and eaten, or possibly the worms got mixed in with the fish. 5. It is not clear to us if this means simply pulque in general, or if white pulque is a

special kind. Molina gives white wine for iztac octli.

.1•

,1

52 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

14] Quinmomaquilli visurrey Don luis de velasco. ynic hue! quinamacazque nican mexico ayac quincuiliz. yhuan amo ac quimilpiz. quinmottilique mandamiento gou0 r mexico Don Antonio valeriano alhlesme y Yn ipan axcan sabado a xxvii de agosto. de 1594. afios. yn huehuetlan visitacion yquac mocalaquique in Sancto Domigo teopixque ynic ompa motlalitzinoto ytencopatzinco Sancto Padre yhuan yn Rey. amo 9an nican macaque castilla hualla tlanahuatilli yquac quimocahuillique Sant. Franco teopixque yn ompa missa conmitalhuiaya / auh yn st. Domigo teopixque quin yehuatzitzin otlatocayotique ynic axcan motenehua de la piedad ypatzinco mochiuh ji Don luis de velasco visurrey. y Y n ipan ciudad mexico a xi. de Setiembre de 1594 afios. in yehuatzin mahuiztililoni huey teopixqui yhua huey tlamatini Don Sancho Sanchez de mufion maestrescuela mo­ yetzticatca yn nican mexico. ytlanequiliztzintica mochiuh ynic ornpa moyetztiez ypan tlaxillacalli tepetlatzinco natiuidas. achtopa quimonemililito in teocalli auh ye iuh ti­ huallaci ylhuitzi in cihuapilli auh yn ipan Domingo matlaquilhuitl once mani metztli de Setiembre in maestrescuela mohuicac in tepetlatzinco yehuatzin missa quimitalhui auh yn fray Jeronimo de 9arate motemachtilli yhua quimitalhui ynic ompa moyetztiez tlahtohuani maestrescuela 9an ye ypan in yn omoteneuh xihuitl de 1594. afios.1

'I[ xii. acatl xihuitl : 1595 afios. ypan in. sabado. a xxviii. de henero yquac Capitulo mo­ chihuato yn xochimilco ompa mocentlallitzinoque yn teopixque yehuatl quimochihuilli in comissario yancuic fray po. de pilla2 ye iuh nepa ome metztli macoc ynic conrnissario mochiuhtzino // auh yn prouincial motlalli ytoca fray esteua de al9ua3 auh no yquac mocallaquique teopixque yn iztacalco st. Mathias. yn motlallitzinoto ytoca fray Franco Reynoso. achto hue! niohuetziltito yancuican tlalmacehuato yn ompa. auh ji fr. po. de Requena movicac quauhtitlan capillero catca nican S. Joseph. auh yn fr. Jermo. de 9arate ya chollolan auh yehuatzin hualmohuicac nica S. Josep. y fr. Franco de ganbua. yhuan fr. gaspar hortis. de aRi4 - !p. 15]

Miercoles a vii. de Junio. de 1595 a0 s. yquac tianquizco Sant ipolito. ye tzatzihuato yn ipampa totollin tictequitizque ynic mexico yn timacoque totequiuh chicome milL y quatro cientos y tantos. gallinas. 5 yn icohualloca ytech oquiz yn ome to8 . nanahui tomines cecentomin me0 . yhuan ynic nohuia altepetl ypa cenhuetz ynic titequimacoque ytencopa yn visurrey auh yn izquica titetlamamaca // Sanct ipolito. I desmanparado. // ospital real. / huitzillan / contaduria / de las. vobas.6 chiquaceccan yn titequimacoque. y Yn ipan axcan Domingo ye ix. mani metztli de Julio de 1595. afios. yn tla9ocihuapilli de moserate. in moyetztica ypan tlaxillacalli tequixquipan yquac hualmiquani yn iteocal­ tzin yn ochpantenco huey otli ypan yn tlamellahua Sanct Pablo ohtli, yn iuh neztica

I. A cathedral dignitary surely would not abandon his post for a tlaxilacalli church. Presumably the maestrescuela was to be there for a short visit or to associate himself with the church in an honorary fashion.

2. Mendieta 1980, pp. 545, 784, notes a "fray Pedro de Pila, comisario general," the seventeenth to hold the office. He was apparently raised in New Spain and had been provincial head in Michoacan.

3. Mendieta 1980, pp. 543, 770, lists fray Esteban de Alzua as 23rd provincial head. 4. The name, added above the line, seems incomplete. Tena in Chimalpahin 2001, p.

59, supplies Areizaga.

1594-1595 53

roy don Luis de Velasco that they would be able to sell [their pulque] here in Mexico City. No one was to take it from them or arrest them. They showed the order to the governor of Mexico City, don Antonio Valeriano, and the alcaldes. y Today, Saturday the 27th of August of the year 1594, was when the Dominican friars entered [the church of] Visitaci6n in Huehuetlan, so that they went to establish them­ selves there by order of the Holy Father and the king. The order was given to them not just here, but it came from Spain. At this time the Franciscan friars, who had said mass there, left. / The Dominican friars gave it a new name, so that today it is called "de la Piedad." It was done in the time of the viceroy don Luis de Velasco. y In the city of Mexico, on the 11th of September of the year 1594, it happened by the wish of the very reverend great priest and savant don Sancho Sanchez de Mufi6n, who was maestrescuela [at the cathedral] here in Mexico, that he was to be in the tlaxilacalli of Tepetlatzinco Nativitas. First he went to reconnoiter the church, and then as we were coming to the feast day of the Lady, on Sunday the 11th day of the month of September, the maestrescuela [definitively] went to Tepetlatzinco. He said mass, and fray Ger6nimo de Zarate preached and said that the lord maestrescuela was going to stay there, in the same said year of 1594.1

j[ 12 Reed year, 1595. Saturday, the 28th of January, was when a general meeting [of the Franciscans of the province] was held in Xochimilco; the friars assembled there. The new commissary, fray Pedro de Pila, 2 called the meeting; it was over two months before that he was given the appointment as commissary. // And the provincial head who was put in is named fray Esteban de Alzua. 3 And this is also when the friars entered San Matias lztaccalco; the one who went to establish himself there was named fray Francisco Rei­ noso; first he went to get really settled and to acquire land there. And fray Pedro de Re­ quena went to Quauhtitlan; he had been the chaplain here at San Josef. Fray Ger6nimo de Zarate went to Cholula, and fray Francisco de Gamboa came here to San Josef, along with fray Gaspar Ortiz de Arri .... 4 !p. 15]

Wednesday the 7th of June of the year 1595 was when a proclamation was made at the San Hip6lito market about how we are to pay tribute in chickens in Mexico; we were assigned a tribute of 7,400-odd chickens.5 The money to pay for them came from the four reales plus two real es each [that we pay], a real and a half each, and this tribute that we were assigned by order of the viceroy fell upon all the altepetl around. And we deliver it in the following places: // San Hipolito, / Los Desamparados, // Hospital Real, / Huitzillan, / Contadurfa, / Hospital de las Bubas;6 we were assigned [to pay] tribute in six places. y Today, Sunday the 9th of the month of July of the year 1595, was when the church of the precious lady of Montserrat, which is in the tlaxilacalli of Tequixquipan, was moved here onto the highway, at the edge of it, the big road going straight to San Pablo, as it

5. By the general context it is highly probable that chickens were involved, but on purely linguistic grounds there is uncertainty, since totolin in Nahuatl and gallina in Spanish were both used for the hen of both the chicken and the turkey.

6. Muriel 1990, 1: 161, cites a letter from Bishop Zumarraga in 1540 mentioning an "hospital de los enfermos de bubas." (We take bubas to mean syphilis.) From its first location it took over the buildings of the first Colegio de Nifias Indias. Called the Hospital de! Amor de Dias, it was located at the corner of Moneda and Academia.

'.,, ''i

54 TRANSCRIITION AND TRANSLATION

axcan- Y Lunes a xxiii. de octubre yquac tlecoc mopilloto yn campana yn icpac campanario. yn S1. Joseph. pilcac ye teotlac in quitlecahuique quimoteochihuillique in teopixque ynin

yehuatzin quimochihuilli yn ganboa yhua fr gaspar - y Yn ipan axcan martes. a xxiiii. de octubre de 1595. a0 s. yquac mohuicac in tlahtohuani

visurrey Don luis de velasco, yey hora tzilini ye moquixti yn quimotlalcahuilli altepetl

mexico. ynic mohuicac peru 1 yn otlahtocatico macuilxihuitl ypan matlactetl metztli // auh ypan peuh in Sant. Franco . teocalli auh o panhuetz yn mohuicac auh ,a ixquich in

Capilla in teocalcalcuitlapilli2 yn ayamo tlami yn quimocahuilitia

y Yn ipan axcan Juebes. ye omilhuitl mani metztli de Nouiembre de 1595. a0 s. hue!

iquac yn miccaylhuitl oncan maxitico yn tepeyacac yn visurrey. Don gaspar de 9uniga y Azeuedo Conde de monterrey. ompa quimopapaquiltilique yn castilteca yhua ompa

macehuato yn mexica yhuan chinampaneca // auh qui Domingo mocallaquico, [p. 16] Yn ihtic altepetl mexico tenochtitlan ypan av. de nouiembre de 1595 a0 s. y maxitico in

yancuic tlahtohuani Do gaspar de ,;uniga. visurrey. ye teotlac y maxitico. auh y mo­ callaquito audia. ye tlapoyahua otzillin oron

y Auh ypan in deziembre de 1595. a0 s. yn momanaco Cocoliztli ,ahuatl Salanbio ynic micohuac hue! totocac yn cocoliztli ynic nepallehuiloc yztac octli heheloquiltic tletle­

matzin miya yn ipil yztac octli. 3 ye patihuaya auh hue! cenca micohuac yn cecemilhuitl

hue! miec in motocaya auh yn ipan 1596. a0 s. amo quiz. amo caxahuac yn cocoliztli ,;an ye yhui totocac hue! ixpoliohuac in telpochtli yn ichpochtli in tlapallihui yn huehuentzin

ylamatzin piltzintli conetzintli, auh nohuian calpa. y mexico moteyolcuitiliaya. y

teopixq. yhua tlaqualtzHli quitemacaya. in castilteca. yva teyzminaya -

Y axcan jueves inic .30. ye tlami metztli noviembre de 1595. afios ypan ilhuitzin S. Andres yni quimocuili yauitotzin S. Anton yn padre fr. Augtin de! Spm s.to teotlac yehuatzin qtiimomaquilico yauito y Doctor hernando ortiz de hinoxosa canonigo yhuan

Prouisor omoyetzticatca y nican ar9obispado mexico. y Yn iquac Domingo. yn itlamian metztli deziembre de 1595. a0 s. yquac tlayahualoloc

Sant Sebastian hualpehualoto ompa huilohuac in Sant. lazaro. acalcaltitlan hue! ma­ huiztic yn mochiuh yxquich tlacatl ompa huia yn timacehualtin yhuan castilteca ompa motemachtilli yn totatzin fray helias de st. Juan bapta. calme totatzin ynin mochiuh ynic

tlayahualoloc ypampa cocoliztli ynic moyolcehuitzinoz tt0 . Dios. yhua yehuatzin yn

tla,ocihuapilli Sancta maria

'l[ xiii. tecpatl xihuitl 159.6. a0 s. yn ipan lunes ye .2. mani metztli abril. yquac yecauh in

campanario S. Josep. ycpac quiquetzque in cruz tepoztli yhuan tlatenexaltilli,;otl 4

I. Or: and went to Peru. 2. Probably for "teocalcuitlapilli," though if calcuitlapilli is taken as a unit meaning

"the back of a building/' and teocal-, "church/' is taken as bound to that unit, the con­ struction is possible. The reference is no doubt to the apse.

3. Eloquiltic seems to be an adjectival form based on elotl (elate in Spanish), a green ear of corn on the plant, and quilitl, any of a variety of green plants of the type used for salads. T/emaitl is a sort of ladle to carry fire in and probably could refer to a ladle or

1595-1596 55

presently appears. - y Monday the 23rd of October was when the bell that hangs on top of the belltower at San Josef was raised up and hung; it was already afternoon when they raised it up. The

friars blessed it; Gamboa did it, along with fray Gaspar. - y Today, Tuesday the 24th of October of the year 1595, was when the lord viceroy don

Luis de Velasco went away. It was three o'clock when he came out and left the altepetl of

Mexico to go to Peru; 1 he ruled for five years and ten months. // In his time the church of

San Francisco was begun, and it was completed when he left; he left only the chapel at

the back of the church 2 unfinished. y Today, Thursday, the 2nd day of the month of November of the year 1595, right on the

Day of the Dead, the viceroy don Gaspar de Zuniga y Acevedo, Count of Monterrey,

arrived in Tepeyacac. There the Spaniards greatly feted him, and the Mexica and people of the chinampas went tl1ere to dance.// And then on Sunday he came to enter [p. 16] inside the altepetl of Mexico Tenochtitlan; it was on the 5th of November of the year 1595 that

the new ruler don Gaspar de Zllfiiga, viceroy, arrived; it was in the afternoon that he arrived, and when he entered the Audiencia [building] it was getting dark, and the bell was

ringing for prayer. y It was in December of the year 1595 that an epidemic of measles broke out, from which people died; the epidemic really raged. People were helped with white pulque; eloquiltic tletlematzin was drunk in white pulque, 3 with which it was cured. There were a very great many deaths; every day very many were buried. And it did not end in the year of 1596, the

epidemic did not subside, but raged vigorously. Absolutely everyone perished: youths and maidens, grown men, old men and old women, and little children. And in the houses all around Mexico the religious heard confession, and the Spaniards gave people food and bled

them. y Today, Thursday the 30th, at the end of the month of November uf the year 1595, on the feast day of San Andres, Father fray Agustin del Espiritu Santo took the habit. In the afternoon Dr. Hernando Ortiz de Hinojosa, who was canon and vicar general here in the

archbishopric of Mexico, came to give it to him. y Sunday the end of the month of December of the year 1595 was when there was a

procession; people started from San Sebastian and went to San Lazaro Acalcaltitlan. It was done in a very marvelous way: everybody went, we commoners and the Spaniards. Father fray Elias de San Juan Bautista, a Carmelite father, preached. The reason this was

done and there was a procession was because of the epidemic, so that our lord God and the

precious lady Saint Mary would be appeased.

'l[ 13 Flint year, 1596. Monday, the 2nd of the month of April, was when the belltower at San Josef was finished. On top they placed an iron cross and a green coating, 4 as it

spoon more generally. The words refer to specific herbs used for a variety of purposes. See Sahagun 1979, Book 10, f. 105v, and Book 11, ff. 100, 136, 140, or Sahagun 1950- 1982, Book 10: 151, and Book 11: 136, 143, and Cruz 1996, 1: 82-83, 98; 2: f. 58v, for eloquilitl and e/oquiltic. For tletlematzin, see Sahagun 1979, Book 10, ff. 100, 109v, or Sahagun 1950-1982, Book 10: 142, 157, and Hernandez 2000, p. 181. There is the question again of whether iztac octli could be white wine.

4. Whitewash or stucco? The word is based on tenexaltia, "to wash with lime."

'

i. ,I

56 1RANSCRIPUON AND 1RANSLATION

xoxoctic yn iuh neztica axcan ynin yehuatzin quimochihuilli in fray franCO ganboa guardian s1. Josepeh y Yn ipan metztli febrero yhuan man;o abril yhua xihuitl. yquac macuilcan onpeuhque in Joldadosme a la china, I gallifornia, I yancuic huehue mexico = la uaafia I a la florida yhuicpa Sant Juan de lua ye macuilcan yn yaoqui<;ato castilteca. y Yn ipan ciudad mexico tenochtitlan nueua espafia [p. 17] Ynic nohuian axcan ypan mierco!es sancto. 1 ye matlaquilhuitl mani metztli de abril de 1596. afios. yn itic altepetl. S. Franco S. Joseph. capilla yn quimoyacani!ia2 yxquich monesterio. ynic mexico, oncan

omochiuh omotlalli centlamantli Sancta cofradia yancuic tlayahualloliztli ypilhuantzitzin in Sancto fray diego. ompa hualla in Roma quinhualmomaquilli yn Sancto Padre hue! iquac quizque in miercoles Sancto yey hora3 quizque huell oncan in Sant Iosep. motecpan­ que yn quimoquixtilique yehuatl yn xochitepanco ye quimotlatlauhtili ytla<;otatzin dios. yhuan ynic quimonahuatili ytla<;onantzin Sancta maria motocayotia despedimiento de nuestra Sefiora. auh nextic yn invandera yhuan nextic yn escapulario cOtlalique ymelpan

y axcan a xiiii. de mayo 96. afios. yquac momiquili Sancho Lopez secretario motocac Sant Franco,

y Yn ipan Junes. a xx. de mayo de 1596. anos. ynic omochiuh tlayahualloliztli yn ipapa ynetlecahuiliztzin 11°. Dias. amo onca huillohuatza in Sant. Fran° 0 • ye ompa huillohuac trinidad.4 yhuii yn Sant. augusu II auh ynic omilhuitl martes. de la cassa prouesa teatinos carte quiyahuac catca yn huillohuaya auh ynic iuh mochiuh chalanaliztli ynnepantlatzinco catca in teopixque clerigos. Dominigos. Franciscos. yhuan descomunion catca yehuatl iuh quichiuh yn Don Juan de ceruantes yquac gouemador mochiuhticatca ypampa yn ari;obispo

y_ Auh yn ipan lunes. omoteneuh a xx de mayo 96. a0 s, yquac hualmohuicac maxitico yn obispo. xalixco Don Francisco Sanctos garcia 5 ye tlapoyahua maxitico nican mexico II. auh yn momiquilli ypan Juebes. a xxvii. de Junia 96. a0 s. II auh yn ompa motlahtoca­ tillito xalixco i;an 5xihuitl ypan nahui metztli auh y motocac ynacayotzin yglesia mayor. onca yn miquiltiticac Sancto crucifixo, [p. 18]

y Yn ipan axcan Sabado a xx de Julio. de 1596 afios. yquac motlayahualhui Sacramento yn monjas Regina celi. ye mochalli momamal in yancuic teopancalli matlaquilhuitl yn tlanepantla 6 moyetzticatca Sacramento auh yzquilhuitl momoztlaye missa mitohuaya II auh yn oyecahuico teocalli matlacxihuitl omey yn omochihuaco ye omomamal

y el sancto hermitano. gregorio lopez. murio sabado a mediodia: que se contaron veyte de Julio de este afio de 1596. dia en que la sagrada Religion de las Padres carmelitas celebra la fiesta de! Sancto Helias Primer Padre y fundador de la vida solitaria. la qua! greg0 •

lopez. tan perfectamente auia seguido. viuio cinquenta y quatro afios. y los treynta y Ires dellos en soledad depositose el cuerpo en la yglesia de Sancta fee. junta al Altar mayor; al

1. Wednesday before Easter, not Ash Wednesday. 2. Literally "which leads"; it is not entirely clear to us whether Ch. is saying that San

Francisco was the first established, was the leading monastery, or the first to have a cofradfa of San Diego.

1596 57

now appears. Fray Francisco de Gamboa, father guardian at San Josef, did this.

y In the months of February, March, and April of this year soldiers set out for five places: China [the Philippines], I California, I New Old Mexico, = Havana, and I Florida, in the direction of San Juan de Ulua, the fifth place where the Spaniards went off to war. y In the city of Mexico Tenochtitlan and [first?] in all New Spain, [p. 171 today Holy Wednesday, 1 on the 10th day of the month of April of the year 1596, in the altepetl, at San Francisco, at the chapel of San Josef, first of all the monasteries in Mexico City,2 a holy cofradfa was made and established, [with] a new procession of the children of the holy fray Diego. [The permission] came from Rome, the Holy Father bestowed it upon them. They came out right on Holy Wednesday, they came out for three hours.3 Right at San Josef those who came out lined up. [On their carrying platform was a scene about how] in the flower garden [Jesus] prayed to his precious father God and said goodbye to his precious mother St. Mary, called Farewell to Our Lady. And their banner is gray, and gray is the scapular they placed on their chests. y Today, the 14th of May of the year 96, was when Sancho Lopez, the secretary, died. He was buried at San Francisco. y On Monday, the 20th of May of the year 1596, when the procession on account of the ascension of our lord God was held, they did not come to San Francisco; they went to the [church of] the Trinidad4 and to San Agustin. II And on the second day, Tuesday, it was to the Casa Profesa of the Theatines, outside the court jail, that they went. Because it was done this way, there was friction among the friars and secular priests, the Dominicans and the Franciscans, and there were excommunications. The one who did [the excommun­ ication] was don Juan de Cervantes, at that time appointed governor on behalf of the archbishop. y The said Monday, 20th of May of the year 96, was when the bishop of Jalisco, dun Francisco Santos Garcia, came and arrived here.5 It was dark when he arrived here in Mexico. II And he died on Thursday the 27th of June of the year 96. II He ruled in Jalisco for only two years and four months. His body was buried in the cathedral, where the holy crucifix stands. [p. 18] y Today, Saturday the 20th of July of the year 1596, was when the Sacrament went in procession to the nunnery of Regina Coeli, with which the new church building was inaugurated. For ten days the Sacrament was [publicly displayed],6 and during that time mass was said daily. II It took thirteen years to finish and build the church until it was inaugurated. y The holy hermit Gregorio Lopez died Saturday at noon, on the calendar the 20th of July of this year of 1596, the day when the holy order of the Carmelite fathers celebrates the feast day of Saint Elias, first father and founder of the solitary life, which Gregorio Lopez had followed so perfectly. He lived for 54 years, 33 of them in solitude. His body was

3. Hora without tzilini, "to ring," sometimes refers to duration rather than clock time in Ch., but possibly the meaning is "at three o'clock." See also the case on p. 42 at n. 6.

4. Stafford Poole brings to our attention that the ascension of Christ was traditionally celebrated on a Thursday, the fortieth day after Easter.

5. See also the entry for April 10, 1594, pp. 50-51. 6. Literally in the middle, presumably out in the open in the main part of the church.

i

Ii.'

'i I

I

;I

58 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

]ado de] Euilgelio. 1

:;: Domingo a xxix. de Selie. 96 a0 s. yquac peuh ynic tlayahualoloc yn iglesia mayor. yhuan in nohuian teopan yhuan m5jas. ynpampa tlatlatlauhtiloc yn omictiloque xptanos­ me yn at] itic luderanos yn temictique yhuan ingleses. tlaca in temictiq auh ypampa y nohuiil ynpampa tlatlatlauhtiloc, II no yhquac nican ypan in oyecauh yn teocalli S. Pablo yn c;an omotlapacho yn iglesia

auto. grande de mexico. :;: Yn ipan axcan Domingo ye chicueylhuitl mani metztli de di,iembre de 1596. afios. yn ipan ylhuitzin de la concepcion de nuestra Senora, yquac quintlatique Judiosme tlateo­ tocanime macuiltin, sefiorasme nahuintin castilteca ye ix. tlacatl. auh Y tlachichihualtin collotin matlactin. ix caxtilteca. ye l0tli senora ye 5ce quauhtanatli tctia oncan ce yyomiyo ye centecpiltli tlatlaq. :;: Auh colotin tlachichihualtin matlactin chiuhcnahui castilteca ce senora. ye matlactli ye once quauhtanaco tentia yyomiyo. ye centecpantli tlatlaque 2 II. Auh yn mochintin teyttitiloque yetecpantli onchiuhcnahui tlacatl :;: Auh yn tetlatzontequilianime in Justicia quimochihuilliquc ynquisidores. omentin yn tlahtoque ce tlacatl ytoca el Doctor Don Bartholome Robo guerrero ynquisidor mayor. ynic ome ytoca Don Alonso de peralta ynquisidor menor. II auh yn quinteyttitique oncan in selar callixquac huey quauhtlapechtli oncan moman yhuan yn oncan motlallique tlahtoij. visurrey. oydoresme. auh yn oncil motemachtilli a la china arc;obispo. ytoca Don fray ignacio de millas. 3 II auh ye teotlac yn tlatilloto tlateotocanime Sant ipolito, auh yn nohuian altepetl ypan tlahtoque pipiltin yhuan alklesme mayortin corregidorti thenienteti yhuan castilteca yxquichtin ccqui,aco yn tlachiaco tlamahuic;oco, yhua yn ixquichtin teopixque yn nohuian moyetzticate yxquichtin mohuicatza II auh yn iquac ye quinhuica ynic miquizque yn ixquichtin Auh y mochintin teyttitiloij ynic mocenpohua. in teyttitiloq. 69. tlacatl. selar y te­ yttitiloq. auh ye teotlac y tlatiloto S.t ipolito. 4 [p. 19]

Teopixque yn nican moyetzticate mexico. ynic chicuetetl monasterios. hue! quimol­ olhuitiaque ynic quintlalnamictique yn tlaneltoquiliztica quinyolcuitique. auh yn ipil mochiuh yn ixiptlatzin. arc;oopo. Don Juan seruates. auh y prouisor ytoca Doctor. ortiz

:;: Martes. a xxiiii. de [d]iciembre de 1596. afios. yquac theniente mochiuh yn tlacatl Don Juan mm quipallehui yn Don Antonio valeriano gou 0 r ypampa ohuehuetix. ochicavac yhuan aocmo tlacaqui 5 ypampa quipallehui yn ica gouernacio mexico ytencopatzinco mochiuh yn visurrey huell iquac yn visita general quichihuaco yn nican tecpan oncan yn quimacac varra yn quinahuati auh aculman catca yn iquac onxihuitl ypan macuiltetl metztli yn Jueztito acolman yn Don Juan mm yn ompa tlahtocatito.

'I[ I. calli xihuitl, 1597. afios. yn iquac Sant Sebastian ylhuitzin catca yn ipa Junes. a xx

I. Despite being in Spanish, this paragraph added in the margin is in Ch.'s hand. The Spanish seems perfect, although one might have expected "el" before "sabado."

2. Apparently inadvertent repetition. 3. Name unconfirmed.

1596-1597 59

buried in the church of Santa Fe, next to the main altar, on the Gospel side.6

y_ Sunday, the 29th of September of the year 96, was when processions began at the cathedral and the churches everywhere, and at the nunneries. There were prayers for the Christians who were killed across the sea. Lutherans and English people were the killers, and for that reason there were prayers everywhere for [those killed]. II Also at this time the church of San Pablo was finished; the church was just roofed over.

Great auto <la fe in Mexico City. :;: Today, Sunday the 8th day of the month of December of the year 1596, on the day of the Conception of Our Lady, was when they burned five Jews who were idolaters, and four Spanish women, making nine people, and ten effigies, nine Spaniards and the tenth a Spanish woman, and the bones of an eleventh that were in a wooden basket, making

twenty that burned. :;: There were ten effigies, nine Spaniards and one Spanish woman, making ten, and the bones of an eleventh that were in a wooden basket, making twenty that burned. 2 II And in all 69 people were displayed to the public. :;: Those who passed sentence, who did justice, were the two lords inquisitors, one named dr. don Bartolome Lobo Guerrero, inquisitor major, and the second named don Alonso de Peralta, inquisitor minor. II And [for] those whom they showed to the public, at the portal of the municipal building a large wooden platform was set up, and there the lords viceroy and Audiencia judges sat, and there the archbishop of the Philippines, named don fray Ignacio de Millas,3 preached. II It was already afternoon when the idolaters were taken to be burned at San Hip6lito. And from the altepetl all around the rulers and nobles, and alcaldes mayores, corrcgidores, tenientes, and Spaniards all came to assemble, look, and behold, and all the friars from everywhere came. II And when they took them to die, all the [p. 19] friars who are here in Mexico City in the eight monasteries went surrounding them completely, reminding them of the faith and hearing their confessions. This hap­ pened in the time of the deputy of the archbishop, don Juan de Cervantes, and the vicar general named dr. Ortiz. As to all those who were shown to the public, those who were shown add up to 69 people; it was at the municipal building that they were displayed, and in the afternoon they were taken to be burned at San Hip6lito. 4

:;: Tuesday, the 24th of December of the year 1596, was when the lord don Juan Martin was made deputy. He aided don Antonio Valeriano, governor, because he had grown old and aged and no longer could hear.5 For that reason he helped him with the governance of Mexico. It was done by order of the viceroy, right during the general inspection that he came to make here at the municipal building [ of the indigenous municipality]. There he gave him the staff of office and notified him. At the time he had been in Acolman; it was two years and five months since don Juan Martfn had gone to serve as judge in Acolman

and rule there.

'I[ 1 House year, 1597. When it was the feast day of San Sebastian, on Monday the 20th

4. This sentence is in the margin on p. 18 of the original. 5. Tlacaqui is literally to hear, but the meaning is probably could no longer under­

stand, had become senile.

.i

·1

60 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

de henero de 1597. afios. in yehuatzin totlac;otatzin fray Alonso vrbano guardian S. Franco onpohualli pesos. quinmotlaocolili in cocoxque ye mocouh tlaolli tlaxcalli marquexodi xochiqualli, xocotl, 1 quinmamacaya in cocoxque yn ipan cecentlaxillacalli ynic st. Juan yhuan Sancta maria quiyomahuiaya yn Regidoresme Doctorme yxquetzalloque ynpan yn quimitaya cocoxque yn tleyn intech monequi yn boticapatli yn intech monequia ynic patiloya auh ceca hue! totocac yn cocoliztli hue! micohuac yxquichtin momiquillique yn piltzintli in ye qualtzin yn moquequetza yn mohuillana yn telpochtli yn ichpochtli yn tlapallihui yn iyolloco toquichtin yhuan cihua yhuan yn huehuetque yn illamatque hue! ixpoliohuac ynic micohuac yhuan castilteca Y. Yn ipan axcan Juebes. ye 13. mani metztli de marc;o de 1597. afios. yquac Sanct ipolito tzatzihuato auh ynic tzatzihuato, ypampa ynic tiquinnemitizque quaquehueque 2 molati yhuan temamani3 yhua carnerostin yhuan quanacame totolme yhua necapatiloz nechi­ chihualoz espada daga mopiaz. auh moch licencia motquitinemiz. ynic chicahuaz ayac ~an nen y iuh nemiz ynic ayac. yea mocayahuaz yhuan yn cohuatequitl yn ipa Semana Sancta yhuan pasqua Resuretion ayamo mochihuaz oc moca[p. 20]huaz quin iquac yn oquiz pasqua mochihuaz. cohuatequitl

Y. Yn ipan axcan Domingo a xx de marc;o4 de 1597. afios. ye iuh caxtolilhuitl rnozcalli­ tzino yn temaquixtiani xpo yquac yn ixiptlatzin Sant. Jacinto. quirnolhuichihuillilique yancuica motlayahualhui onca quimanillico yn iglesia mayor. ompa quimohuiquillique yn Sancto Dornlgo. ypapa Sancto Domingo teopixqui huey Sancto yhuii rnietlamantli 5 yn quirnomaquilli tt0 . Dias. huelitiliztli ynic quimochihuilia tlarnahuic;olli yn quena­ micatzintli Sant Diego. c;an no iuhqui yehuatzin Y. Juebes. a xiiii. de agosto. de 1597. a0 s. yquac hualmohuicac yn tlac;ocihuapilli Sancta maria de las Remedios. yn moyetztica totoltepec yxquich tlacatl ompa yaque yn to­ quichtin yn cihua yn castilteca yn sefioratin, tlacxipanhuique moch carndelas quitquique ynic quihualmotlahuililitiaque cequintin hue! acique yn 6pa totoltepec auh cequintin c;a otlica quimonamiquilique yglesia mayor yn quimoquechilito auh matlaquilhuitl yn nican rnoyetzticatca mexico Y. Yn ipan axcan viernes ye 10. mani metztli de octubre de 1597. afios. yquac mocalla­ quique in teopixq. yn Sancta maria asumption la Redonda ynic mocallaquique ytenco­ patzinco s 0 • padre yhuan yehuatzI Rey. ynic cemicac ompa moyetztiezque // auh yn iquac Domingo ypa castilli 6 onnahui mani octubre yquac tlayahualoliztica mohuicac yn tlac;ocihuapilli Sancta maria mopitzinohuaya Sant Joseph. auh yquac prouincial yn fray Juan Lazcano, auh yn guardian yacuican mohuetziltito yn mocallaqui ytoca fray diego Redon yhuii oc cequintin teopixque Y. Auh yn inpan mochiuh pipiltin 7 Don rniguel garcia yxtlahuel, diego Sanchez. alkle. 8

andres garcia [p. 21] Cohuacuech Regidortin niculas. hemandez mathias hemandez.

I. In view of the most usual meaning of tlaxcalli, the bread may well have been tortillas. The difference in meaning between xochiqual/i and xocotl here is not clear to us; both are used for fruit.

2. For "quaquahueque." The word often refers specifically to oxen, and in view of the context that may be the meaning here as well.

3. Presumably primarily horses.

1597 61

of January of the year 1597, our precious father fray Alonso Urbano, father guardian of San Francisco, favored the sick with forty pesos, with which was bought shelled maize, bread, caramels, and fruit. 1 They distributed it to the sick in each tlaxilacalli of San Juan and Santa Marfa. The regidores and doctors who were appointed to look after the sick, [to get them] what they needed [in the way of] medicine from the pharmacy for their cure, took care of it personally. The epidemic raged very terribly, there was a great deal of death. Infants who can already raise themselves up quite well and crawl, youths and maid­ ens, grown men, mature men and women, and old men and women, all died. There was total destruction by death. Also Spaniards [died]. y Today, Thursday the 13th of the month of March of the year 1597, was when an announcement was made at San Hip6lito, and what was proclaimed was about how we are to maintain cattle,2 mules and mounts,3 and muttons, and chickens, and there will be wearing of Spanish capes and dressing [in Spanish style], and having swords and daggers, but [whoever does it] will go about carrying a license to confirm it all; no one is to go about that way just on his own, so that no one will be deceived. And rotary draft labor will no longer be done during Holy Week and the festival of the Resurrection. [p. 20] It will be left off for a while, and when the festival has come to an end, draft labor will be

done. y_ Today, Sunday the 20th of [April?]4 of the year 1597, two weeks after the resurrection of Christ the Redeemer, was when they held a feast day for the image of San Jacinto and it went in procession for the first time. They came to the cathedral to get it and took it to Santo Domingo, because [San Jacinto] was a Dominican friar and a great saint, and our lord God gave him many kinds 5 of powers to perform miracles. He was just like San

Diego. y Thursday, the 14th of August of the year 1597, was when the precious lady, Santa Marfa de los Remedios, who is in Totoltepec, came here. Everyone went [to see her], indigenous men and women, Spaniards and Spanish women. They went on foot, all carry­ ing candles to light her way here. Some got all the way to Totoltepec, and some just met her on the way to the cathedral where they went to lodge her. She was here in Mexico

City for ten days. y Today, Friday the 10th of the month of October of the year 1597, was when the [Franciscan] friars entered [the church and jurisdiction of] Santa Marfa de la Asunci6n la Redonda. They entered by order of the Holy Father and the king, so that they will be there always.// And Sunday the 19th6 of October was when the precious lady Santa Marfa who was kept at San Josef was taken there in procession. At this time fray Juan Lazcano was provincial head, and the father guardian who was newly seated, the one who entered, along with some other friars, was named fray Diego Rend6n. y It happened during the period of office of the members of the [indigenous] cabildo7 don Miguel Garcfa Ixtlahuel, Diego Sanchez, the alcalde8 Andres Garcfa Coacuech, [p. 21] and the regidores Nicolas Hernandez and Matias Hernandez.

4. March in the text. If March 13 was Thursday, the 20th cannot have been Sunday. 5. For "miectlamantli.,, 6. For "casto1li." 7. Literally nobles. 8. It is not clear just whom the word alcalde applies to; perhaps all those named were

alcaldes except for the last two.

62 TRANSCRil'TION AND TRANSLATION

Y. Domingo a vii. de diziembre de 1597. anos. ye ontetl Dominica aduien[t]o in yehuatzin fray Juan de castillo ye motemachtilli quimotecaquitilli ynic momiquillique teopixque yn ompa a la china chiquacemintin Sant. Franco ypilhuantzitzin descali;os teopixque ynic momiquillique Cruztitech quinmamai;ohualtique ytech quitetzotzonquc yn inmatzin auh yn hue! momiquillique yn ipan altepetl ytocayocan xabon yhuan oc cequintin xpianosme ompa tlaca yn xabon yni mochtintzitzin momiquillique quinmocepanmictillique ytencopa mochiuh yn ompa huey tlahtohuani xabon

'I[ 2. tochtli xihuitl, 1598. anos. miercoles. a 4. de febrero yquac mocuic nextli auh yn ihuiptlayoc viernes ypan .vi. de febrero, yn ompa st. ma. Ia Redonda ompa peuh ynic tlayahuallolotiuh viernestica yehuatzin quimopehualtilli in fray lope yzquierdo. yhuan fray diego Redon guardian auh yn ichicueylhuiyoc viernes ypan a xiii. de febrero, yn i;an ye ypan xihuitl omoteneuh de 1598. anos. yquac tlayahualoloc in Sant. Franco. ythualco cenca ye moquallanalti in Ganboa yhua fray Juan ynic achtopa ompa peuh st. ma. auh ye cemicac peuh mochipa iuh mochiuhtiaz yn cecexiuhtica yn ipa quaresma yn viernestica tlayahualolotiaz. Y. Miercoles a 4. de mari;o de 1598. a0 s. yquac momiquilli yn tlahtohuani prouisor. Doctor ortiz de hinojosa ye tlapepetzintli catca ynic obispo moyetztiezquia quauhtemallan yntlacamo momiquiliani auh cenca huecauh yn tlahtocat in prouisortic. Y. Yn ipan viernes Sancto, ypan xx. de mari;o de 1598 anos. yn Sant. Pablo. tlaca yquac quimonextilique yn tt0 • Dias. yn motenehua de nra Senora de la Soledad. yquac con­ pehualtique ynic yancuican tlayahualloque ypan 3. hara teotlac ytencopatzinco y maestro doctor don Juan de seruantes arcediano Mexico yhuan gou0 r. ycatzinco yn teoyotica tlahtohuani don Alonso fernandez de bonilla ari;obispo mexico. no yhuan ynin tlaya­ hualloliztli ynic hue! mo[p. 22]chiuh no yehuatzin yhuelitilizticatzinco yn tlahtohuani don gaspar de i;uniga y azeuedo conde de monterrey visurey. ytlaytlaniliztica mochiuh yn hemando de S. mm chane S. Pablo. yhua o cequintin 1 tlaca. auh yn ihuelitzin conde xuchmilco yn quicuito yhquac vmpa moyetzticatca. yehica yparnpa in yehuantin S. Juan tlaca moyoteca quinhualixnamique contradicion quinhualchihuiliaya yn S. Pablo tlaca yhuan S. Sebastian tlaca auh yn axcan <;an centlachicahui!iloque. y S. Sebastian tlaca ynic huellayahualotiazq cecexiuhtica ynin ca achtopa yehuantin ye quii;aya

ypan fr. franCO de ganboa capillero S. Josep S. Franco.2

Y. Yn ipan Junia. de 1598. anos. ytlamian yn metztli yquac quimocahuilli yn itequitzin guardian fray alonso vrbano. callitic guardian moyetzticatca auh yn conmopatilli ytoca fray Juan de Salas. auh yn fray alonso vrbano mohuicac huertas Sant Cosme,

Y. Yn ipan Julio yhuan xihuitl 98. a0 s. yquac hualla acico. amatl in yancuic mexico ynic omaxitique teopixque Sant Franco fray Alonso martinez conmissario mochiuhtia, auh yhuan ce quihuicaque Donado amaquemecan ychan ytoca franCO faustino quetzalmai;atzin auh ynic hualla tlahtolli ypampa ynic hue! omaxitito yn ihtic altepetl auh yn iquac o­ hacico tlahtolli nican mexico cenca papacohuac yhuan tlayahualloloc yn iglesia mayor,

1. For "oc cequintin."

1597-1598 63

y_ Sunday, the 7th of December of the year 1597, the second Sunday of Advent, fray Juan del Castillo preached about and announced to the people that friars in China [the Orient] had died, six Franciscan friars, Discalced. The way they died was that they spread their arms out on crosses and nailed their hands to them. They really died in the altepetl called Japan, and other Christians, people from there in Japan, all died. They killed them all together; it was done at the order of the great ruler in Japan.

'I[ 2 Rabbit year, 1598. Wednesday, the 4th of February, was when ashes were taken, and two days later, on Friday the 6th of February, they began holding a Friday procession at Santa Marfa la Redonda; fray Lope Izquierdo began it, along with fray Diego Rendon, the father guardian. And a week later, Friday the 13th of February, in the same said year of 1598, was when there was a procession in the patio of San Francisco. Gamboa and fray Juan [de! Castillo] got very angry that it began first at Santa Marfa, but it began being done on a permanent basis that way; there is to go along being a procession on the Friday of Lent every year. y_ Wednesday the 4th of March of the year 1598 was when the lord vicar general dr. Ortiz de Hinojosa passed away; he was already chosen and was going to be bishop in Guatemala if he hadn't died. He ruled as vicar general fora very long time. y_ On Good Friday, the 20th of March of the year 1598, was when the San Pablo people produced [the image of] our lord God called Nuestra Senora de la Soledad. At that time they first began to go in procession at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, by order of the master of theology dr. don Juan Cervantes, archdeacon [at the cathedral of] Mexico and governor through the ruler in divine things don Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla, archbishop in Mexico. For this procession to be permitted it also [p. 22} had the authorization of the lord don Gaspar de ZU.f:i.iga y Acevedo, Count of Monterrey, viceroy. It was done at the petition of Hernando de San Martin, citizen of San Pablo, and some other 1 people. They went to get permission from the Count at Xochimilco, where he was at the time, because the people of San Juan, the Moyoteca, contested and contradicted the San Pablo people and the San Sebastian people. But now the San Sebastian people have been entirely confirmed in being able to go in procession every year, for they were the ones who came

out first. Fray Francisco de Gamboa was chaplain at San Josef, at San Francisco, at this time.2

y_ In June of the year of 1598, at the end of the month, was when the father guardian fray Alonso Urbano relinquished his office; he had been guardian inside the [Franciscan] establishment. One named fray Juan de Salas replaced him, and fray Alonso Urbano went to the gardens of San Cosme. y_ In July of the year of 98 was when a letter came and arrived from New Mexico about how the Franciscan friars, with fray Alonso Martinez appointed as commissary, reached there, and they took along a lay brother from Amaquemecan named Francisco Faustino Quetzalma~atzin. And when news came and arrived that they were able to reach and enter the altepetl [New Mexico], there was great rejoicing here in Mexico, and a procession was

held at the cathedral.

2. In the margin on p. 21 of the original.

'" "

64 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

y Sabado. a x. de octubre de 1598. a0s. yquac ye tzatzihuac tianquizco yn ipampa 90- quicamdelero angelesme. yhua yn tlapopochhuilloni temetzhuilli yn a,o Sancto ano,o Sancta yhuan yn ihetl ytech quitlalia mochi tecahualtilloc ye motlanahuatilli yn quimo­ piallia Sancto Oficio inquisidor, descumonion ye huetz cahualtilloque yn ,oquichiuhque

Y Yn ipan axcan Domingo ye vi. mani metztli de diziembre de 1598. afios. yquac ye teotlac maxi ti co yn imomiyotzin deseal,o pe .me. yn momiquillique xabon, yn ipan tlalli a la china ye teotlac yn rnaxitico teopixque quinhualmonapalhuique caxatica huallonotia auh yn ixquichtiri teopixque nican moyetzticate mexico yxquichtin quimonamiquillito, yn omaxitico st. Diego. niman huehuetz tlequiquiztli. auh ynic moquillique 1 yn iuh mo­ chiuh ompa. nauhtetl yn tilmatli. ytech tlacuilloli mopipillo, teopan st. Joseph. yxquich tlacatl quittac quimahuii;o yn espafioles yn timacehualtin auh ytech man2 yn micuillo caltech yn oncan Sant Joseph, ytencopatzinco mochiuh [p. 23] Yn ganboa. yhuan fray Juan yquac motlapialiaya yn nican mexico I auh yn ipantzinco mochiuh callitic guardian fray Juan de Salas. auh in prouincial fray Juan de lazcano commissario general fray po de pilla fiscal francisco Sandoual Sindico. yhuan gou0 r Don Antonio Valeriano Don Juan mm allaes. me Don antonio de mendoi;a gabriel xuarez. auh o iuh momiquilli yn antonio ximenez

'I[ iii. acatl xihuitl 1599. afios. yn ipan axcan a x. de febre0 yquac acico tlahtolli yn ompa castilla yn ipampa omomiijlli cemanahuac tlahtohuani Don Philipe Segundo Rey nro Senor. yn iquac machiztico nican mexico ye iuh nauhtetl metztli momiquilli yn ipan metztli ye xviii. mani octubre yn ipan xihuitl de 1598 afios. yn momiquilli ompa espafia II auh yn iquac oquimomachilti in ye momiquiliz. niman quimixquechilli quimonahuatilli yn itlai;opiltzin3 i;anno ytocatzin Don felipe. quimomaquilli yn itlahtocayo yn icoronatzin ynic yehuatl quipachoz cemanahuac altepetl. auh yn omotlahtocatilli Rey. onpohual­ xihuitl omey. __ yn oquimopachilhui altepetl cemanahuac auh yn o iuh acico tlahtolli niman ye peuh in nohuian tzilli4 campana yn miccatepoztli yhuan nahuatilloque yn espafioles.me mochintin moi;auhque luto quitlallique Y Domingo a xiiii. de mari;o de 1599. afios. yqu etetl Semana quaresma. yquac mochi­ huazquia Joramento ynic tlatennamicozquia yn ipampa omotlahtocatlallitzino yn tlah­ tovani Don Philipe tercero telpochtli Rey espafia yhua nican nueua espafia auh ayamo hue! mochiuh i;an iuh xitinohuac II auh yn mochihuato ypan viernes. a xix. de mari;o de 1599 afios. yquac ylhuitzin quiz. yn st. Joseph. Y Domingo a xxviii. de mari;o de 1599 a0 s. yquac yvisperatzi yvigiliatzin mitto, yn huey tlahtohuani Rey Don felipe huehue yglesia mayor yn mochiuh munomento. motlalli [p.

24] Yquac oncan mochallanique yn teopixque yn clergios. Dominigos. Franciscos. ynic quizque tecpan Palacio yn quinequi Dominicos. yhuan Franciscos. i;an inhuehuemamania yn manalozquia ynic tecpanalloque ceceyaca cecetlamantin teopixque ye nepa tlayacac quinmanaya yn teopixque st. Domingo yhuan st. Franco auh yn ome perochias belacruz. yhuan st. ta catharina martyr. ye huehuechiuhtiazqui 5 ,a tlatzacuitiazquia tlayacac quin-

1. For "morniquilique." 2. A very speculative interpretation, requiring that the intention was "ytech moman"

(and even transitive mana does not seem quite the right verb). The phrase "ytech man" should mean "it was taken from, based upon," etc.

1598-1599 65

y Saturday, the 10th of October of 1598, was when a proclamation was issued in the marketplace about the clay candleholders in the shape of angels and the leaded censers in the form of a male or female saint and the tobacco that they put in them. It was all forbidden. The inquisitor of the Holy Office ordered that it be observed on pain of ex­ communication. The potters were forbidden [to make them]. y Today, Sunday, the 6th of the month of December of the year 1598, in the afternoon, was when the bones of the Discalced fathers who died in Japan in the land of China arrived. It was afternoon when the friars arrived; they came carrying them enclosed in

chests. All the religious who are here in Mexico went to meet them; when they reached San Diego, the guns were discharged. How they died I and what happened there was painted on four cloths which were hung at the church of San Josef; everyone saw and admired them, the Spaniards and we commoners. And what was painted [was put?]2 on the wall at San Josef. It was done at the order of [p. 23] Gamboa, and fray Juan was in charge at that time here in Mexico. I And it was done in the time of the internal guardian fray Juan de Salas, the provincial head fray Juan de Lezcano, the commissary general fray Pedro de Pila, the fiscal and syndic Francisco Sandoval, and [in the indigenous municipal government] the governor don Antonio Valeriano [with the aid of] don Juan Martin, and the alcaldes don Antonio de Mendoza and Gabriel Juarez; Antonio Jimenez had died.

'I[ 3 Reed year, 1599. Today, the 10th of February, was when word arrived from Spain about how the universal ruler don Felipe the Second, the king our lord, had passed away. When it became known here in Mexico, it had been four months since he had died; it was on the 18th of the month of October in the year of 1598 that he died there in Spain. II When he knew that he was about to die, he appointed and notified his legitimate child,3

likewise named don Felipe, and gave him his rulership and crown so that he would govern the universal altepetl. And the king ruled fur forty-three years that he governed the uni­ versal altepetl. And when the news had come, pealing" of the bells began everywhere, and the Spaniards were all notified to fast and wear mourning clothes.

y Sunday, the 14th of March of the year 1599, the third week of Lent, was when the oath was going to be taken in which [the cross] was to be kissed because the ruler don Felipe the Third, the younger, was installed as king in Spain and here in New Spain, but it could not be done yet, but was canceled. II And it was done on Friday the 19th of March of 1599, when the feast day of San Josef was celebrated. y Sunday the 28th of March of the year 1599 was when the evening rites and vigil of the great ruler and king don Felipe the elder were said; it was done at the cathedral, and the catafalque was set up. [p. 24] At that time the priests-the secular priests, Dominicans, and Franciscans-argued. On leaving the palace the Dominicans and Franciscans wanted things to be mTanged in the old way as to how they were lined up: there at the head of the separate groups of friars and priests they used to put the Dominican and Franciscan friars in front, and the two parishes Vera Cruz and Santa Catarina Martir were going to [do it in the ancient fashion];' they were just going to come last. In front they put the said Do-

3. Literally precious child. 4. For "tzilini" or possibly "tzilin." 5. The verb seems to lack an object prefix, and the sense is far from certain.

' : '

:.,''.'1'. :, '

' :

66 1RANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

maca yn omoteneuhque teopixque Dominigos Franc 0 s. auh yehuatl ye mochaJlanique ye

<;an ixneliuhque yn ontlamatin teopixque auh yn oc cequintin yn izqui tlamatin nepapa teopixq. mexico moyetzticatca atle ye tlachallanique <;an quaJli moquixtique ynic motec­

pantiaque yehuantzitzin motlayacatilitiaque yn Padreme descali;os s1. Franco ypilhua­ tzitzin tlayacac mantiaque ynic callacohuac yglesia mayor. yn ipan in mochiuh ye omito

Domingo ye teotlac ye quixonhuae yn palaeio, auh ymoztlayoc ypa lunes yn mochiuh yn

horra ymissatzin auh nohuian huallaque yn altepetl ypan moyetzticate teopixque yn ipan motlatlatlauhtillico yn huey tlahtohuani Rey.

Y. Domingo de ramos. a 4. de abril de 1599. afios. yquac mochalli in letablo Sant.

augustin ynic moman cenca mahuiztic magen1 yn iuh neztimani axcan moch tlacamani2

yn Sanctosme yhuan in Corona pilar

Y. Yn ipan axcan Juebes ye ix. mani mctztli de Setiembre de 1599. afios. yquac huaJla in Don Jeronimo Lopez ynic gou 0 r. Juez mochihuaco nican mexico. xaltocan ychan

tlatilolco, tlapiaya, auh yn Don Juan. mm, nican tlapiaya, auh compatlaco niman ye ya tlatilolco ompa tlahtocatito gou0 r Jueztito ompa,

'II iiii. tecpatl xihuitl, 1600. afios. yn ipan in xihuitl de mill y seyscientos yn ipan

yancuic metztli de henero yquac ontzintic yn alcaldesme nahuintin motlallique cecen ixquetzalloque yn inauhcampayxti

oc cequintin quimachiyotia ypan in y hualla don Geronimo lopez gou 0 r. mexico ypan

metztli octubre de 1600 a0 s. amo nelli y ca ye tlapic neltitica ynic hualla mexico 3 Ip. 25]

Y. Sant. Juan motlalli alkle. Juan bonifacion - y_ Sant. Pablo. motlalli alkle hernando garcia - y_ Sant. Sebastian motlalli alkle Don Antonio de med09a y_ San eta maria motlalli alkle Diego Sanchez - 4

y_ martes a xv. de febrero de 1600 a0 s. yn Don Juan gano de moteuhci;oma 5 espafiol, qui­ nexti yn moteuhc9omatzi catca ypan quixeuh in Don hernando de aluarado te<;o<;omoc­

tzin. 6 quinapalloque, yea andas. yhuan balio ye quicaltitiaque yxpan 7 macehuallotia. ynic huaJla tecpan quiyahuac yxpanCO necieo in Visurrey ___ yhuan mahuiltique castilteca

Y. Domingo ye centetl Domingo quaresma ypan. cepohualilhuitl mani metztli de febrero

yhua xihuitl de 1600. afios. in yehuatzin temachtiani fr. Juan de torquemada quimo­ chihuilli quimoteyttitilli neyxcuitilli tomachiyouh yn timacehualtin yn tonemiliz yuh tlamito quaresma in vi tell Domingo auh yn izquitetl viernes ynic tlayahualoloc cecentlamatli neztia yn itlayhiyohuiliztzin totemaquixticatzin xpo. II axcan y[pan] viernes

ye yohua ynic 25. mani metztli de hebrero de 1600. a0 s. ypan ylhuitzin S. Mathias Apostol omomiquilli yn tlayectenehualli tettatzin fr. Sebastian de Aparicio. teopixqui S Franco quatei;ontzin cuitlaxcoapan S. Franco. momiquilli. ynin chane espaila yn oncan

I. It may be that in Nahuatl imagen, "image," could refer to a whole ensemble. The pair retablo imagen occurs more than once in Nahuatl documents.

2. From one or two instances in mundane documents it begins to appear that the meaning of tlacamani is in the round, but certainty has not been achieved. Note that Luis Reyes translates the similar "tlacaycatiuh" in the so-called "Anales de Juan Bautista" with a reference to sculpture (Reyes Garcia 2001, pp. 230-31).

1599-1600 67

minican and Franciscan friars. And what they argued about was that the two groups of friars were just mixed in together. All the other different groups of friars who were here in

Mexico City argued about nothing, but came out well as to how they went lined up; the Discalced fathers, children of San Francisco, led the way, they went in front entering the

cathedral. This happened, as was said, on Sunday; in the afternoon was the departure from

the palace, and the next day, Monday, his [the king's] honors and mass were held, and the friars who are in the various altepetl everywhere came; they came to pray for the great

ruler the king. y_ Palm Sunday, the 4th of April of the year 1599, was when the altarpiece at San

Agustin was inaugurated; very splendid images 1 were set up, as they appear today, with

the saints all like people, 2 and the columns or pillars. y_ Today, Thursday the 9th of the month of September of the year 1599, was when don

Ger6nimo Lopez came; he came appointed as governor and judge here in Mexico. He is from Xaltocan, and had been in charge in Tlatelolco. Don Juan Martfn was in charge here,

and [don Geronimo] came to replace him, whereupon he went to Tlatelolco to rule and

serve as governor and judge there.

4 Flint year, 1600. In the year of 1600, in the new month of January, was when it began that four alcaldes were put in office. One was chosen for each of the four parts [of Mexico

Tenochtitlan]: Others record that don Ger6nimo L6pez, governor in Mexico, came in the month of October of the year 1600. It is not true; it is made up. It is true that he came to Mexico [in September of 1599].3 Ip. 25]

y_ In San Juan Juan Bonifacio was instaJled as alcalde. - y_ In San Pablo Hernando Garcia was installed as alcalde. - y_ In San Sebastian don Antonio de Mendoza was installed as alcalde. y_ In Santa Marfa Diego Sanchez was installed as alcalde.4 -

Y. On Tuesday, the 15th of February of the year 1600, don Juan Cano de Moctezuma,5 a

Spaniard, produced [a representation ofl the late Moteuci;oma. Don Hernando de Alvarado

Tezozomoctzin 6 impersonated Moteuci;oma. They carried him on a platform and went sheltering him with a canopy. In his presence 7 people went dancing as he came in front of the palace. They came to appear before the viceroy __ , and the Spaniards celebrated.

y_ Sunday, the first Sunday in Lent, on the 20th day of the month of February in the year 1600, the preacher fray Juan de Torquemada held and showed [a play or spectacle] as a model for the lives of us commoners. Lent lasted for six Sundays, and each Friday in

procession one of the passions of Christ our redeemer went along being shown. II Today, on Friday evening, the 25th of the month of February of the year 1600, on the feast day

of San Matias the apostle, the lauded father fray Sebastian de Aparicio, a Franciscan lay friar, passed away. He died at San Francisco in Puebla. He was from Spain, and was born

3. Added in the lower left margin. 4. The four great parts are in their normal order. 5. Although Ch. writes the name in his usual fashion within the Nahuatl tradition, in

Spanish don Juan used the form Moctezuma. 6. The famous interpreter and historian in Nahuatl and Spanish. 7. Apparently meaning going along before him.

' ',

II,, II

!',I:

68 1RANSCRIITION AND TRANSLATION

hue! motlacatilli ypan altepemaytl 1 ytocayocan Gudifia. yn ipan tlahtocayotl Galicia. yn ipan yeyantli de viedma. yntlahuillanalpan yntech pohui yn tlahtoq condes de Monterrey.

yn ittatzin ytoca catca Juan de Aparicio. auh yn inantzin ytoca Teresa del Prado tlalchiuhq.

Y. Miercoles. a iii. de mayo. de 1600. a0 s. hue! ipan yn Sancta velacruz ylhuitzin yquac

acico yn itlahtollo. an;obispo. Don alonso fernandez bonilla ynic ompa. omomiquilli peril, auh niman ye peuh in nohuian tzillin campana yn miccatepoztli achi quezquilhuitl in tlatzillin auh c;atepa missa ypan mito yn iglesia mayor.

Y. axcan ye 15. mani metztli Setiembre de 1600 a0 s. yquac nican mexico maxitico Eytin.

S. Benito. teopixq. fr. bernardino. Prior yhuan fr. Juan de la vitoria yhua fr. domingo monserate motlalitzinoco2

Y. Yn ipan axcan Domingo ye caxtolli omome mani metztli de Setiembre de 1600 aiios. yquac motlallique m5jasti in de las vobas hospital quiahuac ompa hualquizque yn concep­ cion oncan quinhualhuicaque yn iglesia mayor. auh yn ocenquizque tlahtoq. 3 yhua yx­

quichtin castilteca niman ye ic netecpano. tlayahualoliztica quinmocahuilliton yn oncan yancuic monasterio Sancta ynes. ynT monjastin ypilhuantzitzinhuan totlai;onantzin con[p.

26]ception yn onca mohuetziltito auh ynin monasterio yehuatl ytlaquetzal ychan catca in diego cauallero,

Y. Domingo a xii. de nouiembre de 1600. a0 s. yquac ylhuitzin quiz in San. Diego. hue! mahuiztic ynic tlachichihualloc auh quimotlalilique tlayxpa 4 yn inemiliztzin yn otlica

yxtlahuaca ylhuicac tlaxcaltzintli quinhualmomaquilli yn tt0 • Dios. angelesme quihual­ cuiq. onca quimoqualtique yn ixtlahuacan II auh ynin tlaxcalli yquac moteochiuh. yn iuh yehuatzin st. nicolas de tolentino moteochiuhtiuh ytlaxcaltzin cexiuhtica i;an no iuh mo­ chihuaz yn ipan ylhuitzin st. Diego

Y. Yn ipan axcan lunes. ye ii. once' mani metztli deziembre. de 1600. a0 s. yquac momi­ quilli yn tlacatl yn Don Jua mm. gou0 r. Juez. tlatilolco moyetzticatca, ce xihuitl. yhua

nahui metztli, yn motlahtocatilli. tlatilolco. auh ymomextin. yn inamictzin. yn ompa momiquillique ymomextin. ompa toctitoc yn innacayo. auh chicocca yn oquipacho alte­

petl, calli ymanyan, tlatilolco, xochmilco I cuitlahuac, acolman mexico, ye chicocca in tlatilolco. oppa omilochti ye oppa yn yn axcan ompa omomiquilli

Y. Yn ipan omoteneuh. lunes in metztli yhua xihuitl yquac ce piltzintli quimozcalili in st.

Diego. huey tlamahuic;olli yn mochiuh. yn iquac omomiquilli niman quihualhuicac yn inantzin in teopan yxpii quimotequilli in st. Diego. cenca choquiztica quimotlatlauhtilli yn itlacotzin 6 dios. st. Diego. auh yn oquimohuelcaquiti yn tlatlatlauhtilli. niman moz­

calli yn piltzintli yn omozcalli nima ye peuh ye ic tlatzitzillicac yxquichtin quimottilique yn teopixque. yhuan castilteca,

Y. Auh yn ipan .xiiii. deziembre de 1600 a0 s. Juebes. oc ceppa ce quimozcalili piltzintli.

in st. Di0 . cenca no mahuii;oloc. yn piltontli yn mozcalli, Y. Auh <;anno ypan in deziembre de 1600 a0 s. [p. 27] Ye iuh tihuallaci, ytlacati-

I. Literally, altepetl branch. 2. This portion is in the left margin. 3. Ch. often means the members of the indigenous cabildo of Mexico Tenochtitlan by

this word, but perhaps Spanish dignitaries are intended as well or instead.

1600 69

right in the village 1 named Gudifia in the kingdom of Galicia, in the area of Biedma,

which belonged to and was a dependency of the rulers who were Counts of Monterrey. The name of his father was Juan de Aparicio, and his mother was named Teresa del Prado;

they were workers on the land. Y. Wednesday, the 3rd of May of the year 1600, right on the feast day of the Santa Vera

Cruz, was when news arrived about the archbishop don Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla, that he had died in Peru. Thereupon the bells began to peal everywhere. The pealing went on

for quite a few days, and afterward a mass was said on his behalf in the cathedral. Y. Today, the 15th of the month of September of the year 1600, was when three Benedic­

tine friars arrived here in Mexico; fray Bernardino, the prior, and fray Juan de la Victoria

and fray Domingo de Montserrat came to establish themselves. 2

Y. Today, Sunday the 17th of the month of September of the year 1600, was when nuns established themselves outside the Hospital de las Bubas. They came from [the nunnery

of] la Concepcion and were brought to the cathedral. And the rulers 3 and all the Spaniards

gathered together, whereupon the order was arranged by which they were going to take them in procession to the new nunnery of Santa Ines. These nuns who went to settle

there were children of our precious mother of Concepcion. [p. 26] And this convent was

erected by and had been the home of Diego Caballero. Y. Sunday, the 12th of November of the year 1600, was when the feast day of San Diego

was celebrated. It was really marvelous how everything was adorned. In front:4 they put his life. Traveling through the desert, our lord God gave them bread from heaven; angels brought it, and they ate it in the desert. II And this bread was blessed at that time; it will be done on the feast day of San Diego the same way as the bread of San Nicolas de Tolen­

tino goes along being blessed each year. Y. Today, Monday the 11 th5 of the month of December of the year 1600, was when the lord don Juan Martin, who was governor and judge at Tlatelolco, passed away. He ruled at

Tlatelolco for a year and four months, And the bodies of both of them, him and his spouse, who both died there, lie buried there. There were seven places where he governed

an altepetl, in Calimaya, Tlatelolco, Xochimilco, I Cuitlahuac, Acolman, and Mexico. The seventh place was Tlatelolco; he returned a second time. This was the second time,

when he died there now. Y. The said Monday, [the same] month and year, was when San Diego revived a small

child; it was a great miracle that was performed. When [the child] passed away, its mother brought it to the church and laid it before San Diego. With heavy weeping she prayed to

the beloved 6 of God, San Diego. And when he had approved her prayer, the child came back to life. After it had revived, the bells began to peal everywhere because of it. All the

friars and Spaniards saw [the miracle]. Y. And on the 14th of December of the year 1600, a Thursday, San Diego brought a child

back to life again. The child who was revived was greatly marveled over as well. Y. Likewise in December of the year 1600, [p. 27] as we arrived at the birth of our lord

4. Of the procession? Of San Diego's carrying platform? Stafford Poole informs us that this feast was normally held on November 13th.

5. Ch. would hardly use the Spanish word once here. Most likely "once" means "plus one" even though the implied word "ten" is not present. The "ii" itself means eleven.

6. For "itla<;otzin."

i,

70 1RANSCRIPTION AND 1RANSLATION

lizpantzinco tt0 • Dios. yquac momiquilli yn tlahtohuani maestrescucla Don Sancho Sanchez de mufion huey teopixqui latinmatini catca clerigo.

'II v. calli xihuitl. 1601. afios. yquac ypan in motlallique alcaldesme nican mexico. ma­ cuiltin omochiuhque -

Y. Martin xuarez. cozcaquauh fiscaltia 1 st. Juan ychan y Miguel Sanchez. hueton Regidortia st. Juan ychan - y Don Bartholome franco xochiquen ye oppa alkletic. st. Pablo ychan :

y Don miguel Sanchez ye vi. pa alkletic. atzaqualco ycha y Gabriel xuarez ye oppa alkletic. s 1. ta maria ychan Y. ypan in yn xihuitl omoteneuh ypan otlamico yn itlacatilizxiuhtzin temaquixtiani. ohacic nauhtzonxihuitl ye onpehua yn axcan yancuic xihuitl Seiscietos. y vno. afios. y yn ipan lunes. ye viii. mani metztli de henero yquac momiquilli oydor. balderama ycxi­ poi;ahuac quitequillique yn Doctoresme. ynic patiz auh aocmo hue! patic ye momiquilli S1. Domingo motocac

y yo ipan axca Sabado a iii. de febrero. de 1601. in yehuatzin cenca mahuiztililoni huey Sancto Sant. bias. obispo. martyr yquac tzintic peuh yn ilhuitzin quiztiaz cecexiuhtica pialoz ayac tlatequipanoz. auh pregones ye mochiuh auh tlayayahualoloc 2 prossesion mochiuh ompa hualpeohuac yn iglesia mayor. ynic oncan hualhuilohuac Sancta vera cruz. ypampa ca ompa mopia yo ixiptlatzin auh yxquichtin tlayahualloque yn tlahtoque oy­ dores. alkles de corte hordinario, yhuan Regidores. ciudad. celar. auh yn omoteneuh tlaya­ hualloliztli ynic mochiuh i;an nican 3 ytlanahuatiltica yn prouisor. ypampa yquac maca cocoliztli tozcamiahualiztli, 4 mochi tlacatl yuh mochiuh [p. 28] y Yn ipan cemilhuitl Domingo ye xi. mani metztli de febrero de 1601. a0 s. yn itlai;opil­ huantzitzin Sancta clara cihuateopixque yquac mohuetzitique yn ayoticpac yancuic monas­ terio, yn ichan cihuapilli Dofia Catharina de peralta ycnocihuatl ye tlahuenchiuh yn ical ypampa amo pilhua yehica ynic teopantli mochiuh yo icaltzin chiquacemintin yn hual­ mohuicaque monjastin ce ytocatzin Dofia ana Sotelu de moteuhci;oma yn fundadoras. mochihuaco auh yeppa cequintin oncan cate motenehua Beatasme auh cenca mahuiztic ynic tlayahualoloc ynic quinmocahuilico nohuian huallaq yn teopixij. yn izquican mo­ yetzticate / auh ye motocayoti yn teopan La visitacion descali;as. y Yo axcan ypan cemilhuitl Domingo. ye nahuitl 5 mani metztli de mari;o de 1601. a0 s. yquac momamal yniteocaltzin Sant Franco. teopixque in yancuic teocalli yece oc miec yn itlacapa ynic mocencahuaz i;an oc cenca yehuatl yn omochalli in letablo hue] mahuiztic tlacenpanahuia ynic mahuiztic in tablero, 6 yn pilar corona yn cassamiento tabernacolo yn Sanctome hitic mani yo incaltzi yn corona centecpantli oncastolli once. auh i;a iuh nahuilhuitl mocuiz nextli7 yn teocalchalliloc in teocalmamalihuac - auh nohuian hualmohuicq. in teopixque yhuan yn tlahtoque visurrey. Oydoresme - Y. yehuatzin yn visurrey. Don Gaspar de i;ufiiga // alkles. de corte

I. The word "fiscaltia" is preceded by a smear or blot which appears to contain a letter or letters. Their appearance seems to exclude the otherwise tempting "ofiscaltia."

2. For "tlayahualoc," unless the rare reduplication of ya is intentional. 3. Le., not by an order from Spain. 4. We have not been able to identify the disease in question.

1600--1601 71

God, was when the lord maestrescuela don Sancho Sanchez de Mufi6n, a great priest and knower of Latin, who was a secular priest, passed away.

'l[ 5 House year, 1601. In this [year] when alcaldes were installed here in Mexico, five

were appointed: y Martin Juarez Cozcaquauh, who had been serving as fiscal, 1 from San Juan; y Miguel Sanchez Huenton, who had been serving as regidor, from San Juan; y Don Bartolome Francisco Xochiquen, who became alcalde for the second time, from

San Pablo; y Don Miguel Sanchez, who became alcalde for the sixth time, from Atzaqualco; y Gabriel Juarez, who became alcalde for the second time, from Santa Maria. y_ln the said year the birth year of the Savior came to an end; 1600 years were completed, with which the present new year of 1601 begins. y Monday, the 8th of the month of January, was when the Audiencia judge Valderrama passed away. He had a swollen foot that the doctors cut off for healing, but he was no longer able to heal, so that he died. He was buried at Santo Domingo. y Today, Saturday the 3rd of February of 1601, was when it was instituted and begun that when the feast day of the very reverend great saint San Blas, bishop and martyr, will go along being celebrated and observed each year, no one is to work. Proclamations were made about it, and there was a procession,2 beginning at the cathedral and coming to Santa Vera Cruz, because his image is kept there. And the lords civil and criminal judges of the Audiencia, and the alcaldes ordinarios and regidores of the [Spanish] city all went in procession. It was done just here3 by order of the vicar general, because at that time there was an epidemic of throat [inflammation?]; 4 it happened that way [with] everyone. [p. 28] y A Sunday, the 11th of the month of February of the year 1601, was when the nuns who are the precious children of Santa Clara settled at a new convent in Ayoticpac, the home of the lady dofia Catarina de Peralta, a widow. She made an offering of her house because she was childless, wherefore her house became a church. Six nuns came; the one named dona Ana Sotelo de Moctezuma came as one of the founders. Previously there were some of those called beatas there. And the procession with which they brought them was very splendid; the friars came from everywhere, from all the different places where they are. / And the church was named La Visitaci6n [of the] Discalced nuns. y Today, a Sunday, the 4th5 day of the month of March of the year 1601, was when the church of the Franciscan friars, the new church, was inaugurated, although there was still much along the side of it to be finished; only the altarpiece especially was inaugurated, very magnificent; exceedingly splendid were the [woodwork], 6 the pillars or columns, and the casing of the tabernacle, with thirty-six saints inside their housings, [ on] their columns. Four days before ashes were to be taken 7 the inauguration of the church oc­ curred. From everywhere came the friars and the lords viceroy and Audiencia judges. y The viceroy was don Gaspar de Zufiiga. // Criminal judges of the Audiencia:

5. For unahuilhuitl." 6. A tablero could be a finished plank or several, a counter with an edging, a board for

playing chess and other such games, etc. Just after this, "corona" is Ch.'s rendering of Spanish colurnna (then often written "coluna"), with common letter substitutions.

7. Four days before Ash Wednesday.

,,'",

:i

i ,, I

I, i

72

y Maldonado presidente - y Don Franco dello -

y Don Juan funsega - y Sanctiago de rriego. - y el Doctor villagran 1 -

y el lliceciado Don P0. de otalora

TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

y_ Don marcos guerrero - y el lliceciado. ayala - y_ el lliceciado Diego nufiez

morquecho-

Y. Auh yn mexico tlahtoque Don Antonio Valeriano. huehue Don Jeronimo lopez gouor. mexico, Don Juan bapta_ tlahtohuani gou0r tlatilolco, all<lesme mexico mm xuarez [p. 29] Miguel Sanchez. Don Bartholome. Don miguel Sanchez. Gabriel xuarez. yhua fiscal. Joseph xuarez. antonio Raphael sindico escriuano yglesia. franc 0 Sanchez corregidor. mexico.2

Y. Auh yn teopixcatlahtoque yn inpantzinco omochiuh omomamal teocalli. fray po_ de pila. conmissario. fr Bonauentura de paredes prouincial. fray po, de la cruz. guardian. fray franCO de ganboa guardian st. Joseph. fr. Juan de torquemada temachtiani, yhuan fr. franc0

hormendia presidente. 3 yehuantin in yn imixpanc 0, mochiuh. ynic mochalli teocalli yn oyecahuico teocalli. matlacxihuitl omome // auh ye iuh nauhpohualxihuitl ypa onxihuitl yhuan otetl metztli onoque yn espaiiolesme. ynic acico mexico. nican ynic tlalmacehuaco

Y. Ynquisicion Sancto oficion yn omochiuh yn quimochihuillique yehuantin ynquisidores. ypan castolli onnahui quaresma ne,ahuallo yn auto omochiuh 4 -

Y. Sabado. ye xxiiii. mani metztli. de mar90 de 1601. aiios. yn icmztzin. temaquixtiani ompa hualla Sancto Domingo, oncan quimoquechillico yn quauhtlapechticpac yn oncan teyttitiloque. yn tlateotocani yn atlaneltocani yxquichtin ompa cenquizque in teopixque ynic chicuetetl hordenes. hualmotecpatzinotiaque ynic quimanilito Sancta cruz. teopixque quihualmonapalhuitiaque yhua sesario. ye quihualmopopochhuilitiaque yn cmz. Y. Auh yn ipan axcan Domingo. ypan ylhuitzin yn tla,ocihuapilli ynic quimotlapalhuico. Angel st. gabriel. yn motenehua anunciacion ye xxv. mani metztli de mar,o de 1601 aOs. yquac omochiuh y sancta yglesia yJusticiatzT y motenehua auto. Sancto oficion ynquisi­ cion, oncan yn tecpan quiahuac portales. motlalli quauhtlapechtli yn ocan motlallitzino­ que tlahtoque ynquisidores. yhua visurrey yhua oc cequintin tlahtoque yhuan teopixque auh yxquichtin tlamahui9oco. yn altepetl ypan tlaca [p. 30] Yhuan yn espaiiolesme yn nohuian cate cenqui<;aco yn estacia. tlaca,5

Y. Auh yn teyttitiloque, castolloce ,an collotin. tlachichihualtin, moch amaquahuitzeque tlatleycuilolli, yn quihualmaquitiaque. moch tlahtolli yn imelpan. huallicuiliuhtia, ye­ huan yn omicque yhuan cequintin ocholloque auh yn imomiyo. caxatica quinhualna­ palloque, no tlatleycuillolli caxa yhua miquiztzontecontlacuillolo, moch tlatilloque yquac quitlatique yn iyomiyo Antonio machado, sastre. yhuan ynmaestro catca yn Judiosme. yn iyomiyo ompa quiquixtito yn Sant. augustin teopan auh yn hue] tlaca. tlatlaque yeyntin.

I. Maldonado is apparently licenciado Antonio Maldonado, Santiago de! Riego don Domingo de Santiago del Riego, Doctor Villagran Doctor Francisco Alonso de Villagran, licenciado Ayala licenciado Andres de Ayala. See Schafer 1934; Martinez 1948; Monroy Castillo 1987-88.

2. Of the indigenous corporation? Or of the entire district?

1601

y Maldonado, the president [of the Audienciaj. -

y Don Francisco Tello. - y Don Juan Fonseca. - y Santiago del Riego. - Y. Doctor Villagran. 1 -

y Licenciado don Pedro de Otalora.

y Don Marcos Guerrero. - y Licenciado Ayala. - y Licenciado Diego Nunez

Morquecho. -

73

y And the [indigenous] rulers in Mexico: don Antonio Valeriano the elder, don Geronimo Lopez, governor in Mexico; don Juan Bautista, lord governor in Tlatelolco; alcaldes in Mexico, Martin Juarez, [p. 29] Miguel Sanchez, don Bartolome, don Miguel Sanchez, Gabriel Juarez, and the fiscal Josef Juarez, the syndic and notary of the church Antonio

Rafael, and Francisco Sanchez, corregidor in Mexico.2

y And the authorities among the friars in whose time it happened that the church was inaugurated were: fray Pedro de Pila, commissary; fray Buenaventura de Paredes, pro­ vincial head of the order; fray Pedro de la Cruz, father guardian of the monastery; fray Francisco de Gamboa, father guardian at San Josef; fray Juan de Torquemada, preacher; and fray Francisco Ormendia, president; 3 it was in their presence that it happened that the church was inaugurated. The church was finished in thirteen years.// And it had been 82 years and two months that the Spaniards were present, since they arrived in Mexico

coming to acquire the land. y What happened [at?] the Holy Office of the Inquisition, that the inquisitors did, on the nineteenth day of Lent, [ when] there was fasting, was that an auto da fe was held.4

y Saturday, the 24th of the month of March of the year 1601, the cross of the Savior was brought from Santo Domingo and set up on top of a wooden platform where the idolaters and unbelievers were displayed. All the religious of eight orders gathered there, coming lined up to go get the holy cross. Friars came carrying it, with a censer with which they

wafted incense smoke on th~ cross. y And today, Sunday, on the feast day of the precious Lady, when the angel San Gabriel came to greet her, called the Annunciation, the 25th of the month of March of the year 1601, was when the justice of the holy church, called an auto da fe, [of] the Holy Office of the Inquisition, was held; outside the palace, at the arcades, a wooden platform was set up, where the lords inquisitors and the viceroy and other lords and friars took their seats. And all the people from the altepetl [the ones in the whole surrounding area] came to watch, [p. 30] and also the Spaniards who are everywhere around, the people of the

estancias,5 assembled. y Of those who were displayed sixteen were only effigies; they all had peaked paper [caps], and wore things branded on them; they all came with legends written on their chests [of what they had done wrong]. [The effigies were of] those who had died, and of some who had fled. And they came carrying their bones in chests; the chests were also branded and bore death's heads painted on them. All [the effigies and bones] were burned. At that time they burned the bones of Antonio Machado, a tailor, who was also teacher of

3. At present the name is unconfirmed, nor is it yet known what he was president of. 4. This whole entry is more than usually obscure and uncertain. Perhaps it is incom­

plete. Perhaps it is intended as a title for what follows. 5. Probably meaning estancias in the sense of the rural Spanish properties, but

possibly also relating to "estancia" as an outlying indigenous settlement.

I I

74 1RANSCRIPTION AND 1RANSLATION

nahuintin yezquia ,;an mocauh yn ce tlacatl huehuenton quihto ca oc onca yn tleyn quimocuitiz. ye oc ceppa quicuepque ynquisici6

y Yhuan yquac oncan teyttitiloc yn isabel machada Judia ychpochtli ychpoch catca yn

omoteneuh antonio machado sastre Judio. yhuan oncan teyttitiloq. ce clerico. ytoca plata, yhua ce monja. yhuan ce beata,

y Yn ipan axcan miercoles. ye matlaquilhuitl once mani metztli. abril de 1601. a0 s. yquac quimotlaxillique yn huey cruz. cenca huiac catca yn icaca Sant. Franco_ ythualco yn qui­

moquechilitiuh. totla,;otatzin fray Pedro de gante quatc,;ontzin maestro, yhuan yn matlac­

tin omomentin teopixque yn achto yancuican. rnaxitico nican rnexico, auh yn tlaquetztli ypan xihuitl. de mill 531. afios. auh yn huehue xiuhxiuhtlapohualli1 matlactlomey acatl, ye iuh matlacxihuitl omey acico yn espafiolesme yn iquac moquetz auh yn oycaca in cruz.

yepohualxihuitl ypan chiuhcnauhxihuitl, ypan hetetl metztli, ypan matlaquilhuitl once

mani metztli, abril, auh yn ohuetzico yn omotlaz. ye iuh nauhpohualxihuitl ypan onxi­

huitl yhuan yey metztli ypan matlaquilhuitl once cahuitl yn acico. espafioles. / miyequin­ tin in tlahtoque yn ipan omicque virreyesme. Oydoresme. yn otlahtocatico. mexico yhuan in mexica tlahtoque pipiltin yhuan oopome, [p. 31] Yhuan tlahtocateopixque yn omone­ miltico nican mexico tenochtitlan Y viernes a iiii. de mayo de 1601 afios. yquac momiquilli oydor. ytoca Don franc 0 tello, s1. augustin yn motocac ynacayotzin

y Domingo. a vi. de mayo de 1601 a0 s. yquac nez yn ixiptlatzin tla,;ocihuapilli S1ta maria yehuatl ynic momiquillitzino motenehua tranleo. 2 tepetlacalco monoltitoc. viernes

yn quimoteochihuillique auh yn ipan Domingo. omoteneuh yxquich tlacatl quimoten­ namiquilli yn icxitzin yhuan ymatzin tlahtoq alkles. regidores. yhuii yn ixquichtin timacehualtin 3

/ auh ynin tlac;ocihuapilli yehuatzin quimunextili yn totatzin fray franco de ganboa

'II vi. tochtli xihuitl 1602. afios. ypan in yn xihuitl Juebes. a xxv. de abril. yquac momamal yn ospital de! esprn Sancto pethecostes tlayahualoloc. yglesia mayor. hualpe­ ohuac, oncan quimotlallilico Sacramento onca huitza visurrey. yhuan yxquichtin tlahtoque oydores. ye mochalli. ye momamal in teocalli

y yn ipan axcan Domingo ye xiii. mani metztli de octubre de 1602. a0 s. yquac maxitico

ar,;obispo. Don fray garcia de s1.ta maria de medo,;a y <;:ufiiga4 Sant. Jeronimo teopixq. ye teotlac yn mocallaquico mexico.

y axcan miercoles. ye xi. mani metztli __ de mill. 602. afios, in tlahtohuani visurrey

Don gaspar yquac tlatilolco mohuicaya 5 ypampa cohuatequitl quimonemilili ynic poli­ huizquia ypampa cenca ye motolinia yn mexica tlatilolca achi huecauh ynic mochiuh tlahtolli pregones: ye mochiuh caquitilloque in castilteca auh amo hue! mochiuh amo

I. The letters "xiuh" have been inadvertently repeated. 2. The word transito can refer to the death of holy persons (Diccionario de Autori­

dades). Several times Ch. uses Nuestra Senora de! Transito. As Stafford Poole tells us, Latin translatio had the same sense, and Ch. may have been affected by that form.

3. This passage could be interpreted as that the members of the indigenous cabildo and the indigenous populace in general participated, or that the first part refers to the cabildo

1601-1602 75

the Jews. They went to take his bones from the church of San Agustin. And three real people were burned. It was going to be four, but one elderly man was left out. He said he

still had something to confess, for which reason they took him back to the Inquisition

[building]. y And at that time Isabel Machado was displayed, a Jewish woman, young and unmarried,

who was the daughter of the said Antonio Machado, the Jewish tailor. And a secular priest

named Plata, a nun, and a beata were displayed, y Today, Wednesday, the 11th day of the month of April of the year 1601, was when they

took down the big cross, very high, that stood in the churchyard of San Francisco, that

was raised by our precious father fray Pedro de Ganie, the lay friar and teacher, along with

the twelve friars who first arrived here in Mexico. It was raised in the year of 1531, 13

Reed in the old year 1 count; it was thirteen years after the Spaniards arrived when it was put up. And the cross had stood for 69 years and three months on the 11th day of April,

and when it fell and was taken down, it had been a time of 82 years, three months, and 11

days since the Spaniards arrived./ Many lords died in its time [while it was standing], viceroys and Audiencia judges who came to rule in Mexico City, and Mexica rulers and

nobles, and bishops, [p. 31] and friars in authority who lived here in Mexico Tenoch­

titlan.

y Friday, the 4th of May of the year 1601, was when the Audiencia judge named don

Francisco Tello passed away; his body was buried at San Agustin. y Sunday, the 6th of May of the year 1601, was when the image of the precious lady Santa Marfa was shown to the public. That is the one of how she died, called del Tran­

sito;2 she is lying in a tomb, They blessed her on Friday, and on the said Sunday every­ one kissed her hands and feet: the rulers, alcaldes, regidores, and all of us commoners. 3 I And our father fray Francisco de Gamboa produced [was responsible for showing] this

precious lady.

j[ 6 Rabbit year, 1602. In this year, Thursday the 25th of April, at Pentecost, was when

the hospital of Espiritu Santo was inaugurated. There was a procession beginning at the cathedral. They came to establish the Sacrament there; the viceroy and all the lord Au­

diencia judges came there because the church was inaugurated. y Today, Sunday the 13th of the month of October of the year 1602, was when the

archbishop don fray Garcia de Santa Marfa de Mendoza y Zuiliga, 4 a Hieronymite friar,

arrived; it was afternoon when he entered Mexico. y Today, Wednesday the 11th of the month of __ of the year 1602, was when the lord

viceroy, don Gaspar, went5 to Tlatelolco on account of considering how draft rotary labor was to be abolished, because the Mexica Tlatelolca are greatly afflicted by it. Discussion lasted rather long, proclamations were made about it, the Spaniards were informed, but it

of the Spanish municipality and the rest to the entire indigenous population. Ch.' s use of the word tlatoque makes the first more likely.

4. Monroy Castillo 1987-88, I: 95, gives the name as don Garcia de Mendoza y Santa Marfa.

5. The use of the imperfect instead of the usual preterit leaves the impression that per­ haps Ch. means that the viceroy was going to go but didn't, or was in the process.

'~ ,

',

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76 TRANSCR!Pf!ON AND TRANSLATION

hue! poliuh Y ypan in metztli de Septiembre. de 1602. a0 s. yquac hualla acico yn itenyotzin yn imahui,otzin Sant Raymundo ynic otlateochihualtic 1 ytetzinco pohui in Sancto Domingo predicador. [p. 32]

11 vii. acatl xihuitl. 1603. afios. yn ipan in xihuitl. yn ipan axcan Domingo. ye xx. mani abril yquac auto. mochiuh yn Sant. Joseph. centecpantli teyttitiloque Judiosme yn tlateo­ tocanime y Yn ipan axcan Domingo ye xvii. mani metztli agosto de 1603. afios. yn Sancto yancuic Sant Raymundo. Sancto Domingo teopixqui yquac tlayahualloliztica quimoquechillito yn icapillatzinco yn ompa sto. Domingo. tlapechtli motlatlalli ynic tlayahualoloc yglesia mayor. hualpeohuac ynic quimocallaquillito teopan hue] quicencauhque yn ixquichtin teopixque yhuan tlahtoque oydores. allees de cortesme y axcan miercoles ye 2. mani metztli. de Septie. de 1603. afios. yn Sancto Domingo teo­ pixque yquac motlallique yn quapatlanallizquauhtitlan. calnacazco ychan catca Don franCO tello allee de carte Sant luis. ye tlatocayotiij. yn Sancto Domingo teopixque yhuan ynco­ legio2 quichiuhque Y Domingo ye .7. mani metztli de Septie. de 1603 a0 s. yquac teocalchallique teocal­ mamalque yn La compafiia de Jesus. in teatinos. teopixque. hue! mahuiztic. in teocalli quimochihuillique. yn axcan. oncan missa mitohua La compafiia de Jesus. Y Axcan Domingo. ye .v. mani metztli. de octubre de 1603 afios. yquac mohuicac yn tlahtohuani visurrey. Don Gaspar de ,uniga a,euedo conde tetzcoco. motlallito onca qui­ mochiyelli yn yancuic tlahtohuani visurrey Don Juan de mendo,a y luna marques. oncan motatzinoq. yn tetzcoco. y_ Domingo ye xix. de octubre de 1603 a0 s. yn tla,ocihuapilli, yn monextitzino3 ati,apan yquac quimocahuillito, yn ompa a la huerta Sant cosme. Sant. Damian cemicac ompa moyetztiez tlayahualoliztica yn quimocahuillito, guardian fray franCO de ganboa. yxquich tlacatl ompa mohuicaya. [p. 33] Y Yn ipan axcan Sabado. ye xviii. mani metztli de octobre de 1603. afios. yquac mito capitulo. yn ompa xochimilco yn guardian. fray franc 0 , ganboa. mohuicac tlatilolco. auh yn guardian mochiuh ytoca fray Juan de castaneda

y_ auh ,anno ypan in yn omoteneuh metztli ynic 18. mani de octubre de 1603. a0 s. yquac ohuallaque oacico yn ihtic altepetl mexico in yehuantin teopixque quate,ontzitzin, yn ipilhuan Beato Juan de Dias. yn quimocuitlahuia hospitales. yn axcan oncan cate hospital yn desmaparados. Y Domingo. a xxvi. de octubre de 1603. afios. yn tlahtohuani visurrey. Don Juan de men­ do,a y luna marques de montesclaros. ytech pohui comendador Sanctiago, yquac maxitico mocallaquico yn ihtic altepetl mexico ciudad tenochtitlan ye macuilli hara yn maxitico, quihualmohuiquilli 5 ycihuauh 4 ytoca Dofia Anna Mexia Manrrique, virreyna.

y Auh yn tlahtohuani Don gaspar de ,ufiiga y Azeuedo conde de monterrey. conpatlato yn

I. The meaning is that he was beatified, yet here and below he is also called a saint. 2. Colegio, a place of both residence and instruction. 3. It could be either that the Virgin appeared or that her image was produced, shown.

1602--1603 77

could not be done, it could not be abolished. y The month of September of the year 1602 was when the news of the fame and honor of San Raimundo came and arrived, that he became a blessed one; 1 he is a Dominican, a

preacher. [p. 32]

'I[ 7 Reed year, 1603. In this year, today, Sunday the 20th of April, was when an auto da fe was held at San Josef; twenty Jews who were idolaters were displayed.

y_ Today, Sunday the 17th of the month of August of the year 1603, was when they went in procession to set up the new saint San Raimundo, a Dominican friar, in his chapel at [the church of] Santo Domingo. Platforms were set up. The procession began at the cathedral, and they went to put him in the church [of Santo Domingo]. All the priests and religious, and the lords civil and criminal judges of the Audiencia took him there. y Today, Wednesday the 2nd of the month of September of the year 1603, was when the Dominican friars established themselves near to the head-flying pole, at the corner, in what used to be the home of don Francisco Tello, criminal judge of the Audiencia. The Dominican friars named it San Luis and made it their college.2

y Sunday the 7th of the month of September of the year 1603 was when the Company of Jesus, the Theatine religious, inaugurated a church. The church they built was very splen­ did, where today mass is said at the church of the Company. y Today, Sunday the 5th of the month of October of 1603, was when the lord viceroy don Gaspar de Ziifiiga y Acevedo, the Count, went to stay in Tetzcoco; there he awaited the new lord viceroy, the Marques don Juan de Mendoza y Luna. They saw each other in

Tetzcoco. y_ Sunday the 19th of October of the year 1603 was when they went to deliver the pre­ cious lady [the Virgin] who appeared' at Ati<;apan to the orchard of San Cosme and San Damian; she is to be there always. The father guardian [of San Josef], fray Francisco de Gamboa, went in procession to deliver her; everyone went there. [p. 33] y Today, Saturday the 18th of the month of October of the year 1603, was when a chapter meeting [of the Franciscan province] in Xochimilco was announced. The father guardian fray Francisco de Gamboa went to Tlatelolco, and one named fray Juan de Castafieda

became guardian [ at San Josef]. y_ Likewise in the said month, on the 18th of October of the year 1603, was when the lay brothers, children of the blessed Juan de Dias, who take care of hospitals, and today are at the Hospital de las Desamparados, came to and arrived in the altepetl of Mexico.

y_ Sunday, the 26th of October of the year 1603, was when the lord viceroy don Juan de Mendoza y Ltma, Marques of Montesclaros, who possesses the position of being a comendador of the order of Santiago, reached and entered the altepetl of Mexico, the city of Tenochtitlan. It was at five o'clock that he arrived. His wife,4 named dofia Ana Mejia Manrrique, the virreine, accompanied him.5

y_ And the lord don Gaspar de Zuniga y Acevedo, Count of Monterrey, went to Peru to

4. Ch. mainly uses -namic, "one's spouse," for wife, but occasionally also -cihuauh, "one's woman, wife," an anticipation of later usage. For such usage see Pizzigoni 2002.

5. The meaning could equally well be that he brought her.

,

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78 TRANSCRil'TION AND1RANSLATION

ompa Peru. yn Don luis de velasco visurrey. catca yn ompa Peru, ompa tlahtocatia auh

yn o iuh conpatlato. aoctle ytequiuh mochiuh auh ye niman hualpeuh hua]mocuep. yn ,a niman ipan in xihuitl omoteneuh hualla yn nica ypa nueua espafia. atlacuihuayan mo­

tlallico onca mocehuico auh ,atepann onya ompa motlallito yn imacehualpan toltitlan,

'II viii. tecpatl xihuitl 1604. afios. ypan in yn xihuitl oncan ohuacico yn matlacpohual­ xihuitl ypan nauhpohualxihuitl quichiuhque ynic cate in ye yxquichcauh ye acico mexica

yn tenochtitlan,

y_ Yn ipan axcan martes. ypan ymilhuitzin Reyesme ye. 6. mani metztli de henero yquac

quimacehuitique 1 yn tlahtohuani. visurrey Don Juan de mendo,a y luna nohuian huallaque yn altepetl ypan tlaca yn macehuaco mitotico, [p. 34] y_ Domingo, ye xxi. mani metztli de mar,o de 1604 afios. yn iquac hin huey papaquiliztli.

mochiuh in palacion tlapaco, amatlecomitl moteepan yn atenantitech. yn oncan tlatlac sepo camdela. moch tlapallo 2 yn amatl yn ihtic tlatlac camdela huell onquiztoca in tla­

panco, atenatitech, yhuan vandera motetecae, auh yn celar yn huey tlapanco quahuitl

motlatlalli yn oncan tlatlac, tletlalliloe. auh nohuian tletlallique yn incaltenpan castilteca auh nohuian huitza yn altepetl ypa tlaca. auh in castilteca mahuiltique motlatlalloque in yohualtica

y_ In ipan axcan Juebes. ypan ylhuitzin st. maria mgna. ypan metztli Julio. xxii. dias. de 1604. afios. yquae momiquilli yn totla,otatzin fray franc 0 de ganboa guardian moyetztica­ tca tlatilolco, auh niean momiquillico st. Franco, yn quimotoquillique vmpa st. Joseph.

altar mayor. yxpan II Auh ynic quimotoquillique. hue! mocencauh. yn inauhcampayxti te­ teuhctin yhuan macehualtin, auh yn tlatilolco. gou0 r. alklesme Regidores. yhuan yxquich­ tin tlatilolca huel quihualcencauhque yn quimotoquillico // auh yxiptlatzin mochiuh yn fray Juan de torquemada guardian mochiuhtzino tlatilolco,

y_ Yn ipan axcan viernes. ye xxvii. mani metztli de agosto. de 1604. a0 s ,a iuh moztla. ylhuitzin. st. augustin. auh hue! iquac peuh in tlapaquiyahuitl. ynic momanaco huell ipan yn ivisperatzin st. augustin. chicueylhuitl yn quiyauhtimanca. cemilhuitl ceceyo­

hual, hue! tetlaocoltin yn topan mochiuh yhuan nohuia tlatlaxicac yn tochachan in tima­ cehualtin. yhuan castilteca yhuan in teopan nohuian. at! nenez. mollon yn atl in st. Franco in st. augustin. in st. Domingo. in La compafiia teatinos. auh ynic cecemilhuitl yhuan yn cecenyohual quiyauh ca nohuian ynic moch ipan nueua espafia. yquac nohuian

moll on motlatlapo yn aoztotl, 3 ynic cenca miec on can oquiz atl, yhuan yn intech tetepe nohuiampa hualtemoc yn atl, auh ynic nohuian ypan nueua espafia. mieccan yn atocohuac

yhuan netlapacholloc xixitin yn calli yhuan yquac cequi [p. 35] hualmomimillo yn ceppa­ yahuitl huallixxitin yn iztac tepetl, 4 II auh oc cenca nican mexico yn ipan ohualtemoc yn

tepetitech atl ynic cenca ypan otemico ye polihuizquia yn altepetl, auh ynic nohuiampa hualtemoya yn huallamiequiliaya yn atl. hue! huey ynic macoc, auh mieccan papachiuh xixitin yn calli. yhuan ahapachiuh acallac yn calli ye mocalcauhque. in chaneque. yhua yn otli nohuian popoliuh. yhuan yn chinamitl. hue! nohuian poliuh. auh yn atlixocan tla-

I. One would have expected "quimacehuilique." 2, It is not clear whether the color was from the paper or from the flame inside.

!603-1604 79

replace don Luis de Velasco, who was viceroy in Peru and ruled there. And when [don Gaspar] had replaced [don Luis], he was left without office, and thereupon he started back and returned; he came here to New Spain right away, in the same year, and came to settle

and rest in Tacubaya. Afterward he went and settled among his vassals [at his encomienda]

in Toltitlan.

'1[ 8 Flint year, 1604. In this year it reached 280 years since the Mexica arrived in Tenoch­

titlan.

y_ Today, Tuesday, the feast day of the Magi, the 6th of the month of January, was when

they danced for 1 the lord viceroy don Juan de Mendoza y Luna; the people from the

various altepetl all around came to dance. [p. 34] y_ Sunday, the 21st of the month of March of the year 1604, was when a great celebration

was held on the roof of the palace. Paper fire pots [luminarios] were lined up on the para­

pet, in which tallow candles burned; the paper inside which the candles burned was all

colored,2 the parapet of the roof was entirely full, and banners were unfurled, and on the main roof of the municipal building logs were placed that burned there, that were set on

fire. And the Spaniards everywhere set fires beside their houses. And the people of the al­ tepetl [of the countryside] came from everywhere. And the Spaniards played, they ran here

and there in the night. y_ Today, Thursday, the feast day of Santa Marfa Magdalena, the 22nd day of the month of July of 1604, was when our precious father fray Francisco de Gamboa, who was father guardian at Tlatelolco, passed away. He came here to [the church of] San Francisco to die;

they buried him at San Josef facing the main altar. II And when they buried him, everyone was there, the lords and commoners of all four parts [of Mexico Tenochtitlan], and the governor, alcaldes, rcgidorcs of Tlatelolco, and all the Tlatelolca, they all came to bury him. II And fray Juan de Torquemada became his replacement; he was made father

guardian at Tlatelolco. y_ Today, Friday, the 27th of the month of August of the year 1604, the day before the feast day of San Agustin, was exactly when a fine, lasting rain set in, right on the eve of San Agustin. It kept raining for a week, night and day; what happened to us was really

pitiful. And it leaked in our homes everywhere, those of us commoners and those of the Spaniards, and in the churches everywhere water appeared and sprang up, at San Francisco, San Agustin, Santo Domingo, the Company of Jesus [belonging to] the Thea tines. And

since it rained every day and night, everywhere in all New Spain at this time [wells]3 sprang up and opened, so that very much water came out of them, and water descended

from the mountains everywhere, and in many places all over New Spain things were

carried away by the water and people were buried; the houses fell in, and at this time [p. 35] some of the snow came rolling down on Iztactepetl, 4 its surface came falling in [there was an avalanche]. II And the water from the mountains descended especially to Mexico here, so that it greatly filled up, and the altepetl was about to perish because of it. And since everywhere the water descended and increased, it rose very greatly, and in many places the houses collapsed and crumbled, and they were flooded and sank under the water,

3. Aoztotl is literally water caves or cavities. 4. Iztactepetl, literally white mountain, is the same as today's Iztaccihuatl.

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80 TRANSCRil'TION AND TRANSLATION

mellahua otli. huey atezcatl huey atl mochiuh auh yn inchan espafioles. nohuian mollon. yn atl. ye cenca omomauhtique miequimtin ye mocalcauhque ye quitlalcahuique yn

altepetl mexico. ye nohuiampa altepetl ypan yahque ompa motlallito, auh yn ixquich otli. yn huehuey otli. mochi apachiuh, cocoton. in tepeyacac yn cohuatlayauhcan. in st.

miguel. otli. yn tlacopan azcapotzalco hue! nohuian apachiuh, 1 // auh yn izquican hue­

huey teocalli omoteneuh mexico. ca yzquican tlaxicac yhuan ynic yzquican yhtic atl

mollon. ynic ceca tetentimornan y nohuian teopan monasterios. ye nima cacocque qui­ tlaltenque yn capilla yhua ytlacapan teocalli st. august1 yhua cacocque yn altar mayor.

yhuan in Retablo. 2 // auh no iuh quichiuhque yn st Domingo yn tlalpantli ,an ixquich quitlaltenque yn capilla mayor yhuan yn itlacapan yn ipapa no oncan yhtic mollonia at! /

auh (ian no iuh mochiuh yn La compafiia de Jesus. auh ynic cenca omomauhti orno­ tequipacho yn yn tlahtohuani visurrey Don Juan de mendoqa y Iona marques de montes­

claros. auh ye 3. ye ylhuitl mani metztli Septie. yn achi oquiz yn tlapaquiyahuitl. ynic cecemilhuitl yhua cecenyohuatl3 quiyauh, auh ye niman oncan peuh in ye quiztiuh yn ,a

ye tlapixalquiyauhtimani // auh ye 10. mani metztli Septie. ynic mocenpohua ynic peuh cecemilhuitl cecenyohual manca quiyahuitl yn tlapaquiyahuitl ynic qui,aco ynic tlamico

caxtolylhuitica yn quiqaco yn ipan in omoteneuh metztli Septie ynic ompa peuhtica ypan metztli agosto.

y_ Lunes. a xi. de octubre de 1604. afios. yquac peuh in st. Franco yn expa tlayahuallo­ loya cemilhuitl, yohuatzinco. nepantla tonatiuh. ye teotlac. quimoquixtiliaya in Sacra­

meta [p. 36] Auh yn izquican teopan monasteries. yn teopixque oncan moyetzinoticate. yhuan monjas. nohuian tlayahualoloc. yn ipampa ynic otapachiuhque yn nican mexico tenochtitlan. yn huey at!. hue! macoc moteponago. auh yn ixquich acallotli, hue! teten yn at! hue! pepexon titillin. yn nohuian auh hue! mauhtiloc mitohuaya tley ye topan mo­ chihua mexico, y_ Yn ipan axcan viernes a 15. de octubre de 1604 afios. yquac tlayahualoloc tlamacehualoc yn nican mexico hue! ihui Juebes Sancto. mochihuani ynic tlayahualoloc / yn ipapa at!,

yn oapachiuh mexicayotl / auh yn tlayahualoque yxquichtin. espafiolesme. Vela cruz pero­ chia. cenquixohuac ompa cenquizque. yn izquitetl cofradias. / auh in timacehualtin. st. Franco_ st. Joseph. cenquizque 4 niman ye ye oneohua in quixohuato oncan ayoticpac y­

quiyahuac yn augustin guerrero. yn monepanoto. macehualtin yn espafioles. me ynic onca oncetiac tlayahualoliztli, niman ye huillohua yn quixohuato conception monjas. niman

st 0 • Domingo. nima Encarnacio. Sancta catharina de Sena. tecpan quiyahuac yglesia

mayor. auh yn tlayahualo andas. st. maria tlatquitl. crucifixo. pa!io. ye quimocaltilitiaque

in 11° Dios. ytloctzinco mantiaq ychtecq crucifixos. niman yhuan guion 5 vandera tepiton nima yhua cruz manca 6 niman yhua vandera yey huehuey. tliltic tlayacanque // tlatilolca.

I. Tacuba and Azcapotzalco have the air of being an afterthought; perhaps the state­ ment that it was flooded everywhere applies only to them. Indeed, in this whole section some of the names could refer to the roads blocked and others to the places where they were cut.

2. In the Nahuatl an original /, making "letablo," has been changed into R. 3. For "cecenyohual." 4. Here ''cenquizque," "assembled," is in third person, not agreeing with the first per­

son "timacehualtin," Hwe commoners," showing that the first person form was becoming

1604 81

for which reason the inhabitants left their houses. And the roads everywhere disappeared, and also the chinampas absolutely everywhere. The road going straight to Atlixxocan became a great lake or ocean, and water sprang up in the homes of the Spaniards

everywhere, by which they were greatly frightened; many for that reason left their houses, abandoned the altepetl of Mexico, and went to the altepetl in the country all around to

stay. And the roads, the highways, were all flooded. The roads [going to] Tepeyacac, Coatlayauhcan, and San Miguel and to Tacuba and Azcapotzalco were cut. It was flooded

everywhere. 1 // And in each of the said big churches in Mexico it leaked, and inside each

of them water sprang up, so that the churches and monasteries all around got very full, so that then they raised [the floor level] and filled [the space] with earth in the [main] chapel

and on the sides of the church of San Agustin, and they raised the main altar and the altarpiece. 2 // And they did the same with the floor in Santo Domingo-they only filled with earth the main chapel and the sides-because water was springing up in the inside

there too. / And the same was done at the Jesuit church. The lord viceroy, don Juan de

Mendoza y Luna, Marques of Montesclaros, was very alarmed and concerned by it. And on the 3rd day of the month of September, the strong rain, with it raining all day and all

night,3 stopped somewhat, and thereupon it began coming to an end and just drizzling. II And on the 10th of the month of September it totaled fifteen days [two weeks] from the time the strong rain began falling day and night until it ended and finished; it ended in the

said month of September, having begun in the month of August. y_ Monday the 11th of October of the year 1604 was when holding processions three times a day at San Francisco began; early in the morning, at midday, and in the afternoon they

would bring the Sacrament out. Ip. 36] And there were processions in all the churches and monasteries, wherever there were priests and nuns, because of how we were flooded here in Mexico Tenochtitlan; the lake really rose and swelled, and all the canals were entirely full of water, it rose and filled things up everywhere. There was great fear; it was said,

What is happening to us in Mexico? y_ Today, Friday, the 15th of October of the year 1604, was when there was a procession and penitence here in Mexico, just as is customarily done on Holy Thursday. / The reason for the procession was the water, that everything pertaining to Mexico was flooded. I And all the Spaniards went in procession; they assembled at the parish of Vera Cruz; all the

cofradfas assembled there. And we commoners assembled 4 at San Josef, at San Francisco. Thereupon everyone set out and departed; at Ayoticpac, outside the house of Agustin Guerrero, the commoners and Spaniards joined, so that there the procession became one. Then everyone went to the nunnery of Concepcion, then to Santo Domingo, then to

Encarnacion, then to Santa Catarina de Sena, and outside the palace at the cathedral. A

carrying platform belonging to Santa Marfa [district] went in procession, [with] a cruci­ fix. They went along sheltering our lord God with a canopy. Next to him went the cruci­

fied thieves, then also a gui6n,5 a small banner, then also crosses with cloth decorations, 6

a frozen expression, no longer always thought of as first person plural in the usual_ sense of including the speaker. Just below appears "macehualtin" in the third person with the same meaning.

5. A standard on a crosspiece, an ensign. 6. "Cruz manca" includes Spanish manga, "sleeve." The reference is to a cloth orna­

mentation hanging down from the horizontal part of the cross.

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82 1RANSCRll'I'ION AND 1RANSLATION

,a tlatzauhctiaque. yei yn invandera on can quiquixtique. huehuey. cruz. soledad. guion cruz. yhua cruz manca, II auh in Vela cruz, Sancto. ligno cruz andasco. micatiltitiuh. palio. ye quimocaltilitihui yhua totla,onatzin nuestra senora del rosario. huey andasco miquiltitiuh teopixque quimonapalhuique. yhuan miyequintin teopixque motlayahualhui­ que. auh yn tlayahuallo. yn mohuitec. yn tlamaceuhque a,o quen exiquipilli in ye mochi mocenpohua macehualtin yhuan espafioles.me. auh oc cenca miec yn mohuitec espafioles. yn amo macehualtin. auh ye no ceppa [p. 37] Necuepaloc. callacohuato. yn ompa hual­ quiz. tlayahualoliztli./1.

Y Anh ,an ya yehuatl. ypan in in metztli omoteneuh octubre. yn opeuhque mexica tenochca. ytencopatzinco yn visurrey Don Juan de mendo,a y Inna ynic otequitque. ynic quichiuhque. quipahpatique. quiyancuillique. yn tetenamitl y nohuian oytlacauhca. yn ococoyonca. ynic cen iquac tlachiuhtli yn ipan tlahtohuani. huehue Don luis de velasco. visurrey. yn ipan 12. tecpatl xihuitl 1556. afios. yquac tlahtocatia yn omoteneuh visurrey. nican tenochtitlan. yn iquac ye no apachiohuaca. mexica onpohualxiuhtica. onchiuhcna­ huitica. yn axcan yn o no nicuel iuh mochihuaco. ynic ye no otlaapachihuico. yn ye no yehuatl ypampa yn omopahpati. o nohuian mochi motzatzauhc. yn atetenamitl yn ocui­ cuitlacoyonca. ompa hualpeuhtica in moyectili ynic mopahpati. yn coyonacazco nima ye Sant. Sebastian. niman Sant. Pablo. niman ye mixiuhca. nima ye acachinanco. auh hue! ixquichcauh ye nemohuac yn ipan ce metztli octubre. ynic mochichiuh. auh hue! inoma yn tlahtohuani visurrey. Don Juan de mendo,a y Inna. yn ipan ontlahtohuaya. yn quimon­ mottiliaya tequitque ynic mopahpati. tetenamitl. acaltica. yn quimohuiquilitinenca. ynic no yhuan quimonemililiaya yn quenin hue! quimanahuiz. altepetl. mexico tenochtitlan. ynic cenca ye apachihui. ynic nohuiampa ypan ye huitz at!. quauhcopa 1 hualtemo cenca quimotequipachilhui yn tlahtohuani visurrey. yn altepetl. mexico. ynic atica ye polihuiz­ [p. 38]Nequi. auh yn ontlah. 2 yn oconchiuhque. yn oconpahpatique. mexica. yn ixquich omoteneuh tetenamitl. ye ye no cue! centlamantli motlalli yn intequiuh tenochca. Y Anh ,an ye no ypan in yn omoteneuh metztli octubre de mill 604 afios. otequimacoque. in nauhcame chalca. ytencopatzinco yn tlacatl. visurrey yn opeuh ye quauhtemohuillo. yn izquican chalco yehuatl tequiuhtiloque. in chalca. in quamimilli in motenehua morrillos. 3

cenca ye motolinique ompa. canato. ompa quiquixtito. yn ixilla. 4 yztac tepetl. yhuan popocatepetl. ytech yn quitequito. amaquemeque. yhuan caxitico. atenco. yn oncan ayo­ tzinco. yn ,an inneyxcahuil mochiuh yn amaquemeque. 5 yn nican hualla mexico. quami­ milli. morrillos yxquich .vi. mill. -

y Sabado a xxvii. de nouiembre. de mill 604 afios. yquac motamachiuh yn at!. yn nican ahuatzalpan 6 motenehua. mecatica mopouh quiyomahuico, nahuatlahtoque Juan grande. franco de leyba. yhuan mexico tenochtitlan. gouor. Don Jeronimo lopez. mesti,o. yhuan alldesme. yhuan tlatilolco. gou0 r. Don Juan bapta. yhuan alklesme. yhuan chinampaneca. culhuaque. xochmilca. cuitlahuaca. mizquica. 7 ynic motamachiuh. ypampa atenamitl.

I. The expression quauhcopa possibly refers to a particular direction in this context. 2. The intention of "ontlah" seems to be "ontlan." 3. A type of rough wooden beam for rafters or pilings. 4. Usually in the belly or womb, in compounds -xillan can mean side, flank.

1604 83

and then also three large black banners went ahead. II The Tlatelolca just came last. They brought out three of their large banners, a cross of Soledad, a [processional?] cross, and a decorated cross. II And the true cross, a cross with a relic of the true cross, went standing on a carrying platform, [they] went sheltering it under a canopy. And our precious mother Nuestra Sefiora del Rosario went standing on a large carrying platform; priests carried it, and many priests went in procession. During the procession the penitents scourged themselves. Perhaps there were some twenty-four thousand [participants] counting every­ body, commoners and Spaniards. But many more Spaniards scourged themselves than commoners. Thereupon they returned once again [p. 37] and went in where the procession

had started. y It was in the same said month of October that the Mexica Tenochca began, at the order of the viceroy don Juan de Mendoza y Luna, to perform work duty, so that they built, fixed, and renewed the walls [of the dikes] which had been damaged and were full of holes everywhere. They had first been built during the time of the lord viceroy don Luis de Velasco the elder in 12 Flint year, the year of 1556. At that time the said viceroy was ruling here in Tenochtitlan, when because the Mexica were flooded then too, 49 years before now, since the same thing happened again, that everything was flooded, therefore because of that also the dikes that had holes in their sides were fixed and all closed up everywhere. The cleaning up and fixing began at Coyonacazco, then San Sebastian, then San Pablo, then at Mixiuhcan, then at Acachinanco. They were busy at it the whole month of October until it was fixed. And it was the lord viceroy don Juan de Mendoza y Luna in person who saw to it and supervised the workers so that the walls would be repaired; he went about accompanying them in a boat. He was also pondering how he could protect the altepetl of Mexico Tenochtitlan, since it was already very much flooded and the water came into it from everywhere, descending from the forests. 1 It greatly worried the lord viceroy how the altepetl of Mexico was about to perish from water. [p. 38] When the Mexica had finished2 building and repairing all the said walls, thereupon the

Tenochca were assigned a different task. y And in the same said month of October of the year of 1604, the people of the four parts of Chalco were given tasks by order of the lord viceroy. Bringing down logs [from the forest] began everywhere in Chalco. The Chalca were assigned the round wooden beams called morillos, 3 because of which they suffered greatly. They went to get them and take them out from the slopes4 of Iztactepetl and Popocatepetl, and the Amaquemeque 5 went there to cut them, and they brought them to the shore at Ayotzinco. Of the wooden col­ umns or morillos that were brought here to Mexico, a total of 6,000 were the exclusive

responsibility of the Amaquemeque. y Saturday, the 27th of November of the year 1604, was when the water was measured here at what is called the drained area.6 It was counted by [measuring] ropes. It was done personally' by the interpreters Juan Grande and Francisco de Leiva, the governor in Mexico Tenochtitlan don Ger6nimo Lopez, mestizo, and the alcaldes [in Mexico], and the

5. People of Amaquemecan. 6. Possibly the intention is Ahuatzalpan as the proper name of an area of settlement.

Or the meaning may simply be dry land . 7. Possibly the reference to doing it personally applies only to the interpreters and

officials.

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84 1RANSCRJPTION AND TRANSLATION

motecac

y_ Auh niman axcan ypan Junes. ye xxix, de nouiebre de 1604. afios. netequimacoc. in mexico. in tlatilolco. yhuan yn nohuian SoJetos. 1 hue! mocencauh ye niman quipe­ hualtique in mexica. in ye quiteca yancuic tetenamitl. yn tlalmantli nohuian [p. 39]

Motatacac. yn nican tlaxillacalpan. Sant. Juan yn cali;oUi. moxixitinin. yhuan yn ixquich huexotl mochi motlaz. ynic tlaquauhtzotzonaloc. oncan peuh yn xoUoco. st. Antonio Abbad. oztocaltitlan in ye mochihua in ye moteca yancuic tetenamitl ye <;an ompa on­ tlantica yn xoconochnopalyacac yn amanalcopa y oquitzacuiUique yn at!. ypampa yn cenca hualpexonticaUaquia yn ihtic ciudad2 ynic ye tlaapachohua ca mochi tepeatl yn oncan hualmomana ahuatzalpan, auh ynic tetequimacoc, yn ipan yzqui altepetl omo­ teneuh. yn chinapanecatl. ca hue] ixquich nican quichihuaco. yn itequiuh. ynic cenchi­ nampanecatl. // Auh yn oyecauh yn omotecac yancuic atenamitl. auh ye no cueUe yn otlih. in tlameUahua. atlixocan. yn nican ypan tlaxillacaUi. tepetitlan. mohuecapano. moquauhtzotzon. yhuan moteman monauhcampahui tehuame in xochmilca. auh yn tlatilolca. atle onca quichiuhque, ypampa yn inchan no ochichiuhque. yn tlameUahua tepe­ yacac. quitequipanoque yhuan yn ixquich altepehua y nepa chaneque // - auh yn nican tenochtitlan. ynic tlamico atenamitl yhuan yn otlih, tlameUahua atlixoca ye ytlamia in metztli de diciembre. yn ipan xihuitl. omoteneuh. // auh no niman iquac motzaquato. yn mexicatzinco huey acallotlih. ynic aocmo oncan hualcaUaquiz. chicahuac at!. mexicopa in ye nepa huitz huaUauh quizqui yn 8: tecpatl xihuitl.

11 ix. calli xihuitl 1605: afios. ypan in in yancuic xihuitl. yhuan in yancuic metztli. hene­ ro. yquac Opeuh in ye tequitihua, in ye ochichihualo. yn ompa hecatepec. Sant. xpoual. hue! on[p. 4Ujcan yn itocayocan acalhuacan ytencopatzinco yn tlahtohuani. visurrey. Don Juan de mendoi;a y luna mochi tlacatl. oncan tequitico yn anahuacatl. in techyahuallotoc. ~an inneyxcahuil mochiuh yn altepehuaque amo tehuanme. in mexica auh inic ompa tequitihuac hecatepec. acalhuacan macuiltetl metztli ypan tlamico. in metztli Mayo.// auh yn o iuh ontlanque yn intequiuh ompa hecatepec yn altepehuaque. auh niman no cueUe onahuatilloque ynic ohuacaUoyectico ohuacalotla<;oquiquixtico nohuian. yn ipan izqui acallotli. mexico. yhuan oochichihuaco, ootlatlaltemaco. ocacocuico yn izqui huehuey otlih. mexico. ynic oncan cenca omotolinico oapizmiquico, tlaqualtica in macehualtin. altepehuaque. yn ipan in xihuitl. omoteneuh. de 1605, afios. y_ Auh no yquac yn ipan in xihuitl. omoteneuh yn ipan metztli agosto yn momiquilli tlacatl huehue Don Antonio Valeriano azcapotzalco ychantzinco. ynin gouernador catca y nican mexico tenochtitlan. ynin ymontzin catca in tlacatl Don diego de aluarado huani­ tzin. auh cenca huecauh yn quimopiallico. altepetl. tenochtitlan auh ynic momiquillico. ye iuh nepa. matlacxihuitl. quimocahuilica ymac yn Don Juan mm. yn igouernacio­ tequitzin catca. huehue Don Antonio Valeriano. ca mocehuiticatca3 ynic onmomiquillico. y_ Auh yn axcan ypan ye 21. mani metztli [p. 41] Setiembre de 1605. afios. ypan ylhuitzin Sant. Matheo. Apostol. yquac omachiztico. ohuaUa tlahtolli yn ompa espafia.

I. Both altepetl had constituent parts located at some distance; here Ch, uses the Spanish term sujeto,

2. Here Ch. apparently uses ciudad for the whole entity, not just the municipal council

1604-1605 85

governor in Tlatelolco, don Juan Bautista, and the alcaldes [in Tlatelolco], and the people of the chinampa area, the people of Colhuacan, Xochimilco, Cuitlahuac, and Mizquic, did it personally. The reason it was measured was because dikes were built. y_ Then today, Monday the 29th of November of the year 1604, tasks were assigned; it was fully arranged in Mexico and Tlatelolco and all the subject settlements everywhere, 1

whereupon the Mexica began to build new walls [dikes]. Everywhere the leveled ground [p. 39] was dug up. Here in the [various] tlaxilacalli of San Juan, the old houses were de­ molished, and all the willows were feUed so that trunks were pounded in [i.e., in pile driv­ ing]. Making and laying the new walls began at Xoloco, at San Antonio Abad [in?] Oztocaltitlan; closing off the water went as far as Xoconochnopalyacac, toward Amanalco, because water came entering inside the city2 and greatly filling it up, flooding everything, for aU the water from the mountains spread where [normaUy] it is dry. And as to the tasks assigned to each of the said altepetl of the chinampa people, they came here to do aU their tasks as chinampa people. II And when the new dikes were built and finished, in addition the road going straight to Atlixxocan here in the tlaxilacalli of Tepetitlan was raised; there was pile driving for it and stones were placed. It was done by the four parts [of Tenochti­ tlan] along with the Xochimilca. The Tlatelolca did nothing because they also worked fixing roads in their home area, And [the one] going straight to Tepeyacac was worked on by all the inhabitants of the altepetl out there. // - The dikes here in Tenochtitlan and the road going straight to Atlixxocan were finished at the end of the month of December in the said year. // This is also when the big canal was closed at Mexicatzinco so the strong waters coming from beyond would no longer enter Mexico. End of 8 Flint year.

'I[ 9 House year, 1605. In this new year and new month of January was when tribute work began, fixing roads at San Cristobal Ecatepcc at the exact place Ip. 40] caUed Acalhuacan, by order of the lord viceroy don Juan de Mendoza y Luna. All the people of Anahuac [the lake region] who surround us came to work there; it was done exclusively by the people of the altepetl [of the hinterland], not together with the Mexica. Work went on at Acal­ huacan in Ecatepec for five months and finished in the month of May. II And when the people of the country altepetl had finished with their work at Ecatepec, then they were again given orders to come clean the canals, to remove the rubbish everywhere in all the canals in Mexico and to repair roads, to level land for roads and raise aU the highways in Mexico, so that they suffered greatly in it; the commoners of the hinterland altepetl were starving for lack of food in the said year of 1605. y_ And it was also in the said year, in the month of August, that the lord don Antonio Valeriano the elder passed away. He was from Azcapotzalco and was governor here in Mexico Tenochtitlan-he was the son-in-law of the lord don Diego de Alvarado Huani­ tzin-and he was in charge of the altepetl of Tenochtitlan for a very long time. When he died, it had been ten years since don Antonio Valeriano the elder had left his duties as governor in the hands of don Juan Martin, for he was in retirement3 when he passed away, y_ Today, the 21st of the month Ip. 41] of September of the year 1605, on the feast day of San Mateo Apostol, was when it became known and news came from Spain that the

or the Spanish part of the settlement. 3. Literally resting.

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86 1RANSCR1PTION AND TRANSLATION

ynic omotlacatilli. yehuatzin Principe. yn itla,opiltzin tohueytlahtocauh Don felibpe tercero. Rey. de espafia. yn o iuh machiztico. niman yquac nohuian tlatzitzilicac yn iz­ quican teopan mexico. ypan matlactlomome tzillini. nepantla tonatiuh I auh yn ipan in cemilhuitl. ynic onyohuaco. yn ipan ora,ion mochiuh. in ye tlapoyahua 1 yn oncan palacio tlapanticpac. yn ichan visurrey yhuan yn ibentanas nohuian quitlatlatique. sepo candelas. a,o hue! ontzontli yn amatlecomitl quitecaque yn quitetecpanque. atenantitcch. yn tecpan tlapanticpac. yhuan y nohuian oncan omoteneuh bentanas. yn oncan tlatlatlaya sepo candelas. auh no yhuan yn oncan celar tlapanticpac cenca miec yn tlatlapanalqua­ huitl. piuas2 yhuan tlatlatlac. ,;anno yhui yn oncan tecpan quiyahuac amo ,;an quexquich yn quahuitl yhuan yn piuas. quitlatlatique. auh niman ye no yehuatl. in couetes. amo ,an quexquich in quitlatlazque. onca palacio. yn tecpan yhuan yn mochintin castilteca. yn inchachan. yn incahcalticpac. yhuan yn incacaltenpa amo ,;an quexquichi yn quitlatique. quahuitl. y nican mexico. yhuann oc ceppa nohuian tlatzitzilicac yn izquican teopan. auh ynic nohuian mexico. iuh mochihu in. ca ye tlanahuatiloc, ye pena motlalli. yn ihtic ciu­ dad mexico. tenochtitlan. II Auh yn ipan ye chiuhcnahui tzilli. in ye yohuac yquac peuh­ que yn espafiolesme [p. 42] Y n tlahtoque cauallerostin. cauallotlatlalochtiij yn tecpan quiyahuac mochi cenca tla,;otli yn innechichihual. contlallique. ,;anno yhui quincen­ cauhque. quinchichiuhque. yn incaulloshuan 3 no yhui yn intlilticahuan. yn intlacahuan hue] quicencauhque. yn innechichihualtica. yn oncan quintocatinemia intecuiyohuan. auh yehuatl achtopa conpehualti n cauallotlatlalochtin y visurrey. yhuan oc ce cauallero. ytloc ycatia quimonpehualtilique. 4 yn oc cequintin tlahtoque oome mantihui. yn tlatlatlaloch­ tique. auh yuh oquihtoque, in huehuetque espafiolesme. aye iuhqui omottac. ce vi surrey. yn nican mexico. yn maca ce iuhqui. oquichiuh. in ye nepa achtopa. otlahtocatico. visu­ rreyesme. nican mexico: yn iuh yehuatzin oquimochihuili. Don Juan de mendo,;a y luna. marques de montesclaros. yhuan oc cequi miectlamantli. in mochiuh yquac ypan ylhuitzin catca st. Matl1eo. ynic papacohuac yn ipampatzinco. ynic omotlacatilli. Principe. auh yn iuh hualicuiliuhtia. tlahtolli. yn espafia. ypan ye viii. mani metztli. abril. yn ,a ye ypan in xihuitl de 1605 afios. ypan. Viernes Sancto. in motlacatilli yehuatzin Principe. Don felipe Domingo Victor de austria. yn itla,opiltzin tohueytlahtocatzin Rey. Don felipe tercero. yn axcan moyetztica espafia. auh yn ipampa. ynic ontetl ypan quimotocayotilique. yn tlahtocapiltzintli Principe. ynic ytocatzin. mochiuh Domingo [p. 43] Ca yehica. y­ pampa yn oncan moquatequitzino. yn iquac piltzintli moyetzticatca. yn itla,;otzin tt0 .

Dios. yn tlacemicnopilhuiani. Sancto Domingo de guzman. yn ihtic nequatequilizacaxitl. yn villa. yn onca quimoquatequil!ique. auh ,;an no oncan yn oquimoquatequilique. yn tlahtocapiltzintli Principe. ynic oncan oquimocuilli yn itocatzin Sancto Domingo. Ca iuh omachiztico. yn nican mexico. Y. Auh ynic oppa axcan ye 4. mani metztli de octubre. de 1605. afios. ypan ylhuitzin Sant. Franco ye no ceppa omochiuh papaquiliztli miec tlamatli. yn ipan moquixtique. yn ipan mixeuhque. ynic mahuiltique. espafiolesme. ynic tlaquetzque ynic tetlahuehuetzqui-

I. Alternatively, On this day, when night fell, at the time when prayers were said and it was getting dark ...

2. In "piuas" for vigas, p for initial v [bl is a normal substitution. With u ([w] or [blv]) for g, it sometimes happened that the letter for any voiced medial consonant was exchanged with any other.

3. For "incaualloshuan."

1605 87

prince, the heir of our great ruler don Felipe III, king of Spain, was born. As soon as it was known, bells were rung everywhere in all the churches in Mexico, at twelve o'clock, at noon. / And all day until night fell there was prayer on his behalf. 1 When it was dark, on the roof of the palace, the residence of the viceroy, and in its windows everywhere they lit tallow candles, they laid out perhaps 800 paper firepots [luminarios] which they lined up on the parapet of the roof of the palace, and everywhere in the said windows where tallow candles were burning. And also on the roof of the municipal building, very much kindling and beams2 were burned, and likewise outside the palace they burned a great deal of wood and beams. And then they also shot off a great many rockets at the palace, and all the Spaniards at their various homes, on top of their houses, and at the entrance to their houses, burned a great deal of wood here in Mexico. And the bells were rung in all the churches and everywhere in Mexico once again; the reason it was done was that it was so ordered, and a fine was set up in the city of Mexico Tenochtitlan [if the bells were not rung]. II And at nine o'clock at night, the Spanish lords, the gentlemen, began to [p. 42] make their horses run outside the palace. The attire they wore was all very splendid; in the same fashion they prepared and adorned their horses, 3 and in the same fashion they fully prepared as to their outfits their black slaves who went following their lords there. The viceroy was the one who first began the horse running, and another gentleman rode beside him. They started 4 the other lords, who went along in pairs making their horses run. And the older Spaniards said that such a thing had never been seen, that any viceroy here in Mexico should have done such a thing, back from when the first viceroys came to rule here in Mexico, such as don Juan de Mendoza y Luna, Marques of Montesclaros, did. And many more things were done on the feast day of San Mateo to celebrate because the prince was born. And as the news came written from Spain, it was on the 8th of the month of April in the same year of 1605, on Good Friday, that the prince, don Felipe Domingo Victor de Austria, the heir of our great ruler the king don Felipe Ill, who rules now in Spain, was born. And the reason why they gave the royal child, the prince, his second name, so that his name became Domingo, [p. 43] was that where the beloved of our lord God, the greatly deserving saint Domingo de Guzman, was baptized when he was an infant in the baptismal font of the town where they baptized him, was the same place where they baptized the royal child, the prince, so that from there he took the name of

Santo Domingo, as became known here in Mexico.

y Today, the 4th of the month of October of the year 1605, on the feast day of San Francisco, a celebration was held again, for a second time; the Spaniards appeared in many guises and representing many things for amusement, to tell tales and make people laugh. They all went everywhere in the streets, following the various roads in Mexico. They

4. Possibly challenged or attacked? It is not clear to us yet whether the participants are racing, displaying their horses' paces, or performing mock jousting (juego de caiias). In Carochi 2001, p. 273, reflexive tlatlaloa, in the first person plural with long vowel re­ duplication, is explained by examples of those who ride at jousts or run in pairs, making swirls or circles around something.

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88 1RANSCRIP110N AND1RANSLATION

tique. mochintin. nohuian nenque. yn caltzallan. cohotocaque. yn mexico. xayacatl. cona­ quitinemia. yhuann amatl. amatlacuiloltepitoton. quitemacatinemia yn oncan ipan icui­ Iiuhtoc. in tleyn nepapan tehuetzquititlahtolli yn oquicuiloque. yn ,an quiyoyocoxque yn ,an quipipicque. in ,an quiyoyollohuique tlatlaquetzalli tlahtolli. auh yhuan ye no ceppa. cauallotlatlalochtique. yn espafiolesme. in tlahtoque. ypan chiquace tzillini. in ye teotlac. ye no ceppa yhu in mochiuh yn iuh achtopa mochiuh ye no ccppa yehuatzin achtopa mocauallotlatlalochtili. yn tlahtohuani visurrey. quimonmopehualtilili 1 yn tlahtoq ynic cauallotlatlalochtique. Y: Yn ipan axcan ye viii. mani metztli octubre de 1605. afios. yquac maxitico. nican mexico in yehuatzitzi [p. 44] Padreme Sant. Augustin. dcscal,os. yn quintocayotia. Re­ goredos.2 matlactlomome. ompa hualmohuicaq. in espafia. auh ,an onmoquixtitiquizque. in mexico. mohuicaque a la china. ynic ompa motemachtilizq Y: Auh no yquac. yn ipan in xihuitl. omoteneuh de 1605. afios. cenca omochiuhque. yn rnimichtin. in xoxohuiltin. yn amillome. 3 yhuan no cenca miectin yn omochiuhque tocame. yn caltitech. yn nican mexico. Y: Yn ipan axcan ye 8. mani metztli. de diciembre de 1605. afios. yquac omachiztico. omicohuac yn a la china. ye iuh nepa ce xihuitl. yn ipan ylhuitzin catca Sant. Franco. yn omochiuh yaoyotl. amo ceca miectin yn micque espafiolesme. auh ye oc ceca tlapanahuia miectin. in micque in mictilloque yn ompa tlaca. macehualtin in motenehua Sangreyes,4

'II x. tochtli xihuitl. 1606. afios. ypan in in yancuic xihuitl. yhuan ypan in yancuic metztli henero. yn ohuacico. yn ohualla ycedulatzin. yn itlanahuatiltzin. yn tohueytlah­ tocatzin Rey Don felipe tercero. yn ipampa yn quin nepa omochiuh congrecacion5 y nohuian ypan altepetl. ceceyaca cece yn itlahuillanalpan yn itlatititzalpan 6 motenehua. ysojetos. in campa. inyeyan. ymonoyan in macehualtzitzintin. yn quaxochtli. quitztoca. in quaxochpiaya. yquaniloque. mochintin tlaliloto. ytzontecompa. 7 yn altepetl. yn inpo­ pohuian. auh ye cenca innetoliniliz. mochiuh. yn macehualtzitzinti. auh iuh quimoca­ quilti. yn tohueytlahtocauh. Rey. ye 5xiuhtica. nepa nohuian omochiuh yn congrecacion. ynic axcan ohualmotlatitlani ohualmotlanahuatilli yn tohueytlahtocatzin. y iuh quihual­ mitalhui. [p. 45] Ye nitlanahuatia. yntla quinequizque mochintin. macehualtin. yn ohual­ liquaniloque. yn imaltepeuh ypan yn inpopohuian yntla oc ceppa mocuepazque. ma mocuepacan. ca yyollocacopatiz. yntla quinequizque mocuepazque yn campa inyeyan ymonoyan catca.- auh aocmo hue] iuh mochiuh. aocac omocuep yn macehualli. ,a iuh omocauhque yn oncan oyquaniloque. auh ,a cana yn omocuepque. yn campa inyeyampa. macehualtin Y: Yn axcan Domingo. ye 26. mani metztli de febrero de 1606 afios. yquac otlatiloc. ce tlacatl. molato. ,an tlapic teopixqui clerigo omochiuhca. amo tlateochihualli catca ymac obispo. huecauh yn missa oquitohuaya oteyolcuitiaya. otetlaceliltiaya. otequatequiaya otenamictiaya yn ompa campa oquiztinenca ypan altepetl. yn ompa canin motlapialia.

. I. The same question arises here as in the immediately preceding note. But the phrase Just before the word tends to point in the direction of simply going first.

2. Retired, of strict observance. 3. In Mexican Spanish,juiles and amilotes. 4. Ethnic Chinese.

1605-1606 89

went about wearing masks and giving people little pieces of paper with writing, on which were written whatever various joking words they had written, that they had just com­ posed, made up, and improvised. And also the Spanish lords made horses run again, at six o'clock in the afternoon. It was done again as it was done the first time; again the lord viceroy ran a horse first, he started 1 the lords running horses.

y Today the 8th of the month of October of the year 1605 was when [p. 44 J the discalced fathers of San Agustin, called Recoletos, 2 arrived here in Mexico; twelve came from Spain. They just quickly passed through Mexico; they went to China [the Philippines] to

preach there. y: Also in this said year of 1605 there were many fish, trout-like fish [xoxohuiltin] and white fish [amilome], 3 and there were also many spiders around the houses here in

Mexico. y Today, the 8th of the month of December of the year 1605, was when it became known that there were deaths in China [the Philippines] a year ago or more, on the feast day of San Francisco, when there was fighting. Not very many Spaniards died, but there were a great many more of the people there, the indigenous inhabitants called Sangleyes, 4 who

died and were killed. -

'I( 10 Rabbit year, I 606. In the new year and new month of January, the cedula and order of our great ruler the king don Felipe III came and arrived here, concerning the congrega­ ciones5 that were carried out a little while back in the [various] altepetl all around. In each one, each of its dependencies,6 called sujetos, where the poor commoners were and dwelt, looking to and guarding their boundaries, were all moved and taken Lo be settled in the head town 7 of the altepetl to which they belonged; through this the commoners suffered great afflictions. But our great ruler the king heard about it two years after the congre­ gaciones were carried out everywhere, so that now our great ruler has sent a message here and given orders, saying, [p. 45] "I order that if all the commoners who were moved in the altepetl to which they belong want to go back again [to where they came from], let them go back; it is to be by their own free will if they want to return to where they used to be and live.'' - But it could no longer be done, none of the commoners went back, but stayed where they were moved to; only in rare cases did the commoners return to where

they had been.

y: Today, Sunday the 26th of the month of February of the year 1606, was when a mulatto was burned. He had falsely made himself a secular priest; he was not ordained by a bishop. For a long time he had been saying mass, hearing confessions, administering communion, baptizing and marrying people in the various altepetl he had gone passing

5. Systematic resettlements of indigenous people organized by the Spaniards, usually to concentrate them more.

6. The Nahuatl terminology for dependencies speaks of entities dragged or pulled along with the overall entity.

7. The term used is a literal Nahuatl translation of Spanish cabecera.

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90 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

clerigostin yn motenehua beneficiados.' yn iquac yntlan callaquia yn oquic yn a90 oc cana ommohuicaya ytech mocauhtihuia. ynic oc yehuatl inyeyampa mocahuaya. teoyotica. quinpalehuiaya. quichihuaya yehuatl. in ixquich omoteneuh teotequitl. missa. quitohuaya. <;an tlapic ye tetlateotoquiltiaya. yn cacocuia tlaxcalli. yn amo tlateochihualli. yn amo nelli hue! yehuatz, ynacayotzin tt0 . Dias. y motenehua Sacramento. auh ma<;onellihui yn quitohuaya, yn ixquich teotlatolli2 camo pouhqui. yn oquic amo ytlateochihual obispo. auh machiztito. yn ompa ynquisicio. yn amo tlateochihualli. anoc. yn ompa Sancto ofi­ cio. ypan. auh yn oyttoc yn ca nelli iuhqui. ye tlatiloc. auh ye quin iquac opehu in. yn ipan in xihuitl. yn oc ompa titztihui yn aquin. iuhqui quichihuaz. yn ,;an tlapic missa quihtoz. niman. tlatiloz. yn ompa Sancto oficio. La ynquisicio. ca iuh hualmotlana­ huatilia. in yehuatzin in tocenquizcahueyteopixcatzin. Sancto Padre. in Ro[p. 46]ma. mo­ yetztica. yehuantin quinhualmonahuatilia ynquisidoresme. ynic yehuantin. quimochihui­ lizque Justicia. nican mexico. ca yntequitzin in ynin omochiuh ypan quaresma. 'L Yn ipan axcan quaresma ye 16. mani metztli. Mari;o de 1606. afios. no yquac momiquilli in Don Bartholome franc0 . xochiqucntzin alkle catca. nican mexico ynin ipiltzin yn Don Pablo xochiquentzin catca y_ Auh no ypan yn axcan. omoteneuh quaresma. yn ipan Juebes Sancto. yquac yancuican. achto. oquizque. yn ipilhuantzitzin Sancta Catharina Martyr. hue! qualli. ynic quiz tlaya­ hualoliztli. yehuatl in motenehua La Sangre de christo. y_ Yn ipan axcan ye 5. mani metztli abril. de 1606. a0 s. yquac omotlapoto yn atenamitl. mexicatzinco. ynic tzauhcticatca ynic oncan hualquii;:az atl. <;an oc cecni n mocuitlacoyo­ nito. atenamitl. ypampa acallac in teocalli. cuitlahuac. yhuan mizquic. yhuan no ypampa yn ompa ynic oyaque ocholloque ye omocalcauhque. <;an mochipa quiztimani yahtimani miyequintin macehualtin. yn ompa chaneque omoteneuh ye quicahua yn imaltepeuh. ye hui ypan oc cequi at! tepetl. yehica ypampa yn incal yn inchachan oc ohuacallac. yhuan miec yn opapachiuh yn oxixitin. auh y mane! oc cequi calli. yn oc hue! mamani yece ca <;a tlatlacacitimani yn at!. ynic mocalcauhque macehualtin. y_ Yn ipan axcan ye 2. mani metztli Mayo. de 1606 afios. yquac omomiquilli in Don diego Romano. obispo cat[ca] tlaxcallan. y_ Yn axcan. ye 2. mani metztli Junia de 1606. afios yquac. Peru.3 ohualla tlahtolli oma­ chiztico y nican [p. 47] Mexico. Omomiquilli. yn ompa Peru. in yehuatzin tlacatl. yn tlahtohuani Don Gaspar. de <;ufiiga. y Azeuedo. Conde de monterrey. vi$urrey. catca yn ompa Peru. iuh machiztico. ye x. mani metztli. de febrero. viernestica in momiquilli. aminaliztli. 4 yn quimohuiquilli. ynic momiquilli. auh iuh mitohuaya yntla hue! oc mo­ cueptzinohuani. yn ompa espafia. ca ycama!erotzin mochiuhtzinozquia. yn tohueycihua­ tlahtocauh. Reyna. Dofia margarida austria. yn inamictzin yn axcan moyetztica tohuey­ tlahtocauh Don felipe Tercero. y_ Yn ipan axcan Domingo. ye 23. mani metztli Julio. de 1606. afios. yquac yn ompa tzaqualtitlan tenanco. amaquemecan momiquilli. in quimohuiquilli tt0 • Dias. yehuatzin.

I. Curates. 2. Teotlatolli often means sermon, but here it seems to refer to the words uttered dur­

ing the sacraments. 3. "Peru" in many instances has a very small mark above the u, somewhere between a

dot and a small vertical mark. It is not like any of Ch.'s other diacritics. Thus it is probably not an overbar to indicate a nasal, though many Nahuas wrote "pelon," etc.

1606 91

through, where secular priests called beneficiados1 were in charge, when he entered where they were; as long as they were gone somewhere it would be left to him, while he was left in their place, to help them with divine matters, doing all the said churchly tasks. He would say mass and falsely sanctify the bread he lifted up, which was not blessed, not really the body of our lord God, called the Sacrament. Although he said all the divine words,2 it did not count, as long as he was not ordained by a bishop. It became known at the Inquisition that he was not ordained; he was arrested [and held] in the [building of] the Holy Office. When it was seen that it was truly that way [as reported], he was burned for it. From that point it began, in this year and for the future, that whoever should do like­ wise, say mass falsely, will immediately be burned at the Holy Office of the Inquisition; so orders come from our supremely great priest the Holy Father who is in Rome; [p. 46] he orders the inquisitors here to do justice here in Mexico, for that is their duty. This

happened during Lent. y_ Today, during Lent, the 16th of the month of March of the year 1606, was also when don Bartolome Francisco Xochiquentzin passed away. He was alcalde here in Mexico and

was the child of don Pablo Xochiquentzin. y_ Also in the just now mentioned Lent, on Maundy Thursday, was when for the first time the children of Santa Catarina Martir came out; the procession turned out very well. It is

the one called the Blood of Christ. y_ Today, the 5th of the month of April of the year 1606, was when the dike at Me­ xicatzinco was opened, that had been closed, so that water will come out there. For now, only one place in the dike was opened, because the churches in Cuitlahuac and Mizquic were submerged, and also because of those there who left their houses and went and fled; many commoners are always leaving and going. The said residents there have already left their altepetl and gone to other altepetl because their houses and homes were still sub­ merged, an<l many collapsed and crumbled, and although there arc other houses spread about, yet they are half filled with water, so that the commoners left them. y_ Today, the 2nd of the month of May of the year 1606, was when don Diego Romano,

who was bishop of Tlaxcala, passed away. y_ Today, the 2nd of the month ofJune of the year 1606, was when news came from Peru3

and it was known here [p. 47] in Mexico that the lord ruler don Gaspar de Ziifiiga y Ace­ vedo, Count of Monterrey, who was viceroy in Peru, passed away there. It became known that it was on the 10th of the month of February, a Friday, that he passed away; [dys­ entery ]4 carried him off, so that he died. And it was said that if he had been able to return to Spain, he would have become the chamberlain of our great lady ruler, the queen, dofia Margarita de Austria, spouse of our present great ruler, don Felipe III.

y_ Today, Sunday the 23rd of the month of July of the year 1606, was when my late precious father, Juan Agustin Ixpintzin, a lord, who was the son of the lady dofia Luisa

Perhaps it is intended as the grave accent sometimes used at this time to show stress, and we have so reproduced it.

In other cases, the mark above the u is identical to Ch.' s overbar or tilde, and we have reproduced it as a tilde.

4. Molina defines amina as being ill because of the water not agreeing with one after having eaten green foods.

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92 TRANSCRJPTION AND TRANSLATION

notlac;otatzin. moyetzticatca. Juan augustin yxpintzin teuhctli. yn itelpochtzin catca cihuapilli. Dofia luisa. xochiquetzaltzin. 1 auh ynic omonemiltico tlalticpac yn ixquich­ cauh onpohualxihuitl. oncaxtolli. yn ipan in metztli omoteneuh. yquac momanaco. matlaltotonqui. 2 iuh quihtoque. yn tlamatinime yehuatl techhuicac 4 yni ipan in xihuitl omoteneuh yn quitocayotia planeta Marte. huey citlalli. 3 huel ihiyo. 5 yn cocoliztica. y Yn ipan axcan lunes. ye 2. mani metztli octubre de 1606. afios. yey tzillini ye yeotlac. yquac momiquilli. in teoyotica. tlahtohuani Don fray Garcia de stta maria de mendoc;a y c;ufiiga. arc;obispo. omoyetzticatca y nican ypan huey altepetl ciudad mexico. tenochtitlan. ynin Sant. Jeronimo teopixqui. auh yn o iuh momiquilli. quin imoztlayoc ypa martes. ye teotlac. yvisperatzin ypan Sant. Franco tlayahualoliztica. yn quihualmoquixtilique y[p.

48]chantzinco. oncan quimotoquilico, yn inacayotzin yn iglesia mayor. altar mayor. yn motoquiltitoc auh ynic teoyotica omotlahtocatillico. mexico. c;an huel nauhxihuitl.

y Yn ipan axcan miercoles. ye 4. mani metztli. octubre de 1606. afios. ypil Sant. Franco. ylhuitzin ye teotlac yn maxitico. yn rnocallaquico. nican rnexico in yehuatzin visitador. general. ytoca el lliceciado. Diego lanterns y velasquez. 6 yn ompa ohualmohuicac espafia. oquihualmihualli. in tohueytlahtocauh Rey. ynic yehuatzin motlachiyeltiz. nican ypan

nueua espafia y Auh yn axcan ynpan ye 24. mani metztli octubre de 1606. afios. yquac ompa yn tzaqualtitlan tenanco amaquemecan. omomiquilli. omopolihuilti. yn tlacatl cihuapilli nocitzin Dofia Martha de st.tiago. amaxochtzin tenanco tepopolla cihuapilli oncan. ychantzinc 0 ynin ynamictzin. catca yn pilli Don Domingo Hernadez. ayopochtzin. tza­ qualtitlan tenanco amaquemecan ychantzinco. auh ynic omonemiltico cihuapilli tlalticpac. yepohualxihuitl. onmatlactli ypan onxihuitl. ynin ychpochtzin catca. yn tlacatl. Don Juan Hehuacayotzin. pilli. oncan ychantzinco catca yn tecpan yn itocayocan tlayllotlacan tecalco. ytech pohui yn altepetl. tenanco texocpalco tepopolla. chalco. y Auh yn ipan axcan ye 6. mani metztli de diciebre. de 1606. afios. yquac ye no occa11 quitlapoto. quicoyonito. yn mexicatzinco atenamitl. yn oncan hualquic;a atl. yn oncan yancuic buentes. quichiuhque. yhuan yancuic puertas. oncan quitlatlallique. ynic tzauhc­ tiez. yn iquac quenmanian yntla oc ceppa. apachiohuaz. mexico. ye motzaquatiuh [p. 49]

Yn atl. auh yn ipan quitlapoto. atenamitl mexicatzinco ypampa yn cenca ye apachihuia. yn izqui altepetl chinapan catqui. in culhuacan. xochmilco. cuitlahuac. mizquic y Auh c;an no ypan in yn izquilhuitia, omoteneuh metztli octubre. 7 yquac ohualla. tlahtolli in La china. omachiztico. ye oquitlanque. in espafiolesme. yn altepetl. yn oncan ytocayocan Maluco. ye ytechtzinco. ponhui. in yehuatzin. tohueytlahtocauh Rey Don Felipe. Tercero. yn ompa espafia. moyetztica. yhuan yuh machiztico. yn oncan tlahtoca­ tia. Maluco. yn Rey. mochiuhticatca, cacique in christianosme. yhuan no yquac yn ipan in xihuitl omoteneuh yquac ompa momiquilli yn La china. yn ondi manilla. yn gouer-

I. The name Juan Agustfn Ixpintzin is without don and consists of two first names plus a possibly made up or little used indigenous name; it comes very low on the naming scale for the early seventeenth century. Perhaps Juan Agustin was illegitimate; his father is not mentioned.

2. Totonqui means hot; mat/al- refers to a dark color most often indicated as green. The word is thought to refer to typhus; see Cook 1998, p. 138. We thank Linda Newson for giving us the information and the reference.

1606 93

Xochiquetzaltzin. passed away and our lord God took him. 1 He lived on earth for 55 years. The said month was when matlaltotonqui 2 broke out. The wise men said that what they call the planet Mars, a great star,3 governed us4 in the aforementioned year; it is really its

emanation 5 with the epidemic.

y Today, Monday the 2nd of the month of October of the year 1606, at three o'clock in the afternoon, was when the ruler in divine things, don fray Garcia de Santa Maria de Mendoza y Zuniga, who was archbishop here in the great altepetl and city of Mexico Tenochtitlan, passed away; he was a Hieronymite friar. After he died, right on the next day, Tuesday, in the afternoon on the eve of [the feast day] of San Francisco, they brought him in procession [p. _48] out of his home [the archiepiscopal palace] and came to bury his body in the cathedral; it is at the main altar that he lies buried. He ruled in Mexico in

divine matters for only four full years. y It was today, Wednesday the 4th of the month of October of the year 1606, on the feast day of San Francisco, in the afternoon, that the inspector general, whose name is licenciado Diego Landeras y Velasquez,6 arrived and entered in Mexico here. He came from Spain; our great ruler the king sent him here to look at things here in New Spain.

y Today, the 24th of the month of October of the year 1606, was when the noble lady my grandmother, dofia Marta de Santiago Amaxochtzin, a noblewoman of Tenanco Tepo­ polla, who was from there, passed away and perished in Tzaqualtitlan Tenanco, [a division of] Amaquemecan. She was the spouse of the nobleman don Domingo Hernandez Ayo­ pochtzin from Tzaqualtitlan Tenanco [in] Amaquemecan. The lady lived on earth for 72 years. She was the daughter of the lord don Juan Ehuacayotzin, a nobleman, whose home was at the palace at the place called Tlailotlacan Teccalco belonging to the altepetl Tenanco Texocpalco Tepopolla, [a part of] Chalco. y Today. the 6th of the month of December of the year 1606, was when they went to a second place to open and make holes in the dike at Mexicatzinco for the water to come out, where they built new bridges and placed new gates so the dike can be closed; if there is a flood in Mexico again sometime, the water will be closed off with them. [p. 49] And the reason they went to open the dike at Mexicatzinco was that all the altepetl in the chinampa country-Colhuacan, Xochimilco, Cuitlahuac. and Mizquic-were flooded. y And on the same day in the said month of October 7 was when news came from China [the Philippines] and it became known that the Spaniards had gained the altepetl called Malucca, which already belongs to our great ruler the king don Felipe Ill, who is in Spain, and it became known that the Christians captured the one who had ruled in Malucca and had been made king there. And also at that time in the said year was when the governor of the Philippines, who governed all the Christians who dwell there, passed

3. It may be that huei citlalin, literally "great star," actually means planet. In Molina the expression is glossed as Venus specifically.

4. Or accompanied us? 5. Literally "its breath." 6. Given as licenciado Diego Landeras de Velasco in Torquemada 1975, 1: 737, and

other sources. 7. Sic. meaning December?

.\I

~·

' I!

94 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

nador. momiquilli. ompa yntepachocauh catca yn ixquichtin christianosme. yn ompa onoque. quizqui. yn x. tochtli xihuitl.

'][ xi. acatl xihuitl. 1607. afios. ypan in xihuitl. ypa metztli. Man;o. yquac ocehuico yn cocoliztli matlaltotonqui yn manca. cenca chicahuac ye micohuac in nican mexico. ce xihuitl. yn manca y Auh ye ytlamian ynin omoteneuh metztli Man;o. ca nohuian huaquico yn all. yn ipan ayxtlahuatl. yn oncan huehuey ye momanca all. auh c;an hue! ome metztli yn ontlaa­ huacca. yn hue! onpoliuhca at!. ynic cennohuian chinampa. yn c;an iyocan: nican mexico. yn ipan metztli. abril. tlaahuaqui. yhuan yn ipan metztli. Mayo. tlaahuaqui hue! popo­ liuhca. yn at! chinampa. yhuan yn ayxtlahuacan. hue! teteyn tzatzayan yn tlalli. auh c;an niman aocmo tlaahuecatlan mochiuh. yn ipan huehuey acallotli. y nica mexico. ca hue! popolihuico. yn huaquico. yn omoteneuh tlacpac at!. yn c;a hue! achiton ica. ye apachi­ huizquia. altepetl mexico. tenochtitlan. yn ipan huehue xivitl viii tecpatl. de 1604. afios. yn iquac ypa yehuatl moyacuilli mochi nohuian yn itlacauhtoca. yn c;a cuicuitla[p. 50]Co­ yontoca. yn atenamitl. auh yn manca atl. nican mexico. yn amo hue! huaquia. onxihuitl. ypan tlacoxiuhtica. ynic huaquico yn ipan in xihuitl omoteneuh

y Auh yn axcan ypan metztli Junio. ye no nicuel momanaco. in quiyahuitl. // auh yn ipan Sant. Jua bap1a. ylhuitzin quiz. yquac cenca yequene chicahuac. ye cen peuh yn momanaco. quiyahuitl. yn cecemilhuitl. yhuan ceceyohuatl. 1 ye quiyahui ynic nohuian ypan nueua espafia. ynic ye no nicuel opeyonico otemico atl. nican mexico. ynic cenno­ huian ahuatzalpan huehuey ayxtlahuaca omochiuh yhuan yn mochi chinamitl hue! po­ poliuh yn apachiuh. yhuan iquac. yn ompa azcapotzalco. cuitlaxitin ce atlauhtli. yn oncan ytocayocan quauhyahualolco. yn oncan hualcuitlaquic;aya atl. tepeatl. cenca hualtillahua­ tihuia. yn hualtemoya. quauhtla. ynic oncan ypa hualhuia ypa hualxelihuia. yn altepetl. azcapotzalco. ye ye polihuizquia. yquac ompa catca. yn tlahtohuani. Don luis de velasco. ayatle ytequiuh. c;an ompa mocehuitzinoticatca. y Yn axcan ypan ye 20. mani metztli. Junio. yquac ohualla tlahtolli. yn ompa espafia. omachiztico. ynic ye no nicuel. quihualmomaquilia. yn tohueytlahtocauh Rey. yn itlah­ tocayo. yehuatzin tlacatl Don luis de velasco. ynic visurrey ye no nicuel mochiuhtzinoz. y nican. ypan nueua espafia. auh ompa ypan acico yn itlahtocayo. yn imacehualpan. 2

azcapotzalco. yn quihualmotitlanilili ytlahtocayo yehuatzin. yn tohueitlahtocauh 3 Don felipe tercero. yn ompa moyetztica castilla. - auh ynic ompa cuitlaxitin. atlauhtli. [p. 51] Yn azcapotzalco. yn oncan quauhyahualolco. yehuantin quitzaquato yn mexica. yhuan tepaneca. oc yehuatzin. ytencopatzinco. mochiuh ynic ompa atzaqualloto. yn tlahtohuani visurrey Don Juan de mendoc;a y luna. hue! ino­ matzinco. ompa mohuicaya. yn quimottillito. yhuan no yehuatzin. ompa ypan motlah­ tolti. yn atzaqualiztli. yn tlahtohuani Don luis de velasco. yn oquic ayemo hualmohuetzi­ tia nican mexico. ypan ytlahtocayo. y Auh yn axcan ypan ye 29. mani metztli Junio. ypan ylhuitzin. Sant. Pedro yhuan Sant. Pablo. apostolosme. yquac moquixti. ypan ce tzillini yn quitlalcahui. huey altepetl

1. For "cece(n)yohual." 2. The younger don Luis de Velasco held encomiendas in both Azcapotzalco and nearby

Toltitlan (see an entry of October 26, 1603, pp. 78-79 [top)). See Gerhard 1972, p. 248.

1606-1607 95

away in Manila. End of 10 Rabbit year.

j[ 11 Reed year, 1607. In this year, in the month of March, was when the epidemic of the fever matlaltotonqui, which had greatly raged, and from which there were many deaths here in Mexico, subsided. It had gone on for a year. y At the end of this said month of March, the water dried up everywhere in the expanses of water where the great waters had spread out. For fully two months it was dry and the water was entirely gone all over the chinampa district; here in Mexico in particular, it was dry in the month of April, and it was dry in the month of May. The water was entirely missing in the chinampas, and on the lakes the land [the lake floor] was full of cracks and crevices. And there was no deep water left at all in the big canals here in Mexico, for the water mentioned above had entirely disappeared and dried up, when only a very little while before the altepetl of Mexico Tenochtitlan was about to be covered over by water, in the old-style year of 8 Flint, the year of 1604, in which all the dikes everywhere that had gone bad, that had holes in their sides, [p. 50] were renovated, when the waters spread out here in Mexico and it did not not dry out for iwo years and a half, until it dried out in the

said year. y Now in the month of June the rains broke out again.// When the feast day of San Juan Bautista was celebrated was when finally and at last the rains began to come on very strongly, raining all day and all night 1 all over New Spain, so that again the water spilled over and filled up Mexico here, so that the dry land everywhere became large lakes, and all the chinampas entirely disappeared and were flooded. And it was when the sides of a ravine in Azcapotzalco at the place called Quauhyahualco collapsed, where the water from the mountains was coming out the sides; the water came very heavily, descending from the forests, so that it came down upon and spread over the altepetl of Azcapotzalco, causing it almost to be destroyed. At that time the ruler don Luis de Velasco was there, not yet in office; he was just in retirement there. y Today, the 20th of the month of June, was when news came from Spain and it became known that our great ruler the king is again giving the rulership to the lord don Luis de Velasco, so that he will be made viceroy again here in New Spain. And [news] of his rulership reached him [when he was) among his vassals in Azcapotzalco; 2 our great3 ruler

don Felipe III who is in Spain sent him the rulership. -

And when the sides of the ravine collapsed [p. 51] in Azcapotzalco, at Quauhyahualco, the Mexica and Tepaneca went to close it. Going to close off the water there was still done by order of the lord viceroy don Juan de Mendoza y Luna, who went there in person to inspect it, and also the ruler don Luis de Velasco looked after closing off the water previous to coming here to Mexico to settle down in his rulership.

y Today, the 29th of the month of June, the feast day of San Pedro and San Pablo, apos­ tles, at one o'clock, was when the lord viceroy don Juan de Mendoza y Luna, Marques of

3. The i in this word is not written clearly and might be imagined not to be there except that it is needed.

,.

: ~

,I

,I

96 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

ciudad. mexico tenochtitlan in yehuatzin tlahtohuani visurrey. Don Juan de medoi;a. y luna marques de montesclaros. ompa mohuicac Perll. auh yn omoyetztiaco1 ynic omotlah­ tocatilico nican mexico. ynic ye nohuian ypa nueua espafia, yexihuitl ypan chicuetetl. metztli.

Y. Auh niman hualmoman yn metztli Julio. yn ipan in mani quiyahuitl. Y. Yn ipan axcan Domingo. ye 15. mani metztli Julio. de 1607 a0 s. yquac ypan macuilli tzillini ye teotlac. yn maxitico. yn mocallaquico. yhtic altepetl mexico tenochtitlan. ye mohuetzitico. ynic ye no nicuel oncan no ceppa conmanilli yn itlahtocayo. tlahtohuani Don luis de velasco. ye oppa visurrey. omochiuhtzino. y nican mexico. ompa hualme­ huiti yn azcapotzalco. ynic motlallitzinoco yn itlahtocaycpalpan. auh ynic c;an catca y mocchuitzino yn atle ytequiuh catca yexihuitl ypa chiquaccntetl. metztli. ynic ompa hualmohuicac IP-52] Peru. ompa visurrey. moyetzticatca. yehuatzin ompa quihualmo­ patillito. yn conde Don Gaspar de i;ufiiga y azeuedo. Y. Yn inpan2 axcan ye 26. mani metztli. Julio de 1607. afios. ypan ylhuitzin Sancta Ana. ye teotlac yquac ompa omicohuac. in hueyapan yn ipan acallotli. 3 ynic ompa huillohua tetzcoco: noi;o nican ye hualhuillohua mexico. auh yeh nican. mexico. hualhuia yn acalli. yehuatl yn quitocayotia. navio. yn hueyapan pollaquico. auh yhtic hualyetihuia miec tlat­ quitl. yn cacahuatl. xiquipiltica hualloonotihuia. caxtolli tlacatl onnahui : yn ihtic hualye­ tihuia acalli. yn espafiolesme. yhuan i;an quezquintin yn macehualtin. yn mochintin. yhtic hualyetihuia acalli hueyatl. ynepantla. yn pollaquico. yn oncan momiquillique. yn espa­ nolesme. ce Sant. augustin teopixqui. telpochtli. ayemo missa quichihuaya. yhuan yn oc ce espafiol ytoca Diego de paz. procurador. 4 audiencia real catca. yn oncan mochtin. momiquillique matlanhuique. auh i;a nahui tlacatl yn momaquixtique yn ca atitlan yahque. tlamanellotiaque. ynic ompa atenquii;ato chimalhuacan atenco. auh in yehuantin oc cequintin. yn atitlan momiquillique. c;atepan ye yquezquilhuitiyoc. in necico: matlac­ tlomome tlacatl. yn ompan quinquixtique. yn quimanque. chimalhuacan atenco yn mimiccatzitzinti. ompa tocoque. auh i;an chiquacentetl metztli. yn onmonec acalli yn nabio. ynic achto nezca. necoccampa. ye iepanahuilloya. y nican onehuaya mexico. tlaca. ye onpanahuilloya ynic ompa huia in tetzcoco. auh yn ompa tetzcoco. ompa IP-53] Y c hualtepanahuiloya. yn ompa huallehuaya tetzcoco tlaca. ye hue! hualpanahuiloya ynic nican hualhuia mexico. ynic yehuatl yea. amo huecauh panolloya. yn acalli. auh ynic tlamictico ynic pollaquico hueyapan. i;an ic cotonico. ypampa y tepanahuiaya. amo huecauh yn onmonec yn nabio. yninn iaxca catca. yn Don Juan de aluarado. gouernador tetzcoco. Y. Auh ynic tlamico. metztli omoteneuh Julio. cenca chicahuac yn manca quiyahuitl. Y. Auh ye niman hualmoman in metztli agosto. i;an no yhui yn ipan cenca chicahuac yn mani quiyahuitl. ynic mottac. cenca ye tleco. ye temi ye peyoni ye moteponai;ohua. yn atl. ynic nohuian cenmexico. tenochtitlan. ye apachihui yn altepetl. ynic ye no ceppa oquitzatzaquato. yn 6pa mexicatzinco atenamitl. yn tlatlapouhticatca yn quitlapoca yexcan yn oncan hualquii;aya atl. nican mexicopa hualhuia. ye quicaxahuaya. ynic cennohuian chinampa ye polihuizquia yn izquica ypan altepetl. omoteneuh. yn culhuacan. _yn xoch-

1. For "omoyetztieco," 2. For "ipan." 3. Acalotli normally is a canal used for boats, but since it means "boat road," it might

have the sense of a commonly used route or channel across the lake.

!607 97

Montesclaros, left and abandoned the great altepetl and city of Mexico Tenochtitlan and went to Peru. He had been 1 ruler here in Mexico and all New Spain for three years and

eight months.

Y. Then came the month of July, in which there was rain. Y. Today, Sunday, the 15th of the month of July of the year 1607, at 5 o'clock in the afternoon, was when the ruler don Luis de Velasco arrived in and entered the altepetl of Mexico Tenochtitlan, coming to establish himself to take his rulership again, having been made viceroy for the second time here in Mexico; he came from Azcapotzalco to take his seat on his throne as ruler. He was in retirement and without office for three years and six months since he came from [p. 52] Peru, where he was viceroy; the Count don Gaspar

de Zuniga y Acevedo went there to replace him.

Y. Today, on2 the 26th of the month of July of the year 1607, the feast day of Santa Ana, in the afternoon, was when people died on the great lake, [on the boat route?]3 that goes to Tetzcoco or comes here to Mexico. The boat, the kind they call a ship, was coming here to Mexico when it sank on the lake. Inside it came many goods; cacao beans came in bags. Nineteen Spaniards were riding in the boat, but only a few commoners; all who were riding inside the boat sank in the middle of the lake. Among the Spaniards who died there was an Augustinian friar, a youth who did not yet say mass [was not fully ordained], and another Spaniard named Diego de Paz, who was procurador' in the Royal Audiencia. All of them died there; they went into the water. There were only four people who es­ caped, who went into the water and went along swimming, so that they came out at the shore at Chimalhuacan Atenco. Of the others who died in the water, several days later twelve people showed up; they brought them out and took them at Chimalhuacan Atenco, and the dead were buried there. The boat or ship had been used for only six months since it first was built. It took people across in both directions. People of Mexico leaving from here were taken over by it to go as far as Tetzcoco. And at Tetzcoco [p. 53] people com­ ing from Tetzcoco were brought by it in this direction, brought the whole way until they came to Mexico, so that with the boat, people were taken across in a short time. But when it caused the deaths and sank in the lake, the [service] of taking people across was discontinued. The ship was not used for long; it belonged to don Juan de Alvarado, gov­

ernor in Tetzcoco.

Y. As the said month of July came to an end, there were very strong rains. y_Then came the month of August, in which likewise there were very strong rains, so that one saw that the waters greatly rose, filled everything up, spilled over, and swelled so that the whole altepetl of Mexico Tenochtitlan was flooded everywhere, so that again they went to close the dike at Mexicatzinco, which was open in various places; they had opened it in three places, from where water was coming out and coming toward Mexico here. The reason they made [the water] diminish was that [everything] was about to be

4. A procurador was commonly a barrister practicing before a court, usually without a law degree from a university, but the word was also used for special representatives or lobbyists for certain entities, and also for certain kinds of prosecuting attorneys.

98 1RANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLA110N

milco. yn cuitlahuac. yn mizquic. yn ceca ye polihuia. yn ica atl. ynic tzauhcticatca. ynic ye onxihuitl ypa tlacoxihuitl: huetzico T ye quipolozquia. in ye capachozquia nican mexico. ynic yehuatl. ypampa quitzatzacca. Auh yhuan ye no oquitlatlapoca. auh ypan in yn omoteneuh metztli agosto. yhuan yn ompa omoteneuh mexicatzinco. mochi quitza­ tzaquato. yn atenamitl.

Y. Auh yn nican mexico. yn izquitetl. huehuey teopacalli yhtic yn Sancto Domingo cenca mollonia. meyaya. cenca tentimoma yn ihtic atl. aocac [p. 54] hue! oncallaquia. yhuan aocmo hue! missa onca mochihuaya. ypampa hue! yuh mitoz ca ,a tlacacitimania yn atl. ytlac~pa1 y teocalli. ye quimoquixtilique. in sanctissimo sacramento. auh ,a oncan claus­ tro. yn mochihuaya missa. auh no yhuan. yn ompa teopan la compafiia de Jesus yn ticto­ cayotia teatinos. yn ihtic <;an no iuh mochiuh. cenca no meyaya mollonia. no cenca tetimoma yn atl : aocmo no hue! callacohuaya yn itic teopancalli. yhuan aocmo no hue! oncan missa mochihuaya. no ye quimoquixtilique yn sanctissimo sacrameto. ye motzacca yn teopancalli. Y. Auh yn Sant. Fran°.0 teopancalli. yn ihtic amo cenca miec ynic molon ynic mex atl. ,an quexquich yea. Y. Auh yn iglesia. mayor. teopancalli yhtic ,an qualcan catca. ye quin ye pehuaznequia yn moloniznequia atl. Y. Auh yn Sant. Augustin. yn ihtic teopancalli atle molon yn atl. ,an qualcan catca, ypampa cenca quihuecapanoque. ynic quitlaltenque. in ye nepa. onxihttitl. ypan tlacoxi­ huitl. yn iquac no tlaapachiuhca mexico. // auh <;an yehuantin yn huehuey teopancalli y nican omoteneuhque. auh amo nican yhuan motenehua yn oc cequi. teopancalli yhuan yn monasterios. yn oncan moyetzticate monjastin. amo yhuan nican motenehua ypampa. ca nohuian mollon yn atl. yn inchachantzinco yn inmonasterios. yn iuh mochi tlacatl. quittac: yhuan quimati. Y. Auh ynic nauhcampa quiztica. ynic nauhcampa xeliuhtica. yn mexicayot! tenochcayotl. yn Sant. Juan Moyotlan. yn Sant. Pablo. teopan. yn Sant. Sebastian atzaqualco. yn Sane­ ta Maria. cuepopan. ynic nohuia omoteneuh ynic cen ixquich mexico tenochtitlan Ip. 55] Ca nohuian tlaapachiuh. auh ,a yxquich yyolloco yn altepetl : ,a tepitzin ica. yn tlalli mocauh yn amo apachiuh. yn iuh omoteneuh. ca ixquich tlacatl oquittac yhuan quimati yn mexico tlaca. Y. Auh yn ixquichtin. mexica tenochca, yn onoque yn hue! chinampa chaneque. ca <;a nohuian acaltica yn callaquia ynchachan. ypampa yn ixquich ye huecapan. tlalticpactli yn omoteneuh yyolloco altepetl mexico hue! quitencuitima 2 quixacitimomanaco yn ixquich omoteneuh. ye huecapan tlalticpactli yn atl. ye macoc. ynic moteponai;o. auh ynic nohuian auh ynic caltzallan yn altepeyotl. mexico. ytloc ynahuac yn otlih: cocoton yn tlani. yn campa tlatlacomoliuhtica. yn amo huecapanixtoc. tlalpantli. ,an tel yevatl yn apachiuh: yhuan yn nohuian ypan xolal. cacalac yn atl. auh yn campa huecapanixtoc tlalpantli. ,a yyoca mocacauh. y nohuian. auh no yhuan ypampa. yn atl. ye nequapanchi­ chihualoc nohuian ,a yehuatl. ypan huilohuaya. yn quapantli. yhuan nohuia yn caltechtli motzintlaltenayoti. pitzatzitzinica. otlih. ypan pohuia ypan huilohuaya. 3 yhuan cenca

I. This expression, occurring more than once, may be the equivalent of "in the nave." 2. The meaning of the verb tencui (literally "to take the edge of') is not clear, but it

seems to be being used as an approximate equivalent of ixaci, "to reach all of."

1607 99

Jost all over the chinampa district, in all the said altepetl-Colhuacan, Xochimilco, Cui­ tlahuac, Mizquic-which were greatly destroyed through the water having been closed off. Two and a half years before [the waters] were about to destroy and flood Mexico here, because of which they had closed [the dike at Mexicatzinco]. But they had already opened it in various places, and in the said month of August and at the said Mexicatzinco they went to close all the dikes. Y. Here in Mexico inside each of the great churches, [starting with] Santo Domingo, much water sprang and gushed forth; the inside got very full of water. No longer could anyone Ip. 54] go in, and mass could no longer be held there, because it can really be said that the church was half filled with water along the sides, 1 so that they removed the most Holy Sacrament, and mass was held only in the cloister. And also in the church of the Jesuits, whom we call Theatines, the same thing happened inside; the water also greatly gushed forth and sprang up, and the inside got very full. It was no longer possible to go inside the ·church, and mass could no longer be held there either, for which reason they also removed the most Holy Sacrament and closed the church. y Inside the church of San Francisco not very much water sprang and gushed forth, just a

bit. y The cathedral was usable inside; the water was just barely beginning to spring forth.

Y. Inside the church of San Agustin no water sprang forth; it was in good shape, because they had greatly raised [the floor] by filling it in two and a half years before, when Mexico had also been flooded. // It is only the great churches that are mentioned here; the other churches are not mentioned here as well, and the convents where there are nuns are not mentioned here either, because the water sprang up everywhere in the buildings of their nunneries, as everyone saw and knows.

y In the four parts into which the entity of Mexico Tenochtitlan is di'(ided, San Juan Moyotlan, San Pablo Teopan, San Sebastian Atzaqualco, and Santa Maria Cuepopan, everywhere in the said parts, in absolutely all of Mexico Tenochtitlan Ip. 55] it was flooded everywhere. Only in the central part of the altepetl was a little land left that was not flooded. As mentioned, all the people in Mexico saw and know about it.

Y. All the Mexica Tenochca who lived on chinampas and really had their homes there entered their homes everywhere in boats, because the ground was so deep beneath the surface of the water. The said central part of the altepetl of Mexico was entirely affected,2 as much as was mentioned, so that the ground was deep under the water, which rose and swelled. Everywhere in the streets near the central part of Mexico, the roads were inter­ rupted in the low part, where there are big holes and the level ground was not elevated; that part was flooded, and the water entered the house lots everywhere. The only places left were wherever the ground had been raised. Also because of the water, wooden bridges were fixed up [improvised]; everywhere people went only on the bridges and on the sidewalks everywhere, which were provided with walls of earth as a foundation; they served as narrow roads and people walked on them.3 Very many of the houses of Span-

3. The preceding several sentences are among the most difficult for us today in the whole larger text, and the translation involves more than the usual amount of speculation.

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JOO TRANSCR!Pf!ON AND TRANSLATION

miec yn apachiuh yn acallac yn incal espafiolesme. ye mocalcauhque. yhuan cequi miec yn actihuetz yn papachiuh. yncal gan tel yehuatl. yn xancalli. tzitzinciyahuac. ynic huallactihuetz. auh no yhui oc cenca miec yn incal macehualtin. yn actihuetz. yn papa­ chiuh ye quicauhque. auh yn ipampa yn atl. cenca quinmauhtiaya. quintequipachohuaya yn quittaya. yn ixquichtin espafiolesme. ye ye macomanazquia. ye mochtin. cholozquia. ye quicnocavazquia. yn altepetl mexico. tenochtitlan. auh ye niman in yehuatzin tlahtohuani visurrey Don luis de velasco. Pena quinmotlalili yn ix[p. 56 ]Quichtin. espafiolesme. ynic ayac. quigaz. quitlalcahuiz. yn altepetl mexico. ypampa. y cenca mochintin. ye mocomo­ niznequia. cenca ye momocihuiaya. ye mamanaya. yn ipampa all. ynic cenca omacoc. omoteponago. omopepeyontimoma nohuian. yn ipampa ye ye conmatizquia nohuiampa yn altepetl. ypampa ca cenca teyi;ahui y manca quiyahuitl. yn ipan iquac yn omoteneuh xihuitl yn amo mochiuh mochiuh 1 in ye onxihuitl ypii tlacoxihuitl. ynic apachiohuac ynic quiyauh yn ipantzinco. yehuatzin mochiuh tlahtohuani visurrey. Don Juan de mendoga y luna. marques de montesclaros. auh yn axcan ypan in xihuitl yn titlahtohua. de 1607. aftos. yn ipan huehue xihuitl xi. acatl. ynic oppa ohuapachiohuaco. ye quin ipan in ohuapachihuico. yn tianquiztli. Sane! ipolito. aocmo oncan otiamicoya. yhuan yn Sant. Juan tianquiztli. no apachiuh centlacoltica. auh yn oc centlacolli. amo apachiuh ca quex­ quichton yn mocauh yehuatl. ypan tiamicoya. ga mocenmatia. oncan yn tiamicoya. yn ipampa moch apachiuh yn tianquiztli Sancto polito. y_ Auh yn Santiago. tlatilolco. no yhuan nohuian apachiuh. yn altepetl. auh <;a yxquich yn ompa tianquiztli yn amo apachiuh. ynic yehica ompa quihuicazquia. ompa quimanaz­ quia. yn tianquiztli Sane! ipolito. yhuan yn tianquiztli. Sant Juan. ye moteylhuiaya yn tlatilolca. auh yece amo hue! mochiuh. ye mixnamicque.2 yn tenochtitlan tlaca. y_ Auh in yehuatzitzin yn ixquichtintzitzin teopixque. fraylestin. yhuan no yehuantzitzin yn ixquichtintzitzin. cihuateopixque. in monjastin. yn mexico. monoltitoque. mochtin­ tzitzin. [p. 57] Motequipachotzinoque. yn ipampa teopan yhuann ica yn incaltzin. in monasterios. ynic cenca ye nohuian. ye apachihuia. yhtic molon yn atl. auh ye yehuatl. nohuian. ypampa tlatlatlauhtiloc. yn quiyahuitl. manca. hue! izquican yn teopan tlayahua­ loloya. yexpa in momoztlaye. yohuatzinCO niman ye nepantlah tonatiuh. niman ye teotlac gan callitic. yn ipampa ye cehuiz. mocahuaz yn quiyahuitl. quimocehuiliz. yn tt'? Dios. auh ynic tlamico metztli. agosto. cenca chicahuac yn manca quiyahuitl. ynic cenca tlaapacho mexico y_ Auh niman ic hualmoman yn metztli Septiembre yn ipan in manin quiyahuitl. auh yn ipan in omoteneuh metztli. ypii niman quipehualtique yn ihtic Sancto Domingo teopan­ calli. in ye anoquillo. cenca ga tetlaocoltican. ga atezcapan catca. auh mochi quiyahuac quihuallazque. quiquixtique quinoquique. yn all. tlapixque yn anoquique. oncan auh yn iquac. yn tlaanoquiloc callitic. niman in tlalpantli y nohuian callitic cacocque. quihueca­ panoque. y_ Auh gan no iuh quichiuhque. yn ompa la compafiia de Jesus. yn teatinos. yhuan no quiyahuac quihualazque. quiquixtique quinoquique yn all. in callitic catca. no yhuan yn tlalpantli. cacocque quihuecapanoque. y_ Auh yn ipan axcan ynic 3. mani metztli. omoteneuh. Setiembre. de 1607. afios. yquac nohuian opeuh yn izquican teopan mexico. ye tlatzillinilo. iuhqui descumunio. ye mo-

I. The word "mochiuh" is inadvertently repeated in the original.

1607 101

iards were flooded and submerged, so that they abandoned their houses, and in places many of their houses fell in and collapsed. Especially adobe houses got soaked at the base, so that they fell in. Likewise even more of the houses of the commoners fell in and col­ lapsed, so that they left them. The problems with the water greatly scared and concerned all the Spaniards who saw them, so that they were on the point of getting disturbed, all fleeing, and leaving the altepetl of Mexico Tenochtitlan orphaned. Thereupon the lord viceroy don Luis de Velasco set a fine for all [p. 56] the Spaniards so that no one would leave and abandon the altepetl of Mexico, because they were all about to get very agitated; they were disturbed and worked up about the water, how it greatly rose, swelled, and spilled over everywhere. For this reason they were about to go to the altepetl [in the countryside] all around, because the rains there were at that time, in the said year, were very frightening, the like of which had not happened 1 two and a half years before, when there was flooding because of the rain that happened in the time of the lord viceroy don Juan de Mendoza y Luna, Marques of Montesclaros. Now in the year we are talking about of 1607, in the old-style year of 11 Reed, there was flooding for a second time; in this year [for the first time?] the San Hipolito market was flooded; commerce no longer went on there. And half of the San Juan market was also flooded, but the other half was not flooded, a little bit of it was left, and buying and selling was done there, everyone thought that business was done there because the entire San Hip6lito market was flooded. y_ And in Santiago Tlatelolco the altepetl was flooded everywhere too, and only the market there was not flooded, for which reason they were going to move the markets of San Hipolito and San Juan there and set them up, about which the Tlatelolca brought suit, but it could not be done; the Tenochtitlan people had differences among themselves about it.2

Y. And all the religious, the friars, and also all the female religious, the nuns, who lived in Mexico were all [p. 57] worried about the churches and the monasteries, their houses, how they were greatly fluu<le<l everywhere and water sprang up inside. And because of that everywhere there was praying because of the rain. At every church there were processions, three times a day, early in the morning, then at noon, and then in the afternoon, just inside the buildings, so that the rain would subside and cease, that our lord God would bring it to a halt. When the month of August came to an end, the rains were very strong, so that there was great flooding in Mexico.

y_ Then came the month of September, in which there were rains. In the said month they began pumping out water from inside the church of Santo Domingo, which was a very sad sight; it was just a pond. They diverted all the water back outside, removed and pumped it. It was house servants who did the bailing out there. When the inside of the building had been bailed out, they raised and heightened the floor and the whole inside of the building. y_ They did the same thing at the church of the Jesuits, the Theatines, and they also di­ verted back outside, removed and pumped out the water that had been inside the building, and also raised and heightened the floor. y_ Today on the 3rd of the said month of September of the year 1607 was when ringing began at all the churches in Mexico; the ringing was like when excommunication is

2. Or opposed it?

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102 1RANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

tlalia. ynic tlatziliniloya. cenca tetlaocolti. yhuan temauhti. tey<;ahui. auh ca ye ypampa yn tlatzilinia. in cenca chicahuac manca quiyahuitl. ye quiyauhtla,alloya, yn iquac mocaquia tepoztli. ynic nohuian mexico. tlaocoltlatzilliniloya [p. 58] Ca ye cenca tlaocoyaloya: netequipacholloya. in mexico. auh ,an iquac yn. yn iuh mochihuaya. in mixtica. tlayohuatimomanaya. in ye quiyahuiznequi. niman ic pehuaya. yn tlatzilliniloya. noyan. 1 teopan oncan quipehualtiaya. yn iglesia mayor. ca ytla2 nel yohualtica yn ,ai;o quema ca tlatziliniloya yzquica ynic quiyauhtla,alloya auh yn iuh mochiuh yn tlatzilli­ niloc mexico. mochi yn ipan metztli omoteneuh Setiembre, y Auh yn axcan sabado. ye 15, mani metztli yn omoteneuh Setiembre de 1607. aiios. yquac peuh yn ompa amaquemecan chalco. yn aotli. ye motataca. ytecopatzinco. yn tlah­ tohuani Don luis de velasco visurrey. ynic mochiuh. ynic ompa tequitihuac quinauhcan­ huique yn chalca. ce espafiol. ypan icaca ytoca. Ylescas. yn quimotequiuhti aotlih. yehuatl quinemili. quimachiyoti. yn iyohui yezquia atl. ynic ompa ytztiazquia nepa chimalhua­ campa. ynic tlanahuati. ye motataca. aotlih. yn iuh quitohuaya yn iuh momatia. hue! ompa quitla,azquia. ompa quitztiltitiazquia chimalhuacampa. yn nica mexicopa hualtemo ome ceppayahuatl. yn itech yztac tepetl huiz. 3 amaquemecan hualqui,a oncan ayapaco. hualmonamiqui. ynic i;a cettitihuiz. tepopolla hualqui,a. yhuan ce popocatepetl ytech hualtemo yn atl quitocayotia tetzauhatl ypampa y mochipa tetzahuatiuh 4 ye quii;a. ynin ,an xopantla y hualmoyacatia. oncan hualtenepanohua y calla amaijmecan. ynic moch oncan hualqui,a omoteneuh tepopolla. yhuan ce tlalmanalco hualtemo yn at! mochi oncan hualcallaqui. yn chalco atenco ynic cenca oncan hualtlatemiltiaya hualtlatlapihuiliaya. ynic nohuian chinampa ynic cenca ye tlaapachohuaya. auh yehuatl ypampa yn. ynic ompa cohuitiaya. atl chimalhuacampa quintzacuilizquia 5 yn izqui omoteneuh atl. nahuittiazquia. [p. 59] Yn ompa ye cohuitiaya amaquemecan. aocmo onca hualcallaquizquia, yn chalco. atenco. ye mochi ompa quitlai;azquia. yn ompa omoteneuh chimalhuacan. auh mochintin. ompa atatacato. yn ixquichtin yn nauhcanme chalca macehualtin.

y Auh i;a no yquac ye no nicuel oquauhtemohuique quauhtla. yn omoteneuhque nauh­ canme chalca. yehuatl quitemohuique yn quamimilli yn motenehua morrillos, ,an oquix­ quich caxtolpolhualli. yn intequiuh mochiuh yn quitemohuique amaquemeque. yn hualla

nican mexico. y Auh yn ipan axcan ye 21. mani metztli Setiembre de 1607. afios. yquac ypan ylhuitzin quiz. Sant. Matheo apostol. yquac mochi tlacatl. oquittac. ce citlalli popocaya : ohualnez ylhuicatitech. ye nipa hualitztia mictlampa y norte. yhuicpa yn azcapotzalcopa. auh can6

ihuian huallotlatocatia ynic nican motlallico. tonatiuh ynepillohuayan. yn iquac callaquia tonatiuh. yn onpoliuh. niman hualnecia yn popocaya citlalli. hualmoquetzaya ycuitlapil. yn itlanex. cenca huiac. ,an iuhquin ayauhpoctli. yn hualmoquetzaya. ynic hualnecia. ypocyo. mochipa yuh hualnecia. yn maca ,an hualmapillohuaya. ye nican tocpacpa. yn

quihualquetzaya ycuitlapil. tonatiuh yqui,ayampa onitzticaya. :,: Auh ,a no ypan in yn ipan ilhuitzin quiz. Sant. Matheo. oncan ye no nicuel ceppa missa mito. yn ihtic teopancalli Sancto Domingo. ye otlayecchichihualoc. ye qualcan yn

1. For "nohuiyan." 2. For "yntla." 3. For "huitz."

1607 103

promulgated, very mournful, frightening, and startling. The reason for the ringing was that the rains were very heavy; there was such a cloudburst when the bells were heard that the bells were tolled in sorrow all over Mexico, [p, 58] for there was great sorrow and concern -in Mexico over it. At this same time it would happen that darkness would come because of clouds when it was about to rain, and thereupon the bells would begin to be rung in the churches everywhere. 1 They began it at the cathedral; if' it was truly night, or whenever it was, there would be ringing everywhere because of the cloudbursts, and ringing went on that way in Mexico all during the said month of September. y Today, Saturday, the 15th ofthe said month of September of the year 1607, was when digging of a water channel began at Amaquemecan Chalco by order of the lord don Luis de Velasco, viceroy. As to how it was done and the duties were. carried out, the Chalca did it by their four divisions. A Spaniard named Illescas was in charge of it; he assigned duties for the channel, he tl,ought out and designed the path that the water would take, so that it would head off to the side, toward Chimalhuacan. In ordering the channel to be excavated he said and thought that he could direct and go along aiming toward Chimalhuacan two streams of snow water that come down toward Mexico here, coming 3 from Iztactepetl to Amaquemecan, that meet.and unite at Ayapanco, coming to Tepopolla, and a stream of water that comes down from Popocatepetl that they call the thick water, because it always runs thick 4 as it comes by-it only comes rushing out in the spring-and comes to join [the others] at the settlement at Amaquemecan, so that it all comes by the said Tepopolla, and a stream that comes down from Tlalmanalco; all of it comes into Chalco Atenco, so that there it would come filling up its channel and increasing so that it would cause great floods all over the chinampa region. It was because of this that they were channeling the water toward Chimalhuacan. They were going to close off [for someone?]' all the said waters going in four separate streams [p. 59] and divert them through Amaquemecan; they would no longer enter Chalco Atenco but all be directed to the said Chimalhuacan. And all the commoners of all four parts of Chalco went to do the water excavation. y At the same time the people of the said four parts of Chalco again brought wood down from the forest. They brought down round logs called morillos; for the time being the quota of the Amaquemeque was set at only three hundred, which they brought down and

which were brought here to Mexico. y Today, the 21st of the month of September of the year 1607, was when the feast day of San Mateo Ap6stol was celebrated and when everyone saw a comet that appeared in the sky; it headed this way from off to the north, from toward Azcapotzalco. It came along slowly, 6 settling as the sun was getting low; when the sun went down and disappeared, the comet became visible. The light of its tail took shape, very long, its smoke appearing like vapor as it shaped up. It always appeared that way, not just pointing toward us, but

putting its tail here over our heads, looking toward the east.

y Also in this [month], when the feast day of San Mateo was celebrated, mass was said again inside the church of Santo Domingo. Things had been fixed up, and the inside was

4. Presumably with ice or mud. It is possible, however, that the word has to do with the root tetzauh-, referring to something extraordinary, frightening.

5. The reason for the applicative in "quintzacuilizquia" is not clear. 6. For '\:an."

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104 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

ihtic. yn ipampa ye tlatlacauhca. atl yn manca yhtic. // Auh yn la compafiia de Jesus. ye quin i;atepan Domingo. yn motlapo teopancalli. ypan ylhuitzin catca. yn ichpochtli

Sancta Vrsula. ca i;a tzauhcticatca. ynic ye no yehuantzitzin teopixque. omotlayecchichi­

huillique. yn tlalpatli [p. 60] Oquimacocuillique. ynic no cenca tentimanca atl teopan. // Yhuan yn ypan in omoteneuh metztli miyequintin atlan micque yn matlanhuique

macehualtin. yhuan yn ipan in omoteneuh metztli Setiembre. ynic tlamico. hue! hual­

necia ynic popocaya citlalli. Y. Auh niman ic hualmoma yn metztli. octubre. mochi yn ipan in popocaya citlalli. yhuan yn ipan in metztli i;a quezquilhuitl. yn onquiyauh. ye ytlacoyoc ynepantla. yn

oquii;aco quiyahuitl. // auh c;an no yquac yn ipan in omoteneuh metztli octubre de 1607. afios. yquac ohualla tlahtolli yn ompa espafia. omachiztico. nican mexico. ye ce xihuitl

i;anno yehuatl. ypan yn omoteneuh metztli octubre de 1606 afios. yn ipan omomiquilli in yehuatzin tlahtocapilli Don diego luis de moteuhci;oma yhuitltemoctzin. yn ipiltzin

tlacatl Don Pedro de moteuhcc;oma tlacahuepantzin. ye omito yuh machiztico ye ce xi­ huitl yn omomiquilli. ynin Don diego luis de moteuhci;oma yhuitltemoctzin ye yxhuiuh­

tzin yn tlacatl catca huey tlahtohuani emperador. Moteuhci;omatzin xocoyotl. auh in

yehuatzin Don diego luis de moteuhci;oma yhuitltemoctzin. yn ompa espafia oquincauhtia ynamic hue! espafiola yn cihuapilli ytoca Dona franca de la cueba yhuan ypilhuantzitzin chiquacemi mestic;oti. yehica ye omito yn innantzin ca hue! espafiola. nahui oquichtli.

ome cihuatl. y ynic ce ytoca Dofia Maria miyahuaxochtzl Y. ynic ome ytoca Don P9 desifun de la cueba de moteuhcc;oma auh yn oc cequintin amo hue! momati yn intoca. yn ipilhuantzitzin Don diego luis de

moteuhcc;oma yhuitl. temoctzin. [p. 61]

Auh niman hualmoman in metztli Nouiembre de 1607. afios, yn iquac ypan in ,a yquezquilhuiyoc yn onpolihuico. yn popocaya dtlalli. tonatiuh ycallaquiyampa temoc. ynic poliuh. Y. Anh yn axcan ye 5. mani metztli nouiembre de 1607. afios. yquac ye no nicuel oquinmonahuatili. yn visurrey ji nauhcame chalca. ynic ompa quauhtequizque. quauh­ quixtizque. yn quauhtla quauhtemohuizq. yehuatl quinmotequitilli yn quamimilli yn motenehua morrillos. auh ynic nenque yn quauhtecque. chalca. mochi yn ipan metztli

nouiembre.1

Y. Anh ye ytlamian ynin omoteneuh metztli. nouiebre. de 1607. afios. yn iquac ompa amaquemecan yn espafiol. ylescas. oquicauh yn aohuitataquiliztli yn quichihuaya. qui­

quetzaya. ynic nepa quitlac;azquia. ynic nepa quitztiltitiazquia chimalhuacampa. at!. ome metztli ypan tlaco ynic ne2 cohuitiaya. auh ye ytechpa onacia yn xocoyoltepec mote­ nehua. yn oc achi nican hual. yn tlalli aocmo hue! mohuecatlanohuaya ye tepatlapan 3 yn

tlani. yn oncan quiquetzaya aotlih. yn onca yazquia at!. auh ynic quiyeyecoca at! yn espafiol. ,an onmotzotzonaya 4 nepa calyacac. 5 auh y nepa milpan. aocmo hue! onyauh c;an hualmocuepaya. yn at!. auh ynic aocmo hue! mohuecatlanohuaya aotlih. yehuatl ypampa ynic amo hue! quichiuh ynic nepa quitlac;azquia at!. ,an concauh. quimauhca-

I. Or: The Chalca woodcutters were involved in it during the whole month of No­ vember.

2. Apparently "ne" is for nen, which is included in many expressions of trying unsuccessfully to do something.

1607 105

good for walking on; the reason why it had become unusable was that water was inside.// The Jesuit church was opened later, on Sunday the feast day of the virgin Santa Ursula; it

had been closed while those religious too fixed things up and raised the floor, [p. 60]

because that church too was very full of water. // And in the said month many com­ moners died in the water and drowned. And at the end of the said month of September the

comet was still fully visible.

y Then came the month of October, during all of which the comet was there. During this

month it rained for only a few days; in the middle of the month the rain stopped. // In this same month of October of the year 1607 was when word came from Spain and it became

known here in Mexico that a year before, likewise in the said month of October, of the

year 1606, there had passed away the royal nobleman don Diego Luis de Moteucc;oma Ihuitltemoctzin, child of the lord don Pedro de Moteucc;oma Tlacahuepantzin. As was said,

it became known that he had died a year before. This don Diego Luis de Moteucc;oma

Ihuitltemoctzin was the grandchild of the late lord high ruler and emperor Moteucc;oma the younger. Don Diego Luis de Moteucc;oma Ihuitltemoctzin left behind in Spain a spouse,

a noblewoman who was fully Spanish named dofia Francisca de la Cueva, and six children who were mestizos, because, as was said, their mother was fully Spanish. Four of them

are male, two female.

Y. The first is named dofia Maria Miyahuaxochtzin. Y. The second is named don Pedro [Tecif6n?] de la Cueva de Moteucc;oma. The names of the other children of don Diego Luis de Moteucc;oma Ihuitltemoctzin cannot

be established. [p. 61] Then came the month of November of the year 1607. A few days into this month the comet disappeared; it went down and disappeared toward the west.

y Today, the 5th of the month of November of the year 1607, was when the viceroy again ordered the people of the four parts of Chalco to cut trees in the forest and remove them; he gave them the duty of bringing down the round logs called morillos. The Chalca were

involved in cutting trees during the whole month of November.'

Y. At the end of the said month of November of 1607 was when the Spaniard Illescas

stopped the excavation of a water channel in Amaquemecan that he was making and

constructing to divert and aim the water to one side, toward Chimalhuacan. For two months and a half he tried 2 to make the channel for the water. He got to what is called

Xocoyoltepec, a bit this side of it, and the earth could be dug no deeper, there was rocky earth3 underneath where he was making the channel that the water would go through. When the Spaniard tried the water [i.e., tried running it through the channel], it just was blocked at4 the houses 5 and fields to one side; the water could go no farther and would just run back. That the water channel could not be deepened more was why he could not dive1t

3. For "tepetlapan." 4. Or hit up against. 5. Since tlayacac can mean a populated district, perhaps calyacac can have much the

same sense. See also pp. 216-17 at n. 3.

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106 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

yttac. ynic amo hue] ompa yauh atl. auh niman oc cecni otlayeyecoco yn ocohuitiaya. on­ can yn omoteneuh ayapanco yn imonepanohuayan atl. oncan quipehualti yn tlatacaya. 1

ompa quicaya 2 y motenehua amanalco. tepopolla nepa ynahuac. yn quihuicazquia atl [p.

62] auh amo no hue] quichiuh. 9an concauh no yn oncan.

y Auh yn axcan ytlamian ynic 30. mani metztli nouiembre de 1607. afios. ypan ylhuitzin Sant. Andres. apostol. yquac oquipehualtito. yn aotlih ye motataca in ye motlapohua in ye motlacohuiltequi. tepetl. yn motenehua citlaltepetl. yn iicann opeuh huehuetocan. ynic motatacac motlapo. ynic ompa qui,atiuh at!. yn nican otlaapacho mexico. auh in yoma­ tzinco. ompa mohuicaya yn tlahtohuani visurrey. Don luis de velasco. yxpantzinco. yn quipehualtito. in ye motataca. aotlih. yn ompa huehuetocan yn citlaltepec. 9an tequitl. hualmocueptzinoto. auh yehuantin. altepehuaque yn techyahuallotoq yn ompa tequitito. yn quichiuhto tequitl. auh yn amaquemeque amo tehuanme. yn iuh nima ye onneciz. y Auh yn mexica no yquac quipehualtique in ye quipatlahua. tetenamitl. yn oncan hos­ pital caltitlan. Sant. Lazaro. ytencopatzinco. mochiuh. yn tlahtohuani visurrey. ye quin­ monahuatillica yn mexica. ypan calquetzazque yn iquac tla oquipatlauhque tetenamitl. y Auh ye niman hualmoma yn metztli de diciembre. de 1607. a0 s. yn ipan in. in yehuan­ tin amaquemeque. yquac quitlamico. ynic quauhquixtique. ynic quauhtemohuique. quauhtla yn chalca. yn intequiuh mochiuh yn quitemohuique. y nonqua ,an inneyxcahuitl. 3

mochiuh amaquemeque. vii mill. yn quamimilli morrillos yn quitecque. ypan in xihuitl. [p. 63] Omoteneuh de 1607. afios. cenca ye motolinique yn cecencalli. y namiqueque. yn intequiuh mochiuh. matlatlactetl. omehey. ypan mochi tlacatl cepan ya. ayac mocauh. auh yn quaxochpa tlaca. yn atlauhteca. yn ,a ye yhuan ompa pouhque amaquemecan. yn intequiuh mochiuh morillos. yn quauhtla quiquixtique. nahui 4. mill. auh ynic mochi. mocenpohua. yn amaquemecan tequitl mochiuh. in ye mochi matlactloce mill in mo­ rillos. yn nican hualla mexico. II auh in ye mochi. ynic mocemacicapohua ynic mocentla­ lia. yn ixquich yntequiuh mochiuh morillos. yn ipan ic nauhcan xeliuhtica. ynic nauhcan quiztica. chalcayotl. yn tlalmanalco. yn amaquemecan. yn tenanco. yn chimalhuacan. 4

yhuan yn ixquich ica. ynic nohuian yn intlatititzalpan. yn intlahuillanalpan. yn izquican omoteneuh altepetl chalco. ynic omocentlalli mochi. yn izquican yntequiuh mochiuh morillos. ochenta mill. yn monauhcanhui yn nican mexico hualla: II auh ypan pasqua nauidad. ytla9otlacatilizpantzinco yn tt0 Dias. yn peuhque chalca. in ye quihualcahua

morillos mexico. - quizqui yn ii.5 acatl xihuitl. de 1607. afios. -

'II xii. tecpatl xihuitl. 1608. ypan in in yancuic xihuitl. ypan ypan 6 yancuic metztli henero. yquac macaque in alkleyotl. yn Don diego luis de moteuhc9oma. atzaqualco chane. ynin ypiltzin. yn tlacatl. yn ompa omomiquillito. espafia. Don diego luis de moteuhc- 9oma. yhuitltemoctzin. ynic ome motlalli alkle. quiniyopa yehuatl yn Don Antonio valeriano. telpochtli. Sant. Juan [p. 64] Moyotlan chane ynin yxhuiuhtzin yn huehue

I. For "tlatatacaya." 2. "Quicaya" may be for "qui9aya," as assumed in the translation, but there are other

possibilities, such as that a syllable is missing as in "tlatacaya" and that the intention is another transitive verb with Illescas as subject.

3. For "inneyxcahuil."

1607-1608 107

the water to one side but abandoned it and was afraid of it, since the water could not go in that direction. Then he tried to make a channel for the water elsewhere; he began digging 1

at the said Ayapanco where the streams join, where the water goes by2 the place called Amanalco [in] Tepopolla; he was going to conduct the water to one side close to there, [p. 62] but he couldn't do that either, but abandoned it there also. y Today, the 30th, the last of the month of November of the year 1607, on the feast day of San Andres Apostol, was when they went to begin excavating a water channel to open up and cut through the mountain called Citlaltepetl; excavation and opening up began at Huehuetocan, so that the water that flooded Mexico here would go out that way. The lord viceroy don Luis de Velasco went there personally. In his presence they began to excavate the water channel at Huehuetocan and Citlaltepec; he hardly got there before he returned. The citizens of the various altepetl that surround us went there to work, to do labor duty, but the Amaquemeque did not go along, as will soon be seen. y At the same time the Mexica began to widen the dikes close to the hospital of San Lazaro. It was done by order of the lord viceroy, who had instructed the Mexica to erect houses on the dikes when they had widened them. y Then came the month of December of the year I 607. This month was when the Ama­ quemeque finished getting out trees, when the Chalca brought down trees from the forest. The separate and exclusive 3 quota assigned to the Amaquemeque was to bring down 7,000 round logs, morillos, that they cut in the said year [p. 63] of 1607. They were greatly afflicted by it; the married [men] of each household were assigned thirteen each. Everyone went together, no one stayed behind. The people of the border, the inhabitants of Atlauh­ tlan, who were also counted with Amaquemecan, were assigned 4,000 morillos to get out of the forest, so that the total duty of Amaqucmecan was 11,000 morillos, which were brought here to Mexico. II The sum and grand total of the quota of morillos for the great­ er entity of Chalco, consisting of and divided into four parts, Tlalmanalco, Amaquemecan, Tenanco, and Chimalhuacan, 4 and all of the dependencies everywhere of the said altepetl of Chalco, with the total of the quotas of all the entities, was 80,000 morillos that were delivered by the four parts and brought here to Mexico. II On the Christmas holiday, the precious birth of our lord God, the Chalca began to come to deliver the morillos to Mexico. -

End of 115 Reed year, the year 1607. -

'I[ 12 Flint year, 1608. In the new year, in6 the new month of January was when positions as alcalde were given to don Diego Luis de Moteuc,oma, citizen of Atzaqualco, child of the lord don Diego Luis de Moteuc9oma Ihuitltemoctzin, who died in Spain, and second don Antonio Valeriano the younger, citizen of San Juan Moyotlan, who was made alcalde for the first time; (p. 64] he is the grandchild of don Antonio Valeriano the elder. And

4. The four are in their usual order. 5. Here "ii" means not Roman number 2, but 11, as frequently happens with writers of

the time. See also pp. 68-69 at n. 5. 6. Here "ypan" is inadvertently repeated.

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108 TRANSCRlYITON AND TRANSLATION

Don Antonio valeriano. yhuan yn ipan in xihuitl yancuic. yhuan ypan yancuic metztli henero. yxquich ypan oquauh I yn chalca. in nican mexico. quicallaquico yehuatl. y mo­

rillos. y Auh yhua ypan in yn omoteneuh metztli. henero yquac oquicauh yn aotlih quittatacaya espafiol ylescas. yn oncan amanalco. ye ocean tlatatacaya, atle huel quichiuh.

y Yhuan yn ipan in omoteneuh metztli henero mochipa. omoyeyeco 2 yn quiyahuitl. ynic

mochi nohuian ypan nueua espafia. y Auh niman hualmoman yn metztli de febrero yquac ypan in. onecico nican mexico.

huey apan yn motenehua atotoltin 3 yn aye onecia nican y Yn ipann axcan ye 4. mani metztli de febrero. de 1608. afios. yquac oquincauhque. yn Sant. Sebastian. teopixque. y moteneuhtzinohua calmenistas. descan;os. yn mexica atza­ qualca. yn intechtzinco pohuia. yehuantzitzin. quinmopachilhuiaya yn omoteneuhtzinoque teopixque inn omoteneuhque mexica atzaqualca. auh i;an yehuantzitzin yyollocacopatic. yn omoteneuhtzinoque. teopixque calmenitas. ynic quinmocahuillique. macehualtin. auh yn ixquichcauh oquinmopachilhuique atzaqualca cenpohualxihuitl ypan yexihuitl. ynic i;an quimonmocahuillico yn ipan in omoteneuh xihuitl. auh yn mexica atzaqualca. atzaqual­ ca.4 [p. 65] Camo caxcancauhque. oquixquich yntlapal quichiuhque. ynic amo quicahua­ liztlamatia. yn atzaqualca. yn inteopancal ca huey Pleito. ye quichiuhque. yehica ypampa. yn huehue teopancalli omoteneuh Sant. Sebastian. ca hue! imaxca yntlatqui. yhuan yn­ tlal. yn ipan icac teopantli. yntlaquetzal yn huehuetque. yn incolhuan yntahua catca. yn mexica macehualtin atzaqualca mochi ymaxca catca auh yece i;an niman aocmo huelitique. ynic macozque. ynic moteylhuiaya. auh oc Justiciatica nahuatilloque. yn atzaqualca yn oquic mottaz monemilliz. yn quenr mochihuaz. yn Pleyto. achi quexquichcauh yn oquiuh­

cauhticatca y Auh yn iquac yn omoteneuh ynic quinmocahuillique teopixque calmenitas. yn atza­ qualca. auh in yehuantzitzin. Sant. augustin. teopixque. no niman iquac quinmanillique yn omoteneuhque atzaqualca. ytencopatzinco mochiuh yn tlahtohuani visurrey. Don luis de velasco. ynic yehuautzitzin. quinmopachilhuia ynic axcan. teoyotica quinmopallehui­ lia. i;an oc yehuatzin. quinmoyollaliliaya yn Padre fray Juan de missango. i;an oc mopatla­ tinemia. yn teopixque. yn quinmomachtiliaya. atzaqualca. yn oquic ayemo motlalliaya yn vicario. achi ye quexquichcauhtica yn motlallico yn vicario. oc mochix ye quin ipan quiz ynic mochihuaco capitulo. Sant. augostin. yehuatl achto. yn vicario. mochiuh. yn atza­ qualca. yn Padre fray augostr [p. 66] de Saul. Pablo. yece i;an oc oncan moyetzticatca yn

Sant. augustin. 5

y Auh yn ipan I omoteneuh metztli de febrero. de 1608. afios. yquac no cenca miecpa. yn

moyeyeco6 quiyahuitl. achi quezquipan yn quiyauh. y Auh i;an ye no ypan in. yn omoteneuh metztli de febrero. yn peuh. ynic nohuian nican yhtic ciudad mexico tenochtitlan. ynic quitlaltenque. ynic quihuecapanoque. yhuan quite­ manque. yn huehuey otlih. i;an yehuantin. quichiuhque yn mexica. y Auh ye ytlamian in. yn omoteneuh metztli de febrero de 1608. afios. yquac mochintin.

1. It appears that "oquauh" is for "oquauhtemohuique." 2. Tentatively, fitfully? Such a meaning of yeyecoa has not yet been located in

dictionaries. 3. See Sahag(m 1950-1982, Bk 11, pp. 27, 29-30.

1608 109

during the whole new month of the new year the Chalca [brought down] 1 trees; they came to deliver the morillos here in Mexico.

y In the said month of January was also when the Spaniard Illescas abandoned the water channel he was excavating at Amanalco, the second place where he excavated. He was

unable to do anything. y And in the said month of January the rain was always [by fits and starts?]2 everywhere in all New Spain. y Then came the month of February; in this month what they call pelicans,3 that had never appeared here, came and appeared here in Mexico on the big lake. y Today, the 4th of the month of February of the year 1608, was when the friars at San Sebastian called Discalced Carmelites left the Mexica Atzaqualca, who had belonged to them; the said friars had governed the said Mexica Atzaqualca, and it was voluntarily that the said Carmelite friars left the commoners. They governed the Mexica Atzaqualca for twenty-three years until they left them in the said year. But the Mexica Atzaqualca 4 [p. 65] did not give them up quickly; they made every effort, for the Atzaqualca did not want to be deprived of their church building. They carried on a great lawsuit over it, because the old church building called San Sebastian is fully their property, and the church stands on their land, built by those of old, who were their fathers and grandfathers. It was all the property of the Mexica Atzaqualca commoners, but they were absolutely unable to have it given to them, so that they initiated a suit; the Atzaqualca were ordered by the court that while it was being looked into and considered how the suit was to be conducted, for a while things would stay as they were.

y When as mentioned the Carmelite friars left the At.zaquaka, the Augustinian friars right

then took over the said Atzaqualca-it was done by order of the lord viceroy don Luis de Velasco-so that now they govern them and help them in holy matters. At first Father fray Juan de Mijango consoled them. Provisionally the friars just went along taking turns teaching the Atzaqualca until a vicar should be installed; it was quite a while until a vicar was installed. They waited to select him until a general chapter meeting of the Augustin­ ians was held. The first vicar appointed for the Atzaqualca was Father fray Agustin [p. 66] de San Pablo, but for the time being he resided at the Augustinian church.5

y The said month of February of the year 1608 was when again [it rained intermittent­ ly?J;6 it rained quite a few times. y In the same said month of February they began everywhere here in the city of Mexico Tenochtitlan to fill in the land to raise the highways and to pave them with stones; only the Mexica did it. y At the end of this said month of February of the year 1608 was when all the people of

4. Here "atzaqualca" is inadvertently repeated. 5. For further background on the incident see Gibson 1964, p. 373; Mendieta 1980, p.

435; and Torquemada 1975, 3: 228-29. 6. See n. 2 just above about the same word.

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llO TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

onotzalloque nohuian. yn anahuaca. yn techyahuallotoque, ytencopatzinco. yn visurrey. ynic oncan huallaque mochintin macehualtin. yn tlacpac omotocateneuh. yn itocayocan huehuetocan citlaltepec oncan otequitico, ynic omoquetz. yn aotlih. ynic omotatacac ynic

omotlapo. omotlacohuiltec. omocoyoni yn tepetl. yhuan miccaomitl. ompa quiquixtique. ceme yehuatl. ymomiyo yniquin quema. yn onemico. nican ypan tlalli. yn quintocayoti­ tihui. yn quinteneuhtihui huehuetque tocihuan tocolhuan. quinameti. tlacahueyaq. catca. auh ynin ca ceme yehuantin ymomiyo yn ompa quiquixtique. atatacoyan. oncan quihual­ huicaque yn Sant Pablo. quimottili. yn visurrey. II auh yhuan cenca miec tlacatl. mace­ hualli oncan omomiquillico. yhuan cequintin. omococo 1 oncan yn omoteneuhque altepetl ypan tlaca. yn otequitico. ypan in ontetl metztli henero. yhuan febrero. yhuann ipan yn oc cequi metztli. II auh ~an inceltin. yn amaquemeque [p. 67] Yn amo ompa tehuanme. otequitito. ,an yehuatl yntequiuh mochiuh yn tlacpac omoteneuh morillos. quauhtlan

quiquixtique. y_ Yn axcan Domingo. ye 2. mani metztli. Mar,o de 1608. a0 s. yquac momiquilli yn tlacatl Don Jua de aluarado. Gouemador catca tetzcoco. y_ Auh ,an ye no yehuatl ipan in yn Domingo omoteneuh. no yquac momiquilli. yn cihuapilli. Dofia maria. ceron. yn ichpochtzin. Don martin ceron tlahtohuani xochmilco. mexico. yn momiquillico, yni cihuapilli. yehuatl yn chalco tlalmanalco. cihuamontli. catca. yn inantzin. Don Alonso de la cerda. piltzintli. ynin ytla,opiltzin yehuatl quicauh­ tiuh. yn Don hernando de la cerda telpochtli tlahtocapilli tlalmanalco. catca. y_ Yn axcann ipan ye 2. mani Mayo. de 1608. afios. yquac onmopehualti. omoquixti. ni­ can mexico in yehuatzin teoyotica. tlahtohuani. Don Alonso. de muta. obispo. xalixco. Guadraxara. omoyetzticatca. auh ~an onmoquexquichcahuititiquiZ yn nica mexico. auh yn axcan omoteneuh quin ic yancuicii ompa mohuica. ye mocallaquia. yn cuitlaxcohuapa. obispo. ompa mochiuhtzinohua ynic 5pa mochipa. moyetztiez. ompa oquimiquanilli yn tohuey. tlatocauh Rey. auh ~an nican omoquixtitiquiz. mexico, arno ma omohuecahual­

titiquiz. ynin yehuatzin obispo. hue! nican mexico, tlacat. nican tepiltzin. criyoyo mito­ hua yntech qui,a yn pipiltin conquistadoresme y_ Yn axcan ypan ye 29. mani metztli Mayo. de 1608. afios. yquac ohualla tlahtolli. yn ompa espafia omachiztico. omomiquilli ,an oquixixilque. yn Don franCO [p. 68] de velas­ co coregidor catca yn Madrid ynin ypiltzin yn tlahtohuani Don luis de velasco. vismTey yn axcan. ye oppa motlahtocatillia nican mexico moyetztica. auh yninn omotocateneuh ypiltzin yn omictiloc ompa espafia. nican mexico. tlacat. nican ya.2 nican tepiltzin.

criyoyo mitohua. y_ Auh yhuan ,an moch cen ohualla yn espafia yn itlahtollo Don franC,O de velasco. yn intlahtocatequiuh. omentin. tlamatinime. 3 ce Doctor. yhuan ce lliceciado. yn oquinhual­ motequimaquilli tohueytlahtocauh Rey. ynic ce ytoca El lliceciado. chapez. fiscal. mo­ chiuh. yn ompa audiencia Guadraxara. yn xalixco. ynin espafia. chane. auh nican mexico. ye ochanchihuaya. ynic nican ytequiuh o ypan acico.

y_ Auh inic omentin nican ohualtequimacoque yehuatl. yn Doctor. Grauajar. oydor.

I. Or were hurt. 2. Although nican ya literally means "left here," it seems from the context that

perhaps the intention was something different; nican yo/ would be another way of saying "was born here."

1608 ll 1

the lake region everywhere who surround us were called by order of the viceroy so that all the commoners came to the above named place called Huehuetocan at Citlaltepec. They came there to work so that a water channel was constructed, so that there was excavation so that the mountain was opened up, cut into, and a hole made in it. And they removed bones of the dead from there; some of their bones were like those who lived formerly here on earth, whom the ancients, our grandmothers and grandfathers, named and called giants; they were tall people. And they removed some of their bones from the place of water excavation and brought them to San Pablo; the viceroy saw them. II And very many commoners died there, and some of the said people from the various altepetl [fell sick]. 1

They came to work there in two months, January and February, and in some other months. II Only the Amaquemeque [p. 67] did not go along with the others to work; their only duty was that they removed the above mentioned beams from the forest.

y_ Today, Sunday the 2nd of the month of March of the year 1608, was when the lord don Juan de Alvarado, who was governor ofTetzcoco, passed away. y_ The same said Sunday was also when the lady dona Marfa Ceron, daughter of don Martin Ceron, ruler in Xochimilco, passed away. She came to Mexico to die. This lady was daughter-in-law [ of the ruler?] in Chalco Tlalmanalco, mother of the small child don Alonso de la Cerda; he was the legitimate child [heir] whom the late don Hernando de la Cerda the younger, nobleman of the royal dynasty of Tlalmanalco, left behind. y_ Today, the 2nd of May of the year 1608, was when the ruler in holy matters don Alonso de Mota, bishop of Jalisco, set out from and left Mexico here. He had been in Guadalajara, and he passed through Mexico here spending only a short time. The one just mentioned is going for the first time to and entering Puebla as bishop, appointed there so that he will always be there; our great ruler the king transfered him there, and he only passed quickly through Mexico here, not spending a long time at all. This bishop was born right here in Mexico, the child of people here, called a criollo; he comes from the noble conquerors. y_ Today, the 29th of the month of May of the year 1608, was when word came from Spain and it became known that don Francisco de Velasco, who was corregidor in Madrid, passed away; they just stabbed him. [p. 68] He was the child of the ruler don Luis de Velasco, viceroy, who is now ruling for a second time and is here in Mexico. This just named child of his who was killed in Spain was born here in Mexico and left,2 a child of people here, called criollo. y_ And also together with the news about don Francisco de Velasco there came from Spain [news of] the rulerly [governmental] offices of two learned men,3 one a doctor and one a licenciado, to whom our great ruler the king gave offices. The first is named licenciado Chaves, who was made fiscal of the Audiencia of Guadalajara in J alisco; he is from Spain, but he made his home here in Mexico, so that [news of] his office reached him here. y_ The second of those given office here is doctor Carvajal, who was made a judge in the

3. Apparently Ch.'s translation of Spanish letrado, a person who holds a university degree, especially in law.

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112 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

mochiuh yn ompa audiencia. quauhtemallan. ynin totepantlahtocauh 1 catca. y nican mexico audiencia real. ynin hue! nican tlacat. hue! nican tepiltzin. mexico. ye quin ice!. yancuican criyoyo. oydor. omochiuh. ye quin oncan ye pehua yn. yn oydortizque criyo­ yosme c;an niman ipan in yn omoteneuh xihuitl ya quauhtemallan yn omoteneuh oydor. y_ Auh no yhuan c;an moch cen ohualla yn intlahtocatequiuh. omomentin 2 omoteneuhque tlamatinime. no yquac ohualla. in tehuantin. timacehualtin. yn topallehuilloca. techhual­ motitlanililia yn tohueytlahtocauh Rey. Don fclipe tercero. yprouisiontzin quihual­ rnotitlani. yo itechcopa yn mimiccatzitzinti. yn intestamentos. quichiuhtihui. ynic ayac quitlacoz. [p. 69] Yn tley. yntlanequiliz quitotihui, yhuan quenin tetlamamacatiazque. hualtlalililo. machiyotl. octacatl yn ipan huilohuaz. ytech manaz. yn tlatquixexeloliztli. yn iuh maxiltiz. moneltiliz. yn tley. yntlanequiliz. mimieque. ynie aocmo c;an quina­ moyazque. teopixque. yn iuh quimoehihuilia. ynic c;an teopan mochi quimocallaquilia. yn tleyn in tlatqui. quieauhtihui mimiecatzitzinti. auh ynic yehuatzin hualmotlanahuatilia. tohueytlahtoeatzin. Rey. yn timaeehualtin yn eocoxqui. ye quichihuaz. y testamento. c;an iyollo tlama yez. quiyomahuiz. yn quihtoz. hue! ytlanequiliztica quitlaliz. yn itlahtol. ynic quixexelotiaz. yn iaxca. ytlatqui. yn momiquiz. nanahuatiqui. quichihuaz hue! quihtotiaz. yn tleyn. ytlanequiliz. yez. ynie moeacauhtiaz. ynic niman yehuatl mochihuaz moneltiliz maxiltiz. yn intlahtol. ye mocacauhtihui mimicque. oc ceca yehuantin. yntla oncate yn hue! teoyotica. oquinchiuhque. ynpilhuan. hue! innahuatil. yn quintlamama­ catiazque. yn iquac yntzonquic;alizpan. yn tetahuan 3 anoc;o tepilhuan necoc 4 yuh ca tlahtocatenahuatilli. auh ynic hue! mochihuaz. ynic nohuian. altepetl ypan. ceceyaca cece escriuanostin. yxquetzalozque. c;an quixcahuizque yn quichihuazque testamentos. yn iuh

ytech neztica prouission real. y_ Yn axcan ypan ye 12. mani metztli. de Junia. yquac omomiquilli. yn Don Jeronimo lupez. Juez Gouernador. catca. nican mexico tenochtitlan. ynin mestic;o. xaltocan. ychan. auh inic ojuezgouernadortico. tenochtitlan. matlacxihuitl. ypan chicuetetl metztli. ypan

cenpohualli once tonatiuh. y_ Yn axcan ypan ye. 16. mani metztli de Junia. de 1608. afios. yquac maxitico. mo­ callaquico nican mexieo. in yehuatzin. teoyotica. tlahtohuani. Don fr. Jua [p. 70) de valle. obispo. teopixqui Sant. Benito. espafia. ohualmohuicac. c;an nican mexico. 'moquixtiti­ quiz. ompa mohuicac ompa ytequipantzineo. yn Guadraxara. yn xalixco. y Yn axcan ypan ye 21. mani metztli. de Junia. de 1608 afios. yquac. ohualcallac. yn Don Juan bapt.a Juez gou 0 r mochihuaco. nican mexico. tenochtitlan. ynin tlatilolco hual­ lehuac. ompa Juez gou'?r catca. ynin malinalco ychan auh ynic hualla tenochtitlan. yehuatzin quihualmocallaquilli. yn tlahtohuani. visurrey. Don luis de velasco. auh yn tlatilolco. ypan oncallac. conpatlato. yehuatl yn Don Melchior de Sotu. Juez gouernador. mochiuh. yn tlatilolco. ynin huell oncan. chane. yece ompa huallehuac yn cuitlahuac.

ompa Juez. gouemador catca. y_ Yn ipan axcan ye 18. mani metztli. de Julio. de 1608. afios. yquac macaque possecion. yn Sant. Augustin teopixque. axcatilloque. yn calli yhuan tlalli. onca yn itocayocan ahuatonco. yn c;an ye ypan tlalli atzaqualco. yn oncan omohuetziltique. yn omoteneuh-

1. In the sense of advocate, lawyer, apparently; perhaps he held the position called De­ fender of the Indians.

2. For "omen tin." 3. The Nahuas did not normally use the plural of the word "father" to mean "parents of

1608 113

Audiencia of Guatemala; he had been our intercessor 1 here in the Royal Audiencia in Mexico. He was born right here. the child of people right here in Mexico; he alone has become the first criollo Audiencia judge. It only began with this that criollos should become Audiencia judges. Right away in this said year the said judge went to Guatemala. y_ And also at the same time as [news of] the governmental positions of the two2 said learned men, there came [news that] our great ruler the king don Felipe III is sending us commoners something to help us. He is sending his provision about the testaments that the dead make, so that no one will go against [p. 69) whatever will they express and how they distribute things to people when they die. A sample or model has been set up for them by which people are to go and from which the division of property is to be taken, and how whatever is the will of the dead is to be fulfilled and realized, so that the friars will no longer steal it, as they do, so that whatever property the dead leave, they just deliver it all to the church. And our great ruler the king sends orders [concerning] us commoners that the way a sick person is to make a testament is just as he/she sees fit, and he/she is to speak in person; entirely voluntarily he/she is to issue his/her statement about how he/she is dividing his/her property. The person giving orders on dying [the testator) is to do it, is to go along really saying what his will will be as to how [the property) is to be left to vadous people, so that the statements [that the dead leave behind] will be immediately executed, carried out, and fulfilled, especially of those who have truly legitimate children that they engendered; they are to distribute to them all that is bequeathed them at the death of either the parents 3 or children. 4 Thus is the royal order. And so that it can be done, in each of the altepetl all around a notary is to be put in office who will do nothing but make testaments, as appears in the royal provision. y_ Today the 12th of the month of June was when don Ger6nimo Lopez, who was judge­ governor here in Mexico Tenochtitlan, passed away. He was a mestizo from Xaltocan, and he came here to serve as judge-governor in Tenochtitlan for 10 years, 8 months, and 21

days. y_ Today, the 16th of the month of June of the year 1608, was when the ruler in holy matters the bishop don fray Juan [p. 70] de] Valle, a Benedictine friar, arrived and entered into Mexico here. He came from Spain; he just passed through Mexico here quickly and went to his place of office in Guadalajara, in Jalisco. y Today, the 21st of the month of June of the year 1608, was when don Juan Bautista entered here into Mexico Tenochtitlan as appointed judge-governor; he came from Tlatelolco, where he had been judge-governor, and his home was Malinalco. As to how he was brought to Tenochtitlan, the lord viceroy don Luis de Velasco brought him in. And don Melchor de Soto went to enter Tlatelolco and take his place, appointed judge-governor in Tlatelolco. His home was right there, but he came from Cuitlahuac, where he had been

judge-governor. y_ Today, the 18th of the month of July of the year 1608, was when the Augustinian friars were given possession and made owners of the house and land at the place called Ahuatonco, on Atzaqualco land, where the said Augustinian friars established themselves,

both genders" as the Spaniards did, but that appears to be Ch.' s meaning here, where he is explaining a text in Spanish.

4. The interpretation of the word necoc (on both sides) in this context as either one or the other is speculative.

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114 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

tzinoque. Sant. Augustin teopixque. ynic oncan moquetz yn iteopancaltzin Sefior. Sant. Sebastian oncan ye no yncenteopan mochihuaco yn mexica atzaqualca yquac quixitinique. yn incapilla. yn inteopan catca atzaqualca. yn ompa ycaca ynhuehuechan yn axcan ompa moyetzticate. teopixque calmenitas. descarsos. yn ipilhuantzitzin totlagonantzin Sancta maria de! calme. ye omito tlacpac yn achto yehuatzitzin. cenpohualxihuitl ypan exihuitl. yn quinmopachilhuique. yn tenochca atzaqualca. y_ Yn ipan axcan. ye 18. mani metztli Setiembre de 1608 afios. yquac otlamico. omo­ tlapoto. yn aotlih. yn motatacac. ynic mot!acohuiltec tepetl. yn ompa citlaltepec. ynic nepa tullampa contlazque cotlachiyeltique. ynic conyacatique. ynic nepa onquiga. yauh yn at!. yn tlamauhtiaya. [p. 71] Yn tlaapachohuaya. nican mexico. auh quiyomahuito. yn tlahtohuani visurrey. Don luis de velasco. yxpantzinco. yn motlapoto. yhuan no yehua­ tzin oncan yxpantzinco mochiuh yquac oncan maxitico. in yehuatzin cenca mahuiztililoni teoyotica tlahtohuani. argobispo. Don fray Garcia guerra. teopixqui Sancto Domingo ye quin ic ompa mohuicatz. yn espafia. ynic onca citlaltepec. quimonamiquilli visurrey .1

yniquinehuantzin. ymixpantzinco, motlapo. aotlih. yn oncan yauh at!. yehuatzin. quimo­ teochihuilli. yn argobispo. yn oncan omoteneuh onquiga at!. auh gan ic oncan hualme­ huititzino ,an ic oncan hualmoquixtitiquiz. yn argobispo. ynic quihualmoteochihui­ litiquiz. yn aotlih citlaltepec. auh yn ixquichcauhtica. ye nemohuac ynic aotatacoc. ynic motlacohuiltec tepetl. ynic motlapoco. ynic tlamico yyohui at!. chiuhcnauhtetl. metztica. ypan caxtollonahuilhuitl. auh ye o mito. tlacpac. mochintin. oncan tequitico. yn altepe­ huaque. yn techyahuallotoque. yn ipan ixquichcauh nemohuac. auh amo tehuanme. ompa otequitito. yn mexica. ga nican mexico ochichiuhque

y_ Auh yn ipan axcan lunes. ye 29. mani metztli de Setiembre. de 1608. afios. yquac ypan Sant. Miguel ylhuitzin. maxitico. mocallaquico. nican yhtic yn altepetl ciudad mexico tenochtitlan in yehuatzin omoteneuhtzino. yn cenca mahuiztililoni. teoyotica tlahtohuani. Don fray Garcia Guerra. argobispo mexico. ye omito teopixqui. Sancto, Domingo. yn ax­ ca moyetztica teoyotica motlahtocatilia. techmopa[p. 72]chilhuia. tenochtitlan. ye chiqua­ cen ar~obispo y nica mexico, auh ynic hualmohuicac ynic maxitico. mexico. oc confir­ macio quihualmotemaquilitiquiz yn quauhtitlan. yhuan tepotzotlan. auh ,a' hue! onxihuitl yn ayac argobispo. catca nican mexico. y_ Yn ipan axcan ye 15. mani metztli de octubre de 1608. afios. yquac nican mexico. omaxitico. omocallaquico. in yehuatzin cenca mahuiztililoni teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fray Balthasar. Acobarrobias, 2 obispo huaxacac. teopixqui Sant. Augustin. ye quin ic opa hualmohuicac. yn huaxacac gan onxihuitl yn ompa motlapiallito. auh ynic nican mexico. omoquixtitiquiz. oc nauhtetl. metztli ypan tlaco nican omoyetzticatca. auh ye quin ipan. de 1609. afios. ye ytlamian metztli Margo quaresma yn onmopehualti ompa mohuicac yn michhuacan ompa comiquanilli yn tohueytlahtocauh Rey. ynic ompa ye no yehuatzi motlapachilhuiz. ye mopatlac yn huaxacac. - Yhuan nican motlalia. motenehua. yn ipan yn itlamian in yn omoteneuh xii. tecpatl xihuitl. de 1608. afios. in ye quexquichcauh yn ompa ytzinecan yn oquimochihuilli. yn oquimoyocolli. cemanahuatl yn tt9 Dios. ynic oquimotlalili yn ilhuicatl yn tlalticpactli. yhuan yn ixquich tlamantli. yn ipan onoc. yhuann oc cequi tlahtolli nica motecpana. in

I. Or the viceroy met him.

1608 115

so that there was built the church of the lord San Sebastian, and it also became the general church for the Mexica Atzaqualca when they demolished what had been the Atzaqualca' s chapel and church, where their old home stood, where now the Discalced Carmelite friars reside, children of our precious mother Santa Marfa de! Carmen. It was said above that first they were in charge of the Tenochca Atzaqualca for 23 years.

y_ Today, the 18th of the month of September of the year 1608, was when the opening of the water channel was finished, which was being excavated to cut through the mountain at Citlaltepec, whereby they diverted and aimed the water which was frightening everyone [p. 71] and flooding things here in Mexico to one side, toward Tula; they guided it so that it

goes out to one side. The lord viceroy don Luis de Velasco went in person, and [the channel] was opened in his presence, and it was also done in the presence of the very reverend ruler in holy matters the archbishop don fray Garcfa Guerra, a Dominican friar, who arrived there at that time; he had just come from Spain, so that he met the viceroy at Citlaltepec, 1 so that the water channel by which the water goes was opened before the two of them together. The archbishop blessed the said place where the water comes out; thereupon he set out in this direction; the archbishop just passed by on his way here, he blessed the Citlaltepec channel in passing. And the time people were involved in ex­ cavating the channel and cutting through the middle of the mountain until the passage for the water was finished and opened was nine months and nineteen days. It was said above that the people of all the altepetl surrounding us came there to work during the time it was going on. The Mexica did not go there to work with the others but repaired roads here

in Mexico. y_ Today Monday the 29th of the month of September of the year 1608, the feast day of San Miguel, was when the very reverend ruler in holy matters don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop in Mexico, who as already said is a Dominican friar, arrived and entered here in the altepetl and city of Mexico Tenochtitlan; he is the one who now resides, rules in holy matters, and governs us [p. 72] in Tenochtitlan, the sixth archbishop here in Mexico. And before coming to and arriving in Mexico, he performed confirmations in Quauhtitlan and Tepotzotlan passing through on the way here. For fully two years no one had been

archbishop here in Mexico. y_ Today, the 15th of the month of October of the year 1608, was when the very reverend ruler in holy matters don fray Baltasar Covarrubias,2 bishop in Oaxaca, Augustinian friar, arrived and entered Mexico here. It was the second time he came from Oaxaca; he was in charge there for only two years. When he passed through Mexico here, he stayed here for four and a half months. Not until the year of 1609, at the end of March, in Lent, did he set out and go to Michoacan, where our great ruler the king transfe1rnd him so that there

too he would govern; it was exchanged for Oaxaca.

- Here at the end of the said 12 Flint year, the year 1608, is set down and mentioned how long it has been since the beginning of the universe, since our lord God made and created it, since he established heaven and earth and all the different things on it; and some other paragraphs are arranged here about what happened long ago, as will soon appear in

2. Given as Covarrubias in Torquemada 1975, 3: 384-85.

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116 1RANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

tleyn ye huecauh omochiuh yn iuh nima ye onneciz. nican tecpantoc. y_ Yn iquac yn itzinpeuhyoc, yn ochihualoc yn yocoyalloc cemanahuatl. ye caxtol­ tzonxihuitl ypan caxtolpohualxihuitl. ypan yepohualli ypa ce xihuitl. ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzi tt9 Dios. de 1608 afios. [p. 73] Auh ye matlactzonxihuitl ypan chicuepohualxihuitl ypan macuilxihuitl. yn oapachiohuac nohuian cemanahuac. yn mo­ tenehua Diluuio. ye mochiuh yn ipatzinco yehuatzin Noe. ca ye yzquixihuitl ynic axcan

ypan l yn itlamian yxiuhtzin. tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yn omotlalli. altepetl Roma. ye macuiltzonxihuitl. ypan caxtolpohualxihuitl. ypan yepohualxihuitl. ypan ce xihuitl. ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de

1608. afios. y_ Auh yn omotlacatillitzino. tt0 . Dios. ye nauhtzonxihuitl. ypa chicuexihuitl ynic axcan

mocenpohua ynic tlami yxiuhtzin de 1608 afios. y_ Auh ya yetzonxihuitl ypan caxtolpohualxihuitl. ypan yepohuallocaxtolli. ypan ce xihuitl axcan yn omomiquillitzino, Jesu christo. y nelli ytlac;opiltzin. Dios. ynic cruz­ titech. quimotlalilitzinoque. Judiosme. ynic otechmomaquixtillico. tlalticpac titlaca. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin de 1608. afios. y_ Auh ya yetzonxihuitl. ypan caxtolpolhualxihuitl. ypan onpohuallocaxtolli ypan nauhxihuitl. axcan ynic oncan achtopa yn acaltica atenquic;aco. aztlan teoculhuacan yn huehuetquc chichimeca mexica c;a hualpepetlauhtiaque. yn campa huallaque ynic oncan atenquic;aco motlallico aztlan teoculhuacan ca ye yzquixihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan

yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh ya yetzonxihuitl ypan caxtolpohualxihuitl. ypan cenpohuallocaxtolli ypan yexihuitl. axcan yn otlalpoliuh Jerusalem. ynic motzoncuic yn imiquiliztzin. yn Dios. ytlac;opiltzin Jesu christo. yni[p. 74]c ompa tlalpoloto. vcspassiano. ca ye yzquixihuitl. oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh ya yetzonxihuitl ypan caxtolpohualxivitl ypan cenpohuallonnahui xihuitl axcan yn opeuhq huehuetque chichimeca yn ompa ye huitze aztlan teoculhuacii yn oncan ye hualquiztimani chicomoztoc quinehuayan ynic ye moxexellohua ynic yetlatlamacahuitze. ynic nican omotecaco. omocecenmanaco. yn ipan tlalli motenehua nueua. espafia. o iuh ye ce xihuitl mocuecuep ynin tlahtol yn iquac opeuhque ye hualquiztimani. yn achtopa ,;an oc centetl catca yn intlahtol. auh cenpohuallocaxtolli xihuitl. yn ,;an oc ompa cepan onoca cepan catca yn aztlan. auh c;an oncan quic;aco y chicomoztoc. ca ye yzquixihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in. yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dias. de 1608. afios.1

y_ Auh ye ontzonxihuitl ypan chiconpohualxihuitl. axcan. yn motlallico. yn huallaque nican culhuacan yn huehuetque chichimeca. yn culhuaque ye ynpan acico ye chanonoque yn xochmilca. yhuan yn atlacuihuayan calque ye cate yn axcan oncan onoque. ca ye yxquich ye yzquixihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dias. de

1608. afios. anoc;o de 1609 afios. y_ Auh ye centzonxihuitl ypan caxtolpohualxihuitl. ypan chiuhcnauhpohualxihuitl. ypan matlactlomome xihuitl. 2 axcan yn achto ye peuh tlahtocayotl. y nican culhuacan yehuatl achto. quihualpehualti yn tlahtocatlaliloc. [p. 75] Yn itoca yn tepiltzin 3 huehue nauh­ yotzin tlahtohuani culhuacan ynic yehuatl ytlacamecayotitech otemoco oquic;aco yn

I. It is not clear how this entry can be reconciled with the one three further down. 2. This number of years would be given in a more standard fashion as ontzonxihuitl

ipan nauhpohua/.xihuitl ipan matlactlomome xihuitl or matlacxihuitl omome.

1608 117

what is arranged here. y_ When the universe was made and created at the very beginning, it was 6,361 years before now at the end of the year of our lord God 1608. [p. 73] It is 4,165 years since there was flooding everywhere in the universe, called the deluge, which happened in the time of Noah; that is how long it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord

God 1608.

y_ From the establishment of the altepetl of Rome it has been 2,361 years until now at

the end of the year of our lord God 1608.

y_ Our lord God was born 1,608 years ago, which is the total until now at the end of his

year of 1608. y_ It was 1,576 years before now that Jesus Christ, truly the precious child of God, died, when the Jews put him on the cross so that he redeemed us people of earth; that is how many years it has been until now in this year at the end of the year [ of our lord God]

1608. y_ It was 1,559 years ago when the ancient Chichimeca Mexica first landed in boats at Aztlan Teocolhuacan. They just came naked from where they had been when they landed and established themselves at Aztlan Teocolhuacan. That is how many years it has been

until now at the end of the year of ourlord God 1608.

y_ It has now been 1,538 years since Jerusalem was destroyed, by which the death of Jesus Christ, the precious child of God, was avenged, when [p. 74] Vespasian went there to lay waste to the land. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of

our lord God 1608. y_ It has now been 1,524 years since the ancient Chichimeca who had come to Aztlan Teocolhuacan gradually began to come in this direction, to Chicomoztoc Quinehuayan, coming divided into three separate groups, to spread out and disperse here in the land called New Spain. After a year their languages changed; when they began to come in this direction bit by bit, at first they still had a single language. For 35 years they dwelt and were together at Aztlan, and from there they came to Chicomoztoc. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.1

y_ It has now been 940 years since the ancient Chichimeca who were Colhuaque came and settled here in Colhuacan; they found the Xochimilca already there living in their homes, and the people of Tacubaya were already where they now dwell. That is the total of how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608 or 1609.

y_ It has now been 892 years2 since the rulership was first begun here in Colhuacan; the person who first began it and was made ruler [p. 75] was named Tepiltzin 3 Nauhyotzin the elder, ruler in Colhuacan, so that from his line have come and descended all the rulers in Colhuacan. The second was named Acamapichtli, who first came to rule here in Te-

3. It is equally likely that tepiltzin is to be interpreted as something on the order of a title, person of high birth.

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izquintin culhuacan tlahtoque. yhuan ynic ome ytoca acamapichtli yn otlahtocatico achto nican tenochtitlan. ynic no yehuatl ytlacamecayotitech otemoco oquic;aco yn izquintin mexico tenochtitlan tlahtoque ca ye yzquixihuitl oquichiuh ynic peuh tlahtocayotl ynic

axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y Auh ye centzonxihuitl. ypan chiconpohualxivitl ypan macuilxihuitl axcan yn ompa huallehuaij. aztlan teoculhuacan yo mexica huehuetque aztlii tlaca chichimeca. auh ynic ompa cenca huecahuaij. ynic 6pa catca aztlan teoculhuacan, ontzonxihuitl ypan matlacpo­ hualxihuitl ypan matlactli onnahui xihuitl. yn iuh neztica yntlapohuaI' huehuetque. ynic niman ompa ohualolinque ohuallehuaque ynic nican ye hualnenemi. ca ye yzquixihuitl.

oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt'? Dios. de 1608. afios. y ye iuh nepa 6tzonxivitl ipii matlacpoalli xivitl ypii yepoalli onnahui xivitl motlaca­

tilitzino y tt 0 . Dios. 2

y Auh ye centzonxihuitl ypan chiconpohualxihuitl ypan ce xihuitl. axcan yn huehuetque mexica azteca chichimeca. ynic ompa hualolinque hualquizque aztlan teoculhuacan ynic ohualnenenque. nohuian otlihpa. ohualnentiaque. ynic niman oncan acico. yn canI qua­ huitl cenca tomahuac yn ahuehuetl yn inpan poztec 3 oncan oc nauhxiuhtique yn mexica. catca. ynic oncan motlallico. ytzintlan mocehuiaya yn ahuehuetl. ynin quahuitl. omoten­ euh ypan poztec mexica. ,an no yehuantin yntlaaquil. mochiuh yo az[p. 76]teca. yn iuh quitotihui huehuetque. ye iuh matlactlomome xihuitl. oncan cate. yn aztlan teoculhuacan. yn ipan xii. calli xihuitl .61. afios. yn caquique quahuitl. yn ahuehuetl. auh yn ixiuhtzin tt 0 • Dios ye iuh ye nepa yepohualli ypan ce xihuitl motlacatillitzino ynic caquique qua­ huitl. yn c;atepan ynpan poztec. yn ipan v. tecpatl. 1068. a0 s. ynic huallaque huehuetque. yn inpan poztec otlihpan yn itzintlan mocehuiaya mexica. auh ynic cenca huecauhtica ycaca yn ahuehuetl ynic tlaaquilli. yhuan ynic poztequico ypan mexica yn ixquichcauhtica ontzonxiuhtica ypan matlacpohualxiuhtica ypan chicuexiuhtica ca ye yzquixihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios - y Auh yhuan ye centzonxihuitl ypan chiquacenpohualxihuitl ypan matlactlonnahui xihuitl. yn ipan xii. acatl xihuitl. 1075 afios. yn oncan quic;aco chicomoztoc quinehuayan yn mexica azteca chichimeca huehuetque oncan chicoxiuhtique ynic mitoh\la motenehua chicomoztoca auh ypan in yn omoteneuh xii. acatl. yn hualolinque. ynic hualnenenque ynic ye huitze hualacxipetlatiaque nohuian quauhtla. ,acatla. tepetla. atlauhtla cuillotla. 4

nequametla. tzihuactla 5 teocotla 6 xihuallacatla. 7 y hualnentiaque ymehuatilma hualyetia yn chichimeca. o iuh ye nepa hualquizque matlactlomome xihuitl yn ompa aztlan. yn ipan in omoteneuh xii. acatl. ynic niman hualnenenque oncan huallehuaque yn omoteneuh chicomoztoc quinehuayan [p. 77] Ca ye yzqui xihuitl. oquichiuh. ynic axcan ypan in yn

itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608 afios.8

y Auh yhuan ye centzonxihuitl. ypan onpohualli onchiuhcnahui xihuitl. yn ipan vi. tec­ patl xihuitl 1160. afios. axcan yn ompa hualolinque huallehuaque chicomoztoc quinehua-

I. In effect, calendar. 2. This entry is in the margin. 3. This expression could equally well mean that the tree literally fell on top of them or

that it split during their stay. 4. Brewer and Brewer 1971, p. 122, has cuiliJtl, stick; Molina has cuilotic, someone

slim. 5. See Sahagun 1979, Book 11, f. 201, or Sahagun 1950--1982, Book 11, p. 218.

1608 119

nochtitlan, so that from his line too have come and descended all the rulers in Mexico Tenochtitlan. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608 since the rulership began.

y It has now been 545 years since the Mexica, the ancient Aztlan people and Chichimeca,

left Aztlan Teocolhuacan, where they spent a very long time; they were at Aztlan Teocol­ huacan 1,014 years, as appears in the count 1 of the ancients, until they set out and came in this direction, wandering toward here. That is how many years it has been now at the

end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y It had been 1,064 years since the birth of our lord God.2

y_ It has now been 541 years since the ancient Mexica Azteca Chichimeca set out from and left Aztlan Teocolhuacan in this direction, wandering toward here, coming wandering on the roads everywhere, until they came to a place where a very thick tree, a cypress, broke while they were there;3 first the Mexica were there for four years, establishing themselves and resting at the base of the cypress. This said tree that broke over the Mexica had also been planted by the Azteca; [p. 76] the elders say that when they had been at Aztlan Teo­ colhuacan for twelve years in 12 House year, the year 61 [in the Christian calendar], they planted the cypress tree, and in the years of our lord God he had been born 61 years before when they planted the tree that afterward split on them in the year of 5 Flint, 1068, when the ancient Mexica came along the way and it split on them while they were there resting at its base. The cypress stood for a very long time from when it was planted until it split when the Mexica were there: 1,008 years. That is how many years it has been now at the

end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y And also, 534 years ago, in the year 12 Reed, 1075, the ancient Mexica Azteca Chichi­ meca left Chicomoztoc Quinehuayan; they spent seven years there, so that they are called and named Chicomoztoca. In the said 12 Reed they set out in this direction, wandering toward here, coming barefoot everywhere, through woods, grass, mountains, ravines, thickets,4 palms, maguey patches, 5 bushy places, 6 [marshy places?]; 7 the Chichimeca came wearing leather cloaks. In the said 12 Reed it had been 12 years since they left Aztlan in this direction, so that they walked along in this direction coming from the said Chicomoztoc Quinehuayan. [p. 77] That is how many years it has been until now at the

end of this year of our lord God 1608.8

y And also, 449 years ago, in the year 6 Flint, 1160, now the ancient Chichimeca who were Totolimpaneca Amaquemeque got on their way and left Chicomoztoc Quinehuayan

6. Teocotl, literally "rock pine," is a kind of bushy plant producing an incense. 7. In "xihuallacatla," aca- is reed, -tla place of abundance; the first part could contain

xiuh-, something green or related to leaves, but that leaves an impossible -al or -all; everything before acatla is probably a single element.

8. The years and intervals given in different entdes in this section by no means always seem congruent with one another. We leave a thorough investigation and rationalization of this aspect to future research or other scholars.

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120 1RANSCRIPTION AND 1RANSLATION

yan. yn chichimeca huehuetij. totolimpaneca Amaquemeque. yn ompa yntlahtocauh qui­ hualhuicaque ytoca hecatzin teuhctli chichimecateuhctli. tlaquitzcaliuhqui I auh ynic cenca huecahuaque ynic ompa catca yn aztlan teoculhuacan. yn chichimeca totolimpaneca on­ tzonxihuitl ypan caxtolpohualxihuitl. ypa yepohualxiuhtique. ynic nimann ompa hualo­ limque huallequaque ynic ohualnenenque. ca ye yzquixihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt 0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ye centzonxihuitl ypan onpohualxivitl ypan ce xihuitl. yn ipan i. tecpatl. de 1168. afios. yn copehualti teyacanalizyotl. yn quauhtlequetzqui oc ompa y cohuatepec yn ihuicpa tullam. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt 0 . Dias.de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ye centzonxihuitl. ypan nauhxihuitl yn ipan xii. calli xihuitl 1205. afios. yn quicauh teyacanalizyotl. yn quauhtlequetzqui. yn teyacan cepohualxihuitl ypan caxtol­ lomey. xihuitl. // auh ,a niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. motlalli yn acacitli yn teyacanaz. ca ye yzquixihuitl oquichiuh. ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 •

Dias. de 1608. afios. [p. 78] y Auh yhuan ye caxtolpohualxihuitl ypan nauhpohualxihuitl ypan matlactlomome xi­ huitl. yn ipan xiii. acatl xihuitl. 1219. afios. yn quicauh teyacanalizyotl. yn acacitli. yn teyacan caxtolxihuitl auh ,a niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. motlalli yn citla­ litzin yn teyacanaz. ca ye yzquixihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuh­ tzin tt 0 . Dios. de 1608 afios. y Auh yhuan ye caxtolpolhualxihuitl. ypan yepohuallocaxtolli ypan onxihuitl yn ipan 2. tochtli xihuitl. 1234. yn quicauh teyacanalizyotl. yn citlallitzin yn teyacan caxtollonce xihuitl. // auh ,an niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl motlalli tzipan y teyacanaz. Ca ye yzquixihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de 1608 afios. y Auh yhuan ye caxtolpolhualxihuitl ypan yepohuallocaxtolli ypan ce xihuitl. yn ipan. 3. acatl xihuitl 1235 afios. yn quicauh teyacanalizyotl. yn tzinpan yn teyacan onxihuitl. // auh ,a niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. motlalli yn tla9otzin yn teyacanaz. ca ye yzquixihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt 0 • Di~s. de 1608. afios y Auh yhuan ye caxto)polhualxihuitl ypan yepohuallomatlactli ypan ce xihuitl yn ipan vii. acatl xihuitl. 1239. afios. yn quicauh teyacanalizyotl yn tla,otzin. yn teyacan macuil­ xihuitl. // auh ,a niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl motlalli yn tozcuecuextli yn teyacanaz. ca ye yzqui xihuitl. oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in. yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 •

Dios. de 1608. afios. yn tozcuecuextli. oncan ypan molpilli oncan quilpillique [p. 79] Yn ixiuh2 yn tecpayocan ynic quinhualyaca mexica. y Auh yhuan ye caxtolpohualxihuitl ypan yepohuallonchiuhcnahui xihuitl. yn ipan. ix. calli xihuitl 1241. afios. yn acico oncan chalco atenco yn huehuetque chichimeca to­ tolimpaneca yn amaquemeque yehuatl tlahtohuani hualmochiuhtia yn huehueteuhctli yn chichimecateuhctli. yhuan acico qulhualhuicac yeyntin ypilhuan ynic ce ytoca tliltecatzin. ynic ome ytoca xochitzin. yniquey. ytoca. atonaltzin. auh ynic acico ynic ompa hual­ lehuaque yn chicomoztoc quinehuayan ynic tlayahualloque ye nauhpohualxiuhtica ypan onxiuhtica. ynic motlallico oncan chalco atenco auh ca omomiquillitacico. yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl ix. calli. yn tlatohuani huehueteuhctli yn chichimecateuhctli. yn tlah-

I. The word seems to contain tlactli, torso; itzcalli, side; and iuhqui, being a certain way.

1608 121

in this direction, accompanying their ruler named Eecatzin teuctli, the Chichimecateuctli, [with a twisted body?]. 1 To show how very long the Chichimeca Totolimpaneca had stayed while they were at Aztlan Teocolhuacan, they spent 1,160 years until then they got under way and set out to come walking in this direction. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y And also, 441 years ago, in the year I Flint, 1168, Quauhtlequetzqui began the leadership; it was still at Coatepec, toward Tula. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y And also, 404 years ago, in the year 12 House, 1205, Quauhtlequetzqui left the leadership, having been leader for 38 years.// And right then in the said year Acacitli was installed to be leader. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year ofour lord God I 608. [p. 78]

y And also, 392 years ago, in the year 13 Reed, 1219, Acacitli left the leadership, having been leader for 15 years. And right then in the said year Citlalintzin was installed to be leader. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y And also, 377 years ago, in the year 2 Rabbit, 1234, Citlalintzin left the leadership, having been leader for 16 years. II And right then in the said year Tzimpan was installed to be leader. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y And also, 376 years ago, in the year 3 Reed, 1235, Tzimpan left the leadership, having been leader for two years. // And right then in the said year Tla,otzin was installed to be leader. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord

God 1608. y And also, 371 years ago, in the year 7 Reed, 1239, Tla9otzin left the leadership, having been leader for five years.// And right then in the said year Tozcuecuextli was installed to be leader. That is how many years it has been now at the end of this year of our lord God I 608. In the time of Tozcuecuextli the years were bound there;2 they bound [p. 79] the years at Tecpanyocan when he came leading the Mexica.

y And also, 369 years ago, in the year 9 House, 1241, the ancient Chichimeca Totolim­ paneca, the Amaquemeque, arrived at Chalco Atenco. Huehueteuctli, the Chichimeca­ teuctli, came as their ruler; with him arrived and he brought along three children of his, the first named Tliltecatzin, the second named Xochitzin, and the third named Atonaltzin. And when they arrived, it had been 82 years that they had been wandering around since leaving Chicomoztoc Quinehuayan until they settled at Chalco Atenco. And the ruler Huehueteuctli, the Chichimecateuctli, died on arriving in the said year of 9 House, having ruled for 68 years during which he came governing the Amaquemeque. And right then in

2. I.e., the end of a 52-year cycle and the beginning of another was celebrated.

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122 1RANSCRIPflON AND 1RANSLATION

tocat. yepohualxihuitl ypan chicuexihuitl. yn quinhualpachotia amaquemeque. auh ,an niman iquac yn ipan xihuitl omoteneuh motlahtocatlalli yn ipiltzin. ynitoca atonaltzin. chichimecateuhctli. mochiuh yn oncan chalco atenco. ca ye yzquixihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dias. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye caxtolpolhualxihuitl ypan onpohualli ypan onxihuitl yn ipan xi. calli xihuitl. 1269. afios. yn acito yn ompa ycpac tepetl amaqueme ynic 5pa monamiquito. y nahuintin tlahtoque chichimeca. achtopa yehuantin ompa acito. yn totolimpaneca. yn tliltecatzin chichimecayaotequihua. yhuan yni teyccauhtzin Atonaltzin chichimecateuhctli. amaqmecan tlahtoque. auh niman ynpa onacito oc no omentin tenanco tlahtoque ynic ce yehuatl yn itoca quahuitzatl teuchtli. tlayllotlac teuhctli. ynic omc ytoca huehue ytz­ quauhtzin atlauh[p. 80]tecatl teuhctli. 1 auh yn atonaltzin chichimeca teuhctli. yn ihuan quahuitzatl teuhctli tlayllotlacteuhctli momiminque oncan yn icpac tepetl amaqueme yni ipampa quitohuaya yn atonaltzin ayac cacizquia 2 ynic chichimecatl. ynic hehey. quimo­ tlaxillique yni inmiuh ayac huel mominque. auh yn ,atepan yn omottaque yn omone­ nehuillique yn ,an neneuhque ynic chichimeca. niman quimotlapanique yn tepetl ama­ queme ynic niman oncan quitlallique yn ome altepetl. yni cecca ytztlaco,auhcan totolimpa amaquemecan. ynic ocean tzaqualtitlan tenanco chiconcohuac amaquernecan. yhuan yquac quitlallique yn ixquich ynquaxoch ynic niman motlallique. ca ye yzqui xihuitl. oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dias. de 1608. afios y_ Auh yhuan ye caxtolpohualxihuitl ypan cenpohuallomatlactli ypan ome xihuitl. yn ipan vii. tochtli xihuitl. de 1278. afios. yn miquico. tozcuecuextli yn teyacan onpohual­ xihuitl. // auh ,an niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl quitlahtocatlallique in mexica yn huehue huitzillihuitl yntlahtocauh mochiuh. ynin ye oncan yn chapoltepec quitlal­ lique. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608. afios. Vehuehuitzillihuitl yn iniitzin ytoca catca tlaquilxochitzin 3

y_ Auh yhuan ye caxtolpohualxihuitl ypan matlacxihuitl. yn ipan 2. acatl xihuitl 1299. afios ypan toxiuh molpilli. yquac oncan cacique, yn acoculco. chapoltepec yn huehue huitzillihuitl. tlahtohuani catca yntlan y mexica. chichimeca ynic oncan quinyaoyahual­ loque chapoltepec ynic nahualpoliuhq. nauhcampa 4 huicalloque "J mexica. mochoquili­ tiaque. auh yn huehue huitzillihuitl. ompa huicoc ompa quimictito. yn culhuacan. yten­ copa mochiuh yn tlahtohuani coxcoxtli. auh yn tlahtocat. - [p. 81] huehue huitz­ illihuitl. cenpohualxihuitl ypan ome xihuitl. // auh ye niman oncan onehuaque. yn acoculco yn chapoltepec in mexica. <;an ya yehuatl ypan yn omoteneuh 2. acatl. 1299. afios. yn iquac oncan callaquico, ypan altepetl. culhuacan yn mexica azteca. yquac oncan tlahtocati. yn tlacatl coxcoxtli. auh ye iuh nepa matlacpohualxihuitl ypan cenpohual­ loncaxtolli ypan ye oce. ynic ompa huallolimque. ynic ompa hualquizque. yancuic mexi­ co aztlan. yn mexica. ynic nohuian hualquizq. hualnenenque otlihpa. ynic oncan tetlan motlallico culhuacan. mexica. II auh no yhuan ye iuh nepa matlacpohualxihuitl ypan cenpohualxihuitl. ypan macuilxihuitl. yn ipan vii. acatl xihuitl de 1073 afios ynic ompa hualolimque ynic ompa hualquizque yn ,an oncan chicomoztoc quinehuayan. in mexica azteca. ynic nohuian otlihpa hualnentiaque. ynic oncan tepan callaquico culhuacan yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. ome acatl auh nauhpa yn otlihpa. yn inpan toxiuh molpilli mexica.

I. Lord of Atlauhtlan. 2. Literally catch him.

1608 123

the said year his child named Atonaltzin was installed as ruler and became Chichimeca­ teuctli at Chalco Atenco. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, 342 years ago, in the year 11 House, 1269, they arrived on top of the mountain Amaqueme, so that the four Chichimeca rulers met there. First arrived the Totolimpaneca [rulers], Tliltecatzin the Chichimecayaotequihua and his younger sibling Atonaltzin, the Chichimecateuctli, rulers in Amaquemecan. And then when they were there two more arrived, rulers in Tenanco, the first named Quahuitzatl teuctli, the Tlailotlac teuctli, and the second named Itzquauhtzin the elder, the Atlauhtecatl [p. 80]

teuctli. 1 And Atonaltzin the Chichimecateuctli and Quahuitzatl tcuctli the Tlailotlac teuctli shot arrows at each other on top of the Amaqueme mountain, because Atonaltzin said that no one could equal him2 as a Chichimcca, so that they each shot three arrows, but they couldn't hit anyone. Afterward they looked at each other and came to agreement that they were equal as Chichimeca. Then they divided the mountain Amaqueme between them, so that they established two altepetl there, the first Itztlaco,auhcan Totolimpan Amaquemecan, and the second Tzaqualtitlan Tenanco Chiconcoac Amaquemecan, and at that time they established all their boundaries, whereupon they settled down. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of the year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 332 years ago, in the year 7 Rabbit, 1278, that Tozcuecuextli, who was leader for 40 years, died. // And right then in the said year the Mexica installed as ruler Huitzilihuitl the elder, who became their ruler; they installed him at Chapoltepec. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of the year of our lord God 1608.

Huitzilihuitl the elder·s mother was named Tlaquilxochitzin. 3

y_ And also, 310 years ago, in the year 2 Reed, 1299, in which our years were bound, was when at Acocolco Chapoltepec they captured Huitzilihuitl the elder, who was ruler among the Mexica Chichimeca, when they were being surrounded at Chapoltepec, so that the Mexica were treacherously defeated and were taken off in all four directions;4 they went weeping. And Huitzilihuitl the elder was taken to Colhuacan, where they killed him; it was done by order of the ruler Coxcoxtli. - [p. 81] Huitzilihuitl the elder was ruler for 22 years. II Thereupon the Mexica left Acocolco Chapoltepec; it was in the same said year of 2 Reed, 1299, when the Mexica Azteca entered the altepetl of Colhuacan. At that time the lord Coxcoxtli was ruler there. And it had been 236 years since the Mexica set out and left New Mexico, Aztlan, toward here and came in this direction walking every­ where on the roads, until the Mexica settled among others at Colhuacan. II And it had also been 225 years, in the year 7 Reed, 1073, since the Mexica Azteca set out and left Chicomoztoc Quinehuayan toward here, so that they came walking along the roads ev­ erywhere until they entered among others at Colhuacan in the said year of 2 Reed. And while the Mexica were on the way, our years were bound four times while they came

3. In the margin. 4. This expression might refer instead to all four parts of the entity.

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124 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

ynic hualnentiaque. ynic cenca huecauhtica. ynic oncan acico culhuacan. y_ Auh yhuan ye centzonxihuitl ypan matlacpohualxihuitl. ypan cenpohuallomatlactli xihuitl. oncan cate culhuacan yn culhuaque. ynic oncan ynpii callaquico. mexica. auh yhuan ye iuh nepa centz6xihuitl. ypan chiuhcnauhpohualxihuitl. ypan yexihuitl. yn oncan tlahtocayotl culhuacan ynic oncan callaquico mexica ye __ 1 tlahtohuani oncan

yn coxcoxtli. Y. Auh yhuan ye iuh nepa matlacpohualxihuitl ypan yepohualxihuitl poliuhque yn tullam tlaca ynic momoyahuaquc quicauhque yn imaltepeuh [p. 82] yehuatl quichichiuh yn diablo. yn yaotl2 yn tezcatlipoca. ynic poliuh altepetl. tullam. ye yxquichcauh opoliuh.

ynic oncan motlallica culhuacan mexica. Y. Auh yhuan yn iuh oncan motlallico culhuacan mexica. yn ipan omoteneuh 2. acatl xihuitl. yquac oncan quinpehuato yn xochmilca. i;an mochitin quinnacaztlazque. yn in­

malhua mexica. Y. Auh yn o iuh quimictique huehue huitzillihuitl yn culhuaque. auh i;a niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl yn 2. acatl 1299. afios. motlalli yn tenoch. yn teyacanaz. ye omotcneuh omc acatl. ynic quilpillique. yn ixiuh yn culhuacan. ompa yn quitlallique. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dias. de 1608. afios. ye macuilpa oncan ypan toxiuh molpilli. in mexica yn cuhhuacan 3 in ye yxquich

ica ye ompa huitze aztlan. y_ Auh yhuan ye caxtolpohualxihuitl ypan ome xihuitl. yn ipan x. acatl xihuitl 1307 afios. yn omomiquillico tlacatl coxcoxtli tlatohuani catca culhuacan. yn tlahtocat. cenpohualxihuitl ypan chicoxihuitl. auh yn quauhtlahtoloc yn ayac tlahtocat culhuacan caxtolli once xihuitl. yn o y mic4 coxcoxtli ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan

ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dias. de 1608 afios. Y. Auh yhuan ye matlacpohualxihuitl ypan nauhpohualxihuitl ypan chiquacenxihuitl [p. 83] Yn ipan. xiii. acatl xihuitl. 1323. afios. ypan in tlamico. ynic quauhtlahtolloc yn culhuacan caxtolxihuitl once yn ayac tlahtocat. // auh yn tii;aapan culhuacan ynic ompa onoca yn mexica. cenpohualxiuhtique onmacuilli. // auh ypan in yn omoteneuh yn xiii. acatl xihuitl in yancuica ye ye quipehualtia in yaoyotl in culhuaque. ynic quinhualtocaque. yn mexica oncan motlallico. y nexticpac. cexiuhtique oncan yn ~ihuitl. ce tecpatl. 1324. afios. nima oncan hualpeuhque ynic acico tenochtitlan ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in. yn itlamian. yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dias. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye matlacpohualxihuitl ypa nauhpohualxihui 5 ypan macuilxihuitl yn ipan omoteneuh ce tecpatl xihuitl 1324. a0 s. yn motlahtocatlalli yn tlahtohuani huehue aca­ mapichtli tlahtohuani culhuacan. // auh no yquac yn ipan in xihuitl omoteneuh yquac peuh yn xochiyaoyotl yn ompa chalco. yehuantin quichiuhque yn chalca yn tlacochcalca ca ye yzqui xihuitl. oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yn ixiuhtzin tt0 . Dias. de

1608. afios. Y. Auh yhuan ye matlacpohualxihuitl ypan nauhpohualxihuitl. ypan nauhxihuitl. yn ipan 2. calli xihuitl 1325. afios. yn omotlallico. nican atl ihtic tenochtitlan. yn mexica. ma­ tlactli omomentin yn acico. ye omito ynic ce yehuatl hualquauhtlahtotia hualteyacan yn

I. Gap left in original to be filled in later. 2. Yaotl, meaning literally "enemy," was a proper name in general and was one of the

names of Tezcatlipoca because of his warlike attributes. See Duran 1994, p. 53, n. 4, and Sahagun 1979, Book 3, f. 8v, or Sahagun 1950-1982, Book 3, p. 12.

1608 125

walking, it was such a very long time until they arrived in Colhuacan. y_ And also, the Colhuaque had been in Colhuacan for 630 years when the Mcxica entered among them. And there had been a rulership in Colhuacan for 583 years when the Mexica entered there; Coxcoxtli was the __ th I ruler there.

Y. And also, it had been 260 years since the people of Tula disappeared, when they dispersed and abandoned their altepetl; [p. 82] it was the devil Yaotl2 Tezcatlipoca who caused the altepetl of Tula to perish; it had perished that long ago when the Mexica settled in Colhuacan. Y. And also, when the Mexica had come to settle in Colhuacan, in the said year 2 Reed, at that time they went to conquer the Xochimilca; the Mexica cut off the ears of all their captives. y_ After the Colhuaque had killed Huitzilihuitl the elder, right then in the said year 2 Reed, 1299, Tenoch was installed to be leader. In the said year 2 Reed, when they bound their years at Colhuacan, they installed him there. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of the year of our lord God 1608. This was the fifth time our years were bound in the time of the Mexica, at Colhuacan,3 in the whole time since they came from

Aztlan. y_ And also, it was 302 years ago, in the year 10 Reed, 1307, that the lord Coxcoxtli, who was ruler in Colhuacan, passed away, having ruled for 27 years. There was interim rule and no one was ruler in Colhuacan for 16 years after Coxcoxtli died.4 That is how many years it has been until now at the end of the year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, 286 years ago, [p. 83] in the year 13 Reed, 1323, the 16 years of interim rule in Colhuacan, when no one was ruler, came to an end. // The Mexica spent 25 years living at Tii;aapan in Colhuacan. // And in the said 13 Reed year was when the Colhuaque began war anew and chased out the Mexica in this direction. They came to settle in Nexticpac; they spent a year there, the year 1 Flint, 1324. Then they set out from there in this direction until they arrived in Tenochtitlan. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, 2855 years ago, in the said year 1 Flint, 1324, the ruler Acamapichtli the elder was installed as ruler in Colhuacan. // And in the said year was also when flower war began in Chalco; the Chalca and Tlacochcalca did it. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of the year of our lord God 1608.

Y. And also, it was 284 years ago, in the year 2 House, 1325, that the Mexica came to settle here within the waters, in Tenochtitlan. There were twelve who arrived, as has been said: first, the one who came as interim ruler and leader was named Tenoch; the second

3. For "culhuacan." 4. Intention possibly "o yuh mic." 5. For "nauhpohualxihuitl."

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126 1RANSCRIPTION AND 1RANSLATION

itoca tcnoch ynic ome ytoca quauhtli yolqui. ynin no hualte[p. 84]Yacan. yniquey ytoca tzonpantzin. ynic nahui ytoca Ahuexotl. ynic macuilli ytoca yzhuac tlaxquitl. ynie ehiquacen ytoca Ocomecatzin. ynic chieome ytoca chicopachmani. ynic chicuey ytoca Ahatzin. ynic chiuhnahui ytoca tenc;acatetl. ynic matlactli ytoca Acacitli. ynic matlactloce ytoca copil teomama. ynic matlactlomome ytoca xiuhcaque teornama. yehuantin in yn huehueyntin 1 yn acico. tenochtitlan. tehuanme acico yn oc omentin yn itoca xocoyotl. yhuan tzintlatlauhqui. ye mactlactlonnahui yn acico chimeca2 mexica. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axca ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin. tt0 . Dios. 1608. afios. // auh ye iuh nepa caxtolpohualxihuitl ypan cenpohuallomatlacli ypan ce xihuitl cate yn azcapotzalca

ynic acico mexica yn tenochtitlan. ynic mocentlallico. y Auh yhuan ye matlacpohualxihuitl ypan yepohualxihuitl ypan matlactlomey xihuitl yn ipan xiii. tecpatl xihuitl. 1336. a0 s. yn momiquillico. yn huehue acamapichtli tlahto­ huani culhuacan yn tlahtocat. matlactlomey xivitl. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic

axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ye matlacpohualxihuitl ypan yepohualxihuitl ypan matlactlomome xihuitl yn ipan ice calli xihuitl. 1337. afios yn moxeloque mexica. matlactlomome tlacatl yn omotlallito xaltilolco yn axcan ye tiquitohua tlatilolco. yn ompa yahque mexica. chichi­ meca. ynic ce [p. 85] Ytoca cuitlachquauhtli teomama. ynic ome ytoca xochillelctzin. 3

yniquey. ytoca cemacachiquihuitl. ynic nahui ytoca xomimitl. ynic macuilli ytoca calla­ omitl. ynic chiquacen ytoca Ocellopane. ynic chicome. ytoca atlanquahuitl. ynic chicuey ytoca yztac michI ynic chiuhcnahui. ytoca cocihuatli. ynic matlactli ytoca poyahuitl. teomama ynic matlactloce ytoca xiuhcoyollatzin ynic matlactlomome ytoca maltecatzI ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0

. Dios. de 1608.

afios. y Auh yhuan ye matlacpohualxihuitl. ypan onpohualxihuitl. ypan chiquacenxihuitl. yn ipa i. ce acatl xihuitl. 1363. afios. yn omomiquillico yn tenochtzin. yn teyacan yn quauh­ tlahto. tenochtitlan. cenpohualxihuitl ypan caxtolli onnahui xihuitl. auh ynic mocen­ pohua yn ixquichcauh oquauhtlahto tenochtzin ynic ompa. quitlallique tic;aapan culhuacan. yepohualxihuitl ypan nauhxihuitl ynic onmomiquillico. yn o iuh momiquilli oc yexihuitl yn ayac oquauhtlahto c;an ocactimaca yn tenochtitlan. auh ynic momiquillico ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh. ynic axca ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin. tt0 · Dios. de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ye matlacpohualxihuitl ypan onpohualxihuitl ypan ome xihuitl. yn ipan v. acatl xihuitl 1367. afios. yn motlahtocatlalli. yn tlacatl. Acama[p. 86]pichtli. achto. tlahtoani tenochtitlan. ca ye yzqui xihuitl. oquichiuh. ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian

yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye matlacpohualxihuitl ypan cenpohualxihuitl ypan ome xihuitl yn ipan xii. acatl xihuitl 1387 afios. yn omomiquilli y tlacatl. acamapichtli. tlahtohuani catca achto tenochtitlan. yn tlahtocat cenpobualli ypan ce xibuitl. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh

ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye matlacpohualxihuitl ypan caxtolomey xihuitl yn ipan iii. acatl xihuitl. 1391 afios yn omotlahtocatlalli yn tlacatl. ynic ome huitzillihuitl. tlahtohuani tenoch-

1. Literally the great ones. The word, however, sometimes simply means adults, and the names of the two who follow, Xocoyotl (youngest) and Tzintlatlauhqui (Red-bottom), strengthen the suspicion that such is the meaning. Normally in such accounts, however, each individual represents a constituent unit.

1608 127

was named Quauhtliyolqui, who also came as leader; [p. 84] the third was named Tzom­ pantzin; the fourth was named Ahuexotl; the fifth was named Izhuac Tlaxquitl; the sixth was named Oeomecatzin; the seventh was named Chicopachmani; the eighth was named Aatzin; the ninth was named Tenc;acatetl; the tenth was named Acacitli; the eleventh was named Copil, bearer of the god; the twelfth was named Xiuhcaque, bearer of the god. They were the principal ones 1 who arrived in Tenochtitlau; along with them arrived two others, named Xocoyotl and Tzintlatlauhqui, making fourteen Chichimeca 2 Mexica who arrived. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. // And the Azcapotzalca had been there 331 years when the Mexica arrived and all came to settle in Tenochtitlan. y And also, 273 years ago, in the year 13 Flint, 1336, Acamapichtli the elder, ruler of Colhuacan, passed away, having ruled for 13 years. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y And also, 272 years ago, in the year 1 House, 1337, the Mexica divided. Twelve people went to settle in Xaltelolco, that we now call Tlatelolco, where some Mexica Chichimeca went: the first [p. 85] was named Cuitlachquauhtli, bearer of the god; the second was named Xochilleletzin; 3 the third was named Cemacachiquihuitl; the fourth was named Xomimitl; the fifth was named Callaomitl; the sixth was named Ocelopane; the seventh was named Atlanquahuitl; the eighth was named Iztacmichin; the ninth was named Cocihuatli; the tenth was named Poyahuitl, bearer of the god; the eleventh was named Xiuhcoyolatzin; the twelfth was named Maltecatzin. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

Y. And also, 246 years ago, in the year 1 Reed, 1363, Tenochtzin, who had been leader and interim ruler in Tenochtitlan for 39 years, passed away; the total of how long Tenochtzin was interim ruler from when they installed him at Tic;aapan in Colhuacan until he died was 64 years. After he had died, for three years there was no interim ruler; [the rulership] was vacant in Tenochtitlan. From his death, that is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y And also, 242 years ago, in the year 5 Reed, 1367, the lord Acamapichtli [p. 86] was installed as the first ruler in Tenochtitlan. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y And also, 222 years ago, in the year 12 Reed, 1387, the lord Acamapichtli, who was the first ruler in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having ruled for 21 years. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y And also, 218 years ago, in the year 3 Reed, 1391, the lord Huitzilihuitl the second was installed as ruler in Tenochtitlan. 4 That is how many years it has been until now at the

2. For "chichimeca." 3. The name as given in the original is likely an error. 4. See p. 128, n. I.

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128 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

titlan. 1 ca ye yzqui xivitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios,

de 1608. aiios y_ Auh yhuan ye matlacpohualxihuitl ypan chiconxihuitl. yn ipan 1 ce tochtli xihuitl. 1402. a0 s. yn otlacat. Nei;ahualcoyotzin tlahtohuani tetzcoco. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oqui­

chiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. a0 s. y_ Auh yhuan ye chiuhcnauhpohualxihuitl ypan matlactlonnahui xihuitl. yn ipan i. acatl xihuitl. 1315.2 aiios. yn omomiquilli yn tlacatl ynic ome huitzillihuitl. tlahtohuani catca tenochtitlan yn tlahtocat, cenpohualli ypan macuilli xihuitl. // Auh c;a niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl motlahtocatlalli yn tlacatl chimalpopoca tlahtohuani tenochtitlan. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0

• Dios. de

1608. aiios. Ip. 87] y_ Auh yhuan ye chiuhcnauhpohualxihuitl ypan yexihuitl. yn ipan xii. tochtli xihuitl 1426. afios, yn omomiquilli tlacatl chimalpopoca. tlahtohuani catca tenochtitlan. yn tlah­ tocat. matlactlomome xihuitl. c;an quimictico yn tepaneca. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye chiuhcnauhpohualxihuitl ypan 6xihuitl. yn ipan xiii. acatl xihuitl 1427. a0 s. yn omotlahtocatlalli yn tlacatl yn itzcohuatzin tlahtohuani tenochtitlan. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608 afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye chiuhcnauhpohualli ypan ce xihuitl yn ipan i. tecpatl xihuitl 1428 afios.

yn opoliuh altepetl. azcapotzalco. ynic pehualoc ypan mochiuh yehuatl yn tlacatl Maxtla­ tzin yquac oncan tlahtocatia yn azcapotzalco. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan

ynpan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. 1608. y_ Auh yhuan ye chicuepohualxihuitl ypan caxtollomey xihuitl. yn ipan iiii. acatl xihuitl. 1431. afios. yn omotlahtocatlalli yn tlacatl nec;ahualcoyotzin. tlahtohuani aculhuacan tetz­ coco. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0

. Dios.

de 1608 afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye chicuepohualxihuitl ypan chiuhcnauhxihuitl yn ipan xiii. tecpatl xihuitl 1440 afios. yn omomiquilli tlacatl ytzcohuatzin tlahtohuani catca tenochtitlan. yn tlah­ tocat matlactlonnahui xihuitl Auh c;an niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl yn motlah­ tocatlalli yn tlacatl huehue Moteuhcc;oma ylhuicamina chalchiuhtlatonac tlahtohuani. telp. 88)nochtitlan. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuh­

tzin tt0 , Dios. de 1608. afios - y_ Auh yhuan ye chiconpohualxihuitl ypan caxtolli xihuitl. yn ipan i. tochtli xihuitl 1454. afios yn iquac necetochhuiloc 3 mayanaloc. ynic nohuian ypan nueua espafia. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axca ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608 a0 s. Auh yhuan ye chiconpohualxihuitl ypan macuilxihuitl yn ipan xi. tecpatl xihuitl. 1464 afios. yn otlacat nei;ahualpilli tlahtohuani tetzcoco ypiltzin. y nec;ahualcuyotzin. yquac cenca otonalhuacohuac motzitzineuh hehecatica yn quahuitl. ynic nohuian ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye chiconpohualxihuitl ypan nauhxihuitl yn ipan xii. calli xihuitl 1465.

I. The reference seems to be to the second Huitzilihuitl compared to Huitzilihuitl the elder in the entry for 1278. However, the new Huitzilihuitl was also second ruler of Tenochtitlan, and one might take it that Ch. had reversed the order of the words. Yet the fact that Ch. uses the same order two entries further below tends to indicate that he means the second Huitzilihuitl even if he was also the second ruler.

1608 129

end of this year of our lord God 1608.1

y_ And also, it was 207 years ago, in the year I Rabbit, 1402, that Nei;ahualcoyotzin, ruler in Tetzcoco, was born. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 194 years ago, in the year 1 Reed, 1315,2 that the lord Huitzilihuitl the second, who was ruler in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having ruled for 25 years.// And right then in the said year the lord Chimalpopoca was installed as ruler in Tenochtitlan. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. fp. 87]

y_ And also, it was 183 years ago, in the year 12 Rabbit, 1426, that the lord Chimalpopo­ ca, who was ruler in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having ruled for twelve years; the Tepan­ eca came and killed him. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 182 years ago, in the year 13 Reed, 1427, that the lord ltzcoatzin was installed as ruler in Tenochtitlan. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year ofour lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 181 years ago, in the year I Flint, 1428, that the altepetl of Azcapo­ tzalco was defeated, conquered. It happened in the time of the lord Maxtlatzin, who was ruling in Azcapotzalco. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 178 years ago, in the year 4 Reed, 1431, that the lord Nec;ahualcoyo­ tzin was installed as ruler in Acolhuacan Tetzcoco. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 169 years ago, in the year 13 Flint, 1440, that the lord Itzcoatl, who was ruler in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having ruled for 14 years. And right then in the said year the lord Moteucc;oma the elder, Ilhuicamina Chalchiuhtlatonac, was installed as ruler in Ip. 88] Tenochtitlan. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 155 years ago, in the year 1 Rabbit, 1454, that there was hunger and a great famine 3 all over New Spain. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. And also, it was 145 years ago, in the year 11 Flint, 1464, that Nec;ahualpilli, ruler in Tetzcoco, child of Nei;ahualcoyotzin, was born. At that time there was a great drought, and the trees everywhere were uprooted by the wind. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 144 years ago, in the year 12 House, 1465, that the people of the four

2. Presumably for 1415. 3. From the very fact of this famous famine having occurred in 1 Rabbit, the ex­

pression necetochhuilo, impersonal of mocetochhuia, for people to experience things or have them happen to them I-Rabbit style, came to mean for a famine to occur. The word occurs in other annals in this meaning with no reference to the specific year of 1 Rabbit.

'' :' I

. ,I

I' I

1,

130 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

aiios. yn opehualoc chalcatl. nauhcanme. yn ipan yehuatl huehue Moteuhc,oma ylhuica­ mina. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt 0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye chiconpohualxihuitl ypan ce xihuitl yn ipan 2. tecpatl xihuitl 1468. aiios. yn omomiquilli yn tlacatl huehue Moteuhc<;oma ylhuicamina chalchiuhtlatonac tlahtohuani catca tenochtitlan yn tlahtocat. cenpohuallonchiuhcnahui xihuitl. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt 0 · Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan quin hue! axcan ye chiconpohualxihuitl yn ipan 3. calli xihuitl 1469 aiios . yn omotlahtocatlalli yn tlacatl Axayacatzin. tlahtohuani [p. 89] Tenochtitlan. ca ye yzqui xihuitl. oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye chiquacenpohualxihuitl ypan caxtollomome xihuitl yn ipan vi. tecpatl xihuitl. 1472. a0 s. yn omomiquilli yn tlacatl. y ne<;ahualcoyotzin tlahtohuani tetzcoco. yn tlahtocat. onpohualxihuitl ypa onxihuitl. auh yn ,an pilli catca cenpohuallonchiuhc­ nahui xihuitl yn oqu ic ayemo tlahtocatlalliloya auh ynic mocenponhua yn ixquichcauh nen tlalticpac ynic tlacat. yepohualxiuhtica ypan matlacxiuhtica oncetica. ynic onmomi­ quillico. // Auh ,an niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. motlahtocatlalli yn ipiltzin ytoca ne<;ahualpilli tlahtohuani. tetzcoco. ynic motlahtocatlallico. ye chiuhcnauhxiuhtia. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh. ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de 1608. aiios. y_ Auh yhuan ye chiquacenpohualxihuitl ypan caxtollonce xihuitl. yn ipan. vii. calli xi­ huitl 1473. aiios. yn opoliuh yn opehualloque tlatilolca yehuatl quinpeuh yn axayacatzin. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in ytlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye chiquacenpohualxihuitl ypan chicuexihuitl yn ipan 2. calli xihuitl. 1481. aiios yn omomiquilli. yn tlacatl Axayacatzin tlahtohuani tenochtitlan. yn tlahtocat. ma­ tlactlomey xihuitl. // auh <;an niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. motlahtocatlalli tlacatl ti<;ocicatzin tlahtohuani tenochtitlan. yehuatl cenca ypan ot)ahto. yn ical huitzillo­ pochtli. ynic panhuetziz. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608. aiios. [p. 90] y_ Auh yhuan ye chiquacenpohualxihuitl ypan yexihuitl. yn ipan vii. tochtli xihuitl 1486. aiios. yn omomiquilli tlacatl tii;ocicatzin tlahtohuani tenochtitlan yn tlahtocat. chiquacen­ xihuitl. // auh ,an niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl motlahtocatlalli yn tlacatl. ahuitzotzin tlahtohuani tenochtitlan. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. a0 s, y_ Auh yhuan ye chiquacenpohualxihuitl ypan ce xihuitl. yn ipan viii. acatl xihuitl 1487. a0 s. yn omomamal yea! diablo huitzillopochtli. ypan yn tlacatl ahuitzotzin. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608. afios y_ Auh yhuan ye macuilpohualxihuitl ypan matlacxihuitl yn ipan vii. acatl xihuitl 1499. aiios yn oquiz. acuecuexatl. 1 yn tlaapachoco tenochtitlan. ynin hue[ neltiliztli. ypan in tlacatl ahuitzotzin. yquac ypampa yn acuecuexatl mictilloque omentin tlahtoque. ynic ce yehuatl yn itoca tepiltzotzomatzin tlahtohuani catca cuyohuacan. ynic ome yehuatl. yn itoca huitzillatzin tlahtohuani catca huitzillopochco. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608 ai\os,

I. A particular stream coming from the direction of Coyoacan used for providing fresh

1608 131

parts of Chalco were conquered, in the time of Moteuc,oma llhuicamina, the elder. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 141 years ago, in the year 2 Flint, 1468, that the lord Moteuc,oma Ilhuicamina Chalchiuhtlatonac, the elder, who was ruler in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having ruled for 29 years. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, after that it was 140 years ago to this very day, in the year 3 House, 1469, that the lord Axayacatzin was installed as ruler in [p. 89] Tenochtitlan. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 137 years ago, in the year 6 Flint, 1472, that the lord Ne<;ahualcoyo­ tzin, ruler in Tetzcoco, passed away, having ruled for 42 years. He was just a nobleman for 29 years before he was made ruler, and the whole time he lived on earth from when he was born until when he died totals 71 years. II And right then in the said year his child named Ne<;ahualpilli was installed as ruler in Tetzcoco; he was nine years old when he was made ruler. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 136 years ago, in the year 7 House, 1473, that the Tlatelolca were defeated and conquered; Axayacatzin conquered them. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of the year of our lord God 1608.

l'. And also, it was 128 years ago, in the year 2 House, 1481, that the lord Axayacatzin, ruler in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having ruled for 13 years.// And right then in the said year the lord Ti<;ocicatzin was installed as ruler in Tenochtitlan. He greatly furthered the completion of the house [temple] of Huitzilopochtli. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. [p. 90]

y_ And also, it was 123 years ago, in the year 7 Rabbit, 1486, that the lord Ti,ocicatzin, ruler in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having ruled for six years.// And right then in the said year the lord Ahuitzotzin was installed as ruler in Tenochtitlan. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 121 years ago, in the year 8 Reed, 1487, that the temple of the devil Huitzilopochtli was inaugurated, in the time of the lord Ahuitzotzin. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 110 years ago, in the year 7 Reed, 1499, that the Acuecuexatl1 came out [of its banks] and flooded Tenochtitlan; this is well authenticated, in the time of the lord Ahuitzotzin. At that time two rulers were killed because of the Acuecuexatl, the first named Tepiltzotzomatzin, who was ruler in Coyoacan, and the second named Huitzilatzin, who was ruler in Huitzilopochco. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

water to Tenochtitlan.

11 ,, I

132 TRANSCRIITION AND TRANSLATION

y_ Auh yhuan ye macuilpohualxihuitl ypan chiconxihuitl. yn ipan x. tochtli xihuitl 1502.

afios. yn omomiquilli tlacatl ahuitzotzin. tlahtohuani catca tenochtitlan. yn tlahtocat.

caxto!lomey xihuitl. // auh <;an niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl motlahtocatla!li yn tlacatl Moteuhcgoma xocoyotl tlahtohuani tenochtitlan ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in [p. 91] Yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608. afios -

y_ Auh yhuan ye nauhpohualxihuitl onmatlactli ypan onxihuitl yn ipan x. acatl xihuitl

1515 afios. yn opoliuh ynic <;an ya yn tlacatl negahualpilli tlahtohuani catca aculhuacan

tetzcoco. yn tlahtocat. onpohualxihuitl onchiquacen. auh ynic mocenpohua yn ixquich­

cauh nen tlalticpac. ynic tlacat. ye onpohualxiuhtica onmatlactica ypan nauhxiuhtica. ynic ,an polihuico. ynic ,an ya ca ye yzqui xihuitl quichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de 1608. afios.

y_ Auh yhuan ye nauhpohualxihuitl ypan matlact!oce xihuitl yn ipan xi. tecpatl xihuitl 1516. afios y motlahtocatlalli tlacatl cacamatzin tlahtohuani aculhuacan tetzcoco. ypiltzin y negahualpiltzintli. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuh­ tzin tt0 . Dias. de 1608. a0 s.

y_ Auh ye nauhpohualxihuitl ypan matlacxihuitl yn ipan 1. acatl xihuitl 1519. afios. yn

oacico espai\oles. yn omotlallico. nican ypan totlal yn motenehua nueua espafia. ca ye yz­ qui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin u0 . Dios. de 1608. afios.

ye iuh nepa chiuhcnauhpohualxihuitl ypan caxtolxihuitl cate yn mexica. tenochtitlan. yniquinpan acico. espafiolesme.

y_ Auh yhuan ye nauhpohualxihuitl ypan chiuhcnauhxihuitl yn ipan 2. tecpatl xihuitl

1520. ai\os. yn omomiquilli. tlacatl Moteuhcgoma. xocoyotl. tlahtohuani catca tenoch­ titlan. yn tlahtocat. caxto!lonnahui xihuitl // auh ,an niman ipan iquac yn ipan omo­ teneuh xihuitl [p. 92] Motlahtocatlal!i yn tlacatl cuetlahuatzin 1 tlahtovani tenochtitlan. yquac ompa temi tlaxcallan yn espai\olesme auh c;a nauhpohualilhuitl. yn ontlahtocat tenochtitlan. auh c;an ye ypan yn omoteneuh xihuitl yn momiquilli. totomonaliztli. 2 yn quihuicac ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamia yxiuhtzin tt0 .

Dias. de 1608. afios.

y_ Auh yhuan ye nauhpohualxihuitl. ypan chicuexihuitl yn ipan 3. calli xihuitl 1521.

afios. yn motlahtocatlalli yn tlacatl quauhtimoctzin tlahtohuani tenochtitlan. yn iquac yn ,an ye oc tlaxcallan temi yn espafiolesme. // Auh c;an ye ypan in yn omoteneuh xihuitl. in ya yn poliuh mexicayotl. ynic quitlanque espafiolesme yn altepetl tenochtitlan auh c;an

niman iquac cacique yn espafiolesme. yn quauhtimoctzin tlahtohuani tenochtitlan. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dias. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye nauhpohualxihuitl ypan macuilxihuitl yn ipan vi. tecpatl xihuitl 1524. afios. yn omaxitico. Padreme Sant. Franco. matlactin omomentin teopixque. // Auh no y­

quac ypan in yn omoteneuh xihuitl oncan matlacpohualxiuhtico yn mexica. ynic cate tenochtitlan. // Auh no yquac yn ipan xihuitl omoteneuh. yquac oncan cuyohuacan hui­ calloque oncan ylpitoya. tepoc;otoya. in mexico. tlahtoque. yn quauhtimoctzi yhuan

mote!chiuhtzin. yhuan tlacotzin cihuacohuatl yhuan oquiztzin. yhuan huanitzin. oncan quinxotlatique ypampa yn coztic teocuitlatl yn quipolloque espai\olesme yn oncan to!-

I. The third letter in this word is a bit unclear, but it does seem to bee rather than the expected i; moreover, the form withe is repeated more clearly below, on p. 146.

1608 133

y_ And also, it was 107 years ago, in the year 10 Rabbit, 1502, that the lord Ahuitzotzin, who was ruler in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having ruled for 18 years.// And right then in the said year the lord Moteucc;oma the younger was installed as ruler of Tenochtitlan. That

is how many years it has been until now at [p. 91] the end of this year of our lord God

1608. y_ And also, it was 92 years ago, in the year 10 Reed, 1515, that the lord Nec;ahua!pi!li,

ruler in Acolhuacan Tetzcoco, perished and went away [died], having ruled for 46 years; and all the time he lived on earth from when he was born until he perished and went away

totals 54 years. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of

our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 91 years ago, in the year II Flint, 1516, that the lord Cacamatzin, child of Nec;ahualpiltzintli, was installed as ruler in Acolhuacan Tetzcoco. That is how

many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ It was 90 years ago, in the year I Reed, 1519, that the Spaniards arrived and came to

settle here in our land called New Spain. That is how many years it has been until now at

the end of this year of our lord God 1608. The Mexica had been in Tenochtitlan for 195

years when the Spaniards found them here.

y_ And also, it was 89 years ago, in the year 2 Flint, 1520, that the lord Moteuc<;oma the younger, who was ruler in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having ruled for 19 years.// And right then in the said year [p. 92] the lord Cuitlahuatzin 1 was installed as ruler of Tenoch­ titlan; at that time the Spaniards were in Tlaxcala. For only 80 days he was ruler in Te­ nochtitlan; it was in the same said year that he passed away; pustules 2 were what carried him off. That hi how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y And also, it was 88 years ago, in the year 3 House, 1521, that the lord Quauhtemoctzin

was installed as ruler in Tenochtitlan, likewise still while the Spaniards were in Tlaxcala. // It was in this same said year that Mexica sovereignty perished when the Spaniards won the altepetl of Tenochtitlan, and right at that moment the Spaniards captured Quauhte­ moctzin, ruler in Tenochtitlan. That is how many years it has been until now at the end

of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 85 years ago, in the year 6 Flint, 1524, that the Franciscan fathers, twelve friars, arrivect: // And also at that time, in the said year, the Mexica attained their

two hundredth year of having been in Tenochtitlan. // And it was also at that time, in the

said year, that the rulers in Mexico, Quauhtemoctzin, Mote!chiuhtzin, Tlacotzin the Ci­ huacoatl, Oquiztzin, and Huanitzin, were taken to Coyoacan, where they lay imprisoned in irons. There they burned their feet over the gold that the Spaniards lost at the Tolteca

canal when they fled and they [the Mexica] chased them out of Tenochtitlan at night, so

2. The most common term for smallpox was huei ,;ahuatl, "great rash," but totomo­ naliztli, pustules or blisters, was also used; it appears in the Florentine Codex, Book 12 (Lockhart 1993, 180-83). There can be little doubt that smallpox is meant here.

I i

. ,I

134 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

tccaacalloco. ynic cholloij ynic quintocaque tenochtitlan yohualtica ynic yaca tlaxcallan ompa mopatito. // auh no yquac ypan yn omoteneuh xihuitl. ompa huillohuac. yn huey­ mollan [p. 93] Acallan. yquac poliuhque pehualloto. yquac yectlalliloto. yn hueymollan tlaca. auh yn omotocateneuhque yn izquintin mexico tlahtoque. yn ilpitoya cuyohuacan. oncan quimonehualtique yn ipan xihuitl omoteneuh. ynic ompa quinhuicac hueymollan acallan yn Don fernando cortes. marques de] valle. auh ,an nima ypan yn xihuitl om­ oteneuh ompa quiquatequique yn tlahtohuani Don fernando quauhtimoctzin. yn huey­ mollan. ca ye yzqui xihuitl. oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°.

Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye nauhpohualxihuitl. ypan nauhxivitl yn ipan 7. calli xihuitl. 1525. afios. yn omomiquillico. yn tlacatl Don hernando quauhtimoctzin. ,an quTpilloque ytech pochotl ynehuan yn Don P~ tetlepanquetzatzin tlahtohuani tlacupa. ,an tetlapictli yn quitzauhctiaque. yehuatl quintlatzontequilli. yn marques. Don fernando caries. ompa yn hueymollan quinpilloque. auh yn itech catca. tlahtocayotl quauhtimoctzin yn tenochtitlan. ,an macuilxihuitl. yhuan ompa momiquillito. yn hueymollan yn Don carlos. oquiztzin. tlahtohuani catca azcapotzalco mexicapa. auh ynT tlahtohuani oquiztzin ,an cocolmic yn 6pa ondora auh yn Don Juan velasquez, yn tlacotzin cihuacohuatl. ompa quitlahtoca­ tlallica. yn marques. yn hueymollan ye ytech hualyetihuia yn tlahtocayotl. tenochtitlan ye hualmocuepaya yn tlacotzin auh ye oncan nochiztlan quatzontlan yn onmomiquilico. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608. afios. // auh ,an niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl 7. calli xihuitl. 1525. afios. yn oquauhtlahto Don Andres de tabian motelchiuhtzin yn tenochtitlan. [p. 94] y_ Auh yhuan ye nauhpohualxihuitl ypan exihuitl yn ipan 8. tochtli xihuitl. 1526. afios. yn omotlahtocatlalli yn Don Juan de guzman ytztlollinqui tlahtovani cuyohuacan. yquac axihuaco. ya yexiuhtica ynic huillohuaya. hueymollan. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in ytlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye nauhpohualxihuitl ypan ome xihuitl yn ipan 9. acatl xihuitl. 1527. afios. yn opeuh nequatequiliztli. yn nican mexico Sant. Franco_ ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamia yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dias. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye nauhpohualxihuitl yn ipan xi. calli xihuitl 1529. afios. yn opeuh nena­ mictiliztli nican mexico. ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608.

afios. y_ Auh yhuan ya yepohualxihuitl. ye oncaxtolli ypa nauhxihuitl yn ipan xii. tochtli xihuitl. 1530. afios. yn opoliuhque yn opehualloto teoculhuacan tlaca. yquac ypan in om­ pa ya yn Don Andres de tabian motelchiuhtzin. auh ye ye hualmocuepaya. oncan mo­ miquillico yn aztatlan. oncan ce chichimecatl quimin. yn oquauhtlahto motelchiuhtzin. tenochtitlan. macuilxihuitl. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian

yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608, afios. y_ Auh yhuan ya yepohualxihuitl ypan caxtollomome. xihuitl. yn ipan i. tecpatl xihuitl 1532. afios. yn omotlalli yn oquauhtlahto. yn Don Pablo. xochiquentzin. yquac axihuaco mexico ya yexiuhtica. ynic ompa huillouaya teoculhuacan ca ye yzqui xihuitl o.quichiuh ynic axcan ypan in. yn itlamian [p. 95] Yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608. aiios. ynin hue!

neltiliztli. 1

!608 135

that they went to Tlaxcala to recuperate.// And also at that time, in the said year, a group went to Hueimollan [p. 93] Acallan [Honduras]; at that time the people of Hueimollan were defeated and conquered and set aright [i.e., reorganized Spanish fashion]. All the Mexica rulers whose names were mentioned before who were under arrest in Coyoacan were caused to depart in the said year when don Hernando Cortes, Marques de! Valle, took them to Hueimollan Acallan. Right then in the said year the ruler don Hernando Quauh­ temoctzin was baptized in Hueimollan. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year ofour lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 84 years ago, in the year 7 House, 1525, that the lord don Hernando Quauhtemoctzin passed away; they hanged him from a silk-cotton tree along with don Pedro Tetlepanquetzatzin, ruler in Tacuba. They paid the penalty because of false testi­ mony; the Marques don Hernando Cortes sentenced them, and they hanged them in Huei­ mollan. Quauhtemoctzin had the rulership in Tenochtitlan for only five years. Don Carlos Oquiztzin, who was ruler in Azcapotzalco Mexicapan, also passed away in Hueimollan, but this ruler Oquiztzin died of natural causes in Honduras. In Hueimollan the Marques installed don Juan Velasquez Tlacotzin, the Cihuacoatl, as ruler; the rulership in Tenoch­ titlan was in the hands of Tlacotzin as he was returning, but in Nochiztlan Quatzontlan he passed away. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. // And it was right then in the said year of 7 House, 1525, that don Andres de Tapia Motelchiuhtzin became interim ruler of Tenochtitlan. [p. 94]

y_ And also, it was 83 years ago, in the year 8 Rabbit, 1526, that don Juan de Guzman Itztlolinqui was installed as ruler in Coyoacan. At that time [Cortes and party] arrived here after having gone to Hueimollan for three years. That is how many years it has been until now al the end of the year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 82 years ago, in the year 9 Reed, 1527, that baptism began here in Mexico, at San Francisco. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 80 years ago, in the year 11 House, 1529, that marriage began here in Mexico until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 79 years ago, in the year 12 Rabbit, 1530, that the Teocolhuacan people were defeated and they went to conquer them. At that time, in this year, don An­ dres de Tapia Motelchiuhtzin went there. He was already coming back from there when he passed away in Aztatlan; a Chichimeca shot him with an arrow there. Motelchiuhtzin was interim ruler in Tenochtitlan for five years. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 77 years ago, in the year I Flint, 1532, that don Pablo Xochiquentzin was installed as interim ruler; at that time those who had gone to Teocolhuacan arrived in Mexico after three years. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of [p. 95] this year of our lord God 1608. This is really true. 1

I. Or is well verified.

! I

)

' I [1'1

136 TI¼NSCRil'TION AND TRANSLATION

y_ Auh yhuan ya yepohualxihuitl ypan caxtolxihuitl. yn ipan iii. tochtli xihuitl 1534. afios. yn oacico yancuican nican mexico. yn tlahtohuani Don Antonio de mendoi;a visurrey. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic ax can ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 .

Dias. de I 608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ya yepohualxihuitl ypan matlactlomey xihuitl. yn ipan .v. tecpatl xihuitl 1536. afios. yn omomiquilli Don Pablo xochiquentzin yn oquauhtlahto tenochtitlan ma­ cuilxihuitl ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan I yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0

.

Dias. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ya yepohualxihuitl ypan matlactloce xihuitl yn ipan vii. tochtli xihuitl. 1539. 1 afios, yn omotlahtocatlalli yn omogouernadortlalli yancuican yn hue] achto yn tlacatl Don diego de aluarado. huanitzin. tlahtohuani tenochtitlan. ompa canato. yn ecate­ pec ompa tlahtohuani catca achtopa. i;an ce xihuitl yn ayac tlahtocat. ynic niman motlalli. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dias. de

1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ya yepohualxihuitl. ypan chicuexihuitl yn ipan 10. calli xihuitl 1541. afios. yn omomiquilli tlacatl Don diego de aluarado huanitzin. tlahtohuani gouernador catca tenochtitlan. yn tlahtocat i;an nauhxihuitl. // auh i;an niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. motlahtocatlalli mogouernadortlalli yn tlacatl. Don diego d st franCO tehuetz­ quititzin. tlahto[p. 96]huani tenochtitlan. no yquac huillohuac yn xochipillan yquac po­ liuhque yn xochipilteca ompa motlahtocapacato 2 yn Don diego tehuetzquititzI ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan I yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ya yepohualxihuitl ypan nauhxihuitl yn ipan i. calli xihuitl 1545. afios. yn toyacacpa eztli quiz. ypan yquac moman in tiyanquiztli Sant ipolito. ca ye yzqui xihuitl. oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt 0 . Dios. de 1608. a0 s. y_ Auh yhuan ya yepohualxihuitl ypan ce xihuitl yn ipan 4. tecpatl xihuitl 1548. afios. yn omomiquilli Don fray Juan de i;umaraga. obispo. catca mexico in teoyotica tlahtocat. tenochtitlan hue] ixquichcauh cenpohualxihuitl ypan ce xihuitl. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608. afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye onpohualxihuitl ypan caxtollomey. xihuitl yn ipan vii. acatl xihuitl 1551 afios. yn ohualla yn oacico mexico. yn huehue Don luis de velasco. visurrey ca ye yzqui xihuitl. oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt 0 • Dios. de 1608.

afios. y_ Auh yhuan ye onpohualxihuitl. ypan caxtolxihuitl. yn ipan 10. tochtli xihuitl 1554. afios. yn omomiquilli tlacatl. Don diego de s1 franC,0 tehuetzquititzin. tlahtohuani tenoch­ titlan. yn tlahtocat. matlactlonnahui xihuitl. // auh no yquac hualmohuicac, yn ipann omoteneuh xihuitl. yquac maxitico yn mexico. y Don fray Alonso de muntufar. ari;o­ bispo. mexico. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin

tt 0 • Dios. de 1608. afios. - [p. 97] y_ Auh yhuan ye onpohualxihuitl ypan matlactlomome xihuitl. yn ipan xiii. calli xihuitl. 1557. afios yn omotlahtocatlalli tlacatl Don xpoual de guzma cecetzin. gouernador tenochtitlan. ynin ipiltzin yn Don diego huanitzin. auh yn oquic ayemo motlahtoca-

1. By the indigenous year cycle, the Christian calendar year should be 1538. 2. The construction "motlahtocapacato" contains the past of the outward moving pur­

posive motion form and the reflexive prefix, and incorporates tlatoani, "ruler." What remains is paca, "to wash." The literal meaning would be "he went to wash himself as a

1608 137

y_ And also, it was 75 years ago, in the year 3 Rabbit, 1534, that the lord don Antonio de Mendoza, the viceroy, arrived here in Mexico for the first time. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 73 years ago, in the year 5 Flint, 1536, that don Pablo Xochiquentzin, who was interim ruler in Tenochtitlan for five years, passed away. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 71 years ago, in the year 7 Rabbit, 1539, 1 that the lord don Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin was installed as ruler in Tenochtitlan and its very first governor. They went to get him from Ecatepec, where he was ruler first. For only a year there was no ruler; then he was put in office. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 68 years ago, in the year 10 House, 1541, that the lord don Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin, who was ruler and governor in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having ruled only four years. // And right then in the said year the lord don Diego de San Francisco Tehuetzquititzin was installed as ruler and governor [p. 96] in Tenochtitlan. Also at that time a party went to Xochipillan; the Xochipilteca were defeated then. Don Diego Tehuetzquititzin went there to do his first notable deed as ruler.2 That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 64 years ago, in the year 1 House, 1545, that blood came out of peo­ ple's noses. In this year the San Hip6lito market was set up. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 61 years ago, in the year 4 Flint, 1548, that don fray Juan de Zu­ mclrraga, who was bishop in Mexico, passed away, having ruled in Tenochtitlan in spiritual matters for a full 21 years. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 58 years ago, in the year 7 Reed, 1551, that don Luis de Velasco the elder, the viceroy, came to and arrived in Mexico. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y_ And also, it was 55 years ago, in the year JO Rabbit, 1554, that the lord don Diego de San Francisco Tehuetzquititzin, ruler in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having ruled for 14 years.// And also at that time, in the said year, don fray Alonso de Montufar, archbishop in Mexico, came to and arrived in Mexico. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our Lord 1608. - [p. 97]

y_ And also, it was 52 years ago, in the year 13 House, 1557, that the lord don Crist6bal de Guzman Cecetzin was installed to rule as governor in Tenochtitlan; he was the child of don Diego Huanitzin. Before he was installed to rule,3 the [rulership] was vacant for only

ruler," but the reference is to a ruler accrediting himself through an initial act, often originally winning a battle or taking captives, but also any other ostentatious deed, See another example and its explanation in Reyes Garcia 2001, pp. 154-55, n. 48.

3. See p. 138, n. I.

: '

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·,ii

138 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

tlalliaya. 1 ,an onxihuitl. yn cactimanca tenochtitlan. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic

axcan ypan in. yn itlamian yxiuhtzin. tt 0 . Dias. de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ye onpohualxihuitl ypan matlacxivitl. yn ipan 2. acatl xihuitl 1559. afios. yn omoquetz quauhteocalli munomento. yn oncan Sant. Joseph. yniqu ipampa tlatlatlauh­ tiloc. in huey tlahtohuani Don carlos .v. emperador. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic

axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ye onpohualxihuitl ypan chiconxihuitl yn ipan v. tochtli xihuitl. 1562. afios. yn omomiquilli tlacatl. Don xj\oual de guzman cecetzin. tlahtohuani tenochtitlan. yn ipiltzin Don diego huanitzin. yn tlahtocat. chiquacenxihuitl. ca ye yzqui xihuitl. oqui­

chiuh ynic axcan ynpan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt 0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ye onpohualxihuitl. ypan chiquacenxihuitl. yn ipan vi. acatl xihuitl 1563. afios. yn omotlahtocatlalli tlacatl. Don luis. de stta maria nacacipactzin. 2 gouernador tenochtitlan. ca ye yzqui xivitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt 0

•

Dias. de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ye onpohualxihuitl ypan macuilxivitl. yn ipan vii. tecpatl xihuitl. 1564. afios. yn omomiquilli tlacatl. huehue Don luis. de velasco. visurrey. yquac tzin[p. 98]tic.

yn tlacallaquilli nican mexico. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh. ynic axcan ypan in yn itla­ mian. yxiuhtz1 tt 0 . Dias. de 1608, afios. yn tlahtocat. mexico 14. xihuitl y Auh yhuan ye onpohualxihuitl ypan nauhxihuitl yn ipan viii. calli xihuitl. 1565. afios. yn omomiquilli tlacatl Don luis de stta maria nacacipactzin tlahtohuani tenochtitlan. yn tlahtocat. yexihuitl. auh yehuatl in o ytech tlamico, ynic mexica tlahtocatepilhuan yn tenochca tlahtocatepilhuan yn aocmo yehuiltin. tlahtocati tenochtitlan. ye cen iquac coto­ nico. yn intlahtocatepacholiz. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlami­

an yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios de 1608. afios. 'y_ Auh yhuan ye onpohualxihuitl ypan ye xihuitl yn ipan ix. tochtli xihuitl 1566. afios. yn oquechcotonalloque. omentin tlahtoque 3 Alonso davilla. yhuan yteyccauh Gil go<;ales aluarado. yaoyotl yntech tlah4 quichihuazquia. yuh mito macocuizquia. yn ipampa qui­ tzauhtiaque. II auh <;an no yquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. hualla yn tlacatl Don Gaston de peralta. visurrey. comendador s.tiago. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuq ynic axcan ypan in

yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dias. de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ye onpohualxihuitl. ypan ce xihuitl yni ipan xi. tecpatl xihuitl. 1568. afios. yn ohualla mexico. yn Don franc 0 ximenez. juez gouernador. mochihuaco. y nican te­ nochtitlan. tecamachalco ychan yehuatl ye cen copehualtico. yn altepetl ypan ye hualhui yn juezgouernadores. in ye huallapachohua tenochtitlan. II auh <;an no yquac yn ipan omo­ teneuh xihuitl. yn oyah castilla yn tlacatl Don Gaston de peralta visurrey. <;an exiuhtico y nican mexico tlahtocatico. II Auh <;an no yquac [p. 99] Yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. yn ohualla yn acico mexico. yn tlacatl. Don Martin emrriquez. visurrey. ynin atle encomien­ da5 quipiaya. <;a ye yzqui xihuitl. oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0

•

Dios. de 1608. a0 s.

I. The use, two times, of the verb tlahtocatlallia could be taken to mean that don Cris­ t6bal was specifically installed in the office of tlatoani as well as governor, or it could be taken, as often with Ch., to mean that the governorship is in some sense equated with the rulership. Just below, in the entry for 1562, don Crist6bal is referred to unequivocally as tlatoani. Much the same situation with tlatocatla/ia and the governorship occurs again in the 1563 and 1565 entries with don Luis de Santa Marfa.

1608 139

two years in Tenochtitlan. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of

this year of our lord God 1608. y_ And also, it was 50 years ago, in the year 2 Reed, 1559, that a wooden church, a mon­ ument [catafalque], was erected in [the church of] San Josef, because prayers were offered for the great ruler don Carlos V, the emperor. That is how many years it has been until

now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y And also, it was 47 years ago, in the year 5 Rabbit, 1562, that tl1e lord don Crist6bal de Guzman Cecetzin, ruler in Tenochtitlan, child of don Diego Huanitzin, passed away, having ruled for six years. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of

this year of our lord God 1608. y And also, it was 46 years ago, in the year 6 Reed, 1563, that the lord don Luis de Santa Marfa Nacacipactzin 2 was installed to rule as governor in Tenochtitlan. That is how many

years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y And also, it was 45 years ago, in the year 7 Flint, 1564, that the lord don Luis de Velasco the elder, the viceroy, passed away. At that time the payment of tribute was introduced [p. 98] here in Mexico. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. He [Velasco] ruled in Mexico for 14 years. y And also, it was 44 years ago, in the year 8 House, 1565, that the lord don Luis de Santa Marfa Nacacipactzin, ruler in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having ruled for three years, and with him it came to an end that descendants of the Mexica and Tenochca rulers should rule in Tenochtitlan any more; at that time their governing as rulers was cut off forever. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord

God 1608. y_ And also, it was 43 years ago, in the year 9 Rabbit, 1566, that the two lords3 Alonso de Avila and his younger sibling Gil Gonzalez de Alvarado were decapitated. They were accused 4 of being about to make war. It was said that they were going to rebel, for which they paid the penalty. II And likewise at that time, in the said year, the lord don Gast6n de Peralta, viceroy, comendador of Santiago, came. That is how many years it has been until

now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y And also, it was 41 years ago, in the year 11 Flint, 1568, that don Francisco Jimenez, from Tecamachalco, came to Mexico appointed as judge-governor here in Tenochtitlan. He first began it that judge-governors from various other altepetl have come to govern in Tenochtitlan. II And likewise at that time, in the said year, the lord don Gast6n de Peralta, viceroy, went to Spain; he ruled here in Mexico for only three years. II And likewise at that time, [p. 99] in the said year, the lord don Martin Enriquez, viceroy, came to and arrived in Mexico; he had no encomienda. 5 That is how many years it has been until now

at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

2. The usual form is Nanacacipactzin, "mushroom alligator," and in that form it is generally taken to be derisive; Cipactzin by itself was one of the classic preconquest ca­ lendtical names.

3. Literally, rulers. 4. For "tlan." 5. See pp. 26-27 at n. 6.

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140 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

:;_ Auh yhuan ye cenpohualxihuitl ypan caxtollomome xihuitl. yn ipan 2. tecpatl xihuitl. 1572. afios. yn omomiquilli Don fray Alonso de muntufar. ar<;obispo. mexico. yn teo­ yotica motlahtocatilli caxtollonnahui xihuitl. // Auh <;an no yquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. yn quiz. mohuicac yn ichan tecamachalco. yn Don franc 0 ximenez. Juez gouer­ nador. catca tenochtitlan. yn tlahtocat. macuilxihuitl. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. :;_ Auh yhuan ye cenpohualxihuitl ypan caxtollonce xihuitl. yn ipan 3. calli xihuitl. 1573. afios. yn ohualla mexico. tenochtitlan yn tlacatl huehue Don Antonio. valleriano. tlama­ tini momachtiani Juez gouernador. mochihuaco tenochtitlan azcapotzalco. ychan. ynin ymontzin yn Don diego huanitzin. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. :;_ Auh yhuan ye cenpohualxihuitl ypan caxtolxihuitl yn ipan iiii. tochtli xihuitl. 1574. afios. yn omacoc teoyotica ytlahtocayo. Don Pedro moya de contreras. ynic ar<;obispo. omochiuhtzino mexico. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de 1608. afios. Y. Auh yhuan ye cenpohualxihuitl ypan chiuhcnauhxihuitl. yn ipan x. tecpatl. xihuitl. 1580. afios. yn o[p. J00]mohuicac peru. yn tlacatl. Don Martin emrriquez. visurrey yn tlahtocat tenochtitlan. matlactlomey xihuitl. // auh <;an no yquac yn ipan omoteneuh xi­ huitl. yn omaxitico mexico. yn tlacatl Don luren,o xuarez de mendo<;a conde de corufia vi­ surrey ynin anotle encomienda 1 quipiaya ca ye yzqui xihuitl. oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de 1608. afios. Y. Auh yhuan ye cenpohualxihuitl. ypan chiquace xihuitl. yn ipan xiii. acatl xihuitl. 1583. afios. yn ohualmohuicac nican mexico. yn crucifixos. yn 6pa monextitzino Sant. guilermo. totollapan 2 Sant. Pablo maxitico. / auh ,an no ypann iquac yn omoteneuh xi­ huitl. yn omomiquilli tlacatl Don lurern;o xuarez de mendo,a conde de corufia visurrey. yn tlahtocat. tenochtitlan onxihuitl ypan chicuetetl metztli. ypan cenpohuallonmatlactli ypan eylhuitl. 3 ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608. a0 s. Y. Auh yhuan ye cenpohualxihuitl ypan macuilxihuitl. yn ipan i. tecpatl xihuitl. 1584. afios. yn omochiuhtzino bisitador general yn ipan nueua espafia. niman gouernador visu­ rrey. omochiuhtzino. yn teoyotica tlahtohuani Don Pedro moya de contreras. an;obispo. mexico. yn ipampa ynic omomiquilli visurrey. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlarnian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de 1608 aiios. Y. Auh yhuan ye cenpohualxihuitl. ypan nauhxihuitl. yn ipan 2. calli xihuitl. 1585. afios. yn omochiuh Sancto concilio. yn teoytica necentlaliliztli yn nican mexico. ynic tlaya­ hualoloc. // auh no yquac. yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl yn ohualla [p. 101] Yn omaxitico. mexico. yn tlacatl Don Aluaro Manrrique. de <;uniga. marques. de Villa Manrrique. visu­ rrey. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de 1608. a0 s. Y. Auh yhuan ye cenpohualxihuitl ypan ye xivitl. yn ipan 3. tochtli xihuitl. 1586. aiios. yn omopehualti mohuicac castilla. in teyotica tlahtohuani Don pedro moya de contreras. an;obispo. mexico. matlacxihuitl yn arcobispo. moyetzticat 4 mexico tenochtitlan. auh yhuan ynic visitador. yhuan ynic gouernador. mochiuhtzinco mexico yexihuitl. ca ye yz

I. Seep. 139 at n. 5 and the further reference there. 2. The same topic is mentioned on pp. 28-29 at n. 2.

1608 141

Y. And also, it was 37 years ago, in the year 2 Flint, 1572, that don fray Alonso de Montufar, archbishop in Mexico, passed away, having ruled in spiritual matters for 19 years. // And likewise it was at that time, in the said year, that don Francisco Jimenez, who was judge-governor in Tenochtitlan, left and went to his home of Tecamachalco having ruled for five years. That is how many years it has been until now at the end oi this yearofour lord God 1608.

:;_ And also, it was 36 years ago, in the year 3 House, 1573, that the lord don Antonio Valeriano the elder, a sage and scholar, came to Mexico Tenochtitlan appointed judge­ governor in Tenochtitlan; he was from Azcapotzalco and was the son-in-law of don Diego Huanitzin. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

Y. And also, it was 35 years ago, in the year 4 Rabbit, 1574, that don Pedro Moya de Contreras was given his spiritual rulership as appointed archbishop in Mexico. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

Y. And also, it was 29 years ago, in the year 10 Flint, 1580, that the lord don Martin Enriquez, viceroy, [p. 100] went to Peru, having ruled in Tenochtitlan for 13 years.// And it was likewise at that time, in the said year, that the lord don Lorenzo Suarez de Mendoza, Count of Corufia, viceroy, arrived in Mexico; he had no encomienda either.1

That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

Y. And also, it was 26 years ago, in the year 13 Reed, 1583, that the crucifix which appeared in San Guillermo Totolapan 2 was brought here to Mexico and arrived in San Pablo. / And it was likewise at this time, in the said year, that don Lorenzo Suarez de Mendoza, Count of Corufia, viceroy, passed away, having ruled in Tenochtitlan 2 years, 8 months, and 33 days. 3 That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

Y. And also, it was 25 years ago, in the year 1 Flint, 1584, that the spiritual ruler don Pedro Moya de Contreras, archbishop in Mexico, was appointed visitor general in New Spain and then governor and viceroy, because of how the viceroy died. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

Y. And also, it was 24 years ago, in the year 2 House, 1585, that a holy council, a spiritual assembly, was held here in Mexico, because of which there were processions.// And it was also at that time, in the said year, that the lord don Alvaro Manrrique de Zu­ niga, Marques of Villamanrrique, viceroy, came to [p. 101] and arrived in Mexico. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

Y. And also, it was 23 years ago, in the year 3 Rabbit, 1586, that the ruler in spiritual matters, don Pedro Moya de Contreras, archbishop in Mexico, departed and went to Spain; he was archbishop 4 in Mexico Tenochtitlan for ten years, and also made inspector and governor in Mexico for three years. That is how many years it has been until now at the

3. The number "33" would appear to be in error, but see also pp. 28-29 at n. 3. 4. For "aryobispo, moyetzticatca."

o.;,

I, '' !

,:1

I

I 'II,

142 1RANSCRil'TION AND1RANSLATION

qui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dias. de 1608. anos. y Auh ye caxtollonnahui xihuitl yn ipan vii. tochtli xihuitl. 1590. anos. yn omohuicac espana. yn tlacatl Don Aluaro. Manrrique. de c;uniga. marques de villa marrique visurrey. yn tlahtocat. tenochtitlan. macuilxihuitl. II auh c;an niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xi­ huit1 yn ohualmohuicac yn omaxitico mexico. ynic ome ytoca Don luis de velasco visu­

rrey. y Auh yhuan ye caxtolxihuitl. yn ipan .xi. tochtli xihuitl 1594. afios. yn omacoc pos­ sion1 quimocuilli yn arcediano. Don Juan de ceruantes. ynic yxiptlatzin ygou 0 rtzin. mochiuh el licenciado Don Alonso fernandez. de Bonilla arc;obispo. mexico. yn oquic. visitador. mochiuhtzinoto peru. ompa yn quihualmacac yn ihuelitiliz. ynic ygou 0 r mo­ chiuh Don Juan de ceruates. ca ye yzqui xihuitl. oquichiuh ynie axcan ypan in yn itlamian

yxinhtzin tt0 . Dias. de 1608. anos. y Auh yhuan ye matlacxihuitl ypan nauhxihuitl yn ipan xii. acatl xihuitl 1595. anos. yn omohuicac !p. 102] Peru. yn tlatl 2 ynic ome ytoca Don luis de velasco. visurrey. yn tlahtocat. tenochtitlan macuilxihuitl ypan matlactetl metztli II auh c;an niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. yn ohualmohuicac yn omaxitico mexico yn tlacatl Don Gaspar de c;uniga. y Azeuedo conde de Monterrey visurrey. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dias. de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ye matlacxihuitl ypann exihuitl yn ipan xiii. tecpatl xihuitl. 1596. anos. yn theniente mochiuh yn tlacatl Don Juan mm mestic;o. quipallehui yn huehue Don Antonio Valeriano gouemador. tenochtitlan. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 , Dias. de 1608. anos. _y Auh yhuan ye matlacxihuitl yn ipan iii. acatl xixihuitl. 3 1599. afios. yn ohualla yn omotlallico mexico Don Jeronimo Lupez mesti<;o Juez gou'?r mochihuaco yn mexico tenochtitlan. ynin xaltocan ychan auh yquac huel quicauh yn itequiuh ynic Juez gou0 r catca huehue Don Antonio valeriano. yn tlahtocat tenochtitlan cenpohualli onchicome xihuitl. II auh yn theniente catca Don Juan mm mestic;o yn tenochtitlan. ynic quipallehui Don Antonio. valeriano. onxihuitl ypan chicuetetl metztli. ynic niman opa yah tlatilolco Juez gouernadortito ompa ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian

yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ye chiuhcnauhxihuitl yn ipan iiii. tecpatl xihuitl 1600. anos. yn ohualla tlahtolli !p. 103] Peru. yuh machiztico. nican mexico. ompa omomiquilli yn teoyotica tlahtohuani el licenciado. Don Alonso. fernandez. de Bonilla. arc;obispo. mexico. auh yn itech catca mexico arc;obispoyotl. chiquacenxihuitl. ypan chiquacentetl metztli. auh yx­ quichcauh ypampa gouernador mochiuhticatca y nican mexico. yn Don Juan de ceruantes. arcediano. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0

.

Dias. de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ye chiconxihuitl yn ipan vi. tochtli xivitl 1602. anos. yn omaxitico mexico. yn teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fray Garcia de s1. ta maria de mendoc;a y c;uniga. arc;obispo. mexico. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuh­

tzin tt0 • Dios. de 1608. anos. y Auh yhuan ye chiquacenxihuitl yn ipan vii. acatl xihuitl 1603. afios. yn omohuicac Peru yn tlacatl Don Gaspar de c;uniga y Azeuedo. conde de monterrey. visurrey yn

1. For "possession." 2. For "tlacatl."

1608 143

end of this year of our lord God 1608. y And also, it was 19 years ago, in the year 7 Rabbit, 1590, that the lord don Alvaro Manrrique de Zuniga, Marques of Villamanrrique, viceroy, went to Spain, having ruled in Tenochtitlan for five years. II And it was right then in the said year that the viceroy don Luis de Velasco, the second of his name, came to and arrived in Mexico.

y And also, it was 15 years ago, in the year 11 Rabbit, 1594, that the archdeacon don Juan de Cervantes was given and took possession' of his office as appointed deputy and governor for licenciado don Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla, archbishop in Mexico, as long as he has gone to Peru appointed inspector there; from there he gave him his authority so that don Juan de Cervantes was made governor for him. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. y And also, it was 14 years ago, in the year 12 Reed, 1595, that the lord2 don Luis de Velasco, viceroy, the second of his name, went !p. 102] to Peru, having ruled in Tenoch­ titlan 5 years and 10 months. II And it was right then in the said year that the lord don Gaspar de Zuniga y Acevedo, Count of Monterrey, viceroy, came to and arrived in Mexico. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord

God 1608. _y And also, it was 13 years ago, in the year 13 Flint, 1596, that the lord don Juan Mar­ tfn, mestizo, was appointed deputy and aided don Antonio Valeriano the elder, governor of Tenochtitlan. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our

lord God 1608. _y And also, it was 10 years ago, in the year3 3 Reed, 1599, that don Geronimo Lopez, mestizo, came to Mexico and was installed as the judge-governor appointed in Mexico Tenochtitlan; he was from Xaltocan. And at this time don Antonio Valeriano the elder really left his office as judge-governor, having ruled in Tenochtitlan for 27 years. II And don Juan Martfn, mestizo, who had been deputy in Tenochtitlan, aiding don Antonio Valeriano for 2 years and 8 months, then went to Tlatelolco to be judge-governor there. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God

1608. y And also, it was 9 years ago, in the year 4 Flint, 1600, that news came !p. 103] from Peru and it became known here in Mexico that the spiritual ruler licenciado don Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla, archbishop in Mexico, had passed away there. He held the arch­ bishopric for 6 years and 6 months, and for the whole time don Juan de Cervantes was ap­ pointed governor on his behalf here in Mexico. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608.

y And also, it was 7 years ago, in the year 6 Rabbit, 1602, that the spiritual ruler don fray Garcia de Santa Maria de Mendoza y Zuniga, archbishop in Mexico, arrived in Mexico. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord

God 1608. y And also, it was 6 years ago, in the year 7 Reed, 1603, that the lord don Gaspar de Zuniga y Acevedo, Count of Monterrey, viceroy, went to Peru, having ruled in Tenoch-

3. In "xixihuitl." xi is inadvertently repeated.

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144 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSIATION

tlahtocatico tenochtitlan. chiconxihuitl ypan matlactetl once metztli. // auh <;a niman iquac yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. yn ohualla yn omaxitico mexico. yn tlacatl Don Juan de mendo<;a. y luna marques de motesclaros. visurrey. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608. afios. y Auh yhuan ya ye xihuitl yn ipan x. tochtli xihuitl 1606. afios. yn omomiquilli. teo­ yotica tlahtohuani Don fray Garcia de s1ta maria de mendo<;a y <;uniga. ar<;obispo. mexico. yn teoyotica omotlahtocatilli tenochtitlan nauhxihuitl. ca ye yzqui xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin tt0 . Dios. de 1608. afios. [p. 104] y Auh yhuan ye ce xihuitl yn ipan xi. acatl xihuitl 1607. afios. yn omohuicac Peru. yn tlacatl. Don Juan de mendo<;a y luna. marques de montesclaros. visurrey. yn otlahtocatico. tenochtitlan. yexihuitl. ypan chicuetetl metztli. // auh <;an niman iquac yn ipan omo­ teneuh xihuitl. yn oquimanilli ytlahtocatequitzin yn tlacatl. Don luis de velasco. ye oppa visurrey. omochiuhtzino. y nican tenochtitlan. ca ye ce xihuitl oquichiuh ynic axcan ypan in yn itlamian yxiuhtzin 11°. Dios. de 1608. afios. Y. Auh ye omoteneuh tlacpac yn ipan in xihuitl xii. tepatl1 xihuitl. 1608. afios. yn omomiquilli Don Jeronimo lupez. Juez gouernador. tenochtitlan. yn otlahtocatico tenoch­ titlan. matlacxihuitl ypa chicuetetl metztli. ypan cenpohuallonce tonatiuh // auh <;an ni­ man ipan in yn omoteneuh xihuitl yn ohualcallac y nican mexico. in tlacatl Don Juan bapta Juez gouernador. mochiuh yn tenochtitlan. malinalco. ychan yn axcan moyetztica. tlahtocati. ynin ye cenpohuallonmatlactli ypan ome i ye yntepachocahuan mexica tenoch­ ca. in ye ye ompa hualquizque in ye ye ompa huallolinque. yn inchan yn ompa huehue mexico aztlan quinehuayan chicomoztoc yn axcan quitocayotia yancuic mexico. auh ynic hue! mellahuac momatiz. in ye yzquintin intepachocahuan mochihua mexica tenochca nican teneuhtoc yn intoca. nican motecpana ceceyaca. y Ynic ce ytoca Moteuhc9oma. ynin oc ompa. yntlahtocauh catca in yancuic mexico. az­

tlan yn mexica. y Ynic ome ytoca chalchiuhtlatonac ynin yevatl quinhualquixti. ompa quinhualpachotia [p. 105] Ynic ompa hualquizque huallolinque yancuic mexico aztlan quinehuayan chi­

comoztoc yn mexica. tenochca. y Yniquey ytoca quauhtlequetzqui teomama - y Ynic nahui ytoca acacitli. Y. Ynic macuilli ytoca citlallitzin y Ynic chiquacen ytoca tzinpan y Ynic chicome ytoca tla<;otzin. y Ynic chicuey ytoca tozcuecuextli. y Ynic chiuhcnahui ytoca huehue huitzillihuitl tlahtohuani y Ynic matlactli ytoca tenochtzin quimaxitico yehuatl quinhualpachotia quinhualyacan yn mexica. ynic acico tenochtitlan. y Ynic matlactlonce ytoca acamapichtli tlahtohuani achto yn tenochtitlan y Y nic matlactlomome ytoca huitzillihuitl. ye ome tlahtohuani Y. Ynic matlactlomey ytoca chimalpopoca tlahtohuani y Ynic matlactlonnahui ytoca ytzcohuatl tlahtohuani y Ynic caxtolli ytoca huehue Moteuhc<;oma ylhuicamina chalchiuhtlahtonac tlahtovani

1. For "tecpatl."

1608 145

titian 7 years and 11 months. // And it was right then in the said year that the lord don Juan de Mendoza y Luna, Marques ofMontesclaros, viceroy, came to and arrived in Mexi­ co. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God

1608. y And also, it was 3 years ago, in the year 10 Rabbit, 1606, that the spiritual ruler don fray Garcia de Santa Marfa de Mendoza y Zuniga, archbishop in Mexico, passed away, having ruled in spiritual matters in Tenochtitlan for four years. That is how many years it has been until now at the end of this year of our lord God 1608. [p. 104] y And also, it was one year ago, in the year 11 Reed, 1607, that the lord don Juan de Mendoza y Luna, Marques of Montesclaros, viceroy, went to Peru, having ruled in Te­ nochtitlan 3 years and 8 months. II And it was right then in the said year that the lord don Luis de Velasco took his office as ruler, appointed viceroy for the second time here in Tenochtitlan. He has put in one year until now at the end of the year of our lord God 1608. ' y It was mentioned above that it was in the year 12 Flint, 1 1608, that don Geronimo L6pez, judge-governor in Tenochtitlan, passed away, having come to rule in Tenochtitlan for 10 years, 8 months, and 21 days.// And it was right then in the said year that the lord don Juan Bautista entered Mexico here, appointed judge-governor in Tenochtitlan; he is from Malinalco, and he is ruling at present. He is the 32nd of those who have been gover­ nors of the Mexica Tenochca since they left and set out in this direction from their home there in Old Mexico Aztlan Quinehuayan Chicomoztoc, which today they call New Mexico. And so that it will be known correctly who all those who governed the Mexica Tenochca were, their names are mentioned here; here each one is listed.

y The first was named Moteuc<;oma; he was their ruler while the Mexica were still in New Mexico, Aztlan. y The second was named Chalchiuhtlatonac; he brought them out and came governing them [p. 105] as the Mexica Tenochca left and set out in this direction from New Mexico,

Aztlan Quinehuayan Chicomoztoc. Y. The third was named Quauhtlequetzqui, god-bearer. y The fourth was named Acacitli. Y. The fifth was named Citlalintzin. Y. The sixth was named Tzimpan. Y. The seventh was named Tla~otzin. y The eighth was named Tozcuecuextli. Y. The ninth was named Huitzilihuitl the elder, ruler. y The tenth was named Tenochtzin; he brought them here, he came governing the Mexica

and led them until they arrived in Tenochtitlan. y The I Ith was named Acamapichtli, the first ruler in Tenochtitlan. y The 12th was named Huitzilihuitl, the second ruler. Y. The 13th was named Chimalpopoca, ruler. y The 14th was named ltzcoatl, ruler. y The 15th was named the elder Moteuc<;oma Ilhuicamina Chalchiuhtlatonac, ruler.

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146

y Ynic caxtollonce ytoca axayacatzin tlahtohuani y Y nic caxtollonmome ytoca ti,ocic, tlahtohuani.

TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

y Ynic caxtollomey. ytoca Ahuitzotl tlahtohuani Ip. 106]

y Y nic caxtollonnahui ytoca Moteuhc,oma xocoyotl huey tlahtohuani y Ynic cenpohualli ytoca cuetlahuatzin y Ynic cenpohuallonce ytoca quauhtimoctzin y Ynic cenpohuallomome ytoca Don Andres. motelchiuhtzin y Y nic cenpohuallomey ytoca Don Pablo xochiquetzin. y Ynic cenpohuallonnahui ytoca Don diego de aluarado huanitzin. y Ynic cenpohuallonmacuilli ytoca Don diego de Sant. Fran° 0 . tehuetzquititzin y Y nic cenpohuallonchiquacen ytoca Don xpoual de guzman cecetzin. y Ynic cenpohuallonchicome ytoca Don luis de st.ta maria nacacipactzin y Ynic cenpohuallonchicuey ytoca Don franc.o ximenez. <;an Juez y Ynic cenpohuallonchiuhcnahui ytoca huehue Don Antonio valeriano, y Ynic cenpohuallonmatlactli ytoca Don Juan mm. theniente y Ynic cenpohuallomatlactli once ytoca Don Jeronimo Lupez. y Ynic cenpohuallonmatlactli ypan ome ytoca Don Juan bapta. ynin axcan moyetztica, de

1609. afios. y Auh <;an o moch mocentlallique. nican yn oquauhtlahtoque. yhuan yn tlahtoque. yhuan in Juezgouernadoresme. omochiuhque nica tenochtitlan mexico. Ip. 107]

y Yhuan nican motenehua yn Gouernadoresme yhuan yn visurreyesme in ye otlapachoque yn ipan in nueua espafia. in ye ixquichcauh ye oquitlanque. yhuan ynic yehuatl axcan

ypan xihuitl de 1609.1

Auh ye omitoq ye omoteneuhi'j yn ipan tlacpac ,a mocenmatoque yn tlahtoque Reyesme mexico. auh <;a yuh neci. amo hue! ticnonquatlalizque. amo hue! ticnonquaquixtizque. ynic mocemitoz. ynic mochihuaz imemoriayo yn ipan in. yn Gouernadoresme. yhuan visurreyesme. in ye otlapachoque. yn ipan in nueua espafia in ye ixquichcauh ypan ye­ huantin christianosme2 ymaxcapan. y Yehuatl achto catca yn Don fernando Cortes. Marques de! valle gouernador. Justicia mayor y Capitan General. yn tlapacho hue! ixquichcauh ynic quitlanico tlalli yn ipan xihuitl de 1519. yxquichcauh ye acic ynic omilhuitl mani metztli Julio. yn ipan. xihuitl de 1526, yn tlapacho chiquacenxlhuitl ypan chicuetetl metztli. y Auh yehuatl. ye ome Gouernador mochiuh in yehuatl el liceciado luis. Ponce ompa yntechcopa qui<;a ytlacamecayohuan yn tlahtoque Duques. yn ipan altepetl motenehua de arcos. mochiuh Juez de residencia. y quiceli yn onmotlalli ypan ytepacholiz. yn Gouer­ nacio. ye omilhuitl mani metztli Julio. yn ipan xihuitl de 1526. auh amo huel quitzon­ quixti yn itetlatetemoliliz. yn Residencia yehica. niman 6momiquillico. ,an quexquich­

cauhtica y Auh ynic momiquilli yn liceciado luis. Ponce. niman omotlalli yn ipan tepacholiztli. yn Gouernacio. yn iteniente. Marcos. de Aguilar. ompa ychan yn ipan altepetl de Exija.

Ip. 108] y Auh yn onmomiquillico Marcos. de Aguilar. ,an ome metztica auh ypatca yxiptla

I. An attempt may have been made to change this 9 into an 8. 2. With the third person demonstrative yehuantin, it appears that "Christians" here

means the Spaniards, as it often did in colloquial Nahuatl. This whole sentence seems to

]608-1609?

y The 16th was named Axayacatzin, ruler. y The 17th was named Ti,ocic, ruler. y The 18th was named Ahuitzotl, ruler. Ip. 106]

y The 19th was named Moteuc,oma the younger, the great ruler. y The 20th was named Cuitlahuatzin. y The 21st was named Quauhtemoctzin. y The 22nd was named don Andres Motelchiuhtzin. y The 23rd was named don Pablo Xochiquentzin, y The 24th was named don Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin. y The 25th was named don Diego de San Francisco Tehuetzquititzin. y The 26th was named don Crist6bal de Guzman Cecetzin. y The 27th was named don Luis de Santa Marfa Nacacipactzin. y The 28th was named don Francisco Jimenez, only a judge, y The 29th was named don Antonio Valeriano the elder. y The 30th was named don Juan Martin, deputy. y The 31st was named don Geronimo Lopez. y The 32nd was named don Juan Bautista; he is now in office in the year 1609.

147

y Here all those who were interim rulers, rulers, and were appointed as judge-governors here in Tenochtitlan Mexico have been brought together. [p. 107]

y And here are mentioned the governors and viceroys who have governed in New Spain ever since they won it until the present year of 1609.1

The rulers and kings of Mexico were already spoken of and mentioned, and they are placed together above. It seems that we might likewise put in some separate place a total list and memorandum in this [text] of the governors and viceroys who have governed in New Spain ever since it has belonged to the Christians.2

y The first was don Hernando Cortes, Marques de! Valle, governor, high justice, and captain general, who governed the whole time from when he came to win the land in the year of 1519 until the 2nd day of July in the year of 1526, having governed for 6 years

and 8 months. y The second governor named was licenciado Luis Ponce, who came from the lineage of the lords dukes in the altepetl called Arcos. He was made judge of the residencia and re­ ceived and was placed in charge of the government on the 2nd day of the month of July in the year of 1526, but he could not complete his investigation, the residencia, because he died right away, within a short time,

y When licenciado Luis Ponce passed away, his deputy Marcos de Aguilar was placed in charge of governing. He was from the altepetl of Ecija. Ip. 108]

y When Marcos de Aguilar passed away in only two months, the treasurer Alonso de

make sense only if the words "amo huel" are construed as creating questions, reproduced indirect! y in the translation here.

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148 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

moehiuh yn iea yxquich yhuelitiliz oe ye yteeh motlalli yn tesorero Alonso de estrada. ompa yehan yn ipan altepetl de ciudad Real. yn otlapaeho yxquieh yea ynie hualla yn espafia yn .aehto ye motlallieo audieneia. yexihuitl yn ey tlaeatl tlapaeho.

y_ Auh yn oacieo yn huell aehto. Audiencia mexico yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1528. auh yn oydoresme huallaque oncan yntequiuh mochiuh yehuatl yn liceciado Alonso de la Parada. yhuan yehuatl yn lieeeiado frane0 Maldonado. yhuan yehuatl. yn !ieeciado Juan ortiz de Matiern;o. yhuan yehuatl yn lieeciado Delgadillo. yhuan yquae macoe ynie Presidete mo­

ehiuh onean audiencia yn Nufio de guzman Gouemador ompa yn Panuco. y_ Auh ynin aehto. Audiencia. omito. yn otlapaeho. yn ogouernadortic. yexihuitl yxquich yea ynie acieo yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1530. auh yuh ytlahuelitaltzin. yuh quimonequilti yn tohueytlahtoeauh quinmoquixtili mochintin yn catea. oydoresme. auh niman oquin­ hualmotitlani. yn inyeyampa oe eentlamantin. ma iuh momati. yehuatl yn lieeciado vasco. de Quiroga. yhua yehuatl yn liceciado Alonso Maldonado. yhuan yehuatl yn lice­ ciado franc.a Zaynos. fiscal de! consejo. Supremo. yhuan yehuatl yn !iceciado Juan de salmeron. yhuan Presidente. mochiuh yn oncan audiencia yn ipan tepaeholiztli yn go­ uernacio. ynic nohuian ypan in nueua espafia in yehuatzin Don Sebastian Ramirez. de fuenleal obispo yn ompa Sancto Domingo. ayhtie. yhuan yn Don fernando cortes Mar­ ques de! valle. oc ceppa maeoc [p. 109] Yaneuiean yehuatl yn itequiuh moehiuh yn tepa­ choliztli yn Gouernacio yn yaopan ye omachiyotiloe ynic eapitan geral. moehiuh yn

tlapacho audiencia maeuilxihuitl. y_ Auh yehuatl aehtopa omaehiyotiloe ynie visurrey. yhuan eapitan General yn ipan in nueua espafia. omoehiuh yn Don Antonio de mendrn;a hue! inehuan tlaeati yn Marques de Mondejar. omaeoe yuh yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1534 yn otlapaeho. yea yxquicheauh ye­ huatl ypan xihuitl acieo. de 1550. niman mohuieae ompa motlapaehilhuito yn ipan pro­

uincias Pifll. y_ Auh yehuatl ye ome visurrey moehihuaeo yn huehue Don luis de velaseo. eauallero. ompa ynteeheopa quii;a. ytlaeameeayohuan yn pipiltin in yaoyotl yntequiuh 1 yn ompa ehaneque. yn eondestable de eastilla. 2 yn otlapaeho niman iquae yxquich yea yn ipan xihuitl de 1550. auh yxquieh yea acieo. yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1564 momiquilli mexico. ompa toetitoe yn inaeayo. Saneto Domingo. yn tlahtoeat matlaetlonnahui xivitl y_ Auh yehuatl yquey visurrey. moehihuaeo yn Don Gaston de Peralta Marques de fakes. yn otlapacho. niman iquac yxquich yea. yn ipan xihuitl de 1566. auh yxquich ye acico ipa metztli mari;o yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1568. ynic mohuicac espafia yn tlahtocatico ce

xihuitl ypan macuiltetl metztli. y_ Auh yehuatl ye nahui visurrey mochihuaco. yn Don Martin Enrriquez de Almansa. hue! inehuan tlacati yn yn Marques de Alcafiizes. yn otlapacho yea yxquichcauh ynic peuh achtopa metztli Nouiembre [p. 110] Yn ipan xihuitl de 1568. auh yxquich ye huallantica 3

yehuatl. ypan xihuitl de 1580. ynic mohuicac vmpa visurrey mochiuhtzinoto yn Piru. yn

tlahtocatico nican matlactlomey xihuitl. y_ Auh yehuatl ye macuilli visurrey y mochiuhtzinoco yn Don lurern;o xuarez de mendoi;a Conde de corufia yn otlapacho yea yxquiehcauh yn ipan xihuitl de 1580. auh yxquich ye

I. This phrase apparently attempts to define the Spanish word caballero, "gentleman or knight," which precedes it.

2. Ch. apparently takes this expression for a place name or political unit.

1608 149

Estrada, from the altepetl of Ciudad Real, became his substitute and replacement with his full authority, given to him before [his death]; he governed until the first Audiencia that was established came from Spain. The three [Ponce, Aguilar, and Estrada] governed for three years. y_ The very first Audiencia of Mexico arrived in the year 1528, and the judges appointed to office in it were licenciado Alonso de Parada, licenciado Francisco Maldonado, licenciado Juan Ortiz de Matienzo, and licenciado Delgadillo, and at that time Nuno de Guzman, governor of Panuco, was appointed president of the Audiencia.

y_ This first Audiencia here mentioned governed for three years, until the year of 1530 came, and according as our great ruler saw best and wished, he removed all those who were judges, and then he sent here in their place another group; may it be known that they were licenciado Vasco de Quiroga, licenciado Alonso Maldonado, licenciado Francisco Ceynos, prosecuting attorney of the supreme council, and Iicenciado Juan de Salmer6n, and appointed as president of the Audiencia in governing all of New Spain, don Sebastian Ramirez de Fuenleal, bishop in Santo Domingo out in the ocean. And don Hernando Cortes, Marques de! Valle, was again given [p. 109] the assignment of governing in war and designated captain general. The Audiencia governed for five years.

y_ The first to be designated viceroy and captain general in New Spain was don Antonio de Mendoza, a full brother of the Marques of Mondejar. He was given the post in the year of 1534 and governed until the year of 1550 came; then he went to govern in the provinces of Peru.

Y. The second who came appointed as viceroy was don Luis de Velasco the elder, a gen­ tleman coming from the nobles who shared his lineage and whose task was warfare, 1

citizens of the high constable of Castile,2 who then governed from the year of 1550 until the year of 1564 came. He passed away in Mexico; his body lies buried in [the church of] Santo Domingo. He ruled for 14 years. Y. The third who came appointed as viceroy was don Gast6n de Peralta, Marques of Fakes, who then governed from the year of 1566 until the month of March in the year of 1568, when he went to Spain. He ruled for a year and five months.

Y. The fourth who came appointed as viceroy was don Martin Enriquez de Almanza, full brother of the Marques of Alcafiices, who governed from the first beginning of the month of November [p. 110] in the year of 1568 until3 the year of 1580, when he went to Peru, appointed as viceroy. He ruled here for 13 years.

Y. The fifth who came appointed as viceroy was don Lorenzo Suarez de Mendoza, Count of Corufia, who governed the whole time from the year of 1580 until the 29th of the month

3. The form "huallantica" could represent either standard hual-an-ti-ca, "is stretching in this direction," an expression used in speaking of spatial and temporal distances, or hual­ [t]lan-ti-ca, "is coming to an end." In either case the meaning would be much the same.

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150 1RANSCR!Pf!ON AND TRANSLATION

huallantica. ypan ye 29 mani metztli Junia. yn ipan xihuitl de 1583. yn momiquillico. auh c;atepan huicoc yn inacayo espafia yn tlahtocatico nican onxihuitl ypan chicuetetl metztli ypan cenpohuallonmatlactli ypan eylhuitl 1

Y Auh ynic momiquilli yn conde de corufia. niman otlapacho. ogouernadortic yn teoyotica tlahtohuani Don po Moya de contreras. Arc;obispo mexico. ca ynic otetlatetemolli ynic visitador mochiuh yhuan ynic otlapacho yn ogourernadortic yn itequitzin catca yn con­ manilli yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1584 auh yxquich yea huallantica. yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1586. ynic mohuicac espafia. Y Auh yehuatl ye chiquacenvisurrey y mochiuhtzinoco yn Don Aluaro Manrrique de c;uni­ ga Marques. de villa Manrrique. yn otlapacho. yea yxquichcauh yn ipan xihuitl de 1585. auh yxquich ye huallantica yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1590. ynic mohuicac ompa espana. yn tlahtocatico nican macuilxihuitl. Y Auh yehuatl ye chicome visurrey. mochiuhtzinoco yn tlacatl Don luis de velasco caua­ llero. yn ica ytlaquentzin yn ihabitotzin Sanctiago. ypiltzin (p. Ill] Ynic ome visurrey. catca yn ipan in nueua espana yn otlapacho. yea yxquichcauh yn ipan xihuitl de 1590. auh yxquich ye huallantica yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1595. ynic mohuicac ompa visurrey mochiuhtzinoto. yn Peru. y tlahtocatico macuilxihuitl ypa matlactetl metztli. y Auh yehuatl ye chicuey visurrey. mochiuhtzinoeo yn tlacatl Don Gaspar de c;uniga y Azeuedo conde de Monterrey. yn otlapacho. yea yxquichcauh yn ipan xihuitl de 1595. auh yxquich ye huallantica. yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1603. ynic mohuicac ompa visurrey mo­ chiuhtzinoto. ompa motlapachilhuito yn ipan prouincias. Pirii. yn tlahtocatico nica mexi­ co chicuexihuitl ypan matlactetl once metztli. y Auh yehuatl ye chiuhcnahui visurrey mochiuhtzinoco yn tlacatl Don Juan de mendoc;a y luna marques de Montesclaros. yn mocallaquico mexico. ypan yehuatl xihuitl de 1603. ye 26. mani metztli octubre. yn otlapacho yea yxquichcauh auh yxquich ye huallantica yn ipan yehuatl xihuitl de 1607. ynic mohuicac vmpa visurrey mochiuhtzinoto. yn Peru. yn otlahtocatico nican mexico. yexihuitl ypa chicuetetl metztli. y Auh yn axcan motlapachilhuitica ye oppa motlahtocatillia yn ipan in nueua espana yn tlacatl Don luis de velasco. yn mocallaquico mexico. ypan yehuatl xihuitl de 1607. ye 15. mani metztli. Julio. ompa hualmehuiti yn azcapotzalco ompa mocehuitzinoticatca ynic ompa hual(p. IJ2]Mohuicac Piru hue! qualli ynic quimonamiquillique. ynic oppa omo­ huetztico ytlahtocaycpalpan mexico. ma quimonequiltitzino yn tt0 . Dios. ma quimotla­ melahualtilli yhuan ma quimochicahuilli miec xihuitl. yn ipan ycenquizcatlayecoltiloca­ tzin. yhuan yn ipan yn ipacholloca ynin tlahtocaaltepetl. yn iuh mochintin in altepehua­ que quellehuia.2 - Ill - Yhuan nican tenehualo. yn Arc;obisposme in ye otlapachoco. yn ipan in nueua espana. in ye yxquichcauh ye oquitlanico yhuan ynic yehuatl axcan ypa xihuitl de 1608 y Yehuatl achto obispo mochihuaco. yn Don fray Jua de c;umaraga. Sant. Franco teo­ pixqui yn otlapacho yea yxquichcauh yn ipan xihuitl de 1528. auh yxquich ye huallantica. yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1548. yn momiquillico. yn teoyotica motlahtocatilli mexico. cenpohualxihuitl ypan ce xihuitl. Y Auh yehuatl ye ome arc;obispo. omochihuaco. yn Don fray Alonso de montufar. teo­ pixqui Sancto Domingo. yn otlapacho yea yxquichcauh yn ipan xihuitl de 1554. o iuh ye

I. The same apparently erroneous number was given in the same context above (pp. 140-41 at n. 3).

1608 151

of June in the year of 1583, when he passed away; later his body was taken to Spain. He ruled here for 2 years, 8 months, and 33 days.1

y When the Count of Corufia died, the spiritual ruler don Pedro Moya de Contreras, archbishop in Mexico, governed. His tasks were investigating as appointed inspector and governing. He took up [the governorship] in the year of 1584 until the year of 1586,

when he went to Spain.

y The sixth who came appointed as viceroy was don Alvaro Manrrique de Zuniga, Mar­ ques ofVillamamTique, who governed the whole time from the year of 1585 to the year of 1590, when he went to Spain, having ruled here for five years.

y The seventh who came appointed as viceroy was the lord don Luis de Velasco, a knight of the habit of Santiago, the child of fp. I I I] the second viceroy who was in New Spain, who governed the whole time from the year of 1590 until the year of 1595, when be went to Peru appointed as viceroy there, having ruled 5 years and 10 months.

y_ The eighth who came appointed as viceroy was the lord don Gaspar de Zuniga y Acevedo, Count of Monterrey, who governed the whole time from the year of 1595 until the year of 1603, when he went to the provinces of Peru appointed as viceroy to govern there, having ruled here in Mexico for 8 years and 11 months.

y The ninth who came appointed as viceroy was the lord don Juan de Mendoza y Luna, Marques of Montesclaros, who entered Mexico in the year of 1603, on the 26th of the month of October, and governed the whole time until the year of 1607, when he went to Peru appointed as viceroy, having ruled here in Mexico for 3 years and 8 months.

y_ Today the lord don Luis de Velasco is governing, ruling for the second time in New Spain. He entered Mexico in the year of 1607, on the 15th of the month of July; he came from Azcapotzalco, where he was living in retirement after [p. 112] coming back from Peru. They gave him a very good reception when he came to occupy his seat as ruler in Mexico for the second time. May our lord God see fit to send him in the right direction and give him health for many years in his entire service and in the governance of this

royal altepetl, as all its citizens desire.2

And here are mentioned the archbishops who have come to govern here in New Spain ever since they [the Spaniards] won it until now in the year of 1608. y The first who came appointed as bishop was don fray Juan de Zumarraga, a Franciscan friar, who governed beginning in the year 1528 until in the year of 1548, when he passed away, having ruled in spiritual matters in Mexico for 21 years. y The second who came appointed as archbishop was don fray Alonso de Montufar, a Dominican friar, who governed beginning in the year of 1554-it had been seven years

2. A close translation into Nahuatl of common Spanish formulas.

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152 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

nepa chiconxihuitl momiquilli yn Don fray Juan de c;umarraga, auh yxquich ye huallantica yehuatl. ypan xihuitl de 1572. yn momiquillico Don fray Alonso de mantufar. yn teo­ yotica motlahtocatilli mexico caxtollonnahui xihuitl y Auh yehuatl yqu ey arcobispo, 1 omochiuhtzinoco. yn Don Pedro Moya de contreras. clerigo ynquisidor Ip. I 13] Achtopa catca mexico. yn otlapacho yea yxquicheauh yn ipan xihuitl. de 1574. o iuh ye nepa ye xihuitl momiquilli yn Don fray Alonso de montufar. auh yxquich ye huallantica yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1586. ynic mohuicac espafia Don P'? Moya de contreras. yn teoyotica motlahtocatilli mexico ynic arc;obispo. moyetzticatca matlacxihuitl. 2 - Auh ynic mohuicac espafia ompa mochiuhtzinoto presidente del Real consejo de indias. yn ompa moyetzticatca yea yxquichcauh yn ipan mohuicac xihuitl. auh yxquich ye huallantica yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1592. ynic momiquilli ompa espafia yn ompa moyetzticatca chiquacenxihuitl. y, Auh yehuatl ye nahui ar,obispo, mochiuhtzino yn liceciado Don Alonso fernandez de Bonilla. clerigo. ynin achto fiscal moyetzticatca yn ipan Sancto officio. ynquisicion ni­ man inquisidor mochiuh y nican mexico. auh niman ompa onixquetzalloca ynic ompa obispo mochiuhtzinozquia yn yancuic yn motenehua nueuo Reyno de Galicia. auh <;ate­ pan. mohuicac visitador. mochiuhtzinoto. yn ipan tlahtocaaltepetl Piri\. auh ompa ypan moyetzticatca yn itequitzin. ynic visita quimochihuillia. ynic niman oquimixquechillique ynic arc;obispo. omochiuhtzino mexico. auh yxquichcapa ompa yn quihualmomaquilli yn ihuelitiliz. ynic ypampa gouernador mochiuh Don Juan de ceruantes. arcediano. nican mexico. yn oquic ompa quimotlamiltilia ytequitzin. auh viernes ye xi mani metztli Mar,o de 1594. yquac possecion macoc. yn Don Juan de ceruates. arcediano. ynic yxiptlatzin mochiuh yn ar,obispo Bonilla. yn otlapacho yea yxquichcauh yn ilp. 114]Pann omo­ teneuh xihuitl de 1594. 0 iuh ye nepa yexihuitl ompa espafia momiquilli yn Don Pedro Moya de contreras auh yxquich ye huallantica yehuatl ypan xihuitl de 1600. ynic momiquillico 3 yn teoyotica tlahtocayotl. ytechtzinco catca chiquacenxihuitl yxquichcauh ypampa gouemadortic yn mexico yn Don Juan de ceruantes arcediano. y, Auh yehuatl ye macuilli ar,obispo, omochiuhtzinoco. yn Don Fray Garcia de Sancta Maria de mendo<;a y c;uniga. teopixqui. Sant. Jeronimo. yn otlapacho yea yxquichcauh yn ipan xihuitl de 1602. o iuh ye nepa onxihuitl momiquilli. yn licenciado. Don Alonso femadez de Bonilla. auh yxquich ye huallantica. yehuatl ypa xihuitl de 1606. yn momi­ quillico Don fray Garcia de st.ta maria de mendoc;a y c;uniga. yn teoyotica motlahtocatilli mexico. nauhxihuitl. y, Auh yn axcan motlapachilhuitica. yn teoyotica motlatocatilia yn ipan in nueua espafia. yn cenca mahuiztililoni Don Fray Garcia Guerra arc;obispo. Sancto Domingo. teopixqui. yn mocallaquico mexico. ypan yehuatl in xihuitl de 1608. ye 29. mani metztli de Setiem­ bre. hue! qualli ynic quimonamiquillique. ma quimonequiltitzino. in tt0 . Dias. ma quimo­ chicahuillitzino miec xihuitl yn ipan ycenquizcatlayecoltilocatzin yhuan yn ipa yn ipa­ cholloca ynin Sancta yglesia mexico tenochtitlan yn iuh mochintin ipan in altepehuaque quellehuia

-111- Yhuan Nican tenehuallo in yehuantzitzin cenca mahuiztililoni inquisidoresme. in ye omo-

I. For "arc;obispo." 2. Perhaps the discrepancy is because he was also interim viceroy for a time.

1608 153

since don fray Juan de Zumarraga had passed away-until in the year of 1572, when don fray Alonso de Montufar passed away, having ruled in spiritual matters in Mexico for 19

years. y The third who came appointed as archbishop 1 was don Pedro Moya de Contreras, a secular priest; first he was inquisitor Ip. 113] in Mexico. He governed beginning in the year of 1574-it had been three years since don fray Alonso de Montufar had died-until in the year of 1586, when don Pedro Moya de Contreras went to Spain, having ruled spiritually in Mexico as archbishop for ten years. 2 - And when he went to Spain he was made president of the Royal Council of the Indies; he was there beginning in the year when he went until in the year of 1592, when he died in Spain, having been there six

years.

y The fourth who came appointed as archbishop was licenciado don Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla, a secular priest; first he was prosecuting attorney in the Holy Office of the Inquisition, and then he was appointed inquisitor here in Mexico. Then he was chosen and was going to be made bishop in the new [region] called the New Kingdom of Galicia, but later he went appointed as inspector to the royal altepetl of Peru, and he was there at his task of carrying out the inspection when they named him to be made archbishop of Mexico. And from there he sent his power of attorney so that don Juan de Cervantes, archdeacon here in Mexico, was made governor on his behalf until he should finish his assignment there. Friday, the I Ith of the month of March of 1594, was when don Juan de Cervantes, archdeacon, was given possession [of the office] and made the deputy of archbishop Bonilla; he governed from then Ip. I 14] in the said year of 1594---it had been three years since don Pedro Moya de Contreras had died in Spain-until in the year of 1600, when he3 passed away. He held the spiritual rulership for six years, during which time don Juan de Cervantes, archdeacon, governed in Mexico on his behalf.

y, The fifth who came appointed as archbishop was don fray Garcia de Santa Marfa de Mendoza y Zuniga, a Hieronymite friar, who governed beginning in the year 1602- licenciado don Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla had passed away two years before-until in the year of 1606, when don fray Garcia de Santa Maria de Mendoza y Zuniga passed away, having ruled in spiritual matters in Mexico for four years.

y, Today the very reverend don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop, Dominican friar, is governing and ruling in spiritual matters in New Spain. He entered Mexico in the year of 1608, on the 29th of the month of September; they gave him a very good reception. May our lord God see fit to give him health for many years in his entire service and in the governance of this Holy Church in Mexico Tenochtitlan, as all the citizens there desire.

-\\\- And here are mentioned the very reverend inquisitors who have come to preside in Mexico

3. Meaning Bonilla; an earlier entry says he died in 1600, and it is seen below that Cervantes became bishop of Oaxaca in 1609. The version given here of the appointments differs somewhat from that on pp. 48--49.

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154 1RANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

yetztieco mexco yn ipan in tetlatzontequililiztlahtocaycpalli. yn motenehua Sancto Offi­ cio. yn ipan I Jp. 115] Nueua espafia. ynic ompa hualpeuhtica ypan xihuitl de 1571. ynic yehuatl huallantica axcan ypa xihuitl de 1608. ca yz tecpantoque - y Yehuatzin achtopa inquisidor mochiuhtzinoco. yn Don Pedro Moya de contreras. auh ,atepan Mochiuhtzino Ar,obispo yn Mexico. yhuan Gouernador. yn ipan in Nueua espa­ fia. yhuan ,atepan mochiuhtzino presidente del real consejo de indias. - y Auh yehuatl ye ome inquisidor. mochiuhtzino yn licenciado Don Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla. ca onixquetzalloca ompa obispo mochiuhtzinozquia. in yancuic yn motenehua del nueuo Reyno de Galicia xalixco yhuan ,atepan mohuicac ynic visitador. mochiuhtzinoto. yn ipan tlahtocaaltepetl Piru. auh ompa ypan moyetzticatca yn itequitzin ynic visita qui­ mochihuilia ynic niman nican oquihualmixquechillique ynic ar,obispo omochiuhtzino mexico. amo huel hualmohuicac. ompa momiquilli yn ipan altepetl ciudad de lima. ,an ye oc ompa ypan moyetzticatca yn itequitzin ynic visita quimochihuilliaya. - y Auh yehuatl yquey inquisidor mochiuhtzino yn liceciado Granero de Aualos. auh ,ate­ pan mochiuhtzinoto obispo. yn ipan altepetl y motenehua charcas. yn 6pa ypan Piru ompa momiquillito. - y Auh yehuatl ye nahui inquisidor mochiuhtzino. yn licenciado Franco Sanctos Garcia. auh ,atepan ompa mochiuhtzinoto obispo. yn yancuic y motenehua del nueuo Reyno de Galicia guadraxara xalixco. - y Auh yehuatl ye macuilli inquisidor. mochiuhtzino. [p. 116] Yn Doctor Don Bartolome lobo Guerrero. auh axca arc;obispo. mochiuhtzinotica in yancuic y motenehua del nueuo Reyno de Granada - y Auh yn axcan cahuitl ypan moyetzticate yn ipan in cenquizca qualli Sancto tetlatzon­ tequililiztlatocaycpalli. yn cenca mahuiztililoni Sefiores licenciados. Don Alonso de Peral­ ta. yhuan Gutierre Bernardo de Quiros. Otzonqui,aco. yn matlactlomome xii. tecpatl xi­ huitl de 1608. afios. -

'II xiii. calli xihuitl. 1609. yn ipan in xihuitl omoteneuh yehuatl Gouemador yn tlacatl Don Juan bapta. malinalco ychan auh al!Jes. ,an ya yehuatl yn telpochtli Don Antonio valleriano. yn ixhuiuhtzin huehue Don Antonio valleriano catca azcapotzalco ychantzinco // yhuan Don miguel huetzin acatla chane al!Jesme Sant. Juan moyotlan tenochtitlan yhuan Don melchior. S. Pablo chane. y Auh yn axcan ypehuayan yn omoteneuh yancuic xihuitl. yhuan ypehuayan yancuic metztli henero. ypan omacocuizquia. yaoyotl oquichihuazquia. nica mexico. yn tliltique. ynpan quichihuazquia yn intecuiyohuan yn espafiolestin. oquinmictizquia. auh amo qui­ monequiltitzino yn tt9 Dias, amo quinmomacahuilli yn espafiolestin, mictilozque. ca nima machiztic niman ohuanoque yn tliltique. auh yuh mito. yntla hue! quichihuani yao­ yotl. yntla huelitini ca yehuantin. otlahtocatizquia. yn iuh machiztic yn ipan in yancuic tlalli nueua espafia motenehua ye oquitlallica yntlahtocauh ce tliltic yn tlahtohuani yn Rey mochiuhca ytoca Don __ Auh no ce tliltic cihuatl cihuatlahtohuani Reyna Jp. 117] Omochiuhca. ytoca __ yhuan yn oc cequintin tliltique. ye oquimomamacaca. yn ixquich nican altepetl yn oncan otlahtocatizquia. ynic cequintin Duquesme yhuan cequin­ tin. marquesesme. yhuan cequintin condesme omochiuhca. yn iuh momatca oc yehuantin. otechmomacehualtizquia y nican titlaca timacehualtin otiquintlayecoltizquia. y Auh yn axcan ypan in ye i. mani metztli Mar,o de 1609. afios. yquac opeuh cenca chi-

1608-1609 155

on the royal seat of justice called the Holy Office here in Jp. 115] New Spain, beginning in the year of 1571 until the present year of 1608; here they are listed. -

y The one who first came appointed as inquisitor was don Pedro Moya de Contreras; later he was made archbishop in Mexico and governor in New Spain, and later he was made president of the Royal Council of the Indies. -

y The second who was appointed as inquisitor was licenciado don Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla; he was chosen to be made bishop in the new [region] called the New Kingdom of Galicia, Jalisco, and later he went appointed as inspector to the royal altepetl of Peru. He was there at his task, carrying out the inspection, when they named him to be made archbishop here in Mexico. He could not come; he died in the altepetl and city of Lima, still at his assignment, carrying out the inspection. -

y The third who was appointed inquisitor was licenciado Granero de Avalos. Later he was appointed bishop in the altepetl called Charcas, in Peru; he went there and died, -

y The fourth who was appointed inquisitor was licenciado Francisco Santos Garcia. Later he went appointed as bishop to the new [region] called the New Kingdom of Galicia, to Guadalajara, in Jalisco. -

y The fifth who was appointed inquisitor was [p. 116] dr. don Bartolome Lobo Guerrero. Now he has been made archbishop in the new [region] called the New Kingdom of Granada.-

Y At present the very reverend lords licenciados don Alonso de Peralta and Gutierre Bernardo de Quiroz occupy the consummately good and holy royal seat of justice. The year 12 Flint, 1608, has come to an end. -

'I[ 13 House year, 1609. In the said year the governor was the lord don Juan Bautista, from Malinalco, and the alcaldes were the same don Antonio Valeriano the younger, grandchild of the late don Antonio Valeriano the elder, from Azcapotzalco, and don Miguel Sanchez Huentzin, citizen of Acatlan, alcaldes for San Juan Moyotlan in Tenochtitlan, and don Melchor, citizen of San Pablo.

y Now at the beginning of the said new year and the beginning of the new month of January, the blacks were going to rebel and make war here in Mexico; they were going to make it on their lords the Spaniards, they were going to kill them, but our lord God did not want it so, he did not permit the Spaniards to be killed, for it became known right away, and the blacks were immediately arrested. It was said that if they had been able to make war, if they could have, they would have ruled, as it became known, in the new land called New Spain. They had already established a black as their ruler; the ruler and king who had been created was named don __ . And also a black woman had been chosen woman rnler and queen, named __ . Jp. 1171 And they had distributed all the various altepetl here to other blacks who would rule there; some had been made dukes, some mar­ queses, some counts. They thought they would make us local people, us commoners, their vassals; we were going to serve them. Y Today the 1st of the month of March of the year 1609 was when the rash called small-

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156 TRANSCRJPf!ON AND TRANSLATION

cahuac momanaco yn i;ahuatl. yn motenehua viruelas. cenca miequintin ye momiquillique yn pipiltzitzinti. yn inpilhua timacehualtin. 1 yhuan i;an no yhui yn inpilhuan espafioles­ tin. yhuan yn inpilhuan tliltique. i;an mochtin neliuhtiaque yn momiquilique. yhuan ce­ quintin ye huehueytin tlaca. ynic momiquillique i;ahuatl ypan cehuico yn Mayo. ome metztli ypan tlaco yn manca.

y Auh yn axcan ye 7. mani metztli Mari;o. de 1609 afios. yquac peuh yn ipan izqui acal­ lotli nican mexico. yn omoyecti o nohuian moi;oquiquixti. ytencopatzinco. yn tlahto­ huani visurrey Don luis de velasco. auh yehuantin. oquichihuaco. yn tequitl. ynic nohuian cenchinampanecatl yhuan yehuantin chalca yn tequitico. mexico y Auh yn axcan quaresma ye ytlamian metztli Mari;o de 1609. afios. yquac nican mexico. onmopehualti. ynic ompa mohuicac michhuacan in yehuatzin cenca mahuiztililoni teo­ yotica tlahtohuani Don fray Balthasar. Acobarrobias teopixqui Sant. Augustin. huaxacac obispo. ocatca. auh yn michhuacan vmpa comiquanilli yn tohueytlahtocauh Rey. ynic ye no ye ompa yehuatzin motlapachilhuiz michhuacan ye mopatlac yn huaxacac ynin obispo nican otlacat mexico. nican tepiltzin. [p. 118] y Auh axcan sabado quaresma ye 4. mani metztli abril de 1609 afios. yquac nican mexico onmopehualtique chicomentin Sant. Franco Padreme. mohuicaque yacuic mexico. yehua­ tzin yn Padre fray franc0 de la peyna commissario mochiuhtia. y Auh axcan sabado ypan ylhuitzin Sant. Marcos. ye 25. Mani metztli abril de 1609 afi.os. yquac nican mexico. omoquixti omohuicac cuitlaxcohuapan yn Don Juan de ceruan­ tes arcediano mexico. ye mohuicac ynic ompa macoz teoyotica ytlahtocayo. ynic obispo muchiuh huaxacac y Auh axcan Domingo ye 26. mani metztli abril de 1609. afios. yquac nican mexico. omaxitico. omocallaquico. in yehuatzin cenca mahuiztililoni teoyotica tlahtohuani Don diego Pasquez de mergado. obispo. yocadan clerigo. mohuica vmpa y la china yn ipa alte­ petl Manilla ynic ye no ye ompa an;obispo mochiuhtzino. y Auh i;an ic onquiz yn pasqua rresurecion i;an ye ypan ye ytlamian yn metztli abril ni cuell omentin Sant. Franco Padreme mohuicaque in yancuic mexico. quinmohuiquillique 20. Juldadosme. yquac mochi ya yn ixquich ompa monequiz yn cartillas. quimomach­ tizque ompa tlaca yhuan ya cornedas. chirimias i;acapoch yhuan ce organo yhuan cam­ panas. yhuan yztac amatl clauos. yhuan oc cequi tlamantli yn ompa monequiz. moch ya yhua quezquintin quinhuicaque officialesme yn tolteca yn quinmachtizque ompa tlaca yn ica yzqui tlamantli tequitl. y Axcan sabado ye 2. mani metztli Mayo de 1609 afios. yquac pregon mochiuh y nican mexico ye tzatzihuac ynic omotlalli yancuic oc ce visitador [p. 119] Ytoca Don Jua Billela2 vmpa huallehuac yn Guadraxara yn xalixco. ompa presidente catca. yquac quicauh yn itequiuh yn oc ce catca visitador. yn itoca licenciado. Diego lanteras y velasquez. 3

y axcan Domingo ye 3. mani metztli Mayo de 1609. afios. yquac teochihualoc ompa macoc yn ipan altepetl de los Angeles cuitlaxcohuapan yn teoyotica ytlahtocayo. yn Don Juan de ceruantes. obispo huaxacac. mochiuhtzino. yn o iuh macoc teoyotica ytlahtocayo.

I. As in some other places in the text, though timacehualtin is in itself first person plural, it is otherwise treated here as a third person, crossreferring with the third person noun impilhuan, "their children."

1609 157

pox broke out very strongly. Very many children of us commoners' died of it, and like­ wise children of Spaniards and children of blacks; all died mixed together [ without distinc­ tion], as well as some adults who died of smallpox. It abated in May, having gone on for two and a half months.

y Today on the 7th of the month of March of the year 1609 was when cleaning out all the canals here in Mexico and removing the mud everywhere began at the order of the lord viceroy don Luis de Velasco. The different people from all over the chinampa region came to perform the tribute work, and the Chalca came here to Mexico to work. y Now during Lent, at the end of the month of March of the year 1609, was when the very reverend spiritual ruler don fray Baltasar Covarrubias, an Augustinian friar, who had been bishop of Oaxaca, set out from Mexico here and went to Michoacan. Our great ruler the king transferred him to Michoacan so that he would govern in the same way there; Oaxaca was replaced by Michoacan. This bishop was born here in Mexico, the child of people here. [p. 118]

y Today, Saturday, during Lent, the 4th of the month of April of the year 1609, was when seven Franciscan fathers set out from Mexico here and went to New Mexico; Father fray Francisco de la Peina went appointed as commissary. y Today, Saturday, the feast day of San Marcos, the 25th of the month of April of the year 1609, was when don Juan de Cervantes, archdeacon of Mexico, left Mexico here and went to Puebla; he went there in order to be given his spiritual rulership, by which he was appointed bishop of Oaxaca.

y Today, Sunday the 26th of the month of April of the year 1609, was when the very reverend spiritual ruler don Diego Vasquez de Mercado, bishop of Yucatan, a secular priest, arrived and entered Mexico here; he is going to China [the Philippines l, to the altepetl of Manila, since he is likewise being made archbishop there. y Hardly had the Easter holiday passed, at the end of the month of April, when already two Franciscan fathers went to New Mexico; at that time they took along twenty soldiers, and everything that would be needed there went along: primers to teach the people there, and cornets, chirimias, trombones, and an organ, and bells, European paper, nails, and other things that would be needed there all went along, and they took some artisans, craftsmen, to teach the people there in all the different kinds of work.

y Today, Saturday, the 2nd of the month of May of the year 1609, was when a proclama­ tion was made here in Mexico; it was proclaimed that a new and different inspector general was put in office, [p. 119] named don Juan Villela,2 who came from Guadalajara in Jalisco, where he was president [of the Audiencia]. At that time another inspector general that there had been, named licenciado Diego Landeras y Velasquez, 3 left his post.

y Today, Sunday, the 3rd of the month of May of the year 1609, was when in the altepetl of Los Angeles, Puebla, the spiritual rulership of don Juan de Cervantes, appointed bish­ op of Oaxaca, was consecrated and given to him. After he had been given his spiritual

2. Name unconfirmed. 3. See pp. 92-93, n. 6.

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158 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

ye niman oncan rnohuicac ynic mohuetzitito. huaxacac ynin obispo. nican tlacat mexico nican tepiltzin 1 yntech qui<;a yn conquistadoresme y_ Axcan martes ye 19. mani metztli Mayo de 1609. afios. yquac nican mexico. ompeuh ynic ya espafia Don Juan Gano de moteuhci;oma quinhuicac ynamic yhuan ypilhuan.

Y. Axcan Viernes ye 22. mani metztli Mayo de 1609. afios. yquac nican mexico. onmo­ pehualti ynic mohuicac espafia. in yehuatzin visitador licenciado Diego lanterns y velas­

quez. yn visita nican quimochihuilico onxihuitl ypan tlaco xihuitl. Y. Auh axcan ytlamian metztli Junia de 1609. anos. yquac otlamico yn izqui acallotli ypan mexico. omoyecti omoi;oquiquixti. yn ipampa at!. yn moyecti ynic nemohuac nauhtetl

metztli. y_ Axcan juebes. ye 9. mani metztli Julio de 1609. afios. yquac cathetratico omochiuh­ tzino yn escuelas real mexico in yehuatzin Padre maestro. fray diego de contreras. prior Sant. Augustin mexico. [p. 120] y_ Axcan Viernes. ye 17. mani metztli Julio. de 1609. afios. yquac omomiquilli yn itlai;o­ tzin tt'? Dias. y Padre Pedro Sanchez. teopixqui de la compafiia de Jesus. nican mexico y

momiquilli cenca ye omohuehuetillitia y_ Axcan Sabado ye 18. mani metztli Julio de 1609. a0 s. yquac oya onpeuh yancuic mexico. ce maestro tepozpitzqui. timacehualtin ytoca. ___ quimihualli visurrey ynic quinmachtiz ompa tlaca yancuic mexico 8.tin yn Juldadostin quinhuicac. espafiolesme

y_ Auh axcan Sabado ye i. mani metztli agosto. de 1609. afios. ypan Sant. Pedro de ad vincula 2 ylhuitzin. yn otzonquii;aco. ypleyto in yehuatzin Padre frey Augustin del Spm Sancto. yn itechcopa ynic motlacenmachiltiz yea ytlaquentzin yn ihabitotzin totlai;otatzin Senor Sant. Anton Abbad. oquimotlachicahuililique. oquimomelauhcatyttilique yn ye­ huantzitzin cuitlaxcohuapan obispo. Don Alonso de la muta y escobar yhua provisor mel­ chior marques. yehuantzitzin. oquixitinique. yn pleyto. nican mexico ari;obispado. yn ix­ quich ye oquixnamicque yo itoliniloca omochiuh yn omoteneuhtzino Padre frey. Augustin de! Spm Sancto. ye mellahuac yo axcan ye yteopixcatzin. yntotla,otatzin. Sant. Anton

Abbad. y_ Auh axcan viernes. ye .7. mani metztli agosto de 1609. afios. yquac omotlapoto mexi­ catzinco [p. 121] Yn at!. yn oncan tzauhcticatca cecni yea tlatzacuilotl puente mitohua.

Y. Axcan Junes ye 31. de agosto de 1609. afios. yquac Oquaquamiminalloc opahpacohuac nican mexico tenochtitlan vncan seral quiyahuac. ypampatzinco ye quiz yn ilhuitzin Sant ipolito Martyr Patron y nican ciudad. mexico. yeylhuitl motlalli ynic tlamiminalloc yhuan cauallotlatlallochtique yn oncan curral. yn espafiolesme tlahtoque 3 yhuan acatica mominque auh yn intlatqui yn innechichihual contlallique ynic mocencauhque cenca mo­

chi tlai;otli. cenca miyec ypatiuh yn intech contlallique mochintin tlahtoque

y_ Auh axcan miercoles ye 2. mani Metztli Setiembre. ye ya yeylhuitl pahpacohua Qua­ quamiminallo yn oncan Omoteneuh Sera! quiyahuac yn ihquac ohualla curreo ypan macuilli tzillini ye teotlac yn ocaxitico yn oquihualhuicac tlahtolli espafia. yn oqui-

I. The sense of tepi/tzin, as often, may be child of prominent people. 2. Stafford Poole advises us that this is the feast commonly known in English as

1609 159

rulership, he went to settle down in Oaxaca. This bishop was born here in Mexico, a child of people 1 here; he comes from the conquerors. Y. Today, Tuesday, the 19th of the month of May of the year 1609, was when don Juan Cano de Moctezuma set out from Mexico here to go to Spain; he took his spouse and

children. Y. Today, Friday, the 22nd of the month of May of the year 1609, was when the inspector general licenciado Diego Landeras y Velasquez set out from Mexico here to go to Spain; he carried out the inspection here for two and a half years. Y. Now at the end of the month of June of the year 1609 was when cleaning and clearing mud out of all the canals in Mexico came to an end; the activity on account of cleaning

the water lasted for four months. y_ Today, Thursday, the 9th of the month of July of the year 1609, was when Father fray Diego de Contreras, master [in theology] and prior of San Agustin in Mexico, was given

a chair at the royal school in Mexico. [p. 120] y_ Today, Friday, the 17th of the month of July of the year 1609, was when the beloved of our lord God Father Pedro Sanchez, religious of the Company of Jesus, passed away. It was here in Mexico that he died; he was very old at death. y_ Today, Saturday, the 18th of the month of July of the year 1609, was when a master blacksmith, one of us commoners, named __ , set out and left for New Mexico. The viceroy sent him to teach the people there in New Mexico; he accompanied eight Spanish

soldiers. y_ It was today, Saturday, the 1st of the month of August of the year 1609, on the feast day of San Pedro ad Vincula2 that the lawsuit of Father frey Agustfn del Espiritu Santo in his persistent campaign about his habit of our dear father lord San Ant6n Abad came to a conclusion. The bishop of Puebla, don Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, and the executive officer of the bishopric, Melchor Marquez, confirmed him and decided his cause was just; they dismissed the suit here in the archbishopric of Mexico with which they so greatly opposed the said Father frey Agustin de! Espiritu Santo, causing his suffering. Now he is rightly a religious of our precious father San Anton Abad.

Y. Today, Friday, the 7th of the month of August of the year 1609, was when a group went to Mexicatzinco [p. 121] to open up the water that was blocked there in one place

with a closing device called a bridge. Y. Today, Monday, the 31st of August of the year 1609, was when there was bullfighting and celebration here in Mexico Tenochtitlan, outside the municipal building, because of the celebration of the feast day of San Hipolito Martir, patron here in the city of Mexico. Three days were set aside during which there was [bull]fighting, and the Spanish rulers3

ran horses at the corral and jousted with reed darts. The gear and attire which they wore and prepared themselves with was all very fine; what all the rulers wore was very ex­

pensive. Y. And today, Wednesday, the 2nd of the month of September, the third day of bullfighting and celebration outside the said municipal building, was when a courier came, at 5 o'clock in the afternoon, bringing news from Spain; he came to announce it at the waiting room

Saint Peter in Chains. 3. Here apparently meaning little more than prominent people or caballeros.

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160 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

rnachiztico oncan ytlatlachiantzinco yn visun-ey Don luis de velasco. yn ipantzinco acico yn castilla hual!a tlahtolli ynic oquimomachizti!lico. yn quenin yehuatzin tohueytlah­ tocauh Rey Don felipe tercero yn ompa moyetztica espafia. ye oquimomaquilli ye ytech oquimopohuilli yn tlahtocayotl yn Marquesyotl yn ipan altepetl de Salinas. yn Don luis de velasco vmpa marques. omochiuhtzino y Auh niman axcan Juebes ye yohua ye 3. mani Metztli yn omoteneuh Setiembre de 1609 afios. ya yehuatzin ycatzinco ypampatzinco yn tlahtohuani visurrey Don luis de velasco marques de salinas yn opahpacohuac. mexico. yn oncan tecpan quilp. J22]Yahuac Palacio bentana hualmoquetzino yn omoteneuhtzino visurrey yn quimopahpaquiltillique oncan hualmotztilitoya ynic oncan tlatzltla yxquichcapa ceceyaca oome matihui yn ixquichtin. caualleros espafiolesme in ye mochintin onpohuallonchicuey in ye no ni cue! mocencauhque yn intla,otlatquitica vncan conmotlapalhuiaya yxpantzinco onmopacho­ huaya yn tlahtohuani moch tlacauallohuia candelas achas yn inmac tlatlatlatiuh ynin mochiuh ypan chicome tzillini ye yohuac yn pahpacohuac yhuan yn onca tecpan tlapan­ tenco y nohuian cenca miec yn 6can tlatlac sepocandelas. ynic mochiuh yn motenehua luminarios. yhuan no cenca miec yn oncan quitlatlazque couetes. yuan ynic nohuian on­ can tecpan quiyahuac nohuian quauhtlaliloc tlatlac oncan yn quahuitl yhuan ynic nohuian yhtic ciudad yn incalticpac castilteca nohuian quitlatique quahuitl. yhuan nohuian tlatzi­ tzillitzalloc yn izquican teopan rnexico yn monasterios.1

y Axcan Sabado, ye 3. mani metztli de octubre de 1609. afios. ypa yvisperatzin S. Franco yn omomiquilli y notla,oycniuhtzin Padre helias donado pouhqui ytlatecpanalpantzinco yn sefior Sanct Franco toctoc oncan yn Sant. Josep mexico, ynin xochmilco ychantzinco cenca huecauh yn omotlamacehuili yea habito. nehuatl. Domingo de S. Anton Mui\on y nicniuhtzin onicatca y Auh axcan Domingo ye __ tia metztli Nouiembre de 1609. afios. yquac yah yn Don Juan baptista Juez gouernador catca mexico. tenochtitlan ychan Malinalco Ip. 123] y Axcan tunes ye 30. mani Metztli Nouiembre de 1609. ai\os. ypan ylhuitzin S. Andres Apostol. yhquac nican Mexico iglesia mayor. oteochihualloc omacoc teoyotica ytlahto­ cayo in yehuatzin inquisidor mayor. omoyetzticatca Don Alonso de Peralta ynic Ar,o­ bispo. mochiuhtzino yn ipan altepetl de las charcas yn ompa ypan tlalli peru. auh yehuan­ tzitzin quimoteochihuillique quimomaquillique yn teoyotica ytlahtocayo. yn omentzitzin teoyotica tlahtoque ynic ce yehuatzin yn Don fray Garcia guerra arcobispo 2 Mexico. ynic ome yehuatzin yn Don diego Pasquez de Mercado ar,obispo de manilla de la china yhquac nican moyetzticatca. Auh ye niman yehuatzin inquisidor mayor. omochiuhtzino yn Don Gutierre Bernardo de Quiros. ye chicome yn ynquisidores mayores ye mochiuhtzinoa yn nican ypan huey altepetl ciudad mexico tenochtitlan. Otzonqui,aco yn Matlactlomey calli

xihuitl. de 1609. afios. -\\I-

'll i. Tochtli xihuitl. 1610. yn ipan in yancuic xihuitl yehuatl Presidente mochiuhtica yn franc0 Sanches espafiol y nican mexico tenochtitlan yn ipampa gouernacio. 3 auh ,an ya yehuatl allde yn telpochtli Don Antonio valleriano ihuan don miguel sanchez huetzin yhuan yn oc cequintin nauhcapa alldesme. 4 // yhuan axca miercoles ye 6. tia henero ypa

1. Or at all the monastery churches in Mexico? 2. For "an;obispo.'' 3. A sort of quasi-governorship of Mexico Tenochtitlan held by a Spaniard. See also

1609-1610 161

of viceroy don Luis de Velasco, where the news that came from Spain reached him; he came to announce that our great ruler the king, don Felipe III who resides in Spain, had given and assigned to don Luis de Velasco the rulership and Marquesado in the altepetl of Salinas, that he had been made Marques there.

y And then today, Thursday, at night on the 3rd of the said month of September of 1609, there was celebrating in Mexico in honor of the lord viceroy don Luis de Velasco, Mar­ ques of Salinas, outside the palace. Ip. 122] The said viceroy came and stood at the palace window; while they feted him he looked on at each of all the Spanish cavaliers below going in pairs, 48 in all, again outfitted in their precious gear; there they greeted the ruler and bowed down before him, and everything was on horseback, with burning candles and tapers in their hands. This celebration took place at 7 o'clock in the evening. And on the palace roof everywhere very many tallow candles burned, making what are called lumi­ naries, and they also set off many rockets there, and everywhere outside the palace logs were placed and wood burned there, and everywhere in the city the Spaniards burned logs on the roofs of their houses, and the bells were rung everywhere, in all the churches and monasteries of Mexico.1

y Today, Saturday, the 3rd of the month of October of the year 1609, on the eve [of the feast day of] San Francisco, my dear friend Father Elias, a lay brother belonging to the order of the lord San Francisco, passed away. He lies buried at San Josef in Mexico. He was from Xochimilco. He had served in the habit for a very long time. I, Domingo de San Anton Mufi6n, was his friend. y Today, Sunday, the _th of the month of November of the year 1609, was when don Juan Bautista from Malinalco, who was judge-governor in Mexico, left. Ip. 123] y Today, Monday the 30th of the month of November of the year 1609, on the feast day of San Andres Apostol, was when the former chief inquisitor, don Alonso de Peralta, was consecrated and given his spiritual rulership here in the cathedral of Mexico as archbishop appointed in the altepetl of Charcas in the land of Peru. Those who consecrated him and gave him his spiritual rulership were the two spiritual rulers don fray Garcia Guerra, arch­ bishop2 in Mexico, being first, and second don Diego Vasquez de Mercado, archbishop in Manila in China, who was here at the time. And thereupon don Gutierre Bernardo de Quiroz was made chief inquisitor. He was the seventh chief inquisitor appointed here in the great altepetl and city of Mexico Tenochtitlan. The year 13 House, 1609, has come to an end.

-111- 'l[ l Rabbit Year, 1610. In this new year Francisco Sanchez, Spaniard, was made president here in Mexico Tenochtitlan concerning the governorship. 3 And the same don Antonio Valeriano the younger was alcalde, along with don Miguel Sanchez Huentzin and the oth­ er alcaldes from the four parts.4 // And today, Wednesday, the 6th of January, on the feast

the reference to Francisco Sanchez, corregidor of Mexico, in the entry for March 4, 1601 (pp. 72-73 at n. 2).

4. I.e., no new alcaldes had been appointed yet.

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162 1RANSCRIPT!ON AND TRANSLATION

ylhuitzin de los Reyes yeyn tlahtoq yquac omomiquili y Don po 9uga alkle te corde y presidente de audiencia real de mexico y Auh axcan ypan metztli febrero de 1610 afios yquac omachiztico ohualla tlahtolli yn ompa a la china vmpa omomiquilli yn itla9otzin tt0 . Dias. Don fr. Pedro de agurdo obis­ po de Sepon 1 ynin Sant. Augustin teopixqui in yehuatzin in nican mexico motlacatilli nican te[p. J24]Piltzin. quin iceltzin criyoyo momati yn obispo omochiuhtzino quin yehuatzin quimonpehualtilli y nican tepilhuan in ye tleco in ye tlahtocati - Yhuan yquac vmpa hualhuia yn la china yn Don Rodrigo ___ ymachtzin yn tlacatl Don luis de velasco visurrey. yn ax can motlahtocatilia auh 9an huey apan polihuico. yn iuh machiztico y Auh axcan Domingo ye 28. mani metztli hue] itlamian febrero de 1610 afios. yquac ypan matlactli tzillini tlaca y nican mexico omoquixti ynic onmopehualti ynic ompa mohuicac. a la china in teyotica tlahtohuani Don diego Pasquez de mergado ar,obispo de manilla. ynin clerigo. quinmohuiquilli matlactlomomentin Sant Augustin teopixque yn ompa motemachtilizque a la china II no yquac vmpa ya ji mariscal la china y Auh yn ipan omoteneuh Domingo yn itlamian metztli febrero yquac nezque yn alklesme nauhcampa mexico tenochtitlan ye o iuh yalhua sabadotica tlalliloque yn San Juan moyotlan 9an ya yehuatl yn telpochtli Don Antonio valleriano. yhuan Don diego __ yn alcaldesme. auh yn Sant. Pablo yehuantin motlallique yn Don miguel Sanchez. yhuan Don Bernabe __ Auh yn Sant Sebastian motlallique yehuantin yn tlacatl Don diego luis de moteuhc,oma yhuan melchior __ auh yn Sancta Maria motlallique yehuantin yn Malia ___ yhuan Sebastian ___ quin oncan inn onpeuh yn escan omoteneuh Sant. Pablo. San Sebastian Sancta maria yn oome motlallique alklesme. ytencopatzinco [p. 125] Yn tlahtohuani visurrey. ypampa yn tequitl mopapatlazque yn quichiazij yn tleyn tequitl2

y axcan sabado ye 28 Mar,o de 1610 a0 s. yquac oteochihualoq. fr. augustin de! spu Santo yea Euangelio yhuii Don diego Sotelo yea misa. - y Auh axcan Sabado Sancto ye 10. mani metztli abril de 1610 afios. yquac nican mexico moquixti ynic onmopehualti ynic ompa mohuicac Piru. yn teoyotica tlahtohuani Don Alonso de Peralta ar,obispo de las charcas yn ompa ypan tlalli Peru y Auh no yquac ypan yn omoteneuh metztli abril. oc ceppa ompa otequitihuato yn hue­ huetocan citlaltepec ompa otequitito y nohuiampa tlaca altepehuaque yn tlaxcalteca yhuan chololteca. II yhuan mexicatzinco ohtli yn atenamitl mochiuhtoc mohuecapano motlalten motlachcuitlaz. oncan tequitico yn quauhnahuaca ynic centonayan tlaca yhuii chalca amaquemeque Ice metztli ynic nenque ye ytlacoyoc Metztli Mayo. yn quitlamico ohtli

mexicatzinco

y Auh axcan miercoles ye 30 mani metztli Junia de 1610 a0 s. yquac ocallac yn Don Juan Perez de monterrey. mesti,o gouernador mexico tenochtitlan nican mexico chane yquac quicauh ynic Presidente mochiuhticatca franc0 Sanchez. espafiol. II no yquac hualla espafia yn iBeatificacioyotzr y Sant. ignacio de loyola fundador de la compafiia de Jesus.

y Auh axcan Sabado ome tzillini ye teotlac ye 24. mani metztli Julio de 1610 afios. yquac

I. The word appears to have been written both Sebon and Sepon, in what sequence is not clear. ·

1610 163

day of the Kings, the three rulers, was when don Pedro de [Zufiiga?], alcalde de carte and president of the Royal Audiencia of Mexico, passed away. y Now, in the month of February of the year 1610, was when it became known here and word came from China that the beloved of our lord God, don fray Pedro de Agurto, bishop of Japan, 1 who was an Augustinian friar, passed away there. He was born here in Mexico, a child of people here. fp. 124] He is thought to have been the only criollo made a bishop yet; he started it that children of people here are ascending and ruling. And at this time don Rodrigo [de Vivero], nephew of the lord don Luis de Velasco, viceroy, who governs now, was coming from China [the Philippines], but he perished on

the ocean, as became known. y Today, Sunday the 28th of the month, at the very end of February of the year 1610, was when, at 10 o'clock in the morning, the spiritual ruler don Diego Vasquez de Mercado, archbishop of Manila, set out and departed to go to China. He is a secular priest and took with him twelve Augustinian friars who are to preach in China. II Also at that time the

marshal went to China. y The said Sunday, at the end of the month of February, was when the alcaldes from the four parts of Mexico Tenochtitlan were made public; they had already been placed in office the day before, Saturday: for San Juan Moyotlan the same don Antonio Valeriano the younger, and don Diego ___ as alcaldes; and for San Pablo don Miguel Sanchez and Don Bernabe ____ were installed; and for San Sebastian the lord don Diego Luis de Moteuc~oma and Melchor __ were installed; and for Santa Marfa Matias __ and Se­ bastian __ were installed. Only then did it begin that in the three said parts of San Pablo, San Sebastian, and Santa Marfa two alcaldes each were installed, at the order of the lord viceroy, [p. 125] to take turns with the duties and wait to see what duty there will

be.2

y Today, Saturday the 28th of March of the year 1610, was when frey Agustfn de! Espiri­ tu Santo was ordained deacon, and don Diego Sotelo was ordained priest. - y Today, Saturday of Holy Week, the 10th of the month of April of the year 1610, was when the spiritual ruler don Alonso de Peralta, archbishop of Charcas in the land of Peru,

set out and left Mexico here to go to Peru. y Also, in the said month of April people went again to perform duty at Huehuetocan, at Citlaltepec. The people from altepetl everywhere went to work there, including the Tlax­ calans and the Cholulans. II And the Mexicatzinco road that has been made into a dike was raised; soil and sod were thrown on it. The people of Cuernavaca and all the people of the hot lands came to work there, and the Amaquemeque of Chalco spent a month at it. I It was already halfway through the month of May when they finished the Mexicatzinco

road. y Today, Wednesday the 30th of the month of June of the year 1610, was when don Juan Perez de Monterrey, mestizo, from Mexico here, entered [office] as governor in Mexico Tenochtitlan; at that time Francisco Sanchez, Spaniard, left [the office] he had been ap­ pointed to as president. II At the same time [news] came from Spain of the beatification of San Ignacio de Loyola, founder of the Company of Jesus. y Today, Saturday, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, on the 24th of the month of July in the

2. In this important passage as elsewhere, the order of the four parts is the invariable one.

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164 1RANSCRIPTION AND 1RANSLATION

ypan yPesperastzin Sanctiago Apostol. ye teopancalmamalihuac yquac yecauh yn iteopan­ caltzin tlatilolco vmpa yn macoto yancuic teopan yn ipan omoteneuh Pesperaspan yn icomiendatzin Santiago yn telpochtli Don fernado altamirano. yn inconeuh yn inpiltzin Don Juan al[p. 126]tamirano. yhuan Dona Maria de dircios. 1 yn ichpochtzI tlahtohuani Don luis de velasco marques de Salinas visurrey. yn axcan moyetztica motlahtocatilia ca yxhuiuhtzin yn omoteneuh telpochtli Don fernado altamirano. caPitan de la guardia. ynin yn omoteneuh encomienda ca yehuatzin quihualmomaquilli yn tohueytlahtocauh yn ompa moyetztica espafia Don felipe tercero. // auh no yquac moman in yancnic retablo. auh ye quin imoztlayoc Domingotica y hue! ipan ilhuitzin Sanctiago. ynic 15. Julio. yn pahpa­ cohuac yn ilhuitl mochiuh tlatilolco ynic motlapo teopancalli yehuatzin ymactzinco yecauh yn Padre fray Juan torquemada. yn tlamico

Y Auh axcan Sabado ye 31. mani metztli huell itlamian Julio de 1610 afios. yquac teopan­ calmamalihuac yn motenehua la cassa Professa yquac motlapo ynin yancuic teopancalli yn oncan ye occa moyetzticate la compafiia de Jesus. teopixque yquac quimotlallilique ye mocallaqui yn Sacrameto. oncan quimanillico yn iglesia mayor. huey tlayahualolliztica huey ylhuichihualiztica yhuan hue! ipan motlalli yn omoteneuh Sabado yn ilhuitzin yancuican ye mochiuh ytlacemicnopilhuiani Sant Ignacio de loyola fundador de la compa­ fiia de Jesus. viscaya ychantzinco ynin hue! yehuatzin achtopa intatzin hue! yehuatzin yancuican ytlapehualtiltzitzinhuan ytlanextiltzitzinhuan yn la compafiia de Jesus teopixque yn omoteneuhtzinoa teatinos. yn ipan in omoteneuh Sabado. yquac oceliloc y nican mexico yni iyectenehualocatzin Sant Ignacio. y motenehua yBeatificacioyotzin. yn oquimomacahuili [p. 127)Sancto Padre Paulo quinto. yn axcan moyetztica Roma. auh ynic mochiuh ylhuitl yn tlayahualoliztli ye omito yglesia mayor yn quimanillico y Sancramento. ynic quimohuiquillique otlipan onca quimoquixtilico yn seral quiyahuac yxpan purtales. oncan ce mochiuh coloquio. niman quimoquixtilico Sant. Augustin teo­ pancalli yxpan oncan puertatitlan ye ome coloquio omochiuh niman ye nepa calnacazco 5necolloloc niman hospital del espu Sancto quimoquixtilito ye nahui2 coloquio onca mochiuh. auh in yehuatzin tlacemicnopilhuiani huey tetatzin Patriarcha Sant. Ignacio yn Itatzin clerigos. teopixque la compafiia de Jesus. ayemo motlayahualhui yn ipan in mochiuh 3 tlayahualoliztli ca ,an oncan yn hospital del espu Sancto teopanquiyahuac yn conmonamiquillico Sacramento. yn Sant. Ignacio. oncan quihualmoquixtilique yn ichan­ tzinco la cassa proffessa antastica yn ipilhulltzitzinhuan quimonapalhuique auh yn ocon­ monamiquillico Sacramento niman ye quimoyacanilli ynic quimocallaquillito ychantzinco yn oncan yancuic teopan la cassa proffessa motenehua ynic ynehuantzin oncan quimo­ pielizque yancuic teopan calli ynic axcan ye mitohua Sant. Ignacio y teopan. auh ynin ylhuitl mochiuh oc cenca yehuantin quichiuhque yn vizcaya tlaca espafiolesme ypampa ca ynSanctotzin yn omoteneuhtzino. macuilpohualli yn moJuldados. chichiuhque yn ar­ cabuz. quitlaztiaque yn quimoyacanillique sacramento yn ipan tlayahualoliztli mo[p. 128]chiuh yehuatl yncapitan mochiuhtia yn Don po odallola oydor. auh yn ipan missa yehuatzin motemachtili in cenca mahuiztililoni teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fray Garcia guerra an;obispo mexico. yn ihquac mochihuin ylhuitzin yancuican Sant Ignacio de loyola ye quin o yuh nepa onpohualloncaxtolli xihuitl momiquillitzino yn ompa Roma ytzon-

I. This surname, which appears several times in Ch. in different forms, is given as Ircio in Sarabia Viejo 1978.

1610 165

year 1610, on the eve of [the feast day of] S_antiago Apostol, was when a church building was inaugurated in his name, when his church was finished in Tlatelolco. Don Hernando Altamirano the younger went to the new church on the said eve to be given his enco­ mienda [in the order of] Santiago; he is the child of don Juan Altamirano [p. 126] and dofia Marfa de Ircio, 1 daughter of the lord don Luis de Velasco, Marques of Salinas, vice­ roy, who is now in residence and governs, for the said don Hernando Altamirano the younger, captain of the guard, is his grandchild. Our great ruler who resides in Spain, don Felipe Ill, sent orders giving him the said encomienda. // At the same time a new altar­ piece was set up, but not until the next day, on Sunday, right on the feast day of San­ tiago, the 15th of July, was there rejoicing and the feast day was celebrated in Tlatelolco, and the church was opened. It was finished and completed under the direction of Father fray Juan de Torquemada. y Today, Saturday the 3 Isl of the month, right at the end of July of the year 1610, was when the church called the Casa Profesa was inaugurated, and this new church was opened as a second place where the religious of the Company of Jesus reside. At this time they installed and brought in the Sacrament; they came to get it from the cathedral with a great procession and great celebration. It was installed right on the said Saturday, when for the first time the feast day of the all-deserving San Ignacio de Loyola, founder of the Com­ pany of Jesus, from Biscay, was celebrated. He was the very first father of the religious of the Company of Jesus, called Theatines, and they were first started and manifested by him. It was on the said Saturday that the blessing of San Ignacio, called his beatification, which the Holy Father Paul V, now residing in Rome, bestowed upon him, was received here in Mexico. [p. 127] As to how the feast day and procession were held, it was already said that they came to the cathedral to get the Sacrament and took it along the streets. They brought it by outside the municipal building, facing the arcades; there a speech was held. Then they brought it in front of the Augustinian church, next to the door, and a second speech was held. Then they turned around the corner on the far side and took it by the Hospital of Espfritu Santo, where a fourth2 speech was held. The all-deserving great father and patriarch San Ignacio, the father of the priests and religious of the Company of Jesus, did not yet go in the said3 procession. San Ignacio only came to meet the Sacra­ ment outside the church at the Hospital of Espfritu Santo; his children [the Jesuits] brought him out of his home, the Casa Profesa, bearing him on a carrying platform. When he had come to meet the Sacrament, he led it, taking it into his home, the new church called the Casa Profesa, so that they will keep both of them at the new church, the church now being called San Ignacio. This feast day that was held was celebrated espe­ cially by the Spaniards who are Basques, because the said [San Ignacio] is their saint. A hundred men gotten up as soldiers, who went shooting off harquebuses, went ahead of the Sacrament. When the procession was held, [p. 128] don Pedro Otalora, judge of the Au­ diencia, went as their captain. And at the mass the very reverend spiritual ruler don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop in Mexico, preached. When the feast day of San Ignacio de Loyola was celebrated for the first time, it had been 55 years since he passed away in

2. Either "third" is meant, or even more likely, mention of a third site and occasion was inadvertently omitted.

3. It appears that "omoteneuh" was intended here.

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166 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

teconpa yn cemanahuatl auh oc cenca hue! momahuic;ohua ynic oquiz ylhuichihuililoca­ tzin mexico yn omoteneuhtzino Sant Ignacio. yn ayemo ycenyo yn ilhuichihuililocatzin omochiuh ye niman hueylhuitl yn omochiuh ynic ycatzinco opahpacohuac ynic cenca miequintin c;atepan oquinextique yn tlahueliloque oquimomahuizpolhuique yntlacuiloltica yn aquique conc;ac;alohuaya puertatitech yn oncan yglesia mayor yohualtica. auh quen­ mache oc tlapanahuia hueylhuitl mochihuatiuh yniquin quenman quimonequiltitzinotiuh tt0 • Dias ynic mochipauhtzinoz ynic quimocencahuilizque ynic Sancto cemahuic;o macoz. ynic tlamiz. yn icanonizatoyotzin motenehua yehica ypampa yn axcan yntla c;an oc in yectenehuallocatzin y Beatificacioyotzin general yniquilhuitzin omochiuh auh ye niman huey yn ilhuichihuililocatzin omochiuh mexico yn ayac oc ce Sancto yuh ycatzinco omo­

chiuh ceppa nican Mexico. y_ Axcan miercoles. ye .8.tia Metztli Setiembre de 1610. afios. yquac nican mexico ohualla tlahtolli yn ompa espafia yuh omachiztico yn ompa Rey catca francia yn itoca Ip. 129] Do henrriq. quarto. Oquimictique. auh yn quimicti c;an ce ymacehual ybaxe ycallitic­ nencauh amo pilli amo cauallero r;an cuitlapilli atlapalli. yn iuh machiztico c;an otlica cal­ tzallan yn quiquechcoton yhtic cache yetihuia yn tlahtohuani Rey. ynehuan yetihuia ce obispo Nuncio mitohua auh ynic quiquechcoton c;an carta conmacaya yn oncann icocheco ynic no yehuatl hualtlachiaya hualmoquechanaya yn tlahtohuani yn oncan conquechcoton amo hue! momati yn tle yea auh ynic otlica nenca Rey. yn ihtic ciudad quiytztinenca yn otli yn ac;o qualli ynic oncan pahpacohuaz. yn ipampa ynamic Reyna. ynic corona macoz.

ynic cihuatlahtohuani francia.

y_ Auh axcan sabado ye 18.tia metztli Setiembre de 1610 afios. yquac oteochihualloc yea missa in yehuatzin notlac;otatzin fray Augustin de! spm Sancto ytechtzinco pohui totlac;o­ tatzin. Sant Antonio Abbad. c;an ce ynehuan yquac o no teochihualoc yea Epistula yn fray Thomas de libera Santo Domingo teopixqui Amaquemecan chalco ychan ypiltzin Marcos de libera. yxhuimontzin yn tlacatl Don Juan de sandoual tequanxayacatzin teohuateuhctli tlahtohuani catca tlayllotlaca Amaquemecan chalco. auh ynin yn omoteneuhtzinoque omentintzitzin teopixque yehuatzin oquinmoteochihuilli yn cenca mahuiztililoni teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fray Garcia guerra arc;obispo mexico. oncan yn Sancto Domingo mote­

teochihuilli Mexico. Ip. 130] y_ Axcan lunes. ye 20.tia metztli Setiembre de 1610. anos. yquac omomiquilli yn tlacatl Don Miguel Sanchez huetzin. acatla pilli c;a ycel ocatca yniquitechpa oquizticatca yn itla­ camecayo yn tlacatl catca yn huehue tlacayeleltzin cihuacohuatl condeStable mexico tenochtitlan. auh yn omoteneuh miccatzintli yehuatl o ytech tlamico yn acatla pilot! qui­

centlamitiuh y_ Axcan Domingo ye 10 metztli octubre de 1610 anos. yquac omonamicti yn tlacatl Don Antonio valleriano telpochtli oquimonamicti yn cihuapilli Dona Barbara c;an ihuayol­ catzin. yn in omoteneuhque yccatotonhuan yn tlacatl Don diego de aluarado huanitzin

tlahtohuani catca tenochtitlan y_ Axcan Domingo ye yohuac matlactli tzillini ye 31.tia metztli octubre de 1610 afios. yquac omomiquilli yn Don Juan altamirano comendador Sanctiago ymotzin catca yn tlacatl Don luis de velasco. Marques de Salinas. visurrey mexico yn axcan moyetztica motlahtocatilia auh ye quin Junes y motocac ye teotlac chiquacen tzilini yn quiquixtique ychan hue] mahuiztic yuhquin Juebes Sancto ynic quihuicaque ynacayo ynic quitocato

167 1610

Rome, capital of the world. And there was especially great wonderment about how the feast day of the said San Ignacio was celebrated before his feast day had been entirely established, that already a great feast day and celebration was held for him, as many scoun­ drels afterward manifested and made insults about him in writing, sticking them on the doors of the cathedral at night. How much greater even will be the celebration of the feast day when someday our lord God deigns that [San Ignacio] be purified and prepared so that he will be made a saint in full honor, so that what is called his canonization will be com­ pleted, because now it is still only because of his blessing, his general beatification, that

his feast day was held, and then already his day was celebrated more greatly than was ever

done for any other saint here in Mexico.

y_ Today, Wednesday the 8th of the month of September of the year 1610, was when news came from Spain to Mexico here and it became known that the late king in France, named [p. 129] don Enrique IV, was killed. The person who killed him was just one of his vas­ sals, his page, a servant living in his house, not a noble, not a gentleman, just a com­ moner. As became known, when the ruler, the king, was riding in his coach together with a bishop called the nuncio [papal ambassador], just on the road, on the street, he cut off his head. As to how he cut off his head, he was just giving him a letter in his coach, so that the ruler looked this way and stretched out his neck, where he cut off his head, with what cannot be established. As to why the king was going along the streets inside the city, he was going inspecting the streets to see if they were good for celebrations there on account of his spouse the queen, when she was to be given the crown as queen in France. y_ Today, Saturday, the 18th of the month of September of the year 1610, was when my precious father fray Agustln de! Espiritu Santo was ordained as [a priest with permission to hold] mass. He belongs to [the order of] our precious father San Antonio Abad. At that time just one other person was ordained together with him, as subdeacon, fray Tomas de Ribera, a Dominican friar from Amaquemecan Chalco, child of Marcos de Ribera, grand­ son-in-law of the lord don Juan de Sandoval Tequanxayacatzin, Teohuateuctli, who was ruler in Tlailotlacan Amaquemecan Chalco. The very reverend spiritual ruler don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop in Mexico, ordained the two said religious; he performed the

ordainment at Santo Domingo in Mexico. Ip. 130] y_ Today, Monday the 20th of the month of September of the year 1610, was when the lord don Miguel Sanchez Huentzin, a noble of Acatlan, passed away. He was the only one left, so that with him ended the line of the late lord Tlacaelleltzin the elder, the cihuacoatl, high constable in Mexico Tenochtitlan. With the said dead person the nobility of Acatlan

came to an end, he terminated it once and for all. y_ Today, Sunday the 10th of the month of October of the year 1610, was when the lord don Antonio Valeriano the younger got married; he married the ,noblewoman dona Barbara, his relative. The aforementioned are the great-grandchildren of the lord don Diego

de Alvarado Huanitzin, who was ruler in Tenochtitlan. y_ Today, Sunday, at ten o'clock at night, on the 31st of the month of October of the year 1610, was when don Juan Altamirano, comendador of Santiago, passed away. He was the son-in-law of the lord don Luis de Velasco, Marques of Salinas, viceroy in Mexico, who is now in residence and rules. On the following Monday he was buried. At 6 o'clock in the afternoon they brought him out of his home. The way they took his body and went to

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168 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

Sant FranC.O yehuantzitzin quinapaloque yn izquican teopixque yn prouincialesme yhua

prioresme. yhuan oncan mohuicac ye quiyacatitia y teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fr Garcia guerra ari;obispo yhuan mochtin yn canonigosme yn cabildotlaca. 1 Auh yn tlahtohuani

Don luis de velasco visurrey. Ip. 131] i;a motlatoquillitia ytloctzinco yyopochcopatzinco

ycatia yn ixhuiuhtzin Don fernando altamirano capita de la guardia9anno comendador S.tiago ypiltzin y moteneuh miccatzintli.

y Axcan can2 Domingo ye 14.tia metztli Nuuiembre de 1610. afios. yquac yancuic missa oquimochihuilli y notlai;otatzin fray Augustin de] Spm Sancto. yteopixcatzin yn totlai;o­

tatzin Senor S. Antonio Abbad. nican yteopanchantzinco ciudad mexico. auh yehuan­ tzitzin Padrinos. mochiuhtzinoque yn cenca mahuiztililonime Padres Juan de touar. redor

colegio S. greg 0 yhua yehuatzin Sancti esteuan auh yn omotemachtili yehuatzin yn Padre Gaspar meneses. ymeyxtintzitzin la compafiia de Jesus teopixque y Axcan miercoles. ye 17.tia metztli Nouiembre de 1610 afios. yquac omotlalli retablo yn oncan yglesia mayor. teopan yn oncan ycapillatzinco Senor Sant greg 0 Thamaturgo

obispo confesor Padron totepantlatocatzI mexico ytechpa ynic oapachihuia altepetl me­

xico tenochtitlan ynic amo hue! opoliuh. 3 auh ynic quimotlalilique omoteneuhtzino Sane­ to yn oncan ycapillatzin huey tlayahualoliztica oncan quimanillico yn Sant. Augustin. yn

ciudad tlaca. mochintin yn tlahtoque visurrey. oydores. ynic mochintin omicuiloque 4

oncan ycapillatzin Sancto yn iuh neztica axcan fp. 132]

y axcan Junes ye 15.5 mani metztli Nouiembre de 1610 aiios. yquac nican mexico calla­ quico yn Don Rodrigo de vivero vmpa hualla Jabun a la china ynahuac. auh ynic yahca vmpa a la china yn oncan ytocayocan manilla oncan gou 0 rtito yn omoteneuh Don Ro­

drigo. ynin ymachtzin yn tlahtohuani Don luis de velasco visurrey. auh atlan poliuhca ye ye hualhuia nican mexico. mochi polihuico yn itlatqui auh ompa quinhuicac yn ayehecatl yn Jabun ompa atenquii;ato ynic ypan callaquito yn huey tlatohuani emperador yn onca

tlahtocati Jabun oncan monotzque oncan quimocniuhti yn Don Rodrigo. yhuan oncan quihuallaneuhti quexquich ytlatqui y quihualcuic nican mexico Don Rodrigo. yhuan

quezquintin oquinhualhuicac yn ompa tlaca Jabun. auh yn iuh machoca nican mexico ca atlan hueyapan omomiquillico y Don Rodrigo ynic ompa huallehuaca manilla auh ya ce xiuhtica ynic axcan onecico ynic ocallaquico mexico. auh ynic callaquico ~acan6 oqu icel y nican mexico. i;an oc otlipan quinhualcauhtiquiz yhuiantzin yatihuitze y nican huitze

Jabun tlaca yn ompa quinhuallehuiti Jabun. yn o yuh atenquii;aco oncan al puerto aca­ polco i;an niman quihualyacatitiquiz yn Don Rodrigo.

y Axcan Domingo ye 12 tia metztli de diciembre de 1610. afios. yquac ye teotlac chiqua­

cen tzilini yn ocallaquico monjastin. yn oncan monasterio Sancta Monica. nahuintin yhua omentin noficias. ye chiquacemin yn onca callaquico cochetica. Ip. 133] Y huallaque. vm­

pa hualquizque. yn huey Monasterio. concepcio. Ayoticpac. oncan fundadoras mochihua­ co. yn monasterio. S.ta Monica. auh yehuatl oncan inPatron yhquac. mochiuh. yn Doctor Don fernando de villegas. quinpachoz. yn monjastin. oncan callaquizque. ca yuh yehuatzin quimomamaltilli in teoyotica tlahtovani Don fray Garcia Guerra ari;obispo. Mexico. yehuatzin. quimomaquilli. yn Patronasco.

I. It seems that the members of the cathedral chapter are meant. 2. The can of "Axcan" is inadvertently repeated. 3. Or was not able to be destroyed.

1610 169

bury him at San Francisco was truly impressive, like on Maundy Thursday. The religious who were provincial heads and priors of the different orders carried him; the spiritual ruler

don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop, went ahead of him, along with all the canons and members of the cabildo. 1 And the lord don Luis de Velasco, viceroy, Ip. 131] just fol­

lowed behind. At his left side went his grandchild don Hernando Altamirano, captain of

the guard, also a comendador of Santiago, child of the said deceased. y Today, 2 Sunday the 14th of the month of November of the year 1610, was when my

precious father fray Agustin de! Espiritu Santo, religious of our precious father the lord San Antonio Abad, said mass for the first time here at his [San Antonio's] church in the

city of Mexico. The very reverend fathers Juan de Tovar, rector of the Colegio of San Gregorio, and ___ San Esteban became sponsors, and Father Gaspar de Meneses

preached; all three are religious of the Company of Jesus. y Today, Wednesday the 17th of the month of November of the year 1610, was when an

altarpiece was set up in the cathedral, in the chapel of the lord San Gregorio Taumaturgo, bishop, confessor, patron, and our intercessor in Mexico, concerning how when there was flooding here in the altepetl of Mexico Tenochtitlan, it was not entirely destroyed, 3 so

that they established his chapel there for the said saint with a great procession. The mem­

bers of the Spanish cabildo and all the high lords, viceroy and Audiencia judges, came to San Agustin to get him, so that all their names were inscribed 4 in the chapel of the saint

as they now appear. Ip. 132] y Today, Monday the 15th5 of the month of November of the year 1610, was when don

Rodrigo de Vivero entered Mexico here. He came from Japan, close to China [the Phil­ ippines]. The reason the said don Rodrigo had gone to China, to the place called Manila, was to be governor there; he was the nephew of the lord don Luis de Velasco, viceroy. And he came to grief on the sea; as he was coming here to Mexico, all his possessions were lost, and the storms carried them to Japan, where he landed, so that he found there

and entered the presence of the great ruler, the emperor, who rules in Japan. There they talked; [the emperor] made friends with don Rodrigo and lent him all the goods he brought here to Mexico, and don Rodrigo brought a few of the people from there in Japan. It had

been thought here in Mexico that don Rodrigo had died on the water, the ocean, when he left Manila coming in this direction, but after a year he now appeared and entered Mexico.

When he entered here in Mexico. it was just 6 by himself; he left behind on the road the Japanese who were coming here and leaving Japan to come at their leisure after they had

landed at the port of Acapulco; don Rodrigo hurried ahead of them. y Today, Sunday the 12th of the month of December of the year 1610, was when, at 6 o'clock in the afternoon, nuns entered the convent of Santa Monica. There were four of

them along with two novices, so that six entered. They came in a carriage; Ip. 133] they left from the great convent of Concepcion in Ayoticpac, coming as founders of the

convent of Santa Monica, and doctor don Fernando de Villegas became their patron at that time; he is to govern the nuns who enter there, for the spiritual ruler don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop in Mexico, gave him that responsibility, gave him the position of

patron.

4. Or a painting of them was put there. 5. Monday the 15th is compatible with Wednesday the 17th even though the usual

order is reversed. 6. For "ca c;an."

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170 TRANSCRIITION AND TRANSLATION

y Axcan Juebes, teotlac. ye 16. mani metztli de diciembre de 1610. afios. yhquac ye chi­ quacentzillini. nican yhtic ciudad Mexico. ahcico. ye callaquico. ac;o hue! caxtollonnahui tlacatl. yn Jabon china tlaca, ce pilli ynteuhcyo yn quinhualhuicac. enbaxador. ynteuhc­ titlan yn huey tlahtohuani emperador jabon. tlamatca yeliztli paz. quicbihuaco. yn in­ huicpa christianosme, ynic aye moyaochihuazque. c;an mochipa tlamatcayezque. motla­ c;otlazque ynic hue! callaquizque. espafioles. mercaderes. pochteca. yn opa Jabon. ayac hue! quintzacuiliz. yn ompa tlaca. auh c;anno yhui yehuantin Jabon tlaca. hue! hualcallaquiz­ que. y nican Mexico. motlayecoltiquihui. nican quinamacaquihui. yn tleyn intlatqui ompa mochihua. ayac aquin hue! nican. quintzacuilliz. ca yuh quinmonahuatilli yn quimottillico tlahtohuani visurrey Don luis de velasco. marques de Salinas. auh yehuatl nican quin­ hualhuicac. c;an ce hueyatenquic;aco. yn Don Rodrigo. de viuero. vmpa Govemadortito. yn ipan ciudad Manilla china. ynin ymachtzin. yn tlahtohuani Don luis de velasco Marques. visurrey Mexico. yniquimachtzin. ytechpa [p. 134] Yn inamictzin. catca. auh ynin omo­ teneuh Don Rodrigo de viuero. ca poliuhca huey apan. ynic hualhuia nican mexico. yuh machiztico yn axcan ye ce xihuitl. ypan de 1609. afios. ynic ye chialloya. auh ayac qui­ c;aco. c;atepa yuh mihto. a<;o polihuico. yn acalli. ac;o tlapanico cana huey apan. anoc;e o ypan pollaquico. yn ica tlatquitl. yn iuh mochihuani quenmanian. hue! yuh nemachoc. yn Mexico. ca opolihuico. opollaquico yn acalli. yn ihtic hualyetihuia Don Rodrigo. auh aca ce ye. 1 ayehecatl ypa moquetz. in huey apan. yn ica yehecatica atocotiaij. auh yn intlatqui. quihualcuia. moch atitla quitlazij.2 c;a yuhq. ynic ompa quinhuicac vmpa atenquic;ato. yn ipan huey tlahtocaaltepetl Jabon. ynic ompa c;an tlamatca yocoxca. quihualnamicque yn Jabon tlaca. mottaque ynehua yn tlahtohuani Emperador. Jabon. yuh machiztico. ytecpanchan ypalacio. yn mochantito cenca quitlac;otlac. quitlaqualtiaya. yhuan vmpa ypal motlatlanehui yn Don Rodrigo. yn Emperador. Jabon. cenca miyec mill yn itlatqui. vmpa quihualtlaneuhti. y nican quihualhuicac mexico Don Rodrigo. auh no yehuatl ypampa ynic quihualhuicac Jabon tlaca quicuico. yn izqui mil pesos. ytlaneuh Don Rodrigo. auh in yehuantin in omoteneuhque jabon tlaca. ynic nican huallaque. ca ya cequintin chris­ tianosme. auh cequintin oc tlateotocanime. ayemo moquatequiaya. yhuan c;an ye mochiuh hualmochichiuhtiaque. yn iuh vmpa mochichihua. yn iuhqui c;an inxicolhuipil quimaquia ypan mocuitlalpia yn intlacotian yn inpitzahuayan oncan quitecatihui ce gadana tepoztli yuhqui yn imespada ypa ponhui. yhuan ,an iuhqui tlamantillahuia. 3 auh yn incac. yaman­ qui tlayamanilli cuetlaxtli [p. 135] Yn Motenehua gamoc;a. yuhquin ma c;a xocpalvandes. 4

ypan pohui. ye caquia. ymicxic, yuhquin aquen momamamati. amo yocoxcatlaca. amo mocnomatcatlaca. c;an iuhquin quaquauhti. ye nemi. auh hue! moyequixquapetzohua. ynic moyequixquaytzxima hue! yn quayollonepantla. conaxitia. ynic mixquapetzxima. auh c;an in canahuacan. onpeuhtica. ynic ye moch incuexcochtlanpa. tlayahuallotoc. yn intzoncal. huey acatzoneque. ynquechpan ahci. ynic mohueyacatzontia. quiyacatequi. 5 yuhquin ma ychpopochtin. ye neci. yn ipampa ye motzonquentia. auh yn achi hueyac yntzon yn cuex­ cochtlan, yuhquin ma ynpiyoch. 6 quicetilia. ynic quillacatzcocolilpia. 7 auh yniquin qua­ yollonepantli caxitia. ynic moyecytzquaxipetzxima. hue! yuh ypan neoi corona. quiteca. yn imicpac. yehica yn incanahuacan yhuan yncuexcochtlan. hueyac. yn intzon tlayahual-

I. The division of the words and their analysis at this point is uncertain. 2. To stay afloat, presumably. 3. Headgear for women, a light scarf over head and shoulders. 4. The form "vandes" equals guantes.

1610 171

y Today, Thursday in the afternoon, the 16th of the month of December of the year 1610, at 6 o'clock, was when perhaps as many as nineteen people from Japan, in China, arrived and entered here in the city of Mexico. A noble, their lord, the ambassador, from the court of the great ruler the emperor in Japan, who brought them, came to make peace with the Christians so that they would never make war but always be at peace and esteem each other, so that Spanish merchants will be able to enter Japan and none of the people there will be able to impede them. And likewise the people of Japan will be able to come enter Mexico here to do business, to come here to sell their goods that are made there, and no one here will be able to impede them, for thus the lord Viceroy don Luis de Velasco, Marques of Salinas, whom they came to see, informed them. Don Rodrigo de Vivero brought them here; they had all landed together; he had gone to be governor in the city of Manila in China, and was the nephew of the ruler don Luis de Velasco, Marques, viceroy in Mexico; he was his nephew through [p. 134] his spouse. This said don Rodrigo de Vi­ vero had gotten lost on the ocean as he was coming here to Mexico, as became known today. A year ago, in the year 1609, when he was already expected, no one came. Later it was said that perhaps the ship was lost, or broke up somewhere on the ocean, or sank in it with the goods as happens sometimes. It was really thought that the ship in which don Rodrigo was coming was lost and sank. It turns out 1 that a sea storm arose over them in the ocean, and they went along driven by the winds of the stonn, and they threw all their goods they were bringing in the water,2 and in that condition the storm carried them to where they landed in the great royal altepetl of Japan, where the people of Japan met them in peace; the ruler, the emperor in Japan [and don Rodrigo] met together. It became known that he went to reside at his palace; he made much of him, fed him, and there don Rodrigo borrowed from the emperor in Japan; he came having borrowed very many thousand [pesos] belonging to him that don Rodrigo brought here to Mexico. And also because of that don Rodrigo came bringing people of Japan tu come get the so and so many thousand pesos that he borrowed. And some of the said people of Japan who came here were already Christians and some still idolaters who were not yet baptized. And they came gotten up as they are gotten up there; they wear something like an ornamented jacket, doublet, or long blouse, which they tie at their middle, their waist; there they place a catana [Asian cutlass] of metal, which counts as their sword, and they wear some­ thing like a mantilla. 3 And their footwear is soft, softened leather [p. 135] called chamois, counting just like foot-gloves 4 that they put on their feet. They seem bold, not gentle and meek people, going about like eagles. And their foreheads are very bare because they closely shave their foreheads, making the shaving of their foreheads reach to the middle of their heads. Their hair just begins at their temples, all going around toward the nape of their necks. They are long-haired; their hair reaches to their necks from their letting it grow long. They [cut only the tips?J;5 they look like girls because of the way they wear their hair. Their hair is rather long at the neck; they put together something like a piochtli, 6 which they tie in twisted, intertwined fashion, 7 reaching to the middle of the head with close shaving. It really looks like a tonsure that they display on their heads,

5. The verb yacatequi seems to contain yacatl, "nose, tip, point, front part," and tequi, "to cut." The word as such has so far not been located in works of reference or other texts.

6. Hair left on the nape of the neck of Nahua boys when they got a haircut. 7. Braid it? Make a bun?

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172 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

lo toe 1 yhuan amo tentzoneque, yhuan <;an iuhquin cihua xayaqueque, yhuan <;an iztalec­ popol. ynic chipahuaque, yn inxayac. <;an iztalectic. moch iuhque yn Jabon tlaca. yuhqui yn nacayo, yhuan amo cenca quauhtique, yn iuh mochi tlacatl. oquimittac, auh ynic nican mexico, callaquico, cenca quimahuiztilique, yn yehuatl vmpa pille. yn inpillo hualmo­ chiuhtia Jabon tlaca. chapoltepec quinamictito. yn icochetzin visurrey. yn hue] ye in yaxcatzin. ynic moquixtia ohtlipan, yehuatl yn quimotitlanilili. yn ihtic hualmotlallique, ynehuan ce teopixqui descalso. yn ompa quihualhuicaque Jabon. quinhualnahuatlah­ talhuitia. yhua ce oydor. yn quinnamiquito, chapoltepec. ynic 6ca [p. 136] ye qui<;aco, huallaque. jabonti. auh ynic oncan huallehuaque chapoltepec. yn omoteneuh cache, yhtic hualyetiaque. ymeyxtin. yn pilli Jabon yhuan teopixqui descalso. yhuan oydor. ynic callaquico yhtic ciudad, mexico, S, Augustin, teopancaltitlan. motlallico. auh ye quin imoztlayoc, yn quimottilique tlahtohuani vi surrey, auh ynic nican mexico ca tea ynic motlallico, Rey2 yn quintlaqualtiaya,

'II 2. Acatl xihuitl 1611. anos, axcan yehuatl ipan I yn ome acatl xihuitl. yn iuh quihto­ tihui. quiteneuhtihui. huehuetque tachcocolhuan, toxiuh molpillia yn 6pohuallonmatlac­ xiuhtica ypan onxiuhtica. yuh mochiuhtiuh, yn molpillitiuh yn inxiuh huehuetque. yn maca <;an tcmallacatl. ynic yatiuh, ynic mocuecueptiuh ynic momallacachotiuh, // auh yn ipan in yancuic xihuitl. yhuan yancuic metztli henero. yn ipan. omotlallique, alldesme, Mexico. S. Juan Moyotlan tlaca Joseph xuarez tlecuiltzin. S. Anton acatla chane. yhuan Sebastian __ ati<;apan chane, auh fiscal. S. Franco, mochiuh, yn Don Antonio vale­ riano, telpochtli tequicaltitla chane auh yn S. Pablo, tlaca alldesme. mochiuhque. her­ nando teuhcxochitzin. tlachcuititlan chane, yhuan, __ 3

y Axcan Miercoles, ye. 12. mani Metztli henero de 1611. [p. 137] Anos yhquac ye on­ yohuac. ye matlactlonce tzillini. <;an iciuhca yxtomamiquiliztica, 5 momiquilli. amo coco­ liztli. ynic momiquilli. Senora4 leonor Marin. Patrona yn teopan, S. Anton. ycnocihua­ tzltli yn illamatlacatl. ynamictzin catca yn senor. Diego de Munon. Patrones, ocatca, yn iteopanchantzinco Senor. S. Anton Abbad. Mexico xolloco, ythatzitzinhua moyetzticatca. yn cenca mahuiztililoni. Padre fray Augustin de] Spm Sancto. yteopixcatzin. yhuan fundador. yn iteopixcatlatecpanpantzinco. 6 yn ireligiontzin. Senor. S, Anton. yn axcan oncan ye no yehuatzin Patron mochiuhtzinotica, quimopiallia, yn iteopancaltzin Sancto. S. Antontzin. oncan quinmochillitica, yniqu in espafia hualmohuicazque. yn teoyotica ynhermanotzitzinhuan teopixque. yn motenehua canonigos. reclares.7 yhua ye monotza comendadores. de S. Anton - y Axcan Juebes. ye. 20 mani metztli henero de 1611 anos, yhquac ypan ylhuitzin catca. S. Sebastian, yn mocallaqui sacramento, y yancuic teopan S. Sebastian. atzaqualco.

I. This whole passage about hairstyling broaches a topic very rare in older Nahuatl texts; the translation is likely to contain a substantial amount of error~

2. Rey for virrey or visorrey may have been a simple slip on Ch.' s part. It is not, however, unheard of in older Nahuatl texts in general.

3, The alcaldes for San Sebastian Atzaqualco and Santa Maria Cuepopan are not men­ tioned, though an empty space was left for them,

4, Note how exactly Ch. reflects Spanish usage here. He calls Leonor Marin senora be­ cause she was not entitled to the "dona" used so liberally with the wives of viceroys and

1610--1611 173

because long hair goes around from their temples to the nape of their neck. 1 And they do not have beards, and they have faces like women, and they are whitish and light, with whitish or yellowish faces, All the people of Japan are like that, that is how their corporal aspect is, and they are not very tall, as everyone saw them, When they entered Mexico here, the nobleman from there who came appointed as the leader of the Japan people was greatly honored. The carriage of the viceroy, his very own property, went to Chapoltepec to meet him as he was passing by on the road. He sent to him, sitting in the coach together, a Discalced friar whom they brought from Japan, who came to interpret for them, and a judge of the Audiencia who went to Chapoltepec to meet him, when the Japanese came by [p. 136] on the way here, And when they came from Chapoltepec, inside the said carriage rode all three of them, the nobleman from Japan, the Discalced friar, and the judge. When they entered the city of Mexico, they came to establish themselves next to the Augustinian church, and not until the next day did they see the lord viceroy; and while they stayed here in Mexico, it was the [vice]roy2 who fed them,

'I[ 2 Reed year, 1611. Now in this 2 Reed year, as the ancients our forebears said and mentioned, our years are tied, as was done every 52 years that the years of the ancients went along being tied, as though it were a wheel in its manner of going returning upon itself and revolving. // And in this new year and in the new month of January alcaldes were installed in Mexico: for the San Juan Moyotlan people, Josef Juarez Tlecuiltzin, citizen of San Anton Acatlan, and Sebastian __ , citizen of Ati<;apan; don Antonio Valeriano the younger, citizen ofTequicaltitlan, became fiscal at San Francisco, and the alcaldes appointed for the San Pablo people were Hernando Teucxochitzin, citizen of

Tlachcuititlan, and __ .3

y Today, Wednesday, the 12th of the month of January of the year 1611, [p. 137] was when at 11 o'clock at night seilora4 Leonor Marlo passed away quickly and [unaccoun­ tably], 5 not of illness, She was patron of the church of San Ant6n, a widow and old woman, who was the spouse of sefior Diego de Munon; they were patrons of the churchly home of lord San Ant6n Abad in Mexico Xoloco and parents of the very reverend father fray Agustin de] Espiritu Santo, religious and founder in the religious order6 of lord San Anton, who now likewise becomes patron there and is in charge of the church building of the saint San Anton; there he is awaiting the time when his spiritual brothers will come from Spain, the religious who are called regular7 canons and comendadores of San Anton,

y Today, Thursday, the 20th of the month of January of the year 1611, was when, on the feast day of San Sebastian, the Sacrament was brought into the new church of San

encomenderos, We can conclude that the Mun6n family was of relatively modest social origins.

5. The sense of this word is deduced mainly from the context. In the form ixtoma­ miquiliztica, -miquiliztica is "by death," and ixtoma- defines the type of death. The root resembles ixtomahua, which often has the sense of haphazardly, without apparent purpose or reason. See the same word in a similar context, pp. 214-25 at n. 2 (Apr 16, 1612).

6, For "iteopixcatlatecpantzinco," 7, Presumably for Spanish reglares.

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174 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

yhquac yecauh and TI4tin padreme, yhuan atzaqualca. yn oncan quiquetzque ahuatonco. yexiuhtica, yn oyecahuico. teocalli. ynic quichiuhque atzaqualca. ya yehuantin ypan motlahtoltique. yn S. Augustin Padreme. cane! yehuantin ye quinmopachilhuia. yn atzaqualca. in ye yxquich ica. ye quincauhque. yn achtopa yn tahuan yn intepachocahuan catca. calmenitas. descal<;os, Padreme. yn oquicuique. yn oquimotechtique. yn inhuehueteocal 1 [p. 138] catca atzaqua]ca. yn axcan yhtic cate. quipia yn calmenitas. ca yehuatl hue! ymaxca. achtopa y macehualtin 2 atzaqualca. <;an oquincuillique. ynic oncan in hualmiquani. ahuatonco. yn iteocaltzin Sefior S, Sebastian. oncan ye no ye qui­ quetzaco. yn atzaqualca. yhuan oncan omochiuh yn inmonasterio.tzin Padreme S. Au­ gustin. ynic cemihcac oncan moyetztiezque. quinmopachilhuiz. que yn atzaqualca. yn axcan omoteneuh oncan omocallaqui Sacramento. cenca huey tlamahuiztililiztica. yhuan tlayahualoliztica. oncan quimanillico. yn huey teopan. colegio. de la compafiia de Jesus.

teatinos. y_ Axcan Domingo. ypan ome tzillini. ynic 23. mani metztli. henero de 1611. afios. yh­ quac teopan. S. Franco. omoquatequique. omentin. yn ohuallaque Jabon tlaca. hue] tlama­ huiztililiztica. yn quatequilloque. moch oncan nezque. mochintr ymixpan mochiuh. yn ixquichtin nepapan teopixque mexico. onoque, ynic ce moquatequi. yehuatl yn pilli teuhc­ tli Jabon. ytoca mochiuh yn onca ypan baptismo Don Alonso. teoyotica, ythatzin mo­ chiuh yn Don hernando de a]tamirano. capitan de la guarda. yn ihquac auh ynic ome moquatequi Jabon tlacatl. ytoca mochiuh. ]uren<;o. teoyotica ytatzin mochiuh. yn Don Pedro altamirano. yn moquatequique yn. hue] ypan ylhuitzin catca, S. Ilefonso. arco­ bispo3 de Toledo. // auh ye no nicuel. ynic omilhuitl. yn ipan Junes. ye no ceppa ce tla­ catl. moquatequi, yn Jabon tlacatl. ytoca mochiuh pelipe. teoyotica ythatzin mochiuh yn

Don gon,alo de monrroy. y_ Axcan sabado. ye .29. mani metztli henero de 1611. afios. [p. 139] Yhquac capitulo. mochiuh nican mexico. S. Franco. yehuatl prouincial mochiuh. yn Padre fr. hernando 4

duran. cuitlaxcohuapan, ychan. criyoyo. quin h'!el yuhti axcan criyoyo. nican otlacat. ypan nueua espafia. prouincial omochiuhca yn ompa ye ye yzqui xihuitl. ahcico. achto. matlactlomome. Padreme S. Franco. nican nueua espafia. ca ,an oc moch huitze castilla. yn omochiuhtinenca prouinciales. yn ipan izquitetl capitulo, onhualmochiuhtia. auh ca quin axcan ypan in yn omoteneuh capitu]o. onpeuh ontzintic. ynic hue] prouincia]es. mo­ chihuazque. criyoyos. y nican tepilhuan nueua espafia S. Franc.a teopixq, auh yn ipan capitulo. omoteneuh yn axcil. omochiuh. yhquac nican capilla S. Joseph, S. Franco, capillero. omochiuh yn fr. Jeronomio de ,arate. capellan motenehua. y_ Axcan Junes. ye .7. mani metztli Mar90 de 1611 afios, yhquac nican mexico. quiz. on• peuh. yn sebastian vizcayno. vezino. mexico. general mochiuhtia. yn a la china acalli ye yah vmpa a la china. 5 yhquac niman quinhuicac. yn Jabon tlaca. ytloc quiquetztia. 6 yn pilli Jabon in ye ytoca Don Alonso, ye moespafiolchichiuhtia. ynic mocuep ychan. nican quitla<;aco yn itech ompa hualyetiaca, ynechichiuh ,an ice!. yn motlapatillico nican mexico. yhuan 9an ome metztico, ynic nican mexico catca. yn mocuepque ynchan cax-

1. The word could also be interpreted as "patrimonial church," inherited over genera- tions and belonging to them by right.

2. Here meaning people, population of Atzaqualco. 3. For "an;obispo." 4. First "diego" was written, then crossed out.

1611 175

Sebastian in Atzaqualco; at that time the new church building of the fathers of San Agustin was finished, and the Atzaqualca erected it at Ahuatonco. It took three years for the church to be finished and the Atzaqualca to make it. The Augustinian fathers saw to it because they have been governing the Atzaqualca ever since their first fathers and governors, who were the Discalced Carmelite fathers, left them. They took and appro­ priated to themselves the Atzaqualca's old church, 1 [p. 138] in which the Carmelites now reside and are in charge, for it was first truly the property of the commoners 2 of Atza­ qualco. They just took it from them, so that the church of lord San Sebastian was moved to Ahuatonco; there the Atzaqualca likewise came to erect it, and there was built the mon­ astery of the Augustinian fathers, so that they will forever reside there and govern the Atzaqualca. The Sacrament was brought in there, as was just mentioned, with great splen­ dor; they came in procession to the great church and college of the Company of Jesus, the Theatines, to get it. y_ Today, Sunday, at 2 o'clock on the 23rd of the month of January of the year 1611, was when at the church of San Francisco were baptized two of the Japan people who came. They were baptized with true splendor. It was done in the presence of all the different ecclesiastics who dwell in Mexico, who all appeared there. The first baptized was a noble and lord of Japan whose name upon baptism became don Alonso; don Hernando Alta­ mirano, then captain of the guard, became his godfather. Lorenzo became the name of the second Japanese person baptized; don Pedro Altamirano became his godfather. It was right on the feast day of San Ildefonso, archbishop 3 of Toledo, that they were baptized. // And right away on the next day, on Monday, again a Japanese person was baptized; Felipe became his name; don Gonzalo de Monrroy became his godfather.

y_ Today, Saturday, the 29th of the month of January of the year 1611, [p. 139] was when a chapter meeting was held at San Francisco here in Mexico; father fray Hernando 4 Duran, from Puebla, criollo, became provincial head; this was the very first time that a criollo born here in New Spain had become provincial there in alJ the years since the first twelve Franciscan fathers arrived here in New Spain; aJJ the provincials who had gone along being chosen in alJ the chapter meetings that were held over that time came from Spain, and not until this said meeting did it begin that criolJos, children of people here in New Spain, Franciscan friars, can be made provincials. And it was in the meeting mentioned just now that fray Geronimo de Zarate was made person in charge of the chapel of San Josef in San Francisco; he is called chaplain. y_ Today, Monday, the 7th of the month of March of the year 1611, was when Sebastian Vizcaino, citizen of Mexico, set out and left Mexico here, appointed general of the China boats going to China 5 [the Philippines]. At that time he then took the Japanese; he placed next to himself6 the Japanese nobleman whose name was now don Alonso and who now went dressed as a Spaniard, to return to his home; here he threw away his outfit that he wore coming here, He was the only one to change [his clothing] here in Mexico.

5, Ch. generalJy writes just "china" for China (mainly meaning the Philippines), but here he participates in the common Nahuatl usage in which the word was construed to be "alachina."

6. Made second in command?

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176 1RANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

tollomome nican mocauhque. yeyntin mexico.

y Axcan martes. ye .JO. mani metztli Mayo. de 1611. afios tlahca. ypan matlactli tzillini. yhquac nican ciudad Mexico. moquixti. quitlalcahui yn altepetl. yn tlahtohuani Don luis de velasco. Marques. de Salinas. visurrey. oppa omochiuhtzino. nican mexico. nueua espafia. 1 mohuica castilla. quihualmonochilli. yn tohueytlahtocauh Rey Don felipe tercero ynic ompa. presidente de! consejo. de indias. mochiuhtzinoto. [p. 140] Auh ynic nican ye oppa motlahtocatillico. Mexico, yexivitl ypan matlactetl Metztli ypan cenpohuallon­ chiquacen tonatiuh. auh ynic nican moquixti mexico. tecpan palacio. ynic onmopehualti tlahtohuani Don luis de velasco. ynehuantzin. mantiaque. yn teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fr. Garcia Guerra an;obispo. Mexico. quimocahuillito. ohtlipan. vmpa quimoquechillito. S.ta Ana. tlatilolco. oncan monahuatitzinoque. ynic niman nepa omohuicac tlahtohuani Don luis de velasco. tepeyacacpa. auh ye hualmocueptzino. yn ari;obispo. auh ynic nican moquixtique palacio. tlahtohuani Don luis de velasco, yn inehuantzin ari;obispo. ynic netloc mantiaque. ye tlaopochcopa ycatia. yn ari;obispo. ypan cecentetl. yncauallotzin. ye tlamayecamcopa yhcatia yn tlahtohuani Don luis de velasco. yn ixquich ica vmpa ye mocauhtzinoto. S.ta Ana. ynic oncan mochintin. quimocahuillito. 2 tlahtoque. auh yeyn­ tin y nican quincauhtia. ychpochhuan tlahtohuani Don luis de velasco. Marques de Sali­ nas. ynic ce ycnocihuatl ytoca Dofia Maria de dircio. ynamic catca Don Juan Altamirano. comedador S.tiago. ynic ome ychpoch ytoca Dona Beatriz de la encamacio. Abbadessa de! monasterio de regina celi. yniquey ltoca Dofia Isabel de Jesus. monja. yhuan yn oncan moteneuh Regina celi. yhuan yhueltiuh nican quicauhtia yn itoca Dofia Ana de castilla ycnocihuatl ynamic catca Diego de ybarra. comendador. S.tiago. yhua moch nican quin­ cauhtia. yn ixquichtin yhuanyolque yn imachhuan yxhuihuan. auh i;a ymachcihuamo. 3 yn quimahtiuh vmpa espafia. ypan aciz. yn itoca Dofia Mariana de ybarra. ynamic catca yn ipiltzin Don Franco de velasco. yn ompa momiquilli espafia. y no vmpa quincauhtia ypil­ huan. yn hue! yehuantin yezque erederos. nema[p. J4J]Queque. yezque. yn marquesado de Salinas. yntla momiquiliz. incoltzin. Don luis de velasco. yn mohuica axcan espana - y Axcan viernes. ye .6. mani Metztli Mayo. de 1611 anos yhquac momiquilli. yn itztapallapan cihuapilli. Dofia Balbara. ychpochtzin. catca yn tlahtohuani Don Alonso

Axayaca yxhuetzcatocatzin. y Axcan Junes. ye .5. mani metztli Junia. de 161 I. afios. yn ohualtlathui. otlallolin yohualtica. yohualnepantla. yohualli xellihui yn ipehuayan Junes. yhquac yn cenca chi­ cahuac tlallolin. i;an tel niman onquiztiquiz. atle quitlaco. atle quimayauh tepatli. ynic huallathuic lunestica. ye omochiuh yn tlallolinaliztli yohualtica - y Axcan viemes teotlac. yey tzillini. ynic 10. mani metztli Junia. de 1611. afios. ye no yhquac. oypantic. yxtlapachiuhca yn tonatiuh. yn iuh quihtotihui huehuetque. tonatiuh quallo. ca in yehuatl Metztli. yxpan momanca. in tonatiuh. hue! poliuhca yn itlanex. tonatiuh. hue! quitzacuillica. yn itlanextiliz. yhuan techtlayohuilica. hue! iuhcan. mo­ chiuhtihuetzca. yn ihquac chicuey tzillini ye yohua. ynic hue! tlayohuatihuetzca niman moch neztihuetzca. yn cicitlaltin ylhuicatitech auh tel amo huecauh. ynic hue] ontlayo-

I. Possibly this phrase could be taken as an early example of equation of Mexico and New Spain, but the interpretation in the main text is more likely.

2. Alternatively, to which all the lords conducted him.

1611 177

They had been here in Mexico just two months when seventeen of them returned home;

three stayed here in Mexico. y Today, Tuesday, the 10th of the month of May of the year 1611, at JO o'clock in the daytime, was when the ruler don Luis de Velasco, Marques of Salinas, who was appointed viceroy twice here in Mexico in New Spain 1 departed from the city of Mexico here and left the altepetl. He is going to Spain; our great ruler the king don Felipe III summoned him, because he has been appointed president of the Council of the Indies there. [p. 140] The second time, he came here to Mexico to rule for 3 years, JO months, and 26 days. And as the ruler don Luis de Velasco left the palace here in Mexico and departed, he and the spiritual ruler don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop in Mexico, went together; he left him along the way; he got him as far as Santa Ana in Tlatelolco; there they took their departure from each other, so that then the ruler don Luis de Velasco went beyond toward Tepeyacac, and thereupon the archbishop returned. And when the ruler don Luis de Velasco and the archbishop left the palace here together, going along next to each other, each of them on one of his horses, the archbishop went on tl1e left; the ruler don Luis de Velasco went on the right, until they stopped at Santa Ana and there all the lords left him. 2 And the ruler don Luis de Velasco, Marques of Salinas, left behind here three daughters of his: the first a widow, named dofia Marfa de Ircio, who was the spouse of don Juan Altamirano, comendador of Santiago; the second daughter of his, named dofia Beatriz de la Encarnacion, abbess of the convent of Regina Coeli; the third named dofia Isabel de Jesus, also a nun in the said Regina Coeli; and he left here his older sister named dona Ana de Castilla, widow, who was the spouse of Diego de Ibarra, comendador of Santiago; and he left behind here all his nephews, nieces, and grandchildren who were his relatives; when he arrives in Spain he will find only his daughter-in-law 3 named dofia Mariana de Ibarra, who was the spouse of his child don Francisco de Velasco who died in Spain, who also left behind there his children, the very ones who will be heirs uf [p. 141] the marque­ sado of Salinas when their grandfather don Luis de Velasco, who is now going to Spain,

dies. y Today, Friday, the 6th of the month of May of the year 16 I I, was when the noble­ woman of lztapalapa dofia Barbara passed away; she was the daughter of the ruler don

Alonso Axayaca Ixhuetzcatocatzin. y Today, Monday, the 5th of the month of June of the year 1611, the night before, at midnight at the beginning of Monday, there was an earthquake; at that time there was a very strong earthquake, but it ended right away, damaging nothing and throwing no walls down; at dawn on Monday the earthquake at night was already over. y Today, Friday, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon on the 10th of the month of June of the year 1611, was when the covering of the face •Of the sun happened, or as the ancients said, the sun is eaten, for the moon placed itself before the sun and the light of the sun entirely disappeared; it entirely blocked its shining and put us in the dark. It quickly became as when it is 8 o'clock at night, so that it quickly became full night, and then all the stars quickly appeared in the sky; but it wasn't full night for long, just a very short time, then

3. Since according to Ch. dofia Mariana de Ibarra was married to the viceroy's son, she was certainly his daughter-in-law. But -machcihuamon would be one's niece-in-law. If she was a relative of Diego de Ibarra, his brother-in-law, she could perhaps be called niece-in­ law by virtue of that connection. Diego's name is given as Ant6n on pp. 210-11.

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178 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

huaca. <;an hue] achitonca. niman. oc ceppa. hualnez. yn tonatiuh. auh ye omihto. ynin mochiuh yehuatl yn quiteneuhtihui tachcocolhuan catca. tonatiuh quallo. ynic motla­ pololtiaya. cane! amo hue! oquimattiaque. yn quenin hui. yn quenin mochihua. ynic yzqui tlanepanoltitimani. yn ilhuicame ynic otlatoca. ynic momamallacachotihui. ynic mo­ papanahuitihui. ynic cecenteotlatoca. ynic yzqui tlanepanoltitimani. ylhuicame. - [p.

142] y Auh nican ca centlamantli tlahtolmachiyotl. ytech tlaquixtilli yn iamoxtzin. yn iSer­ monariotzin. oquimotlallilitia. yn cenca mahuiztililoni Padre fray Juan bapta, teopixqui. S. Franco, moyetzticatca. y nahuatlahtolpan. oquimotlallitia. yn oncan yhuan ytechpa motlahtoltitiuh yn tonatiuh. yn quenin polihui. yn iuh mihtohua quallo. auh macihui yn itechpa motlahtoltitiuh tonatiuh ynic tonahuatlahtolpan quimocuepillitiuh. yn itlahtol­ machiyo yn iuh mochihua quenin quallo tonatiuh. ca amo no huel yxcoyantzinco. yne­ yxcahuiltlamachiliztzin. ynic tonahuatlahtolpan 1 oquimocuepilitia. oquimotlallilitia ca <;ano ytech quimoquixtili. ytech quimanilli yn intlahtol. yn ilhuicatlamatinime. in Philo­ sophosme yn Astrologosme. yn oquihtotiaque. yn quenin mochiuhtiuh. yn iuh polihui. yn iuh quallotiuh tonatiuh yn ihquac ypanti. yn iuh tlayohuatimomana. yn quexquich ye hueliti polihui tonatiuh. yn iuh nican tecpantoc. tlahtolmachiyotl. yn c;an hue! yuh oqui­ namiquico. yn <;an hue! yuh oquinenehuillico. oquimopotico yn iuh axcan ypan viernes. otiquittaque omochiuh. ye onpehua yn tlahtolmachiyotl - y Yz catqui tlahtolli in quenin yxpoyahuac in tonatiuh yhuan yn Metztli. yn tonatiuh. in Metztli. amo c;a cen ilhuicatl ytech yn cate: onoque. ca cecentlanepanolli. 2 ytech onoque. yn ilhuicatl. ca yn tonatiuh. ye nauhtlanepanolli ylhuicatl. yn itech ca. auh in cecentla­ nepanolli ylhuicame. cecentlamantli. ye momallacachohua. auh yn ihquac. ypanti. yn Metztli yxpan momana. in tonatiuh. / huel yxquich ca yn quexquichcapa ye motzticate. / ca ye quitzacuillia. yn itlanextiliz. yhuan techtlayohuillia. in tehuantin. ynic amo hue! tiquittazque yn itlanex. in tonatiuh / yn iuh axcan ypan viernes [p. 143] Otiquittaque. Oticmahui<;oque. 0 topan mochiuh II in tonatiuh auh ye ixcuichehua. yxpoyahua. yxma­ tlallehua. in tonatiuh. ma<;onellihui in aye quicahua. yn itlanexyo. cane! tlanexmeyalotl. Auh yehica yn oc cenca huey. in tonatiuh. yn ahmo mach iuhqui yn Metztli. amo hue! mochihuaz. in Metztli. quicetzacuiliz. yn itlanextiliz. in tonatiuh. <;an cequi. <;an achiton. ahno<;o cecni. yn oncan hue! yxpan momana, auh yn oc ceccan. yn amo hue! yxpan. cacitimomana. amo hue! yxcuichehuaz. in tonatiuh. IZ. catqui. machiyotl. in cehualcalli. in huel tiquixnamictia in tonatiuh. ca quitzacuillia. yn itlanex. ynic amo topan tonaz. yece yn oc cequintin. yn amo quixnamictia. yn incehualcal. ca quittazque. yn itlanextiliz. in tonatiuh. yn inpan momanaz. ca c;an ye no yuhqui. mochihua. in tonatiuh. ixcuich­ ehualiz. ca oncan ixcuichehua. yxmatlallehua. yn hue! yxpan momana. in metztli. auh yn oncan. amo yxpan momana. amo yxcuichehua. amo yxpoyahua. amo yxmatlallehua. auh ma hue! yuh mochi tlacatl quimati. ca niman. amo huelitiz. in huecauhtica. yxpoya­ huatiez. yxcuichehuatiez. yxmatlallehuatiez. in tortatiuh. ca <;an iciuhca. onquiztiquic;a: ca in quenin. nepantla tonatiuh. in tlamelauhca onmottitia. in cehualcalli. ca tettzacuillia. 3

ynic amo topan tonaz. yece niman in ye ommopillotiuh. in ye onmotzcallotiuh. tonatiuh. techtlanextilia. yn onca amo techtlanextiliaya. ca <;anno yuhqui. yn ihquac metztli. qui­ tzacuillia. yn tonatiuh. amo huel mochihuaz. in huecauhtica. quixtzacuiliz. yehica. ca

I. These are rare references to Nahuatl using the term nahuatlatolli. 2. Placed one above the other, as in calnepanolli, a two-story house.

1611 179

the sun appeared again. As was already said, when this happened our forefathers called it the sun being eaten, in which they were confused, for they did not know how the heavens go, how they are made, so that each one lies across the other as they go along revolving and crossing one another, how each one goes along, how each of the heavens crosses the

others. [p. 142]

y Here is a separate instructive statement taken from the book and sermon collection which the very reverend father fray Juan Bautista, a late Franciscan friar, composed, that he did in the Nahuatl language, where among other things he talks about how the sun disappears, or as they say is eaten. Though he speaks of the sun to translate his statement into our Nahuatl language as to how it happens that the sun is eaten, it was also not en­ tirely on his own and by his exclusive knowledge that he translated it and composed it in our Nahuatl language, 1 for he also took it from the statements of those who know the heavens, the philosophers and astrologers who had said how it happens, how the sun disappears and is eaten: when it happens, how it gets dark, for how long the sun can disappear. What happened and what we saw today, Friday, exactly matched and equaled the

statement as it is arranged here. Now the exemplary statement begins:

y Here is an account of how the sun and the moon became dark. The sun and the moon are not in a single heaven, but are in separate heavens joined togethcr. 2 The sun is in the fourth of the joined heavens. Each of the joined heavens rotates separately. When it happens that the moon places itself in front of the sun, I for fully as long as they are facing each other,/ thereby [the moon] blocks [the sun's] shining and puts us in the dark, so that we cannot see the sunlight,/ as we saw and beheld and happened to us on Friday. [p. 143] II And thereby the surface of the sun turns black, dark, or dark blue, although it never relinquishes its shining, for it is a source of light. And since the sun is much big­ ger than the moon, it cannot happen that the moon should entirely block the shining of the sun, but it can place itself directly in front of only some, or a little, or a particular part, but in the other part, which it cannot place itself completely in front of, the surface of the sun cannot blacken. Here is an example. A shady shelter that we cause to face the sun directly blocks its rays so that it does not shine on us, but the others who do not have shelters directly facing it will see the sunshine, it will present itself to them. The same thing happens with the blackening of the sun, for its surface blackens and turns dark blue where the moon directly faces it, and where it does not face it, its surface does not blacken, darken, and turn dark blue. And let everyone realize that the surface of the sun can by no means stay black, dark, dark blue for a long time, for it quickly passes. As at noon when the sun is shown straight on, a shady shelter protects us3 so that it doesn't shine on us, but then when the sun inclines and goes off to one side, it shines on us where it didn't shine on us before; just so, when the moon blocks the sun, it cannot happen that it should block off its surface for long, because it [the sun] goes rotating [p.

3. For ''tetzacuillia" or ''techtzacuillia."

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180 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

moma[p. 144]lacachotiuh. yhuan quitlalcahuitiuh. yn Metztli. 1 ynin tlahtolli. ye omihto.

ytech tlaquixtili. yn ilhuicatlamachiliz. amoxtli. ca yehuantin. yntlatlalil. ytlancmilil. yn

huey tlamatinime. in Philosophosme. in Astrologosme. in quinemillique. yhuan quih­ cuillotiaque. yn izquitlamantli. tlalticpacayotl. yhuan yn izquitlamantli. yn tiquitta. yn

ticmahui,ohua. yn inyeliz. auh yn tachcocolhuan. yn huehuetque. yn oc tlateotocanime

yn motenehua Gentilesme catca atle hue] quimattiaque. yn itechpa in. ye ypampa yn omo­

tlapololtitiaque. Y Auh yn axcan omoteneuh ypan cemilhuitl. viernes. ynic omixtlapachoca yea metztli tonatiuh. ynic mihtohua. oqualoc tonatiuh. ca yn ihquac, ayemo tihuallaci yn ipan in

viernes. ca achtopa quihtoque. tenemachtique. in yehuantin tlamatinime yn espai\olesme. yn hue! quimati. yn ilhuicatitech tlamatini. yn motenehua Astrologos. quihtoque. ca yn

ipan viemes. tacizij. ynic .10. maniz metztli Junio. mixtlapachoz. yn tonatiuh tlayohuaz. matlactlonce tzilini pehuaz. tlaco,ahuiaz. ynic tlayohuatiaz. auh ypan ome tzilini. tlami­

tiuh ynic oc ceppa tlanecitiuh. in ye teotlac. auh yn ixquich ica. tlayohuaz. amo qualli

cahuitl yez. yn ixquich ica qualoz tonatiuh. cocolizyo yez. macayac. conacopayttaz. ma hue! nepiallo. yhuicpa. ma necaltzaquallo. amoyac hue! nenemiz. yn otlipan. ypampa. yn ihquac amo qualli yn ehecatl. quiztoz. yhuan no yxquich ica. ayac tlaquaz. ayac atliz.

ano,o cochiz. yn ixquich ica oc ceppa tlanecitiuh. ynic necitiuh tonatiuh. auh yevatl ypampa yn axcan omoteneuh ypan cemilhuitl [p. 145] Viernes mochi tlacatl mocaltzauhc. yn ,an huell imman ihijc otlateneuhque. tlamatinime pehuaz. ynic tlaco,ahuiaz. ynic

tlayxcuichehuaz. ynic yxpoyahuaz tonatiuh. mochintin mocaltzacque. yn espanoles.

yhuan yn timacehualti. ,an niman aocac ohtli quitocaticatca. yn ihtic ciudad. Mexico. ,a hue] cacacticaca yn ohtli. yhua cenca rniyequintin Sei\orati. momauhtiaya. oc yohuatzin­

co. moyolcuitique yhuan tlacellique. mocencauhque teoyotica. auh ye oc c5panahui. yn cahuitl yn imman ypan tlateneuhque. tlamatinime, ye quin ipan yn omochihuaco. ome tzillini ypan tlaco hora, yn opeuh hue! yequene tlaco,ahuia. yn ,an ihuiiitzin. ye tlayo­ huatiuh aocmo chicahuac tonaya. yhuan mixtli. ,an ipan oquiquiztinenca. tonatiuh. // auh yn ipiipa in. yn oc conpanahui yn ipan tlateneuhque tlamatinime. pehuazquia. matlactl5ce

tzillini ynic tlayohuatiazquia. yxquich ica tlamitiuh ypan ome tzillini ynic oc ceppa neci­ tiuh tonatiuh. yniquipampa oc conpanahui. yuh mochi tlacatl momatca. ca aocmo mochi­ huaz yn iuh oquihtoca tlamatinime. yn iuh ypan mochihuaz tonatiuh. ye oquimiztlaca­

matque. oquihtoque cequintin espai\olesme. ca ,an iztlacati yn tlein. quimomachiztia a,o

,an otlahuanque a,o ,an imihuincacopa. in tleyn oquihtoque tlamatinime in Astrologos. yn tlein mochihuazquia axcan yn imma. ypan otlateneuhque ca amo mochihua. ynic ye

mochi tlacatl. hualquiz. yn Ychachan ynic mocaltzacca. yn momalhuiyaya. espai\olesme. yhuan cequintin timacehualtin. ye nohuia nenemohua. yn ohtlipan ye mexico. auh yehica. ypampa. ca ye oquipanahui yn onca ypan hora quiteneuhque. omochihuazquia. ynic otla­

yohuazquia. mochi tla[p. 146]catl. conacopayttaya. yn tonatiuh. aquen ca. aquen mochi­ hua hue! macitica. yhuan tlanextia. yece aocmo chicahuac topan moquetzaya. yn itotonil­ lo. aocmo tetlatiaya hue! ce tzillininn opeuh. yn ,a yuhqui. cocoxticatca. tonatiuh. anca ce yc2 opeuh. yn ye tlayohuaz. auh ynic huellotiquittaque. mochi tlacatl nican nueua espaiia titlaca. ynic yxquich ihuelitzin. tt0 • Dios. yn ,an iceltzin hue) moch quimochi­

huillia. ytlamahui,oltzin in tleyn quimonequiltitzinoa. quimochihuiliz. quimoteyttitiliz.

1. It is true that this passage could be interpreted as meaning that the moon leaves the sun behind, but since it was the sun that was moving and was the subject in the first part

1611 181

144] and leaves the moon behind. 1 This statement, which as was already said was taken

from a book about knowledge of the heavens, was composed and thought out by the great

scholars, the philosophers and astrologers, who considered and wrote about all earthly matters and the nature of everything that we see and behold. And our forefathers, the

ancients who were still idolaters, called pagans, were not able to find out anything about

this because they lived in confusion.

Y. Today, on the said day of Friday, when the face of the sun had been covered by the

moon, so that it is said that the sun is eaten, before Friday came, those Spanish sages

who know all about it, who are scholars of the heavens, called astrologers, first said and warned people that when Friday the 10th of the month of June should come, the surface

of the sun would be covered and it would get dark. At 11 o'clock the light would begin to

fade, and it would get darker and darker. At 2 o'clock it would end and it would get light again in the afternoon. And it would be a bad time as long as it was dark; as long as the

eclipse lasted it would be unhealthy. No one should look upward, everyone should guard well against it. They should all stay in their houses; nor would anyone be permitted to go about on the roads because at that time a bad air would be passing by, and also during that

time no one should eat, drink, or sleep until it should get light again, until the sun

should appear. Because of that on the said day of [p. 145] Friday all the people shut them­

selves up in their houses. At exactly the time when the wise men had predicted that the light would begin to fade and the surface of the sun would get black and dark, all the

Spaniards and we commoners closed themselves in their houses. No one at all was walk­ ing the streets in the city of Mexico; the streets were entirely abandoned. And a great many Spanish women were afraid; while it was still very early in the morning they made

confession and took communion, they prepared themselves spiritually. But it went past the time the wise men had predicted. It didn't happen until half past 2 o'clock that the light finally began to fade and it very slowly got dark; the sun was no longer shining strongly, and some clouds went along passing by the sun. II Because of this, that it went

beyond the 11 o'clock when the scholars had predicted that it would begin to get dark un­ til it would end at 2 o'clock and the sun would appear again, since it went beyond that, everyone thought that what the scholars had said would happen to the sun wasn't going to

happen; they wrongly considered them liars. Some Spaniards said they are just lying about what they announce, maybe they just got drunk, maybe what the scholars and as­ trologers said is just drunken talk; what was going to happen, that they predicted for now,

is not happening. So everyone, the Spaniards and some of us commoners, came back out of their houses where they had shut themselves in and sought protection, and everyone went walking on the streets everywhere around Mexico. And since it was already past the

time they predicted for it to happen that it would become dark, everyone [p. 146] looked upward at the sun; there was nothing wrong with it, nothing the matter with it, it was entirely whole and was shining, although its heat no longer beat strongly down upon us,

it no longer burned. Right at 1 o'clock the sun seemed to begin to weaken, so that it be­ gan2 to get dark. And so that all of us people here in New Spain could see how only our

omnipotent lord God can perform all his miracles, for he does what he wants to do, and

of the sentence, the interpretation in the main text seems more likely. 2. The thrust of "ce ye" is not clear. Perhaps "once and for all, finally, really?"

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182 1RANSCRIPITON AND 1RANSLATION

nican tlalticpac. ca quimochihuilia. yn quenin hue! quimonextiliz. ca yn ihquac. ye ye pehua. ye tlacoc;ahuia. in ye mixtlapachoz. yea metztli tonatiuh. yn motenehua ye qualoz. yn ilhuicatl ca nohuiampa mixtli ye tzauhctimanca. acan hue! hualnecia. auh c;an iyocan. c;an ixquich yn oncan yetiuh tonatiuh. c;an mixcanactli. yn oncan hue! yxpan yxco. quiquic;aya. auh in yequene yhquac yn ye ynma. in ye tlayohuaz. in ye ome tzillini ypan tlaco hara. ye niman opeuh. in ye miquania mixtli, in ye quitlalcahuia tonatiuh. ynic mochi tlacatl hue! quittaz. yn quenin ipan ye mochihuaz tonatiuh. achi hueca ye quitlal­ cahui. tlanahuac c;an hue! hualmoyecyahualiuhcatecato y mixtli. ynic quitlacahuilli tlanal­ iuhtiquiz. yn ilhuicatitech. ynic hue! cempani. iyoca. hualtlalli' tonatiuh. auh yn o yuh in yoca hualmotlalli tonatiuh. ylhuicatitech. niman ye peuh yn hue! ye tlacoc;ahuia. c;an ihuiantzin. ye tlayohuatiuh ynic ye poliuhtiuh tonatiuh. ynic hue! ixpan [p. 147] Ye yatiuh. ynic hue! ixpan ye onmomana metztli, hue! cacitimoman. ynic yahualtic tona­ tiuh. ynic quixtzacuilli. y c;an ihuiantzin hue! onpolihuico. tonatiuh auh c;a hue! pizcan­ tzin.2 ca yuhquin ce citlaltepitzI aquitzin. ytonameyo. hualnezca. yn c;a ytloc ynahuac ytenco. hualquizticatca. yn ixcuichehuaca. yn ixpoyahualiz. yn ixmatlallehuaca. ynic oyx­ tlillehuatihuetzca3 tonatiuh. ye omihto. hue! iuhcan mochiuhtihuetzca yn ihquac chicuey tzillini. ye yohua. ynic hue!. ontlayohuatihuetzca. ynic niman moch hualneztihuetzca ci­ citlaltin. yn ilhuicatitech. auh yn ixquich ica. ynic topan otlayohuaca. ynic otechtlayo­ huillica tonatiuh. in tehuantin nican tit!tlaca 4 timacehualtin. yn amo ticmati. yn quenin mochihua yn ilhuicame. 5 ynic ohtlatoca ynic momallacachohua ynic ypantic. axcan. omonepanixnamiquico. yn tonatiuh yhuan metztli, ynic cecenteylhuicatitech yn quexquich ca. ye motzticate. cecenteylhuicapan yn maca c;an ohtlipan omocepanhuecapanetlocohui­ yxnamiquico. ynic ytech yetihui. ynic momallacachotihui. yn ilhuicame. omonepanyx­ namiquico. cane! no,o nauhteylhuicapan 6 in yatiuh tonatiuh, auh yn metztli. ca ye ye itech in yatiuh ynic centeylhuicapa. yn hue! ye ytech yn quiyahuallohua tlalli. yn huell achto ytech. ynic onpeuhtoque ylhuicame. oncan yxquichcapa oconixcemacicatzacuillica yn hue! ixquich ica. ynic yahualiuhtiuh. yn itlanextiliztica tonatiuh. ynic topa otlayo­ huaca. yn intzintla tinemi ye cenca mochi [p. 148] tlacatl. omomauhti. omi,ahui. yn to­ quichtin. 7 yhuan oc cenca yehuantin. yn Sefiorati. yhuan y nican tit!aca timacehualtin cihuatzitzinti mochintin. mocaltenq. mocaltzacque. yn inchachan. ytlan oquintlallique Yn inpipilhuan. oncan tlatzatzatzi. yn mochoquilia yn ixquich ica tlayohuaca. quihtohuaya. tley ye topan mochihua. tley ye topan quimonequiltia in tt0 . Dias. ototlahueliltic. ca ypampa totlatlacol. hue! ixquich ica mocahuaco. yn chocaya ynic quiz. ynic polihuico tlayohualotl. yhuan cequintin tehteopa moteopancaltemato. yn toquichtin yhuan cihua vmpa moteochiuhticatca. ca no yehuantzitzin. yn teopixque. ye motemachtillique. yn iuh mochihuaz yn iuh axcan omochiuh quimitalhuique yn teopixque. ayac momauhtiz. mi- 9ahuiz. ynic qualoz tonatiuh. ca c;an achitonca. yn tlayohuaz. teopan ximocenquixtiqui.

I. The form is in error, possibly for "hualmotlalli" as just below. 2. For "pitzcantzin." 3. Huetzi as a -ti- auxiliary denotes quickness of the action of the main verb, yet that

meaning seems to go against what was said earlier. 4. For "ti tlaca." 5. In the complexity of his thoughts and his absorption in the topic Ch. seems 'to have

gradually lost track of the grammatical structure here. He seems to have been going to say that we commoners, who do not know about these things, became greatly frightened, but his explanation of the things themselves became longer and longer, including whole inde-

1611 183

show people here on earth, as he can manifest, for when the light began to fade and the surface of the sun to be covered by the moon, which is called being eaten, the sky was closed everywhere by clouds, [the sun] could appear nowhere; it went [was visible] only where thin clouds would pass back and forth in front of it. But then when it was finally time for it to get dark, at half past 2 o'clock, the clouds began to move off and leave the sun so that everyone could see what would happen to the sun; the clouds left it rather far to the side, they disposed themselves in a full circle, so that they left a space and the sky cleared, so that the sun positioned' itself [in the space] far above and entirely alone. And when the sun had taken a position by itself in the sky, the light really began to fail, it gradually got darker as the sun continued to disappear, as the moon [p. 147] went and placed itself right in front of it and placed itself entirely in the circle of the sun so that it blocked off its surface and the sun gradually disappeared entirely, and its light appeared very small,2 like a tiny star, that came from the sides and edges of its blackness, darkness, dark blueness, when the surface of the sun had quickly 3 become black. As was said, it quickly became like 8 o'clock at night, so that it suddenly grew dark and all the stars suddenly appeared in the sky. The whole time that we had been in the dark, that the sun had been dark to us, we local people, 4 we commoners, who do not know how it hap­ pens,5 how the heavens move along their routes and rotate, so that it happened now that the sun and the moon met each other and faced each other each from its separate heaven, at the distance they are from each other. It is not that they met together and joined together on a [single] route high above, on which the heavens go and rotate, meeting each other [colliding], for the sun goes in the four[th] 6 heaven, and the moon goes in the first heaven that rotates all around the earth, the very first one with which the heavens begin, from there it completely blocked off the surface of the sun as it goes rotating with its ligh~ so that dark fell upon us who live here below them, whereby everyone was greatly [p. 148] frightened and taken aback, the men 7 and especially the Spanish women and the local, commoner women, they all went into their houses, shut themselves up in their homes, and placed their children next to them, where there was a general shouting and crying as long as it was dark, saying, "What is happening to us now? What does our lord God want for us? Woe is us, it is because of our sins." The weeping didn't stop until the actual moment when the darkness ended and left. And some indigenous men and women went into the various churches and prayed there, for the ecclesiastics too preached about how what had now happened was to happen. The priests said, "No one is to be frightened or shocked that there is a solar eclipse, for it will be dark for only a little while; come

pendent sentences, until he returns to the expected result at the very bottom of his p. 147. 6. Ordinarily ic or inic would have been required before "nauhteylhuicapan" to make it

ordinal. 7. Toquichtin, oquichtli in the first person plural, usually means indigenous men spe­

cifically in Ch. Here it is followed by and apparently paired with sefioratin, which means Spanish women unambiguously. We are left wondering if here for once toquichtin refers to Spanish men, or to all men. The immediately following phrase seems to include word­ ing for women of both ethnicities. Just below, however, toquichtin is paired with cihua alone, apparently returning to its sense of indigenous men.

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nican timechyolchicahuazque. 1 ypampa ynic cequintin teopan mocaltemato, auh ye no ceppa peuh in ye ncztiuh. in ye mixtlapotiuh. yniquixpan ye quiztiuh. ye quicauhtiuh. yn oquixtzacuillica. ye miquanitiuh yn Metztli, ynic yequcne no ceppa hue! tlanecico. topan. yn mochihu in hue! ypan yey tzillini. ye teotlac. yn iuh mochi tlacatl. ypan omochiuh oquittac. auh yn ixquich ica in ynic tlayohuatihuetzca. hue! yxquich ica. i;a hue] mo­ matticatca2 yn tonatiuh. ,an hue! tlanaliuhtoca, yn ixquich ica omoteneuh ye quiyahual­ iuhcatlalcahuica. mixtli i;an hue] oncan. ahciticatca. yn onca ypan ye peuh ahcitoya. mixtli, 3 [p. 149] ynic otlayohuaca. ynic oqualoc tonatiuh i;an niman aoctle ypan hualla. aoctle ypan oquiz. auh yn ihquac ye no ceppa no cue! ohualnez. yn hue] ohualtehuilaca­ chiuhcanez. mochi tonatiuh, in hue! ye tlanextia, ye niman yxco hualmoceni;ouh yn mixtli, ye nohuianpa yn ilhuicatl ye hualmixtzauhctimomah, yn omoteneuh mixtli, aoc­ mo cenca cana hualnez. yn ixquich ica onaquito, tonatiuh. yn icacallaquiyampa. ynic onyohuato. yhuan oquihtoij. yn tlamatinime in Astrologos.me. oquinezcayoti ynic no yhuan ypampa yn iuh omochihuin. ce ciudad. huey altepetl polihuiz. yn campa mochi­ huatiuh. amo hue! momati. yn tleyn ic polihuiz. yhuan ce huey tlacatl tlahtocapilli. mo­ tenehua Principe. momiquiliz. yn campa tlalli ypam momiquiliz. yhuann aqui. amo no hue! momati yn campa mochihuatiuh ye quin ihquac necitiuh yn campa ye omochiuh. yece ye onez. ytech yn tonatiuh. ynic omixtlapachoca ca oquinezcayoti, yn iuh mochi­ huaz. 0 yhuin mochihuT ynic mihtohua oqualoc tonatiuh. yn ipan in omoteneuh cem­ ilhuitl viemes, nican o mochi motecpan yn itlahtollo. yn iuh omochiuh. ynic nican quit­ tazque. yhuan quimatizque. yn ixquichtin in quin ye tlacatizque in quin i;atepan ye nemi­ quihui nican tlalticpac, yn aquique, amo yeah yuhqui quittazque. auh quemaca yn iquin canin quemma. cequintin. yn aquique. yuh quittatihui yece oc huecauh. oc miyec xihuitl quii;az. yn ihquac oc ceppa yn iquin no cue! ynpantitiuh in i;a ye iuh [p. 150] no mochi­ huatiuh, ye quin ihquac oc ceppa ye no yuh quittatihui, quimahuii;otihui, yn iuh mixtla­ pachoz tonatiuh. yn motenehua qualoz tonatiuh, yn iuh axcan ypan in xihuitl ticate o topan mochiuh // auh no yhquac. yn o iuh qualoc tonatiuh niman ic peuh y nican ciudad mexico miyec tlacatl. oychtaca micq in timacehualtin. yhua espafioles. y quimixilia. hue!

yuh tlamico y xihuitl de 1611. a0 s. yn ichtacamicohuac.- Axcan Domingo. ye .19. mani metztli Junio. de 1611. a0 s ye teotlac macuilli tzillini ypan tlaco hora, ynic omocallaquico. ciudad Mexico. S.tiago tlatilolco hualmehuiti. yn oncan ye hualmiquanitzino tecpan palacio, mocallaquico, in yehuatzin tlahtohuani Don fray Garcia Guerra ari;obispo Mexico. ynic visuney. mochiuhtzino, yn moch ixquich ye nohuian ypan nueua espafia. ye omihto ynin teopixqui Sancto Domingo. y Martes. ye .24. mani Metztli Mari;o. yn acico, ycedulatzin. yn tohueytlahtocauh Rey Don felipe. tercero. yn quimomaquillico. yehuatzin Excelentissimo Sefior Don fray Garcia Guerra ari;obispo Mexico. ynic virrey gouemador y capitan general mochiuhtzino y nican ypan nueua espafia. yhuan Presidente de la real Audiencia yn ipan moyetzinotica. hue! ye mochtin opahpacque ohuelamatque. yn nican tlahtocaaltepehuaque. auh niman hualmo­ huicazquia yn teoyotica tlahtohuani i;an niman onean hualmehualtizquia. yn itecpan­ chatzinco. ynic hualmiquanitzinozquia. huey tecpa Palacio. atle onmantozquia. 4 yn iuh conmonequiltiaya auh yece yn ciudad. tlaca. i;a nima amo yuh oquinecq. ynic ompa mo-

1. For "tamechyolchicahuazque." 2. Such a meaning of mati is not common, but the only sense allowed by the general

context is that the sun was somehow visible. The verb by origin meant to grasp and still

1611 185

assemble at the church, here we will raise your spirits." 1 Because of this some people went into the churches. Thereupon [the sun] began to appear again, to show its face, as it passed along and left the moon, which had blocked it, moving away from it, until finally it was fully light again. This befell us right at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, as everyone present saw. In this whole time that darkness had fallen, the whole time the sun could be [perceived], 2 it was clear within the said round space left by the clouds; the clouds only reached that far when it began. 3 [p. 149] When it got dark during the eclipse, no more [clouds] at all came over [the sun] or passed by it, and when the whole sun appeared again in its entire roundness it shone brightly. Then the clouds came and spread out over its entire surface, so that everywhere the sky became closed in by the said clouds; the sun didn't appear clearly anywhere before it went down in the west as night came. And the wise men and astrologers said that also because this happened it was a sign that a city, a great altepetl will perish; where it will happen cannot be known, or for what reason it will perish. And a great lord, a royal noble called a prince will die. In what land he will die and who he is cannot be known either, nor where it will happen. That will appear later, at the place where it has happened. But it already appeared in the fact that the surface of the sun was darkened, for that was a sign that it would happen. This then is what happened, so that it is said that the sun was eaten. On the said day of Friday a full account of it was put in order here so that all who are born later and will live here on earth after­ ward, those who will not ever see the like, will see and find out about it here. Or some of them may indeed see something like this, but it will be sometime a long time from now, many years will pass when again something like this comes to pass and [p. 150] hap­ pens. At that later time they will again see and behold in the same way how the face of the sun is covered, called the sun being eaten, as befell us now in the present year.// And also when the solar eclipse was over, it began that here in the city of Mexico many peo­ ple were killed by stealth, we commoners and Spaniards who were stabbed. Right until

the end of the year of 1611 people were murdered by stealth. -

Today, Sunday the 19th of the month of June of the year 1611, at half past 5 o'clock in the afternoon, the lord don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop in Mexico, entered the city of Mexico; he came from Santiago Tlatelolco, from where he moved to the palace and entered it, because he has been made viceroy everywhere in all New Spain. It was already

said that he is a Dominican friar. y Tuesday the 24th of the month of March a cedula of our great ruler the king don Felipe III arrived, granting the most excellent lord don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop in Mexi­ co, appointment as viceroy, governor, and captain general here in New Spain, and president of the Royal Audiencia which resides there. Each and all of the citizens of the royal altepetl here greatly rejoiced and were content about it, and the priestly ruler was going to come immediately, right away he was going to leave his [archiepiscopal] palace to move to the great governmental palace, [there was to be no delay ]4 the way he wanted it; but the members of the [Spanish] cabildo absolutely didn't want him to go there;

has implications of feeling. 3. The translation here is particularly speculative. 4. The verb form seems to contain reflexive ana in its sense of stretching out.

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huicac oc ompa conmotzicalhuique. ynic ompa oc motlatlatolchiallito. atlacohuayan ymacehualpan yn Marques. del valle. vncan vicario. mochiuhtica. ymachtzin. ytoca fray

Jeronimo Gerra oc ompa ytlan moyetzticatca. yn oquic tlachichihuallo [p. 151] Mocenca­ hua. yn ixquich monequiz, ye namicoz. auh in ye omoeeneauh moehi ye namieoz. ye ni­ man vmpa hualmehuiti. yn atlacohuayan, ynic on omoteneuh S.tiago. tlatilolco. mo­

huetziltico. ynic oncan oquimanillito. axcan ypan omoteneuh Domingo. ye .19.tia de Junia. hue! yxquichtin. quimanillito. yn tlahtoque audiencia real tlaca oydoresme. yhuan

alkle de cortesme. yhuan yo ixquichtin. ciudad tlaca. inic ye mochintin castilteca. nima ya

yehuantin. yo Mexica timacehualtin. amo hue! mihtoz. motenehuaz. yn ixquich tlacatl vmpa quimonamiquillito. tlatilolco. yo hue! oc ompa quimanillito. auh yxquich yn ,a

otlipan quimonamiquillito. omochiuh huey pahpaquiliznetimaloliztli. yhuan hueylhui­ chihualiztli, y nican ciudad. yn ipan hualmocallaqui ynic quihualmohuiquillique hualmo­

yetztitia ypan ce cauallo, ynic maxitico. yn on can huey puerta motlalliani, tlacuillolo, 1

yn ixpan teopancalli. S. Domingo, yo oncan quinmaca, tlatlapolloni llaues. yo tlahtoque

visurreyes. ynic quitlapohua. puerta. ciudad Mexico yo ihquac yancuica ye huallaci, ynic

hualcallaij. yhuan Juramento. oncan quimanillia

auh yn ihquac ye o no conmanililique Juramento, yhuan in ye oquimotlapolhui omoteneuh puerta. yn tlahtohuani Don fray Garcia Guerra. ye oncan niman quimo­

caltilique, ytzintla quimocallaquillique cachcalli 2 motenehua palio, yancuic. cenca tla,otli, ynie onean quihualmoealtilitiaque, yn queninn iuh namieo, oe cequintin visurreyesme, yo hue! yancuican hualcallaqui nican ypan ciudad Mexico. auh ye yequene yehuatl in, yo aocmo yequene ,an quexquich tlacatl yo amo ,an tlapohualli, quimohuiquiliaya. ohtlipan.

ye onca hualmohuicac yo iglesia [p. 152] Mayor ye oncan hualmoquixti, ye niman mocallaquico yo tecpan palacio, ynic oncan yxpantzinco quichiuhque yo ixquich tla­ mantli, yo tetlahtocatlaliliz. nemanilizmachiyotl. ynic tetlahtocatlallilo, ynic oquimo­ celilique yo audiencia real tlaca. oydoresme. ynic oncan axcan motlatocatillia.

Y. Axcan viernes. ye .I. mani metztli Julio de 1611. afios. ye teotlac macuilli tzillini, yh­ quac nican ciudad Mexico. S. Franco maxitico, ye mocallaquico. yo Padre fray isidro,

yhuan franCO faustino, quetzalma,atzin. ynin donado. teopixque S. Franco. vmpa ohual­ mohuieaque, yn motenehua yaneuic Mexico. c;an quinmanillico oc cequintin teopixque, ynic ohualmohuicaque, auh ynin omoteneuh francisco faustino quetzalrnac;atzin donado. ,an titehuantin nican titlaca Amaquemecan chalco ycha vmpa pilli Y. Axcan Viernes. ye .26. mani metztli Agosto de 1611. afios. ye tlathui yey tztillini. yhquac cenca chicahuac. otlallolin. yn aye. yuh mochihuani ynic hue! omollini tlalli

nican ciudad Mexico. yhuan yn huey apan atl yn tepetzinco mani ynic ompa onacitimani

tetzcocopa cenca quiquinacatimanca. 3 ynic po,onia. ynic mollininaya yhuan yn oc cequi atl quiyahualotoc ciudad Mexico cenca mochi quiquinacaya ynic po,onia. ynic macocuia.

hue! yn iuh ypan caquiztia atl ynic tetecuicaya. yuhquin ma cana tepexic hualmotepe­ xihuia yuhquin ma quexquich amo hue] mihtoz motenehuaz ye patlahuac huey atoyatl, ynic temamauhti mochiuh ytetecuicaliz atl. auh yn ixquich atlacomolli nohuia techachan mopia mexico. ynic molliniaya. yuhquin ma ca vmpa yhtic maltiaya. ynic macocuia at! [p. 153] Ynic po~onia ynic tzotzopocaya, ye mohuihuitequia. ye hualmomotlaya yn

I. It could have been more a gate than a door, and it might have had writing rather than painting on it.

2. For "cuachcalli" (or "quachcalli").

1611 187

they detained him, so that he first went to Tacubaya, in the area of the vassals of the Marques del Valle, to await word. There his nephew, named fray Ger6nimo Guerra, holds

the post of vicar; he stayed there with him until such time as things should be arranged

[p. 151] and everything necessary be prepared for his reception. And when everything was

prepared to receive him, he came in this direction from Tacubaya and made the said

Santiago Tlatelolco his seat, so that they went there today on the said Sunday the 19th of June to pick him up. All the lords of the Royal Audiencia, the civil judges and the court

alcaldes, and all the members of the [Spanish] cabildo, and all the Spaniards, and then also all we Mexica commoners went to get him. It can't be said or told how many people went to meet him at Tlatelolco, who went all the way there to get him and how many

just went to meet him along the route. There was great rejoicing and celebration of a great

feast day here in the city when he entered, as they brought him riding on a horse, when he

got to where a great painted door 1 that is usually set up facing the Dominican church, where they give the keys to lords viceroys to open the door of the city of Mexico when

they first arrive here, in order to enter, and they take the oaths from them there.

And when they had also taken the oath from the ruler don fray Garcia Guerra and he had opened the said door, they provided him a shelter, they had him enter underneath a cloth covering 2 called a canopy, new and very expensive. They came holding it over him

as when other viceroys are received, who come here into the city of Mexico for the very first time. And finally it was a great many people, without number, who accompanied

him on the route as he came to the cathedral, [p. 152] then came back out and entered the palace, when in his presence they performed all the different signs of assuming the ruler­

ship, by which he was installed in the rulership and the judges of the Royal Audiencia received him, so that he is ruler there today.

Y. Today, Friday the 1st of the month of July of the year 1611, at 5 o'clock in the after­ noon, was when there arrived and entered here in the city of Mexico, at [the church of]

San Francisco, father fray Isidro and Francisco Faustino Quetzalma,atzin, a lay brother, who are Franciscans. They came from the so-called New Mexico; the reason they came was to get some other friars. This said Francisco Faustino Quetzalma~atzin, lay brother,

is one of us local people, from Amaquemecan Chalco, a nobleman there. Y. Today, Friday the 26th of the month of August of the year 1611, at 3 o'clock in the

morning, was when there was a very strong earthquake such as had never happened before, so that the earth here in the city of Mexico actually moved, and the water of the great lake

at Tepetzinco, going toward Tetzcoco, made great noises 3 as it boiled and stirred, and the other waters surrounding Mexico City all made large noises as they boiled and flew up. The water slapping made a sound as though something were falling to the ground from a precipice; it cannot be said or expressed how wide the great stream became and how fright­ ful the slapping of the water was. And all the wells in people's homes everywhere stirred

as though someone were taking a bath in them, the way the water flew, [p. 153] boiled, and splashed, hitting and throwing itself against the cistern walls. And everyone was

3. Quiquinaca can refer to a great variety of noises: screaming, buzzing, grunting, growling, muttering, among others.

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188 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

atlatecochcaltechtli atl. auh yn ixquich tlacatl, cochia yncamapa. yn o yuh quimatque. tlallolini yn cenca chicahuac. mochi tlacatl ye meuhtehuaque yn Icochian yn oncan

cochia, quiyahuac quiquiztehuaque. yn espaiiolcs. yhuan seiiorati. ,an moch iuh quiquiz­ tehuaque. y quenin cochia cequintin ,an tlacamisahuia. cequi petlauhtihuitze. yn ithualco

hualquizque. cequintin niman otlihpan. momanaco. yuhquin ma ,a ticepantlahuanque oto­

chiuhque. ynic titomauhtia. yn tiquitta calli. quemman in mochi ye pachi.1 yn tlaltitech ye yauh yehica ceca miyec yn hualtepehuia tell. yn xamitl calticpac nohuian techachan,

tlalii tcpehuia. nohuian ytlacauh yn calli yn tepantli moch cuitlatzayan. yn mane! yacuic calli yn quin moch omochiuh omoquetz. mochi oc cenca yehuatl, moch itlacauh tzatza­

yan, yhuan yn La compaiiia de Jesus. go!esio. teatinos. teopancalli yn icpac ye tetzopqui, tlaco tzayan. auh yn S. Franco. teopancalli, yuh mihto. omapilli ynic tlallac. auh yn

S.tiago tlatilolco. teopancalli yancuic achi quezquican yn cuitlatzatzayan. yhuan teocal­

tepitzitzin ocean yn huetz teocaltepantli. ynic ceccan oncan yn S.ta catalina. ,acatenco.

pachiuh yn capilla. ynic ocean vmpa capoltitlan de los Reyes. auh yn calli. cenca

miyeccan yn pachiuh yn incal espaiioles. in ye huecahua huehuey calli ye netlapacholloc, yhuan cequi tepantli miyeccan yn huetzico huel tlaltitech ya. no cequi tepan huetz. ye

micohuac cenca achi huel quezquican yn mexico. ye netlapacholoc calli ye micohuac, auh ynic cenchinampa yn culhuacan yn cuitlahuac. oc cenca vmpa yn ciudad xochimilco yn tlatlacauh tlaco yxtlapan yn teopancalli 2 yn huel tlaltitech. ahcico, yhuan yuh machiztico,

y nican Me[p. 154]Xico, yn ompa motlapachoque. matlactli tlacatl. yn inchachan yn incal ynpan pachiuh yn oncan cochia. yn hue! niman micque. yn amo moyolcuititihui, yhuan teocaltepitzitzin. achi quezquican, yn ompa xixitin yn pahpachiuh yea tlallolinaliztli,

cenca hue! temamauhti. ynic mochiuh yhuan tetlaocolti tlatzatziztlehua yniqu iuh topan

ye mochihua, ,a hue! yayatimani tlalli, aocmo hue! titoquetzaya. ,a tihuetztihuetzia yn titoquetzaya. Imel yuh ypan ncmachoc ca ye ye tlami n cemanahuatl, mochi tlacatl. aocac quilnamiquia yn tleyn cecenyaca cecentlacatl ychachan quimopiallia. yn teocuitlatl yn tlatquitl. moch callitic mocauhtiquiz. aocac conittac. aocac conmocuitlahui. ynic chollolo­ huac. ynic necholtiloc quiyahuac. yn ohtlipan, yn ixquichcauh manca tlallolinaliztli,

yhuan miyec tlacatl mococo. ynic tlayohuayan chollohuaya. ynic hualquiztiquizque. ynchachan espaiiolesme auh ,an tel hue! achitonca yn onmanca. tlallolinaliztli ca niman quiz. yece ye omihto hue! temamauhti. ynic manca ynic onmochiuh, auh yn otlathuic yn

o hue! tlanez. ye niman moch nez. yttaloc. yhua moch machiztic yn ixquich tlamantli oquitlaco. tlallolinaliztli. ynic nohuian nican yhtic ciudad Mexico, yhuan ,an ya yhui

nemauhtilotoc, ,a ticmahmaticate 3 yn iuh omochiuh tlallolinaliz. 4 yey tzilli yohuac. yuhquin ipan titomati, ,a yayatimani n tlalli. yuhqul ma ye oc ceppa mochihuaz. yn iuh

nemachotoc, auh yn o yuh tlathuic yn ipan in omoteneuh cemilhuitl viernes. atle conmotequipachilhui. yn tlahtohuani Don fray Garcia Guerra. ar,obispo Mexico. yhua visurrey mochiuhtzinotica, atle conmitlahui, [p. 155] Yn ma tlatlatlauhtilo. yn ma no,o

tlayahuallolo ma mihto letania. yn ipampa yuh omochiuh cenca temamauhti tlallo­ linaliztli, yehica ca yuh yntech ca huey tenahuatili hue! yntequitzin yn maca ,a ychca-

1. For "pachihui.'' 2. Possibly the reference is to the main church of Xochimilco only'. Indeed, it is un­

clear how much of the immediately following refers to Xochimilco specifically, how much to the whole chinampa district.

3. The sense of mamati (presumably mahmati) in Molina has to do with various kinds

1611 189

sleeping in their beds. When they realized there was a very strong earthquake, they all got up and ran out of the bedrooms where they were sleeping and hurriedly came out.side.

The Spanish men and women too all quickly came out just as they had been sleeping. Some were just in shirts, some came out naked into the patios, some then came out into the road. It was as though we had all gotten drunk, we were so afraid when we saw how houses were all collapsing 1 and falling to the ground, for in people's homes everywhere

much stone, adobe, and earth came falling in various directions from the tops of the houses. The houses were damaged everywhere; the walls all ripped open even if they were

new houses just built; those especially were all damaged and cracked. And at the Theatine

college of the Company of Jesus, the stone vaulting above the church ripped in two, and the Franciscan church, as was said, sank into the earth a distance of two inches; and the

new church in Santiago Tlatelolco cracked in quite a few places; and the walls of two

small churches fell; at the first one, Santa Catalina <;:acatenco, the chapel collapsed; the

other one was at Capoltitlan de las Reyes. And in very many places houses of Spaniards, old and large houses, collapsed, covering people underneath. And some walls in many places came falling down all the way to the ground; some also fell on people, from which there were fatalities. In quite a few places in Mexico people were buried in houses and died

from it. And in the whole chinampa district, in Colhuacan and Cuitlahuac and especially in the city of Xochimilco, there was damage. The churches 2 broke in half and fell right to the ground. And it came to be known here in Mexico [p. 154] that ten people were buried

there, at their homes, when their houses collapsed on them where they were sleeping, who died right away without confession. And small churches in quite a few places there

fell in and collapsed with the shaking of the earth. What happened was very frightening and pitiful; cries arose that such a thing should happen to us; the earth went this way and that and we could not stand, we would quickly fall down when we stood up, and people really thought that the world was ending. No one remembered what money and property each person had in his house, everything was left inside the house, no one looked at it or saw after it while fleeing; everyone fled outside into the road as long as the earthquake

lasted, and many people were hurt running out into the night, as the Spaniards came rushing out of their homes. But the earthquake lasted for only a very little while. Right

away it stopped, but as was said, it was very frightening when it happened and while it lasted. When dawn came and it got fully light, everything appeared and was seen, and all

the different things that the earthquake had damaged everywhere here inside the city of Mexico became known. People were frightened, and we [feared?]3 that as the earthquake 4

happened at 3 o'clock at night and we thought the earth was going this way and that, it

may happen again, as people think. And after dawn came on the said day of Friday, nothing worried the ruler don fray Garcia Guerra, who is appointed archbishop in Mexico and viceroy; he did not say [p. 155] that there should be prayers or processions or that a

litany should be said because such a very frightening earthquake had taken place. For such is the great obligation incumbent upon [priests]. It is really their duty; they are not just

of shame and embarrassment, but this form seems somewhat different. It is not clear which parts of this sentence refer to what happened the night before and which parts to the feared recurrence, but there is no doubt that people were worrying that the same thing would happen again.

4. For "tlallolinaliztli."

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190 TRANSCRIPI10N AND TRANSLATION

pixque ca ychcapixque. 1 yn obisposme. yn arc;obisposme yn ihquac yuh tley tepan mochihua yn. yn cenca temamauhti, tey,ahui yn oquic tzonteconti, moteyacanillia mote­ pachilhuia yn ipan Sancta iglesia. ca yehuantzitzin. achtopa tzatzizque. quiteylhuizque. ye tenemachtizque. yn tleyn. yn catlehuatl huel monequi, yn tlatlatlauhtiliztli yn tlama­ cehualiztli yn tlayahualoliztli quichihuazque, yn imichcahuan, yn intlapacholhuan, yn altepehuaque, achtopa yehuantin yntech hualpehuaz y tlahtoque yn tlamacehualiztli, ynic yntech quittazque quintocatiqui,azque, yn incuitlapilhuan, yn imatlapalhuan, ynic tlama­ cehualiztica ynic choquiztica tlaocoyaliztica ne<;ahualiztica quimoyolcehuilizque, yn tt

0 .

Dias. yn ipampa, ac;o totlacocol 2 ypapa, ac;o yquallanticatzinco, yn mochihua, yn tley tepan mochihua yn a,o cocoliztli yn ano<;o ytla oc centlamantli, yn c;a<;o quenami yn temamauhti, yn tey<;ahui yn c;ac;o campa yuh tepan mochihua, yn iuh axcan nican Me­ xico, o topan mochiuh, auh yn ipa pani. yn iuh nican o topan mochiuh axcan. atle ypa oquimottili, amo quimomauhtilli. yn tlahtohuani Don fr. Garcia Guerra. ar,oopo. visu­ rrey. ye motlanahuatilli ynic quaquamiminaloz. yxpantzinco. yn oncan tecpan palacio corral. yehica ca huel ipactzin, yn quaquanmiminaliztli, ynic oncan cenquixohuac netepan­ caltemaloc, in ye tlamiminalo. yn ipan in cemilhuitl viernes. oncan cenquizque yn tlahto­ que [p. 156] Yn audiencia real tlaca oncan ytlantzinco cepanpacticate. yn ar,oopo visurrey. yn quaquauhtlatlachia. ynic oncan oc ceppa ynpa omochiuh tlallolinaliztli, ye teotlac ypan yey tzillini. ynic oppa omochiuh ye mocuep. ye oquiz yn tlallolinaliztli. auh macihui yn chicahuac o no nicuel mochiuh aocmo cenca yxquich ye chicahuac yn iuh achto yohuac omochiuh, ca ,a onquiztiquiz. c;a quexquich ynic tlatlaco, yhquac cuitlatlacotzayan, yn iteopancaltzin S Juan bapta, Moyotlan, y motenehua S. Juan de La penitencia, yhuan no yhquac motlapacho. ypan calli actihuetz. ce senora yhuan ypilhuan amo micque ynic ypa callitic caltechpa ,an tlamach ynpa monacacicmantihuetzico yn calquahuitl ynic quimo­ palehuili tto. Dias. yhuan oncan ycatzinco tlamahuic;olli. quimochihuili yn itla,otzin Sefior. S. Niculas de tolentino yn ipan senora. yuh mihto, ynin senora yn ihquac oquimah ye tlallolini, yhua yn oquittac ycal ye ipan huitz. in ye ypa actihuetzi, yn aocmo huel momaquixtia oncan quimotzatzilili ynic quimopalehuiliz. yuh mochiuh quimopalehuili ynic amo mic. c;an tlaltitlan yn quiquixtique, ynin iuh mochiuh ye cenca oc hualca ye omahuic;ohuac yn S. Nicolas. nican mexico, auh·ynic oppa mochihu in tlallolinalizth teotlac. ye niman tlaocoltzillin nohuian in campanas. yn motenehua tzillin blecarias. yn izquican Monasterios. mexico ynic ye mochi nohuian tehteopan huel nohuian tlaocoltla­ tzilliniloc, yn ipampa tlallolinaliztli vnca achto peuh yn iglesia mayor. tzillin. campanas. auh yn ipampa yniqu iuh nohuian tlaocoltlatzilliniloc y Mexico. ye cenca tlacox.

3

motequipacho. yn quicac tlahtohuani arc;oopo. visurrey. ca na<;o huel pacticatca_ [p .. 1_57] Yntla. yn tlahtoque, yn quaquauhtlatlachia. cenca quitequipacho, yn tlaocoltlatz1lhmhzth quicac nohuia manioc, ynic tlaocoyalo netequipacholo. nemauhtillo yhua tlatl~uhtilo Y~ uo. Dias. ynic techmopalehuiliz. yehica yn ipan in ye oppa mochiuh tlallolmahzth, on~a caquiztic. yn tleyn caquiztic, mochi tlacatl yuh quicac. yuhquin ce carreda, chachalcatia. ynic motlallo, ynic caquiztic, yn campa hualcaquiztic. cuix tlillitic.

4 cuix noc;o ylhm­

cacpa, ca amo huel momati yece huel caquiztic, yn iuhqui ma ytla motlallo, ye no cuel

1. Though the two occurrences of ichcapixque, "sheph':rds," seem to clash with each other somewhat, the intention is clear: bishops are not ordmary shepherds but caretakers for their human flocks, widely responsible for them.

2. Apparently "totlacocol" is for "totlahtlacol" or the like, with the wrong syllable re-

1611 191

keepers of sheep. Bishops and archbishops are shepherds' when something like this happens to people, very frightening and shocking; as long as they are at the head lead and guide in the holy Church, they are the ones who should first cry out, give ins;ructions, warn people about things, what and what kind of thing is really needed: that their flock, thos~ guided by them, the citizens of the altepetl, should perform prayer, penitence, pro­ cessions. Pemtence should begin first with the rulers, so that their subjects will see it in them and follow them, so that by penitence, tears, sorrowing, fasting they will placate our lord God, because perhaps what is happening to people, disease or something else, or whatever it should be that is frightening and shocking, wherever such things happen to people as have happened to us here in Mexico now, happens because of our [sins],2 perha~s through his anger, and is fitting. And because the ruler don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop and viceroy, thought nothing of what has happened to us here now and was not afraid of it, he gave orders that there should be bullfighting in his presence in the palace corral, because he is a great lover of bullfighting, so that everyone assembled and went into the corral, where there was bullfighting all day Friday; there the lords judges of the Royal Audiencia assembled. fp. 156] They were enjoying themselves there together with the archbishop and viceroy watching the bulls when an earthquake befell them again at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the second time that it happened that the earthquake returned and broke out. And although it was strong again, it wasn't quite as strong as when it first took place at night, it just passed quickly and damaged only a few things. At that time the wall of the church of San Juan Bautista of Moyotlan, called San Juan de la Penitencia, cracked m two, and also at that time a Spanish woman and her children were buried in a house_ which fell in; they did not die because the beams of the house just fell gently on them ms1de the house, at the wall, so that the beams lay sideways, by which our lord God helped her. The beloved of our lord God the lord San Nicolas de Tolentino in his name performed a miracle for the Spanish woman. It was said that this woman, when she real­ ized the earth was shaking and saw that her house was coming down on her, was falling m on her and she could no longer be saved, cried out to him to help her. And it came to pass that he helped her, so that she did not die; they pulled her out from on the ground. Because this happened, San Nicolas was worshipped even more here in Mexico. Right after the second time there was an earthquake, in the afternoon, the bells pealed every­ where in mourning; they rang for what are called public prayers at all the monasteries in Mexico. In all the churches absolutely everywhere the bells pealed in mourning because of the earthquake; they began to ring first at the cathedral. And because of this mournful pealing of the bells everywhere in Mexico, the ruler, the archbishop and viceroy became very sad3 and worried when he heard it, for he was really enjoying himself [p. J 57] among the lords watching the bulls. He was greatly concerned by the pealing of the bells that he heard spread all around, showing sadness, worry, fear, and prayer to our lord God to aid us, because during this second time that there was an earthquake, there was a sound, and ev­ eryone heard what kind of sound it was; it sounded like a cart grating along; it sounded like running. Where the sound came from, whether from inside the earth4 or from the sky, could not be established, but it was heard clearly, as though something were running, so

duplicated. But conceivably it is from cocoa and means "our harmful actions." 3. For "tlayocox." 4. For "tlallitic."

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192 1RANSCRIPTION AND 1RANSLATION

yehuatl ypampa yn cenca nemauhtiloc = auh yece in yehuatzin ar,;oopo visurrey. amo nima ye mocauhtzino. yn quaquauhtlatlachiaya. macihui n <;a tlaocoxticatca, yn quicaqui campanas tzillini amo ye tetlacahualti yn tlamiminallo, ,;an iuh yohuac, yn tlamiminaloc, yece yuh omihto, ,;a mococotiuh. cuel yn callac tecpan yn icochian, ynic tzonquiz qua­ quamiminaliztli oncan peuhtica yn, yn c;a mocotinemi1 arc;obispo, yn aocmo pactinemi yhuan yhquac oncan2 in miyec tlacatl espafioles. yhuan teopixq. ytech quallanque, ynic amo tle ye topan tlahtohua tlatlauhtiliztli, mochihuaz. yn ipampa yuhqui topan omochiuh axcan, ye oc ceca oquimonequilti yn pahpactinemiz. ynic quaquanminaloz. yn ipan in viemes. ye cenca oquimopinahuilique, oc cenca yehuantzitzin inquisidores. ynic c;atepan oquihualmotlacahualtilique. yn aocmo oncan tlamiminaloz. corral, ye oquixitinique mochi

yn quauhtlatzatzaqualli oncan quimanca. moch oquiquixtique. [p. 158] y Yn ipan axcan ypehuayan metztli Setiembre de 1611 afios yhquac omachiztico. ohualla tlahtolli yn ompa espafia. omomiquilli yn liceciado Diego lanterns. ano<;o valderas de velasco,3 oydor del real consejo, de las indias, yehuatl yn visitador. omochiuhtzinoco, nican ypan nueua espafia. Mexico. / no ypan in. ytlamian y metztli omoteneuh Y nica mexico. ohuallaque omentin S. Franco de Paula teopixq. y motenehua Minimos. y Axcan Sabado. ye .10. mani metztli Setiembre de 1611. a0 s. yhquac pielli omochiuh yn ilhuitzin ye oquiz. seiior. S. Niculas de Tolentino. S. Augustin teopixqui, Patron omochiuhtzino. y nican ypan ciudad. Mexico, yn ipampa tlallolinaliztli, omochiuh chi­ cahuac, yn omoteneuh tlacpac. ypan metztli Agosto, mochiuh yn onca. quimochihuilli ce tlamahui,;olli. S. Niculas. yn ipan ce senora. motlapachoca. ca yehuatl ipampa yn yn iqu intepantlahtocatzin. oquimochihuillique espaiioles. yhua tehuantin timacehualti Mexico. oc cenca yehuatzin yn tlahtohuani ar,;obispo visurrey ySanctotepantlahtocatzin. oquimo­ chihuilli, yn ipampa ,a mococotzinotinemi, huell ipan motlahtolti. ynic pieloz. ytla­ ,;oylhuitzin, oc macuililhuitl tacizque. yn ilhuitzin yez. yntzontec. 4 oncan audiencia real, quimocepanhuilique. yn oydoresme ynic Patron mochiuhtzino, yehica amo qui,;aznequi, yn tlallolinaliztli, ,;an momoztlaye, yn tepitzin. ye tlallolini, ynic ompa hualpeuhtica yn omoteneuh cenca chicahuac ye tlallolin ynic axcan Sabado, ye matlacpan tlallolini, ,an

moztlatica huiptlatica mochiuhtiuh - y Axcan Juebes. ye .17. mani metztli Nouiembre de 1611. [p. 159] Afios. hue! ypan ylhuitzin Sant. Gregorio. tamadorgo. obispo, Patron. yn nica ciudad Mexico. yhquac az­ capotzalco. quimacato. possion.5 Juan grande nahuatlahto. yn Don Antonio valeriano telpochtli, vmpa quicahuato. ynic Juez gouemador vmpa mochihuato, compatlato, D~n Balthasar mm. vmpa Juez gouernador catca. nican S. Pablo <;oquipan ychan auh ymn omoteneuh Don Antonio valeriano telpochtli fiscal catca. y nican S. Joseph. S. Franco. yn onca yehuac ye mohuicac azcapotzalco, ynin telpochtli, yxhuiuhtzin. yn tlacatl huehue Don Antonio valeriano ychantzinco azcapotzalco. in miyec xihuitl. nican omoJuezgouer­ nadortilico, Mexico tenochtitlan, ypiipa yn inamictzin cihuapilli Dofia isabel de aluarado, yn ichpochtzin catca tlacatl Don diego de aluarado. huanitzin tlahtohuani catca tenoch­ titlan. auh ,an tel ychan yn omohuicac azcapotzalco. telpochtli Don Antonio, vmpa cihuapilli, yn inantzin catca. yhuan yn omotocateneuh ycoltzin catca. vmpa chane.

1. For "mococotinemi." 2. Perhaps the meaning is "at that point," merely reinforcing "when."

1611 193

that everyone was very frightened again because of that. = But the archbishop and viceroy did not therefore stop watching the bulls then; even though he was sad when he heard the bells ringing, he did not therefore halt the bullfighting, but the bullfighting kept on until nightfall. But it was said that he began to get ill as soon as he entered his bedroom in the palace when the bullfighting ended; at that time it began that the archbishop was con­ stantly sick 1 and no longer healthy. And at that time many Spaniards and religious there2

got angry at him because he did not order prayers said for us because of what just hap­ pened to us, and especially he wanted to go about enjoying himself with bullfighting on this Friday, so that they heaped shame on him, especially the inquisitors, so that after­ ward they prohibited bullfighting in the corral any longer and tore down all the wooden enclosures he had set up there; they removed them all. [p. 158] y Today, at the beginning of the month of September of the year 1611, was when it became known and word came from Spain that licenciado Diego Landeras or Valderas de Velasco, 3 judge of the Royal Council of the Indies, had passed away. He had come here to New Spain and Mexico as inspector general. / Also, at the end of the said month two friars of the order of San Francisco de Paula, called Minimites, came here to Mexico. y Today, Saturday the 10th of the month of September of the year 1611, was when the feast day of the lord San Nicolas de Tolentino, an Augustinian friar, was observed and celebrated. He has become the patron in the city of Mexico here, because in the strong earthquake that as was mentioned above took place in the month of August, San Nicolas performed a miracle on a Spanish woman who had been buried [under rubble], and it was because of this that the Spaniards, along with us commoners, made him their intercessor. Especially the ruler, the archbishop and viceroy, made him his saintly intercessor, because he was constantly ill. He spoke strongly in favor of holding his precious feast day five days before the day was to come. It was by pronouneement4 of the Royal Audiencia, done by all the civil judges together, that he was made patron, because the earthquakes do not want to end, every day the earth shakes a little bit. Beginning with the said very strong earthquake until today, Saturday, the earth has shaken ten times; it happens every day or every other day. - Y. Today, Thursday the 17th of the month of November of the year 1611, [p. 159] right on the feast day of San Gregorio Taumaturgo, bishop, patron here in the city of Mexico, was when Juan Grande, interpreter, took don Antonio Valeriano the younger to Azca­ potzalco to give him possession 5 of office, he having been appointed judge-governor there. He replaced don Baltasar Martin, who was judge-governor there and is from San Pablo <;:oquipan here. This said don Antonio Valeriano the younger was fiscal here at San Josef at San Francisco, and he left there when he went to Azcapotzalco. This young man is the grandchild of the lord don Antonio Valeriano the elder, from Azcapotzalco, who served as judge-governor for many years here in Mexico Tenochtitlan, because his spouse was the lady dofia Isabel de Alvarado, who was the daughter of the lord don Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin, who was a ruler of Tenochtitlan. Thus don Antonio the younger was just going home to Azcapotzalco; his mother was a noblewoman there, and his grand­ father whose name was mentioned was from there.

3. See pp. 92-93 at n. 6. Here Ch. uses Velasco, apparently the preferred version. 4. It seems that "yntlatzontec" would be required. 5. For "possession" or the like.

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194 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

y_ Axcan Martes. ye 29. mani metztli Nouiembre de 1611. afios. yhquac oceppa 1

omo­ cuepque, yn oyahque. yancuic Mexico. yn Padre fray isidro. yn inehuan franC0 faustino quetzalma,atzin donado. amaquemecan ychan. yn quinmanillico oc cequintin S. Franco teopixque. yn ompa quinmohuiquillia yancuic Mexico. vmpa motemachtilizque. auh ,an omacuiltet!Metztico. y nican Mexico tenochtitlan. yn Padre fr. isidro. yn inehuan franc

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faustino quetzalma,atzin. y_ Axcan Junes. ye .19. mani metztli de diziembre de 1611. afios. yhuac opeuh yn omo­ man quiyahuitl cehualatl,2 ynic o[p. 160]ceppayauh. yn intech yztac tepetl. yhuan popo­ catepetl cenca ye moquimiloque, yn ceppayahuitl, yhuan ynic nohuiampa quauhtla, yn intech tetepe, nohuian yntech huetz. yn ceppayahuitl. nahuilhuitl yn cenca cehuac ynic

quiyauh ypan Juebes. yn qui,aco cehualatl ynic ceppayauh3

'l[ iii. tecpatl xihuitl, 1612. afios. nican motla11ique in alklesme Mexico. diego de S. Franco ychan tequicaltitlan yhuan esteuan ___ ychan S. xpoual. xancopincan azta-

calco.4 y_ Axcan Sabado. ye 21. mani metztli henero. de 1612. afios yhquac notificacion, oqui­ chihuillito. S. Joseph, S. Franco yn fray Jeronimo de ,arate. capellan S. Joseph. yehuatl oncan notificacion quichihuillico, yn sefior franc0 franco, escriuano audiencia real, yntla­ nahuatilticatzinco yn sefiores. oydoresme. yn iuh mochiuh ypampa quiteylhui yn Maria lupez. chocolanamacac. 5 tetzcoco ycha yece nican Mexico tlatilco. omochantico. ye nican moyotlan ponhui. auh ynic quiteylhui fra6 Jeronimo de ,arate, yn Maria lupez. ypampa ynamic yn itoca Juan perez. quipinauhti ypan domingo yn 5ca catca ye ychicomeyoc S. Joseph temimiltitech quiquetz. ,an petlauhticaca. auh achi cocoxqui. yn oncan ytlana­ huatiltica tothatzin. quimecahuitecque. yhquac quicauhque. yn ,a yuhqui micqui. yn o,otlahuac. Mecatica, yhuan [p, 161] Yea temachti, quihto yn ipan bulpito ca oquipopo­ lo miec tomines, cofradia huentli yhuan ye niman teilpiloyan quihualtehuicalti quitza­ cuaco. ynic niman quixtlahualtiaya, auh yn icihuauh amo yxpan auh yn ihquac oylhuiloc yn oquimatqui yn iuhqui ypan omochiuh ynamic ye cenca cuallan motequipacho yn mecahuitecoc ynic niman ypampa audiencia real omoteylhuito, no yhuan mocepante­ ilhuito oc omentin ce Sachristian nemi ytoca Joseph Gomez. ynic ome cihuatzintli ytoca Maria gostan9a. ,an no yuhqui ynpan quichiuh quinpinauhti teyxpan quinquetz. quin­ pepetlauh yn Joseph Gomez ye teyxpan quiquetz quipepetlauh quiteyttiti quimecahuitec ,an quinananquilli yea oncamatl tlahtolli, auh in Maria Gostan,a ynic teyxpan quiquetz quiteyttiti quipepetlauh ychichihual pani catca ,an ipampa ychan canato yn ipan o­ moteneuh Domingo II quill amo missa quicaquito teopan S. Joseph. auh amo quin iyopa inceltin yuh ynpan quichihu in yn ixquich ica nican ye hualca11ac Mexico. ca mochi tlacatl yuh ypan quichihuaya. yn Mexica tenochca Moyoteca yehica in tleyn ,an tepiton no,o huey ye contequipachohuaya quicuallaniaya fr. Jeronimo de ,arate ca niman quinpi­ nauhtiaya teyxpan quinquetzaya yhuan oc cequi miec tlamantli in quichihuaya in nica ye tlatoliniaya. in cequi ca hue! tetlatlacoltica in tepinauhtiaya ynic teyxpan tequetzaya.

1. Presumably for "oc ceppa." 2. Cehualatl momana is in Molina in the Spanish section, under "Bouer gran espacio

de tiempo," but several other terms are also there, some of which have more connotations than just length. By its roots and the context here cehualatl apparently also refers to a cold or freezing rain. See also pp. 240-41 at n. 1.

1611-1612 195

Y Today, Tuesday the 29th of the month of November of the year 1611, was when father fray Isidro, together with Francisco Faustino Quetzalma,atzin, lay brother from Ama­ quemecan, they having gone to New Mexico, returned again. 1 They came to get other Franciscan friars to accompany them to New Mexico to preach there. Father fray Isidro together with Francisco Faustino Quetzalma,atzin spent only five months here in Mexico Tenochtitlan. y_ Today, Monday the 19th of the month of December of the year 1611, was when a persistent rain2 began to set in, and [p. 160] on Iztaccihuatl and Popocatepetl it snowed; they were wrapped in a great deal of snow, and snow fell all around in the forests on the mountains. For four days there was a very cold rain; on Thursday the cold rain came to an end [and it snowed?].3

'll 3 Flint Year, 1612. Here were installed the alcaldes in Mexico, Diego de San Francisco from Tequicaltitlan and Esteban ___ from San Cristobal Xancopincan Aztacalco,4

y_ Today, Saturday the 21st of the month of January of the year 1612, was when they went t~ San Josef at San Francisco to make a notification to fray Geronimo de Zarate, chaplam at San Josef; the one who came to notify him there was senor Francisco Franco, notary of the Royal Audiencia. It was done at the order of the lords judges of the Audien­ cia because of a complaint against him made by Marfa L6pez, chocolate 5 seller, who is from Tetzcoco but came here to .\1exico Tlatilco to make her home and now belongs to Moyotlan. She complained of fray6 Ger6nimo de Zarate because he shamed her spouse named Juan Perez on Sunday a week after [the feast day of] San Josef; he stood him up against a stone pillar, naked and quite ill, where by the order of our father they gave him a lashing. At that time they left him almost dead, having fainted from the lashing. And [p. 161] he preached about him, he said in the pulpit that he dissipated much money that had been offered to the cofradfa, and then he had people take him to jail and lock him up, so that he would pay it back. This happened when his wife was not present, and when she was told and found out what had happened to her spouse, she got very angry and was worried about his having been given a lashing, so that she went right away to the Royal Audiencia to make a complaint about it. And also two others went jointly to make complaint; one works as a sacristan, named Josef G6mez, and the second is a woman named Marfa Constanza. He did the same thing to them, shamed them in public, standing them up and stripping them. Josef Gomez he publicly stood up, stripped, displayed, and gave a lashing just because he talked back with a few words. And Marfa Constanza he publicly stood up, displayed, stripped; her breasts were exposed. The reason they went to pick her up at her home on the said Sunday was just that // they say she didn't go to hear mass at the church of San Josef. This was not the first time, they were not the only ones to whom he did such things in the time since he entered Mexico here, for he treated all the Mexica Tenochca Moyoteca that way, because when they caused fray Ger6nimo de Zarate concern or angered him about something whether little or big, he right away shamed

3. Or on Thursday the cold rain accompanied by snow ended? 4. Space was left for more. 5. The form chocola- is probably borrowed back into Nahuatl from Spanish. 6. For "fray."

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196 1RANSCRll'fl0N AND TRANSLATION

porbito quihtohuaya ypan Sermon in tleyn tetlatlacol oquitemachili yn a,o pinahuiztic yhuan yn mane! camo pinahuiztic mochi oncan quihtohuaya yn ipan porbito, quite­

caquitiaya yn ipan Sermon. yuhqui ma yehuatl Justicia mayor yhuan yuhquin quisidor

mochiuhticatca mochi quimotequitiaya in huehuey Justiciatequitl, yn amoyac oc ce teo­

pixqui yuhqui nican oquichihuaco yn izqui'tin ye quihualpia quihualmocuitlahuia capilla

S. Joseph. [p. 162] Yhuan tecalnamacaya yn miccacalli yn canin mani tlatlaxillacalpan mochi quitemohuaya yea tlatlania yntla oquilhuito canin mani niman quitequixtiliaya qui­

namacaya intlanel camo teopan pouhqui. intlanel oncate nemaqueque yn huel tepilhuan ahno,o teyxhuihuan atle ypan quimonpohuaya atle ypan quimittaya huel quincuiliaya yn

incal quinhualquixtiaya quinnamaquiliaya yn ipatiuh ,an mochi quicuiya fr. Jeronimo de garate quihtohuaya missas ye niquinchihuiliz in mimicque auh ayac quittaya yhua ayac

quimatiaya in quenin quitechihuiliaya miccamissa. yhua anotle ytla oncan quinmacaya yn

axcahuaque tlatquihuaque. yhuan huel mochi quitemohuaya in testamentos quittaya yniqu itech quimatia in tleyn cecenmimicque oquixexelotiaque auh yntla oquimah mopia tes­

tamento ytlacamo quititiznequi ytlacamo yhciuhca connextiaya yxpan ca ye teylpilloyan

tetzacuaya no ye tepinauhtiaya. ynic ,a no nepanol I onmoztlacahuiaya Mexica yn aquin

tleyn quitemachilia. conilhuitimani connextilia y fray Jeronimo de ,arate ynic huel quitemoz ynic hue! quitechihualtiz pani motlaliz neciz quinextilizque yn ,ago tley ytech quittaya testamentos yn miccatlatquitl in mane! cenca ye quezqui xihuitl omomiquilli micqui, intlanel ye omoneltilili ytlahtol in tlein ytestamento ytech oquitlalitia yn imic­

canenahuatil oc ceppa moch quitemohuaya quiteyxtlahualtiaya. 0 ca yehuatl in ynic cenca tlatoliniaya omoteneuh Padre fr. Jeronimo de ,arate ayac tle ypan quittaya in Mexica yhuii cequi espafioles ayac tle ypan quittaya y mane! tley ye tepampa quitlatlauhtiaya. yhuan oc

cequi miec tlamatli yn oquichihuaya yn intolliniloca mexica. amo huel mochi nican mihtoz motenehuaz ca cenca miec tlamantli [p. 163] Yn tepan quichihuaya amo moneqm moch mihtoz. ago qualli ahno,o amo cualli. ma ,an icel ye quimomaquiliz cuenta in tt

0 •

Dios. macamo ytalhuillo ma ,an motelchihua quiyocolli 2 yehuatl quimati cane! teopixqui

ytetzinco pouhqui in u 0 . dios. ca tel yxpantzinco yxcoyan ye cuenta quimomaquiliz yn ihquac momiquiliz. auh yniqu iuhqui yn ynpan quichihuaya Mexica. ynic quintoliniaya ye

cenca quitlahuelilocamatia auh macihui yn itechpa quallania tottatzin mexica. yn iqu iuh quinchihuaya yece ,an quihiyohuiaya ,an intech quipachohuaya, ayac hue! motlapalohuaya

in quiteyxpanhuiz quiteilhuiz audiencia real, intlacamo ,an yehuatl huel omotlapalo yn omoteneuh Maria Lopez. oquiteilhui ymixpantzinco in tlahtoque oydores. oquichiuh yn

iuh mochi omoteneuh ypeticion quicallaqui oncan acuerdo. onca ytech yn ipeticion

quimocaquiltique tlahtoq. mochi yn ixquich tlamantli oncan capilb S. Joseph. quichih~a

ynic tlatollinia moch quimocaquiltique quimomachiltique cenca qmmomauhcaytt1hque. m tlahtoque ynic niman omotlanahuatilique oydores ynic notificacion ochihuililoto fr. Jero­ nimo de ,arate yn axcan ypan omoteneuh Sabado yn oncan capilla San Joseph. ynic a­ ocmo oncan ytequiuh yez capilla callaquiz callihtic motzacuaz conuento aocmo yehuatl

I. For "nepanotl." . 2. The phrase ma motelchihua is usually an exhortation that a not10n or propo_sal

should be rejected in favor of another: We have speculative!~, translated t~e puzzhng "quiyocolli" as though it were the reflexive yocoya (see Mohna, yocoya.mno ).

1612 197

them, stood them up in public, and did many other lhings here by which he mistreated

everyone. In some cases it was for real sins that he would shame people and stand them up in public; he would say in the pulpit during the sermon what sins of people he had

found out about. Whether something was shameful or not shameful, he would say it all

in !he pulpit, he would announce it in the sermon, as though he had been appointed chief

justice or inquisitor. He took all the great duties of justice upon himself, as no other friar of all those who came here to be in charge of and talce care of the chapel of San Josef did.

[p. 162] And he would sell people's houses, the houses of the deceased that are in the various tlaxilacalli; he sought it all out and asked about it. If they told him where it was,

he would right away take it from people and sell it, even if it did not belong to the church, and even if there were heirs who were truly the children or grandchildren, he would

ignore them and consider them as nothing. He would actually take their houses from them, remove them from them and sell them away from them. Fray Ger6nimo de Zarate

would take all the money they were sold for, saying, "With it I will perform masses for

the deceased." But no one saw or found out !hat he was performing masses for the dead,

nor did he give anything to the property owners. He searched out absolutely all of the testaments; he inspected them so that he found out from them what each of the deceased

distributed on dying. And ifhe found out that a testament was in people's custody, if they didn't want to show it to him, if !hey didn't quickly produce it in his presence, he would

lock them up in jail and also shame them for it, so that the Mexica would betray each other; 1 whoever knew something about someone would tell and reveal it to fray Geronimo de Zarate, so that he could seek it, could have people make it come to the

surface and appear and they would reveal it to him. Whatever he saw in testaments in the way of property of the deceased, even though the deceased had passed away quite a few

years ago, even though his command had already been carried out, he sought out whatever the testator had ordered in his testament and made people pay it a second time. This then is how the said father fray Geronimo de Zarate greatly mistreated everyone; he thought

nothing of the Mexica, and he thought nothing of some Spaniards, even when they implored him on someone's behalf about something. All of the many other things that he did to mistreat the Mexica cannot be said and told here, for there were a great many lhings [p. 163] that he did to people. It is not necessary to say it all, whether good or bad; let him alone give an accounting to our lord God. Let him not be talked about, forget about

that. He did it of his own accord; 2 he is responsible, for he is a friar, he is dedicated to our lord God, and in his presence he will give an accounting to him himself when he dies.

Because he did such lhings to the Mexica and mistreated them, !hey thought him very

evil, but although the Mexica were angry about our father because he treated them like this, they had patience with him, they kept it inside, no one dared to make it public and

make complaint to the Royal Audiencia, if it hadn't been for the said Marfa Lopez, who was so bold as to accuse him before the lords judges of the Audiencia. She did all the things aforementioned; she entered a petition when the court was in deliberation, and in her petition she announced to the judges all the different things that he did at the chapel

of San Josef to mistreat everyone. The lords heard and found out about all of it, and saw it as a very frightful thing, so that right away the judges ordered that someone go and notify fray Geronimo de Zarate today on the said Saturday at the chapel of San Josef that his duty would no longer be at the chapel. He was to go inside the monastery, shut

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198 1RANSCRJPTION AND 1RANSLATION

quinmocuitlahuiz in Mexica. yhua ynic aocmo yuhqui quichihuaz tetolliniliztli tepinauh­ tiliztli yn temecahuitequiliztli yn iuh ynpan quichihuaya mexica yn necito tlacpac huel yxquich tlamantli quicahualtique ynic aocmo tepinauhtiz ynic aocmo temecahuitequiz ynic aocmo teyxpan tequetzaz, auh ye quipenatique ynic ,an tzauhtiaz callihtic conuento yhcuac amo nican catca mexico yn commissario. quauhtemalan mohuicac, yhuan yn prouincial amo no nican mexico moyetzticat[p. 164]ca nohuiyan altepetl ypan mohuicac visita qui­ mochihuilito. auh yece in yehuatl omoteneuh fr. Jeronimo de 9arate. ca ,an quexquichcauh ,an quezquilhuitl ynic huel onmocauhca yn. ynic aocmo tle ye quintollini mexica <;a mo­ cauhticatca yece amo no ye quicauh in capilla S. Joseph. i;an ya yehuatl oncan mocauh.

yniqu itequiuh capillero mochiuhticatca -//-

v Axcan Junes ye .30. mani Metztli henero de 1612. afios. yhcuac oncan Sancto Domingo ~eotlac otlayahualoloc ypampatzinco nemecahuitecoc in teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fr. Garcia Guerra ari;obispo visurrey. ynic cenca mococotzinoticatca momiquiliznequi, yn quimococolhuia postema ytzcaltzinco motlalli, auh yn omoteneuh ye tlayahualoloc ye­ huatzin oquimotlayahuallochtilique quimoquixtilique yn christo ymiquiliztzi in quimo­ temohuilitihui quimotoquilitihui mochipa ypan viernes Sancto. y monoltitiuh andasco quimonapalhuitiaque in Sancto Domingo teopixque. yn icatzinco tlatlatlauhtiloc ari;obis­ po visurrey ynic quimopahtiliz quimoquechiliz tt0 . dios. ynic amo quimotlatlatiliz quimo­ mictiliz. auh yn omoteneuh ye tlayahualoloc ynic hualquixohuac S: Dommgo teopan ye niman oncan hualhuilohuac yn iglesia mayor. quimoquixtilico yn inetoquiliz yxiptlatzin xpo. ye niman quimohuiquilique quimoquixtilito yn la casa professa. anoi;o_ S~n lgnaci~. nimann ic quimohuiquilique quimoquixtilito S. Franco. ye niman quimohmqmhque qm­ moquixtilito visitacion monjas ynic quimocuepilique ye niman huillohuac quimo~ quixtilito concepcion monjas. ayoticpac, ye niman quimohuiquilique quixohuato S. Juren

9 o monjas. ye niman oc ceppa vmpa quimocallaquillito quimocahuilito yn teopan S.

Domingo, auh no yhui yn izquican teopa monasterios yn oncan moyetzticate teopixque frayles [p. 165] hue! yzquican no ypampatzinco tlatlatlauhtiloc, yn omoteneuhtzmo t~o­ yotica tlahtohuani ari;obispo, auh i;a no yhui yn izquican teopan mona_stenos mon~as tlatlatlauhtiloc huel ce semana yn izquican mixtlapohuiltiticatca Sanct!sstmo Sacrameto cecemilhuitl ynic amo momiquiliz. i;an quimochicahuiliz in tt0

• Dios. II auh niman yn ichicomeyoc yn ipan Domingo ynic .5. mani metztli febrero, ye yohua yn oquimotla­ polhuilique postema yn omoteneuh motlalli ytzcaltzinco ar9obispo. in quimococolhuia

temalli yn oncan hualquiz. yevatl ynic momiquiliznequi - y Axcan Domingo ye .12. mani metztli febrero de 1612 afios. yhcuac ye otzonquiz mis'.a huey yn oncan capilla S. Joseph S. Franco. oc achto tetzacualloc amoyac huel hualqmz quiyahuac, auh yn ihcuac ye otzacualloc ye nima callihticpa yn hualquiz fr. Jeronim_o de i;arate, omopepetlauh mecatl yn iquechtlan oquitlalli ye oquihualtititztia yn oncan fiscal ye niman altar mayor omotlancuaquetzato yn tottatzin chocatia, quihtotia m~camo ximotequipachocan yn anMexica. cane! aocmo anquimottitillani yn tell yn quahmtl, ma nehua nictzacua ynic niman oncan ayah in temimiltitech yn oncan otequetzaya yn otepinauhtiaya huel quinahuatequito yn temimilli oncan ye mohuitequi quilhuia fiscal

1612 199

himself up there, and no longer take care of the Mexica. No longer was he to perform such mistreatment, shaming, and lashings as he had been inflicting on the Mexica, which appeared above. They stopped him from doing absolutely all the different things, so that he would no longer shame people, give them lashings, or stand them up in public. And they set a fine for him so that he would stay closed up inside the monastery. The commissary was not here in Mexico at that time, having gone to Guatemala, and the provincial head was not here in Mexico either; [p. 164] be had gone to the various altepetl all around, carrying out an inspection. But it was only for a little while, a few days, that the said fray Geronimo de Zarate really stopped mistreating the Mexica in some way. He was stopped for the time being, but he did not therefore leave the chapel of San Josef, he was only prevented from holding the post of chaplain that he had been appointed to.

-fl- y Today, Monday the 30th of the month of January of the year 1612, was when there was a procession at Santo Domingo in the afternoon; there was flagellation on account of the spiritual ruler don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop and viceroy, since he was very sick and on the point of death. An abscess that settled in his right side was hurting him. And for the said procession they took around and brought out the Death of Christ, which they always take down and follow on Good Friday, which lies on a carrying platform. The Dominican friars bore it; they were asked to in the name of the archbishop and viceroy, so that our lord God would heal him and raise him up, so he would not efface him and cause his death. And as to how the said procession went, when they came out of the church of Santo Domingo, they came and passed by the cathedral with the image of the burial of Christ; then they took it and passed by the Casa Profesa, or San Ignacio; then they took it and passed by San Francisco; then they took it and passed by the nunnery of the Visitacion, where they turned it around, then went and passed by the nunnery of the Concepcion at Ayoticpac with it; then they took it and passed by the nunnery of San L~ren~o; then they once again delivered it to and put it in the church of Santo Domingo. L1kew1se m all the monastery churches, where the friars are, [p. 165] in each one there were also prayers on behalf of the said spiritual ruler, the archbishop, and likewise there were prayers in all the nunnery churches. For a whole week the most Holy Sacrament was open to view every day so that he would not die, but rather our lord God would give him health.// Then on the seventh day [after the procession], on Sunday the 5th of the month of February, at night, they opened the abscess which as mentioned had settled in the archbishop's right side and was hurting him; pus came out of it; for that reason he was at the point of death. - Y Today, Sunday the 12th of the month of February of the year 1612, was when, the high mass at the chapel of San Josef at San Francisco having finished, people were shut in for a while; no one could come outside. And when people were closed in, then fray Geronimo de Zarate came out from inside the building, stripped, with a rope placed at his neck, by which the fiscal there went pulling him until he knelt at the main altar. Our father went weeping, saying, "Do not worry, Mexica, for you will no longer be shown castigation; let me pay for it." Then he went next to the stone column where he used to stand people up and shame them and put his arms all the way around the column where people were

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200 TRANSCRil'TION AND TRANSLATION

xinechhuitequi. auh yn fiscal amo tlapalohuaya 1 in quihuitequiz. ynic c;an iyoma yehuatl ya mohuitequi tottatzin ye cenca ycahuacaque in Mexica yn quittaij. c;an ic micahuique

2

quihtoque tleyca yn iuh quimochihuilia yn tottatzin auh c;an quitlacahualtique yn tottatzin fr. Jeronimo de c;arate ynic amo yuhqui quichihuaz c;a caantiaque in callihtic quicallaquique yn ihcuac yn yuhqui quichiuh cenca mochicahua quiteylhuia audiencia real yn Maria Lopez. yece c;an concahuaco yn ineteylhuil. amo quitzonquixti, ynic no niman [p. 166] Oc ceppa quipehualti omoteneuh fr. Jeronimo de c;arate in ye tlatollinia in ye tepinauhtia

yn iuh omoteneuh achtopa quichihuaya.

y Axcan miercoles ynic .22. mani Metztli febrero de 1612. a0 s. yhcuac omomiquilli in yecmahuizticatlacatzintli teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fray Garcia Guerra arcobispo

3 Mexico

yva visurrey omochiuhtzinoticatca in nican yhua yn moch ic nohuiya nueua espafia teopixqui S. Domingo. ce tzilini ypan tlaco hara. tlacah yn opeuh ye tzilini ymiccatepoz­ tzin nohuiyan monasteries. auh ynic teoyotica tlahtohuani ynic arc;obispo omoyetzticatca Mexico, yexihuitl ypan nauhtetl Metztli ypa cenpohuallonnahui tonatiuh yn axcan ypan ye omomiquillico. auh ynic tlalticpacayotica omotlahtocatilli ynic visurrei omochiuh­

tzinoticatca. c;an chicuetetl Metztli ypan nahuilhuitl yn axcan ypan ye cemilhuitl mier­ coles omomiquillico, yehuatl ye momiquillico yn omoteneuh postema, yn itzcaltzinco quimotlapohuilique. auh hue! mochi tlacatl yuh quihto yn teopixque yhuan espafioles. ca c;an yehuantin quimomictilique in medigos yn iticitzitzinhuan quimopahtiliaya omentin yn espafioles yn ce vmpa quihualmohuiquilli yn espafia ytoca Doctor pineda. auh ynic

ome amo hue! momati yn itoca Doctor. y Auh ye quin Sabado axcan ynic .25. mani Metztli febrero de 1612. afios. yn otococ

ynacayotzin yehuatzin teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fray Garcia Guerra arc;obispo Mexico yhuan vi surrey. ometzticatca. Oc onahuilhuiti yn oonoca ynacayotzin yn oncan Capilla palacio. c;aniuh chichiuhtoya yea in teoyotica ytlahtocateopixcanechichihualtzin yn motenehua ornametos. pontificales. yn imitratzin yhuan casulla morada yhuan [p. 167] Yn itopiltzin baculo, quimotquilitoya, yhuan in cruz quimoyacaniliaya ynic arc;obispo ycxitlantzinco yxpantzinco yhcaya. yhuan yn oc cequi tlamantli ytlahtocamahuizc;otzin ynic visurrey. moyetzticatca moch on can catca ytlantzinco, oncan mochi tlacatl contenna­ miquia yn imatzin, ynic 6can ytechtzinco mocnopilhuiaya onpohualilhuitl yn tecentlapo­ polhuiliztli indulgencias. auh yn omoteneuh axca ypan Sabado. yn oquic ayemo quihual­ moquixtiliaya ynacayotzin yn oncan monoltitoya Capilla oncan cecen responso, ypantzin­ co quimihtalhuito mochintzitzin yn izqui tlamantin nepapan teopixque Mexico onoque, auh yn ihcuac ye otlanque in ye ixquich niman ye netecpano ynic quixohuaz oncan pa­ lacio. ye teotlac, auh yn onetecpanoc ye niman peuh in ye quixohua hue! yei tzilli ypan tlaco hora, teotlac, auh ynic netecpanoc ynic quixohuac oncan tecpan palacio, hue! tlaya­ cac mantiaque in timacehualti mexica, hue! yzquicanpa onca huallaque quihualcencauhque mochintin yn izquicampa Cofradias. quimopialia Mexica, in S. Juan Moyotlan tlaca, yhuan S. Pablo teopan tlaca, yhua S. sebastian atzacualco tlaca. yhuan S.ta maria cuepo­ pan, yhua in Sanctiago tlatilolco, hue! yzquicampa cecen cruz manca. quihualhuicaque, yhuan cecen estandarte ahnoc;o vanderra yn izqui ypan Cofradias. mopia hue! yzquican hualla, auh yehuatin tlayacac mantiaque yn omoteneuhque Mexica ynic oncan quixohuac

1. For "amo motlapalohuaya." 2. For "miyahuique."

1612 201

lashed, and said to the fiscal, "Whip me!" But the fiscal did not dare' whip him, so that our father began to whip himself on his own, because of which the Mexica who saw it greatly murmured and were taken aback by it.2 They said, "Why is our father doing that?" And they restrained our father fray Ger6nimo de Zarate from doing it; various of them grabbed him and put him in the interior of the building. When this was done Marfa L6pez was greatly encouraged in her complaint to the Royal Audiencia, but the Audiencia halted her complaint and did not bring it to a conclusion, so that right away [p. 166] the said fray Ger6nimo de Zarate began again to treat everyone badly and shame people as was mentioned that he had done before, Y Today, Wednesday the 22nd of the month of February of the year 1612, was when the truly reverend lord the spiritual ruler don fray Garcia Guerra, who was archbishop3 in Mexico and appointed viceroy here and all over New Spain, Dominican friar, passed away. At half past 1 o'clock in the daytime the bells began to toll for him in the monasteries everywhere. Today, on the day he passed away, he had been spiritual ruler and archbishop in Mexico for 3 years, 4 months, and 24 days. And he had ruled in earthly matters ap­ pointed viceroy, for only 8 months and 4 days today on the day of Wednesday wh;n he passed away. He died of the said abscess that they opened on his right side. Absolutely all of the religious and Spaniards said that it was just the doctors, his physicians, who killed him. Two Spaniards were treating him; one he brought here from Spain, named dr. Pine­ da, and the name of the other doctor cannot be established.

Y Not until Saturday, today the 25th of the month of February of the year 1612, was the body of the spiritual ruler don fray Garcfa Guerra, late archbishop in Mexico and viceroy, buried. First his body had lain for four days in the palace chapel. He was outfitted in his full normal gear a.s a priestly ruler, called pontifical ornaments: his miter and purple chas­ uble, and [p. 167] he lay carrying his staff, the crozier; and the cross that used to precede him as archbishop stood at his feet, facing him. And all his other ruler's insignia as viceroy were at his side. Everyone there was kissing his hands, so that thereby they would attain forty days of general pardon, indulgences. And today, on the said Saturday, before they had come to remove his body from where it lay in the chapel, all the different groups of religious who live in Mexico went to say a responsory prayer each for him. And when they had finished, when it was over, everyone lined up to come out of the palace; it was afternoon by then. When they had lined up and began to come out, it was fully half past three o'clock in the afternoon. As to how they were lined up as they came out of the palace, we Mexica commoners went at the very front. Absolutely all the cofradfas that the Mexica have for each of the sections came along and had made preparations: the people of San Juan Moyotlan, the people of San Pablo Teopan, the people of San Sebastian Atza­ qualco, Santa Marfa Cuepopan, and Santiago Tlatelolco. Every single one each brought a decorated cross and a standard or banner, which are kept by each of the cofradfas. They came from absolutely all the sections, and the said Mexica went in a group at the front as

people came out of the palace. -

3. For "an;obispo."

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202 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

tecpan palacio, - y_ Auh ye niman yehuantin quimontocatiaque in pipiltzitzinti ycnotlaca in huapahuallo S. Juan de letra in motenehua colegio de los nifios, quihuicaq. yn incruz teocmtlatl plata

tepitzin. y_ Auh ye niman yehuantin quimontocatiaque. yn mulatoti inco[p. 168]fradia quipia

tlayacatitihui // ynic niman yehuantin quim5tocatiaque yn espaiioles. yn izqu\campa_ C~­ fradias quipia mexico, c;an tel ye cepanmantiaque yn omoteneuhque mulatot1h, mochmtm cecen quihuicatiaque yn esdantardes yn invamderra, in ye mochi mocenpohua ymaxca espafioles cenpohualli. yehuatl tecenpohualca yn iesdantardetzin yn ivamderratzin totlac;o­ nantzin S.ta maria nuestra Senora del rosario, c;a tlatocatiuh, yehica ca ya huecahua ca achto motlalli ynon Cofradia S Domingo catqui, c;a ce in ye mochi omoteneuh cofradias.

,an imamanian in tecpantiaque ynic mantiaque ynic yahtiaque - y_ Auh ynic no niman yehuantin quimontocatiaque in motenehua hermanos de co~va­ lecientes. yn quimocuitlahuia hospital S.t ipolito, ac;o <;an matlactm yn oncan mantrnq. ce yn cruz manca quihuicaque yhuan ytloc mantia ome ciliares, yhuan ce clerigo yncapellan

capa quitlalitia, yhuan ytloc mantiaque ome diagonos almaticas quitlalitiaque - _ . y_ Auh ye niman yehuantin quimontocatiaque in c;a no motenehua hermanos yn 1p1l: huantzitzin Beato Juan de dios. in <;ano quimocuitlalmia hospital desmamparados. ahc;o c;a quen matlactlomomentin yn oncan mantiaque. ce yn cruz2 manca quihuicaque ytloc man­ tia ome ciliares yhuan ce capa quitlalitia. yehuatl in hermano mayor. ahnoc;o fundador. sacerdote, yhuan ytloc mantiaque ome diagonos almaticas quitlallitiaque. no sacerdotes,

,anno hermanos yn itlatecpampa yn itlac;otzin 11°. Juan de dios. - _ . . . . . . y_ Auh ye niman yehuantzitzin quimonmotoquilitiaque in ceca mahmztlhlom yxtlhlom yn teotlamachilizticatzinco [p. 169] Y n motenehua Teopixque La compai\ia de Jesus. in c;an quincuitia ye notzallo teatinos, ca amo yehuantzitzin ynnotzalloca ca oc centlamantin vm­ pa moyetztica in Roma yhuan Italia in teopixque teatinos. yhuan ye monotza la congre­ gacion de Jos Clerigos reglares, ynin ypilhuan huel achto ytlatlalilhuan yn Don Pedro carrafa obispo vmpa yn ipan altepetl Teatinense. auh ynin obispo c;atepan cardenal omo­ chiuh yequene Sancto Padre mochiuhtzinoco quimotocayotitzino yn ipan ye quimocorona­ maquilique Paulo Quarto. o yehuatzin in yn intatzin in huel yehuatin teopixque moten: ehua Teatinos yn ayemo hualmohuica nican ypan nueua espafia, // ma ye teyollo pach1hm ca oc centlamantintzitzin in ye nican moyetzticatca mexico, yn incatzinco titlahtohua, c;an hue! yxquich ynotzallocatzin teopixque la compafiia de Jesus. in yehuantzitzin in teo­ pixque ac;o hue! yepohuallonmatlactin. yn oncan momaniltitiaque yn omote~euh ye teco­ coc atle cruz manca quimohuiquilique, ,aniuh moquixtique <;aniuh mohmcaque yhuan ano~le capa quimotlalilitiaq. c;aniuh mochintzitzin mantiaque yea yn inc;odanatzin yhuan inmanteotzin yn iuh mochipa monemiltia - mochintzitzin cecencandelas ymactzinco. - y_ Auh ye niman yehuantzitzin quimonmotoquilitiaque in cenca m~huiztililoni teopixque in motenehua mercenadios, yn itlac;opilhuantzitzinhuan in tohueyc1huatlahtocatecmyo to­ tlac;omahuiznantzin Sancta maria las mercedes de la redeption de los cautiuos, ahc;o hue! onpohualtin yn oncan momaniltitiaque omoteneuh ye tetococ, ce yn cruz manca qm~o­ huiquilique ytloc mantia ome ciliares. yhuan ce capa quimotlalilitia

3 yhuan ytloctzmco

mantiaque ome diagonos almaticas quitlallitiaq. [p. 170]

I. Another possible interpretation is that the mulattoes went as a group (by them­

selves).

1612 203

Y And next there followed them the orphaned children who are raised at San Juan de Letran, which is called the Colegio de los Ninos; they took along their small silver cross.

Y Then after them followed the mulattoes who have their cofradfa, [p, 168] going in front

[of the Spaniards].// Then after them followed the Spaniards in all the cofradfas they have !n Mexico, but they went along in a group with the said mulattoes. 1 They all went carry­ mg a standard or banner each. A total of twenty belong to the Spaniards; the twentieth is the standard and banner of our precious mother Santa Marfa, our lady of the rosary. It came at the end because it has lasted a long time, for that cofradfa was first established at Santo Domingo. Each of all the said cofradfas was arranged in line in its place [according to seniority] as they went along in groups and proceeded. - Y Then after them followed those called the Brothers of the Convalescents, who take care of the hospital of San Hip6lito. Perhaps only ten of them went along in a group carrying a decorated cross; next to it went two processional candlesticks, and a secular priest, their chaplain, wore a cape, and at his side went two deacons wearing their vestments. - Y Then after them followed those likewise called Brothers, the children of the beatified Juan de Dios, who in the same fashion take care of the hospital of Desamparados. Perhaps about twelve of them went along in a group there, carrying a decorated cross,2 and next to it went two processional candlesticks. The senior brother or founder, a priest, wore a cape, and at his side went two deacons wearing their vestments, also priests and likewise broth­ ers of the order of the beloved of our lord Juan de Dios. - Y Then after them followed those who are very much to be revered and respected for their knowledge of the divinity, [p. 169] called the religious of the Company of Jesus, whom they acknowledge to be and are called Theatines, but that is not their [t1·ue] appellation, for residing in Rome and Italy is another group of religious, the Theatines, also called the congregation of regular priests. They are the children of and were first founded by don Pedro Caraffa, bishop in the altepetl of Thete, This bishop later became a cardinal, and finally he came to be made pope. At the time they crowned him he took the name of Paul IV. He was the father of the religious who are truly called Thea tines, who have not yet come here to New Spain,// May people's minds be put to rest thereby, for it is a differ­ ent group that is here in Mexico and that we are talking about, whose only real appella­ tion is religious of the Company of Jesus. Perhaps as many as seventy of these religious went along there in a group to the said burial; they did not take any decorated cross, they just came out and went along as they usually are. Nor did they wear capes; they all just went along as usual with their cassocks and long cloaks, as they always go about, each of them with a candle in his hand. - y_ Then after them went following the very reverend friars called Mercedarians, the precious children of our great queenly lady, our precious revered mother Santa Marfa de las Mercedes Y de la Redenci6n de los Cautivos. Perhaps a full forty of them went along in a group to the said burial, taking with them a decorated cross with two processional candle­ sticks going beside it; [a priest] went along wearing a cape, 3 and at his side went two deacons wearing their vestments. [p. 170]

2. !~e or~ginaI coo.Id be interpreted as yncruz, "their cross," rather than yn cruz, "the cross, m thts case as m several others. 3. See pp. 204-05, n. I.

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204 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

y_ Auh ye niman yehuantzitzin. quimonmotoquilitiaque, in cenca mahuiztililoni tlai;oteo­ pixque Carmenitas descalsos, in i;a no ytla,opilhuatzitzinhuan in tohuecihuatlahtocate­ cuiyo. totlac;omahuiznantzin in moteneuhtzinohua nuestra Sefiora S.ta maria del carme, amo miequintzitzin ahi;o i;an quen matlactintzitzin yn oncan momaniltitiaque omoteneuh ye tetococ, auh ,an cuauhcruz tepitzin nepaniuhqui coztic teocuitlayo. tlapallo, in quimo­ huiquillique, ytloc mantia ome cuauhciliares, yhuan ce capa quimotlalilitia.

1 yhuan necoc

ytloctzinco mantiaq. ome diagonos. almaticas quitlalitiaque - y_ Auh ye niman yehuantzitzin quimonmotoquilitiaque in cenca mahuiztililoni teopixque

hermitafios. yn itlai;opilhuantzitzinhuan totla,omahuiztatzin S. Augustin. Obispo Hipo­ nia huey yteotlamatilizmatcatzin in Sancta yglesia. ahi;o huel nauhpohuallonmatlactin yn oncan momaniltitiaque omoteneuh ye tetococ. ce yn cruz manca quimohuiquilique necoc ytloc mantia ome ciliares, yhuan ce capa quimotlalilitia yhuan necoc ytloctzinco man­

tiaque ome diagonos. almaticas quitlalitiaque - y_ Auh ye niman yehuantzitzin quimonmotoquilitiaque in ceca mahuiztililoni teopixque

Menores. yn itla,opilhuatzitzinhuan totlai;omahuiztatzin S. Fran° 0 Patriarcha. ahi;o huel macuilpohuallonmatlactin. yn oncan momaniltitiaque omoteneuh ye tetocac, ,an ic mo­ centlamantiliq. i;an ic cenyahque i;an ic cenmomaniltitiaque. in teopixq. descal,os, cane! i;an ic cen ytlai;opilhuantzitzinhuan yn omoteneuhtzino totla,ottatzin S. Franco, no yhuan onca [p. 171] Yntlantzinco momaniltitiaque, yeintin teopixque trinidarios in quimopialia ytech ca ymescapulariotzin yztac ce cruz chichiltic yhuan xoxoctic. in motenehua ytlai;o­ pilhuantzitzinhua yn ieytilitzin tt0 • dios. la Sancta Trinidad,.ca no ye notzallo de la Re­ demption de captiuos, auh yn omoteneuhtzinoque teopixque S. Fran°

0 . ce yn cruz manca

quimohuiquilique necoc ytloc mantia ome ciliares, yhua ce capa quimotlalilitia yhuan

necoc ytloctzinco mantiaque. ome diagonos almaticas quitlalitiaque - Y. Auh ye niman yehuantzitzin. in huel yehuantin miccahuaque. quimonmotoquilitiaque. in cenca mahuiztililoni teopixque in moteneuhtzinohua predicadores. yn itla,opilhuantzi­ tzinhuan totla,omahuiztatzin, S. Domingo. Patriarcha, ahi;o huel macuilpohuallonma­ tlactin, yn oncan momaniltitiaque omoteneuh ye tetococ. ce cruz manca quimohuiquilique necoc ytloc mantia ome ciliares, yhuan ce capa quimotlalilitia yhuan necoc ytloctzinco

mantiaque ome diagonos. almaticas quitlalitiaque - y_ Auh ynic niman yehuantzitzin quimonmotoquilitiaque in huel tlacpac moyetzticate. in huel teachcauhtzitzinhuan. clerigos. in cabildo tlaca. motenehua Canonigos cathedrales. yn itlai;omahuizpilhuantzitzinhuan totla,omahuiztatzin Sefior S. Pedro. Principe, quihtoz­ nequi tlahtocapiltachcauhtzin yn ipan S.ta yglesia, ynin ,an ic mocetilitzinoque i;an monepanotzinoque i;an mocepanmaniltitiaque. in vela cruz perroquia tlaca clerigos. yhuan S.ta catalina Martyr perroquia tlaca clerigos amo hue! mochiuh ynic nononcua man­ tiazquia, auh mochintintzitzin Sobrepe!liz. quimotlalilitiaque ynbonetestzin auh amo hue! mopohua in ye mochintzitzin clerigos. oncan [p. 172] momaniltitiaque omoteneuh ye tetococ, ca cenca miyequintzitzin, ce yn cruz manca quimohuiquillique necoc ytloc mantia ome ciliares, auh yehuatzin capa quimotlalilitia in cenca mahuiztililoni Sefior Doctor Sausedo arcediano, yhuan necoc ytloctzinco mantiaque ome diagonos almaticas tliltic

I. The subject of "quimotlaliltia," went wearing, is singular. The only apparent_ can­ didate for subject in the immediate vicinity is the cross itself. It was a well established practice to have a priest in a cape surrounded by two deacons on all ~orts of c~remomal occasions. We can only presume that Ch. omitted a word for the pnest by m1Stake, or

1612 205

Y. Then followed the very reverend precious friars the Discalced Carmelites who are likewise precious children of our great queenly lady our precious revered mother ~alled our Lady Santa Marfa del Carmen. There were not many of them, perhaps only about ten, who went along to the said burial, and they just took along just a little wooden cross joined together and colored gold. Beside it went two wooden processional candlesticks; [a pnest] went wearing 1 a cape, and next to him on both sides went two deacons wearing their vestments. -

Y. Then followed after them the very reverend friars the Hermits, the precious children of our precious revered father San Agustin, bishop of Hippo, the holy church's great expert on theology. Perhaps a full ninety of them went along in a group to the said burial. They took along a decorated cross; on both sides of it went two processional candlesticks a priest went wearing a cape, and on both sides next to him went two deacons wearing th~ir vestments. - Y. Then after them followed the very reverend Friars Minor, the precious children of our precious revered father San Francisco the patriarch. Perhaps there were a full hundred and ten of them going along in a group to the said burial. The Discalced friars formed a single group with them, they went together and went along as a group, because they are all to­ gether precious children of our said precious father San Francisco. And also [p. 171] three Trinitarian friars went along among them; they have a white scapular with a red and green cr~s~ on it; these said precious children of the three-part nature of our lord God, the Holy Tnmty, are also called [by the name of] the Redemption of Captives. And the said Fran­ ciscan friars took along a decorated cross; next to it on both sides went two processional candlesticks; [a priest] went wearing a cape, and next to him on both sides went two dea­ cons wearing their vestments. - Y. Then after them followed those who were directly bereaved, the very reverend friars called Preachers, the precious children of our precious revered father Santo Domingo the patriar_ch. Th_ere were perhaps a full hundred and ten of them who went along in a group to the said bunal. They took along a decorated cross; next to it .on both sides went two processional candlesticks, and [a priest] went wearing a cape, and next to him on both sides went two deacons wearing their vestments. - Y. Then after them followed the most highly placed, very senior secular priests, the people of the cathedral chapter, called canons of the cathedral, precious revered children of our precious revered father San Pedro the Prince, that is to say, the senior royal noble in the holy Church. With these the secular priests of the Vera Cruz parish and the Santa Ca­ talina Martir parish were united and joined; it was not possible for them to go as sep­ arate groups. They all wore a surplice and bonnet. All the secular priests going along in a group to the said burial cannot be counted, [p. 172] for there were very many of them. They took along a decorated cross, and next to it on both sides went two pro­ cessional candlesticks. The very reverend lord doctor Salcedo, archdeacon, went wearing a cape, and next to him on both sides went two deacons wearing their black vestments, both of them canons with a full ration. And all the canons with a full ration went wearing

possibly taking it for granted. The situation_ is all the more strange because virtually the same phrase, with exactly the same omisston, occurs several more times in following paragraphs. These passages may be testimony to Ch.' s tendency to repeat certain phrases as a refram almost regardless of their content, as in the resume of Mexica history earlier.

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206 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

quimotlalilitiaque ymomextintzitzin Racioneros, auh ynic ye mochtintzitzin Canonigos, Racioneros, mochintin tliltic manta del coro tabetan, in quimotlalilitiaque, yn iuh mo­ chipa ypan quaresmatica quimotlalilitihui yn ipa motenehua La Sena, auh ynic tlamico oncan quixohua palacio capilla. ye ypan macuilli tzilli ypan tlaco hora, ynic quihualmo­ quixtilique ynacayotzin omoteneuhtzino teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fray Garcia Guerra visurrey. yn oncan monoltitoya comanilique achtopa yehuantzitzin yn audiencia real tlaca tlahtoque Oydores. in Andas. ye monoltitoya. quimonapalhuique in tlacpac omoteneuh capilla ye quihualmotemohuillique tlatzintla ynic onca palacio caltempa quimotequillico ypan quauhtlapechtli motenehua Tumulo yn i;an ic tlatlalili ypan quimocehuilizque yna­ cayotzin miccatzintli, in ye oconmotequilico oncan nim'a ic ce responso cuicayo oncan ypantzinco2 yn inacayotzin quihtoq. in capilla tlaca 1 clerigos. yn officiales iglesia mayor, auh yc3 omoteneuh i;aniuh monoltitiuh in andasco yn inacayotzin cencauhtiuh ynic mochi chichiuhtiuh in teoyotica ytlahtocamahuiznechichihualtzin omamentos pontificates. ye­ vatl ynic centlamantli. amito,4 niman ye yn alba camisatli, yhuan maquiltitiuh in cassula morada, yhuan cenca tlai;otli yn icpactzinco actiuh Mitra, coztic teocuitlaycpatica yec­ tlamacho. yhuan tlai;oteyo epyolloyo. ymactzinco onotiuh yn ichcapixcatopiltzin baculo, macitica coztic teocuitlayo yn iztac teocuitlatl, auh no yhui yn imatzin haactiuh vandes. yhuan matzatzaztli [p. 173] anillos, auh ycxitlantzinco mantiuh yn ibonetetzin. ycpac yetiuh cc yztac borla ynic neztiuh ca maestro omoyetzticatca yn ipan sancta theologia, yhuan yn isomblerotzin huey quiltic ,an no ycxitlantzinco mantiuh, auh cayemo huehuentzin omoyetzticatca ca ye quin hue! yyolloco oquichtli yuh omihto ye quin ye ompohuallonmatlactli ypa macuilxihuitl oquimopialiaya. auh yn omoteneuh ynic qui­ hualmotemohuilique vmpa capilla palacio, no yehuantin cenpohualloncaxtolli in Docto­ resme, yn quihualmololhuilitiaque miccatzintli. in teopixque clerigos Doctores. yhua frayles maestros oc cenca yehuatzin in cenca mahuiztililoni maestro fr. diego de contreras cathedratico de escriptura. mochintzitzin i;an neneliuhtihui yn espafioles Doctores ynic moomemaniltitiaque in nepapa yzqui tlamantli ye Doctores. moch quimotlalilitihui yn inquechquentzin in motenehua capirotes. yhua inBorlas. ymicpac yayatiuh, cecenyaca yntech machioneztiuh yn tlein ye tlamatini tlamachiliznemachtiltica. auh yn omoteneuh miccatzintli yn icquac5 quihualmoquixtilique tecpan palacio. ca niman hualmotlalli mixtli achi tliltic ,an iyoca ypan in ciudad mexico. ye mixtlapacho in tonatiuh. ynic quiquiya­ huia. inic yuhquin ma oncan ytech nezqui no yehuatl y nauhtlamantli yn huel peuhcayotl motenehua Elementos no quicoco quitlaocolti yn imiquiliztzin teoyotica tlahtohuani Don

fr. Garcia Guerra - Y. Auh yn o yuh onmihto yn omoteneuh ce responso, ypan ynacayotzin miccatzintli yn oncan omoteneuh ypan Tumulo. miccatlapechtli in caltempa palacio, ye niman oncan oc yehuantzitzin conmanilique conmonapalhuique yn inacayotzin teoyotica tlahtohuani, in cenca mahuiztililoni [p. 174] Canonigos. ynic niman ohtlipan oquimotlatoctilique oqui­ mohuiquilique, tlapohualtepoztli ycal ,an ixpan quimoquixtilique ynic tlayahualolotia ynic quimahuiztilique ynacayotzin miccatzintli, auh in yehuantin omoteneuhque Docto­ resme. huel yehuantin ytlan omantiaque oquitocatiaque yn omoteneuh miccatzintli, auh ,a motlatoquiltitia, ,a hue! quimotzacuiltitia yn omoteneuhtzin 6 cenca mahuiztililoni Padre

l. Or people of the chapel, perhaps defining the secular priests? 2. For "yxpantzinco." 3. The intention seems to be ye, not ye.

1612 207

a black choir cloak of taffeta, like they always wear during Lent at what is called the main meal. When they finished coming out of the palace chapel, it was half past 5 o'clock as they brought out the body of the said spiritual ruler don fray Garcia Guerra, viceroy, from where he was lying. First the lords of the Royal Audiencia, the civil judges, took him in the bier where he was lying and lifted him up in their arrns in the above mentioned chapel, and in that fashion they brought him down below, until just outside the palace they laid him on a wooden platform called a catafalque, that had been set up for them to rest the body of the deceased on. When they had laid him there, the [ choir members?]' and the s~cular priests and officials of the cathedral sang a responsory prayer in the presence of2 his body. It was already3 said that his body just lay in the bier, all prepared, all out­ fitted with his revered equipment as ruler, the pontifical ornaments, which were first the amice, 4 then the alb, a shirt; then he had on the purple chasuble, and on his head a very precious miter, finely embroidered with golden thread and covered with precious stones and pearls, and in his hand lay his shepherd's staff, the crozier, solid silver gilded, and likewise he had gloves on his hands, and rings. fp. 173] Below his feet was his bonnet on top of which was a white tassel showing that he had a master's degree in holy theo'. logy, and his large green hat was also at his feet. He was not yet aged, for he was a man just in his full maturity; it was said that he was only fifty-five years old. And when as was mentioned they brought him down from the palace chapel, also thirty-five ecclesias­ tical holders of the doctorate went gathered around the deceased, secular priests with the doctorate and friars with master's degrees, especially the very reverend master fray Diego de Contreras, professor of scripture. All the Spanish doctors went mixed among one an­ other, so that all the different kinds of doctors went along two by two. They all went wearing neck garments called hoods, and on top of their heads were various tassels signifying for each person what branch of knowledge he was a scholar in. Whens the; brought the said deceased out of the palace, rather black clouds formed right away, only over the city of Mexico, covering the surface of the sun, and it rained off and on, as though showing thereby that also the four separate things thai are the very beginning, called elements, were hurt and moved to pity by the death of the spiritual ruler don fray Garda Guerra. -

Y. And when as was mentioned a responsory prayer had been said over the body of the deceased, as was mentioned on the catafalque or platform for the dead, outside the palace, the very reverend canons took and picked up the body of the spiritual ruler. [p. 174] Then ~ey directed him along the road and took him to the clock tower; they took him passing nght m front of it in their procession in order to honor the body of the deceased. And the said doctors were the very ones who went beside and followed the said deceased· and the said6 very reverend father master fray Diego de Contreras, Augustinian friar, followed

4. An undervestment around the neck and shoulders. 5. For "ihquac." 6. For "omoteneuhtzino,"

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208 1RANSCRIT'f!ON AND TRANSLATION

Maestro fr. diego de contreras teopixqui S. Augustin yehica ca ye huecauh achto ye

maestro ynic nican Mexico - y Auh ye niman yehuantin quimonmotoquilitiaque mochintin yn ixquichtin cabildo ciudad

tlaca, tecpantiaque quintocatia ome vamderra ahno,;o esdantarde real ytech icuiliuhtia _yn itlahtocatlahuiztzin yn iarmastzin Rey ynin ca tafetan tliltic netloc mantia yyomextt II auh ye niman yehuantin quimontocatiaque yn ixquichtin. Soldadostin yaotiacahuan a,;o

hue! chicuepohualtin in ye mochi yn necoccampa motecpanque ynic tlayahualolotia mo­ cuecuentilique ynic tecpancayahque. ,;an inmac quitetecatiaque yn imarcaboz, yhuan no

cecen lan,;as. inmac quihuicacaya, 1 ,;an tlalpan quihuillantiaque, amo huel cacocuia, auh yn in omoteneuhque Soldadostin ome yn invamderra yn inquachpan quihuicaque ,;an tlal­

pan tlaltitech quihuihuillantiaque amo no hue! cacocuia auh no yehuatl yn inyaohuehueuh atambores. chicuacentetl yn oncan quihuicaque quitzotzontiaque, amo cenca caquiztia amo

huel nahuatia auh yehica ypampa tlilpalli luto ye quiquimiliuhtia. ,;an ipan yn quitzo­ tzontiaque, yhuan ome onca quipitztiaque bipano ahno<;o blaotas, tliltique cacatzacti amo no cenca quicaquiztilitiaque amo huel quinahuatiltitiaque ,;an quitlaocolpitztiaque, auh in yehuantin in omoteneuhque Soldadostin [p. 175] Yn oncan cenquizque omoteneuh ye teto­

coc, ca yehuantin y yazque La china in quitequipanozque tohueytlahtocauh rey y Auh ye niman yehuantzitzin quimonmotoquilitiaque in mochintin Audiencia Real tlaca, tlahtoque Oydoresme, moch luto yn inrobones yn indurga 2 quimotlalilitihui, auh yn o­

metin ymachtzitzinhuan omoteneuhtzino miccatzintli yn an;obispo. ynic ce yehuatzin in

Padre fr. Jeronimo Guerra. ,;anno S. Domingo teopixqui vicario atlacohuaya. ynic ome yehuatl yn capitan de la guardia luto quihuillantiuh, tlanepatla yhcatihui ceca otlaocoxtiaq.

inic quimotepotztoquilitiaq. intla,;otlatzin. quinnepantlaquetztiaque yn omoteneuhque oy­ dores, auh yhuan oc no ce tlacatl yn oncan yntlah ycatia tlanepatla, no luto yn quihuil­

lantia quitquitia yehuatl ce quauhpitzactli hueyac yn icuac tlanepanolli tlacruztlalili oncan ytech pilcatiah ,;ouhtia ce tliltic tepitzin camixatzintli, ytech icuiliuhtia yn itlacamecayo­ tlahuiztzin yn iarmastzin omoteneuhtzino miccatzintli ar,;obispo visurrey. // Auh ye ni­ man contocatia tlatoquilitiuh ce cauallo tomahuac y nohuiyan ytlacapan ,ouhtia ynic qui­ miliuhtia luto huel quihuillantia, yhua ycximanecuiliuhtia quiztiticque

3 ynic chochollo­

tia omoteneuh cauallo cantiaque yuh mihto huel yehuatl yn iaxcatzin catca yn ipan mo­ nemiltiaya omoteneuhtzino teoyotica tlahtohuani ar,;obispo visurrey. // Auh ynic_ ontetl

cauallo quimontocatia ,;lino yuh chichiuhtia quimiliuhtia lutotica, no yhuan ycx1mane­ cuiliuhtia no quiztiticque no chocholotia, yn iuh yahtia oc cetetl omoteneuh cauallo. auh ynin ye ontetl cauallo ypan yatia ce espafiol, tepoztlahuiztica cotatica moyaochichiuh­

tia motenehua armada, ye yah. quihuicac quitquitia yn vamderra moteneuh Qmyon ,an huel tetepitzin ytech icuiliuhtia yn iarmastzin Rey. yehuatl yn castillo yhuan Jeon. yn i­

tlahtocatlahuiztzin, ynin omoteneuh vanderra tepitzin Quiyon ca yehuatl in quimoyaca­ niliaya yn ihcuac moquixtiaya yn ix[p. 176]quich ica omotlahtocatili ynic visurrey omo­

chiuhtzinoticatca mexico yn oquic mochicahualtitinenca omoteneuhtzino an;obispo. yn

1. For "quihuicaya." . ,, 2. It appears that Ch. may not have been familiar with the word t(mica, "turnc, etc.,

so that he may have miscopied "durga" from "duniga" in some earlier _text, whether written by himself or another. The form "duniga" in fact_ occurs elsewhere m the ongmal in a somewhat similar context [pp. 216-17 at n. 2]. In his section on the members of the

1612 209

everyone and went the very last, because he was the first master [ of theology J here in

Mexico by a long time. -

Y Then after them followed all the members of the [Spanish] cabildo of the city, going in line. Two banners or royal standards went following them, on which were painted the

royal insignia, the arms of the king; they were of black taffeta; the two of them went side by side. // Then after them followed all the soldiers, the warriors, perhaps a full hundred

and sixty in all. They lined up on both sides of the procession; the lines they went in were not straight; they left their muskets just lying in their arms, and the lances that each

one carried 1 in their arms they just dragged on the ground, they could not lift them up. And the said soldiers carried two banners that they just went dragging on the ground; they

couldn't lift them up either. And they also took along six war drums, kettle drums, that

they went beating; they did not sound loudly or very clearly because they were wrapped in

black mourning cloth, and they went along beating them measuredly. And two blacks played fifes or flutes, which they did not play very loudly or clearly either, but went along

playing in mourning. The said soldiers [p. 175] who assembled for the said burial were the ones who were to go to China [the Philippines] to serve our great ruler the king.

Y Then after them followed all the people of the Royal Audiencia, the lords judges; the robes and [tunics]2 that they wore were all of mourning cloth .. And the two nephews of

the said deceased, the archbishop, of whom the first was father fray Geronimo Guerra, likewise a Dominican friar, vicar at Tacubaya, and the second was the captain of the guard, who went dragging mourning cloth, went standing in the middle; they went in

great sorrow as they followed behind their beloved uncle. The said judges went placing them in their midst. And another person who went standing among them, in the middle,

also carried and dragged a sign of mourning, which was a long narrow pole crossed toward one end to make a cross; from it went hanging and was displayed a little black shirt on which were painted the insignia of the said deceased archbishop and viceroy's lineage, his coat of arms. // Then after that followed, coming last, a stout horse on whose sides were

everywhere displayed the mourning cloth with which it was wrapped, and it went dragging it. And it went along lame in a forefoot; they had cut a hoof3 so that the said horse that they went holding went along making leaps. It was said that the horse was the special

property of the said spiritual leader, the archbishop and viceroy, when he was alive. // A second horse went following them, likewise outfitted with and wrapped in mouruing

cloth, which also was lame in a forefoot, whose hoof they also cut, which also went leap­ ing, just like the other said horse. And on this second horse rode a Spaniard, outfitted for war with a metal device, a coat of mail, called a man in armor; as he went he took and carried a banner called an ensign, very small, on which was painted the king's coat of arms, a castle and a lion, his royal device. This said small banner or ensign was the one

that preceded him whenever he would come out in public as long [p. 176] as he ruled as the viceroy appointed in Mexico, as long as the said archbishop was still in good health,

Royal Audiencia in this funeral procession, Aleman (1911, p. 400), speaks of the wearing of a loba, described in the Diccionario de Autoridades as a long unfitted garment falling to the feet, in Latin tunic a taladris.

3. The form is apparently the equivalent of qu-izti-tecque. Speaking of this horse Ale­ man (1911, p. 402) uses the word despalmado, with the hoof pared off.

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210 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

iuh mochintin quinyacana yn oc cequintin tlahtoque visurreyesme yn otlahtocatico nican mexico. yhuan yn oc tlahtocatiquihui in huel yxiptlatzitzinhuan tohueytlahtocatzin Rey

yn espafia moyetztica Y. Auh ye niman yehuantin <;a cemi mochintin ontetocatiaque ontlatocatiaque. in teaachhuan yn ibaxehuan omoteneuhtzino miccatzintli ar,obispo visurrey omoyetzticatca. huel mochintin tlilpalli luto, quimololotiaque quihuillantiaque. 0 yhui yn. in quihual­ quixtique ynacayotzin oncan tecpan palacio. yn omoteneuhtzino miccatzintli teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fr. Garcia Guerra arcobispo 1 visurrey. ynic niman vmpa quimotlaco­

loltilito ynacayotzin, yn calnacazco. ynahuac S. Ilefonso colegio de saminario, ca <;an oc conmotlamellahualtilique ynic oncan necololoto ynic niman tlanipa ohtli quimotoctilique ynacayotzin ynin ye quimohuiquillique ca mopapatlatiaque in ixquichtin teopixque nepa­ panme yhuan tlahtoij. ynic quimonapalhuitiaque miccatzintli, ynic niman ypan ohtli S. Domingo. quimoquixtilito quimonamictilito yn ohtli. ynic niman <;a tlamellauhca oqui­ hualmocuepillique ca oquihualmotlamellahualtilique. ynic oncan quimoquixtilico yqui­ yahuac yn iportales Marques del valle. ynic niman oncan oquimocallaquillico miccatzintli iglesia mayor. huel yhcuac onaqui tonatiuh ynic onyohuac in quimaxitilico. auh yn omo­ tenehu in ynic otlipan quihualmohuiquilliij. ynic huallayahualolotia ca macuilcan yn otlipan quitlallica quauhtlapechtli. Tumu)o. yn ipan quimocecehuilitiaque ynacayotzin miccatzintli ar<;obispo. yzquican onca responsos ypantzinco quihtoque [p. 1771 Yn capilla tlaca 2 clerigos. auh ca amo huel mihtoz. motenehuaz. yhuan amo huel moponhuaz yn ixquich tlacatl catca yn oquimotoquilique 3 miccatzintli. yn espafioles. yhuan timacehual­ tin mexica. amo huel campa tetlan quixohuaya yn otlipan cenca oteten yn tlacatl yhuan yn i;a ohtenco otlamahuii;oque otlachixi'j cenca miec tlacatl yhuan yn calticpac tlapaco cenca no teten yn tlacatl tlachixque, cenca huey tlamahuiztililiztica in quimotoquilique ynacayotzin miccatzintli ca yuhquin ma Q3. yhcuac viernes Sancto. ye omochiuh yo ineto­ quiliztzin omoteneuh teoyotica tlahtohuani ari;obispo visurrey. auh yn omoteneuh ynaca­ yotzin tococ altar mayor tlamayecamcopa II auh yn o yuh conmotoquilique oncan iglesia mayor, ye niman quixohuac necuepalloc vmpa n tecpan palacio. mocueptzinoque vmpa yn audiencia Real tlaca oydores. yhuan yn oc cequintin Justicias quimocuitlahuia quincahuato yn omentin omoteneuhi'j. ymachtzitzinhuan omoteneuhtzino miccatzintli ar<;obispo, y­ huan yn ibangetzitzinhuan cahualloco, yhuan no tecahuaco y moteneuhque Soldadostin. ynic hualmocuepque ye quihualquechpanotiaque yn imarcaboz. no yhuan ye quihuallacoc­

tiaque yn imalan<;as.4 yhuan yn invamde1rn yn inquachpan Y. Auh axcan Juebes ye .8. mani metztli Mar<;o. de 1612. afios. yhcuac in honrras ymis­ satzin omochiuh iglesia mayor. in teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fr. Garcia Guerra ar<;obispo yhuan visurrey moyetzticatca Mexico. II auh i;ano ypan in yn omoteneuh ypan cemilhuitl Juebes yn ohualla tlahtolli vmpa espafia quitemachiztico ynic omomiquilli yn tohueyci­ huatlahtocatzin Dofia Marcarida de avstria Reyna espafia ocatca yn inamictzin tohueytlah­

tocatzin Don Felipe Tercero Rey espafia - [p. 178] Y. Axcan Juebes ye .15. mani Metztli Mar<;o de 1612 afios yhcuac yn ohuallathuic ye omomiquilli yohualtica, in cihuapilli Dona Ana de castilla ynamic in Anton

5 de ibarra

catca. auh ychpotzin in huehue Don Luis de Velasco. ynic ome visurrey mochihuaco.

I. For "ar<;obispo." 2. See pp. 206-07 at n. I. 3. The word could equally well mean "followed."

1612 211

just as it precedes the other lords viceroys who have come to rule here in Mexico and the other true representatives of our great ruler the king who is in Spain who will come to rule in the future. Y Then finally came following the others, coming last, the pages of the said deceased, the late archbishop and viceroy; every one of them wore black mourning cloth and went dragging it. This then was how they brought the body of the said deceased, the spiritual ruler don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop 1 and viceroy, out of the palace. Then they took a turn with his body at the corner close to the seminary college of San Ildefonso, for they took him straight until they turned there; there they took his body along the road down­ ward. As they took him all the different ecclesiastics and judges went along taking turns carrying the deceased. Then they brought him to meet the road to Santo Domingo; then they brought him straight back, then they brought him to outside the arcade of the Mar­ ques de! Valle, then they brought the deceased inside the cathedral, right at sunset; they brought him in as it got dark. And as they brought him on this said route and came in procession, in five places along the way they had set up a wooden platform, the catafalque, on which they caused the body of the deceased archbishop to rest while the [choir?]2 and secular priests said responsory prayers for him. [p. 177] It cannot be said, told, or counted how many people there were who [buried]3 the deceased, Spaniards and we Mexica commoners. It cannot be [said] how, wherever they passed by people on the way, it was full of people; very many people just gazed and looked at things from the roadside, and the housetops, the roofs, were also full of people looking. With very great splendor they buried the body of the deceased; the burial of the said spiritual ruler, the archbishop and viceroy, was performed as though it were Good Friday. And his said body was buried on the right hand side of the main altar. II After they had buried him at the cathedral, ev­ eryone came out and returned to the palace. The judges of the Royal Audiencia and the others who administer justice accompanied the two said nephews of the said deceased arch­ bishop there, and his pages were brought there, and also the said soldiers came in accom­ paniment; as they returned, they shouldered their muskets again, and they again raised

their lances4 and their banners, their cloth flags.

Y. Today, Thursday the 8th of the month of March of the year 1612, was when the ob­ sequies were held and a mass was performed in the cathedral for the spiritual ruler don fray Garcia GueITa, late archbishop and viceroy in Mexico. II And likewise on the said day of Thursday word came from Spain and it was announced that our great queen dofia Margarita de Austria, late queen of Spain, spouse of our great ruler don Felipe III, king of Spain,

had passed away. [p. 178] y Today, Thursday the 15th of the month of March of the year 1612, in the night before morning of that day, was when the lady dofia Ana de Castilla, who was the spouse of Ant6n 5 de Ibarra, passed away. She was the daughter of don Luis de Velasco the elder,

4. Probably for "inlan<;as." 5. The name is given as Diego on pp. 176-77.

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212 1RANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

nican Mexico nueua espafia. auh yhuan ynin omoteneuh Dona Ana de castilla, ca huel ihuan tlacatia huel yuhctzin. ynic ome ytoca Don Luis de Velasco Marques de Salinas. in yehuatl oppa visurrey omochiuh nican Mexico nueua espana. auh ,atcpan omohuicac yn espafia vmpa presidente del consejo de indias omochiuhtzinoto Oquihualmonochilli vmpa yn tohueytlahtocatzin Rey Don Felipe Tercero, auh ynin omoteneuh cihuapilli Dona Ana. S. Domingo. yn tocoto ynacayo yn ompa toctoque ynamic yhuan omoteneuh yttatzin cat­

ca huehue Don Luis de Velasco.- y_ Axcan Martes ye .20. mani Metztli Mar,o de 1612 anos. yn ohuallathuic ye omomi­ quilli yohualtica in diego cauallero fundador y patron yn oncan Monasterio Sancta incs. monjas. yehuatl ytlatzintil quichiuh yhuan ytlapachol yn omoteneuh monasterio catqui, ynahuac hospital de las bouas. cenca miec yn iaxca ytlatqui quicahuillitia omotencuh i

monasterio - y_ Axcan Domingo quaresma ynic .i. mani metztli Abril de 1612. afios. yhcuac opeuh in ye quimana tliltique ynic cequintin oquimanque tliltique oncan hospital huitzillan nucstra Senora ye teotlac ypan Sermon quinmachtiaya yn oncan quimanaco Justicia ynic quincal­ laquique La carcel de Corte quincallaquito yn oncan motenehua calabo,os. ypampa yntech tlan quil mach yaoyotl [p. 179] quihtohuaya macocuizquia yn ipan Juebes Sancto. quin­

mictizquia yn intecuiyohuan espafioles. -

y_ Axcan viernes ye .6. mani Metztli Abril de 1612. afios. yhcuac nican S. Joseph S. Fran CO. hualmocallaqui in Padre fr. jua ma,ura. 1 yehuatzin Capillero mochiuhtzino. qui­ hualmohuiquilli in Padre fr. Sebastian de caribay telpochtli 2 temachtiani mochihuaco S. Joseph. yhcuac quicauh yn itequiuh Padre fr. Jeronimo de ,arate ynic Capillero catca yuh­ quin ceuhtiaij. Mexica tenochca yn iuh omoteneuh tlacpac ynic cenca quitoliniaya in quinmecahuitequia yhuan quincalnamacaya - capitulo indelmedio ypan in in tequicauh -

y_ Axcan Martes ye .10. mani Metztli Abril de 1612 afios. yhcuac ye teotlac tlaca ypan macuilli tzillini yn oquixohuac oncan tecpan palacio otlayahuallolotia ynic ocallacohua tohueyteopan iglesia mayor. ynic yhonrras yvigiliatzin omochihuilli ynic omomiquilli tohueycihuatlahtocatzin Dona Margarida de Austria Reyna de espana moyetzticatca yn inamictzin ocatca tohueytlahtocatzin Don Felipe Tercero Rey espafia yn axcan moyetztica. auh ynic oncan quixohuac tecpan palacio. ca ,anno yuh mochiuh yn tlacpac omoteneuh yn iuh mochiuh yn iuh tococ ynacayotzin teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fr. Garcia Guerra arcobispo' y virrey yn iuh netecpanoc. ,an ye no cuel yuh motecpan yn mochi cofradias. ocatqui mexico. yhuan ,an ye nicuel yuh motecpantiaque yn nepapan teopixque monol­ titoque Mexico. yn oncan mohuicatza. yhuan yn ciudad cabildo tlaca yhuan oydores. audiencia real tlaca n quinepantlahuitiaque yn tlahtocacorona real quinapalotia ce tlacatl coxin ypan mantia4 ,an ye ynmamanian yn mantiaque. auh yehuatzin yn teoyotica tlah­ tohuani Don fr. Balthasar Acobarrobias. [p. I 80] Obispo michhuacan teopixqui S. Au­ gustin, mochichiuhtzino capa quimotlalilitia yhuan Mitra. yhuan yn itlacaychcapixca­ topiltzin baculo. quimotquilitia yhuan ome ytloctzinco man ti a clerigos capa quitlallitiaij. auh ynin Obispo yehuatzin quimihtalhui yhoracio yn ipan omoteneuh ye vigilia mochiuh

l. Name unconfirmed. 2. Or just meaning that he was a young man, or young for a preacher. 3. For "an;obispo.''

1612 213

who came here to Mexico and New Spain appointed as the second viceroy. This said dona Ana de Castilla was a full sibling-he was her younger brother-of the second of the name don Luis de Velasco, Marques of Salinas, who was made viceroy twice here in Mexico and New Spain and afterward went to Spain, where he was made president of the Council of the Indies; our great ruler the king don Felipe III sent summoning him. The body of this said lady dona Ana was taken to be buried to Santo Domingo, where her spouse and her said late father don Luis de Velasco the elder lie buried.- y_ Today, Tuesday the 20th of the month of March of the year 1612, in the night before morning of that day, Diego Caballero, founder and patron of the nunnery of Santa Ines, passed away. He founded the said nunnery, near to the Hospital de las Bubas, and it was under his governance. He bequeathed a very great deal of his property to the said nunnery.

y_ Today, a Sunday of Lent, the 1st of the month of April of the year 1612, was when they began to arrest blacks, so that they arrested some blacks at the hospital of Nuestra Senora in Huitzillan in the afternoon. The sermon was being preached to them when the officers of the law came to arrest them and put them in the court jail. They put them in what are called cells because they were accused, according to what they say, that they were declaring war, [p. 179] that they were going to rebel on Maundy Thursday and kill their Spanish masters. - y_ Today, Friday the 6th of the month of April of the year 1612, was when father fray Juan Mazura I entered San Josef here at San Francisco, becoming the chaplain. Father fray Sebastian de Garibay the younger,2 who had been made preacher at San Josef, brought him when father fray Geronimo de Zarate relinquished his post as chaplain, Thus the Me­ xica Tenochca got relief from the way, as was mentioned above, that he had been greatly mistreating them, whipping them, and selling their houses. - It was at an intermediate chapter meeting [ of the Franciscan province] that he left office. - y_ Today, Tuesday the 10th of the month of April of the year 1612, in the afternoon but still daytime, at 5 o'clock, was when a group came out of the palace and went in pro­ cession to enter our great church, the cathedral, to perform the obsequies and vigil for the death of our great queen doi\a Margarita de Austria, late queen of Spain, who was the spouse of our great ruler don Felipe Ill, king of Spain, who now rules. They left the palace in the same fashion as was mentioned above with the burial of the body of the spiritual leader don fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop3 and viceroy. Again all the cofradfas there are in Mexico were lined up in the same way, and again all the different religious who dwell in Mexico lined up the same when they came there, and the members of the city cabildo and the judges of the Royal Audiencia. They placed in their midst as they went the royal crown; someone was carrying it on a cushion.4 They all went along in the same places as before. And the spiritual ruler don fray Baltasar Covarrubias, [p. I 80] bish­ op in Michoacan, an Augustinian friar, went along all outfitted, wearing a cape and miter and carrying his staff as a shepherd of people, the crozier, and two secular priests went beside him wearing capes. And this bishop was the one who made the main speech of

4. The way this line is inserted makes it quite clear that the version of the text here is a copy either from an earlier version or from a source.

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214 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

auh cenca huey yhuan cenca mahuiztic yn cuauhteocalli 1 motlalli on can yhtic yglesia mayor. mochi tlacatl cenca oquimahui<;o yhua ,an ye no yxquich ynic otlayahualloloc ax­ can yn ixquich moyahuallo yn tlacpac omoteneuh yhcuac tococ ynacayotzin teoyotica tlahtohuani Don Fray Garcia Guerra ar<;obispo. moyetzticatca. auh niman yn ipan ymoz­ tlayoc miercoles. yn omoteneuhtzino Don Fr. Balthasar Acobarrobias. obispo. yehuatzin quimihtalhui yn Missa. Auh yehuatzin motemachtilli yn Don Alonso de la mota y esco­ bar oopo tlaxcallan ano<;o ciudad de los Angeles. ynin ye hualmohuicaque omentin omo­

teneuhque obisposme. ca quimonmonochillique yn tlahtoque oydoresme - y_ Axcan Sabado ynic 14. mani metztli Abril de 1612 afios. yhcuac ye otzatzihuac yn ihtic ciudad Mexico yn tliltique oquichti aocac espada quitecaz quihualhuicaz. yhuan cuello aocmo quitlalizque no yhui yn tliltique cihua aocmo tliltic manta quitlalizque yhuan mulatati moch quincahualtiq. yhuan pena ye quintlalilique. // auh achtopa ye tzatzihuac nohuiyan yn ihtic ciudad Mexico in yehuantin espafioles. ye nahuatilloque, yn aquin quipia chicuacentliltic quinnamacaz yn nahui auh ,an oome yn mochi tlacatl quipiaz ytlil­ ticauh. auh yn aquin amo quitlacamatiz Justicia yn iuh tlanahuatia quicuiliz yn omo­

teneuh nahui ynic aoctle onqui<;az tlatquihua - [p. 181] y_ Auh ynic omilhuitl axcan ypan Domingo de ramos. ynic 15. mani Metztli Abril yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl 1612 yhcuac cenca omocomonique yn mochintin espaftoles yn Mexico onoque cenca omomauhtique miectlamatli yntechpa oquimotemohuillique yn tliltique yn intlacahuan ,a quimimacaztinemia ,a ynhuicpa mihmattinemia y mane! quintequipanohua. yuh quihtoque mochintin yn espafioles. ca otechcentlahtalhuique in techrnictizq. totlacahuan yn totlilticahuan ynic cenca quinmauhtiaya ynic niman oquix­ quetzque yn ipan in omoteneuh cemilhuitl Capitan General quichiuhque yn telpochtli Don fernando altamirano. ynin yxhuiuh yn Don Luis de Velasco Marques de Salinas. yn oppa Visurrey omochiuh nican Mexico. auh yn omoteneuh yxhuiuhtzin ye quitlallique yn tlapiazque nican ypan ciudad Mexico. ynteyacancauh ymachcauh mochiuh yn ixquichtin Soldadostin motlalliq. in yaotlapiazque yn ipampa macocuiznequi in yaoyotl quihtohua tliltique yhuan mulatoti ynpan yn espafiolesme ynic mochi tlacatl quihtoca ypan yn

Juebes Sancto. quichihuazque yn intemictiliz. tliltique - y_ Auh yniqueylhuitl axcan Lunes. santo. ynic 16. mani metztli Abril yhcuac yancuican otlayahualloque teotlac ypan ome tzillini yn ompa hualquizque yn teopan yn Sancta maria cuepopan tlaca. ynin prossesion quitlallique yn cofradia yntech pohui yn animasme purgatorio tetlechipahualloyan moyetzticate. auh ynic tlayahualoloc ypan in prossesion oncan quinmoquixtilique yn S. Nicolas de tolentino ynic neci [p. 182] Ca yntepale­ huicatzin yn omoteneuhque animasme quim5moquixtilia ytemcopatzinco in tt0

. dios. yn ompa omoteneuh purgatorio. ynic omentzitzin oncan quinmoquixtilique yn ipan in tla­ yahualoliztli yehuatzin yn totla<;ottatzin S. Franco. ynic no yehuatzin ytetzinco neztiuh ca hue! no yehuatzin yea yn inelpiayatzin yn icordontzin yn aquique quicelia ynic molpia nican tlalticpac yn ihcuac ye omomiquilique ca ye yehuatl vmpa quimonmoquixtilia quin­ mopalehuilia yn purgatorio. ytemcopatzinco yn tt0 . dios. yn aquin macehualle ycnopille vmpa yauh auh ynic tlayahualloque yn hue! ixquich ic oncan ahcico yn S. Francisco. niman la casa professa. niman yglesia mayor. niman ye mocuepque S. Domingo qui<;ato ye niman S luren<;o monjas qui,;ato. ye niman vmpa yn inteopan ahcito. auh ,a ihciuhca ,a yxtomac2 yn ontlayahuallotihuetzque. ca ye niman ynpampa hualquiz yntlahtocatla-

1. The "monument" or catafalque.

1612 215

pra_yer when the said vigil was held. A very large and splendid wooden shrine1 was set up ms1de the cathedral; everyone greatly marveled at it. The procession went over the same route as told above when the body of the spiritual ruler don fray Garcia Guerra, late archbishop, was buried. Then on the following day, Wednesday, the said don fray Baltasar Covarrubias, bishop, was the one who said the mass. The person who preached was don Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, bishop in Tlaxcala or the city of Los Angeles [Puebla]. These two said bishops came because the lords judges of the Audiencia summoned them.

y_ Today, Saturday the 14th of the month of April of the year 1612, was when it was proclaimed in the city of Mexico that black men were no longer to carry swords or wear [Spanish-style] collars, and likewise black women were no longer to wear black veils, and they also prohibited all the mulatto women [from the same thing] and set a fine for them. II But first it was proclaimed everywhere in the city of Mexico and the Spaniards were ordered that whoever has six blacks was to sell four of them, and everyone would have only two blacks each. For whoever would not obey the law it was ordered that the said four be taken from him, so that he would no longer be the owner. [p. 181] y_ On the second day, today Palm Sunday, the 15th of the month of April in the said year of 1612, was when all the Spaniards who live in Mexico became very agitated and fearful. They investigated many things about their black slaves; they went about in fear of them, they were very watchful about them even though they serve them. All the Spaniards said, "Our black slaves have set and coordinated a time to kill us," which greatly frightened tl1em. Then on the said day they selected and set up don Hernando Altamirano the younger as captain general; he is the grandchild of don Luis de Velasco, Marques of Salinas, who was made viceroy twice here in Mexico. The reason that those in charge here in the city of Mexico installed his said grandson and made him leader, commander of all the soldiers who were set to stand guard was that the blacks and mulattoes were about to rise and declare war on the Spaniards, so that everyone said that on Maundy Thursday the blacks would do their killing. -

y_ And on the third day, today Monday of Holy Week on the 16th of the month of April, was when the people of Santa Marfa Cuepopan first came out in procession; at 2 o'clock in the afternoon they came out of the church. The cofradfa dedicated to the Souls of Pur­ gatory, where people are purified by fire, organized this procession. And as they went in procession they brought out San Nicolas de Tolentino so that it would be seen [p. 182] that he is the helper of the said souls, he redeems them from the said purgatory by order of our lord God. The second one they brought out in the procession was our precious father San Francisco, so that also through him it would be seen that he too, with his belt, his rope, very much receives those who are tied here on earth; when they die, he uses it to help them and redeem from purgatory by order of our lord God those who are deserving to go there. As to how the procession went, they got all the way to San Francisco, then to the Casa Profesa, then to the cathedral; then they turned around and went past Santo Domingo, then they passed by the San Lorenzo nunnery, then they got back to their church. They hastened to go on their procession quickly and [ without warning],2 for right

2. See the use of this root above (pp. 172-73 at n. 4) in a word implying haste, un­ expectedness, haphazardness. There too the root is preceded by iciuhca, "quickly."

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216 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

nahuatiltzin yn oydores. motlatzontequillique ynic ,;an niman acampa cc teopan tlaya­ hualoloz yn ipan in Semana Sancta. auh ynic ,;a niman ipan in omoteneuh lunes Sancto ye yohua ynic otzatzihuac nohuiyan yhtic ciudad mexico. ynic acan tlayahualoloz. Sema­ na Sancta yehica ypampa ye iuh catca teyollo yn muztla ypan martes Sancto teotlac no omen yancuic tlayahualloliztli prossesion oquic;azquia yn oncan omotlali yancuic cofra­ dias. ynic ce cofradia yehuantin quitlalliq. yn espafioles. yhuan Mexica Moyoteca oncan yn Monasterio S. Juan de la penitencia monjas. ya yehuantin in in tlayahualozquia ypil­

huantzitzin S. Juan II auh ynic ome tlayahualoliztli yancuic oqui,;azquia ypan in omo­ teneuh Martes Sancto. yehuantin yn Mexica tlatilulco S tiago tlaca [p. 183] Yn ipilhuan­ tzitzinhuan totla,;omahuiznantzin S. ta maria del rrosario no ihuli motenehua ypilhuatzi­ tzin el Nino Jesus Perdido cenca miec tetlapopolhuiliztli yndulgencias. oncan quihual­ motlalilia in Sancto Padre Paulo Quinto. yn ipan tlayahualoliztli auh ynic huel iuhqui omochihu in ca ytlayhualiztica ytlaytlaniliztica y notla,oycniuhtzin diego lopez. cuauh­ tlacuillo1 yn hue! tlatzintille fundador yn ipan i omoteneuh cofradia. yehuantzitzin qui­ mocnopilhuililito y bullas yn totla,;ottatzitzinhuan teopixque de la compafiia de Jesus yn mohuicaya Roma. auh ca ye ayamo huel mochihu in yqu itlacauh ye ,an mocauh yn ipampa ye tzatzihuac in huel yzquilhuitl ypan ye ce Semana Sancta ynic acan tlayahua­ loloz. yhuan yn mane! no ypan xuchipasqua de resurection amo no huel tlayahualoloz. yhuli amonoyac huel mohuitequiz. yn espafioles. yhuan yn timacehualtin yn ipan yzquil­ huitl omoteneuh Semana Sancta pena motlalli yn aquin duniga2 ye canazque onpohual­ lonmatlactli pesos yxtlahualtiloz. yhuan tlatitlanq. yn omoteneuhq. tlahtoque oydoresme ynic nohuiampa altepetl ipan ynic no amo campa huel tlayahualoloz ypan omoteneuh Se­ mana Sancta ,;an nohuiyan yaotlapialloz. in teopan ypan Juebes Sacto ynic quimotza­ cuilizque tepetlacalco Sanctissimo Sacramento. i;an ixquicb mochihuaz. atle oc centla-

mantli yhuan -

y_ Auh yn axcan ye ye omilhuitl yn ipan Martes Sancto omoteneuh ynic 17. mani Metztli Abril. yhcuac nican caltenco. S. Anton Xolloco ypan huey otli omotlallico miequintin

yaotiacahuan Soldadostin espafioles yn oyaotlapiaco tlahuiztica no yhui yhuan yn ipan huey otli tepeyacacpa yahticac coyonacazco no miequintin yn oncan motlallito Soldados­ tin no yhui yn ipan ohtli chapoltepecpa yahticac oncan calyacac 3 temetzcruztitlan

4 no

cenca miequintin. yn oncan motlalito [p. 184] Soldadostin yhuan ynic nohuiyan yzqui ohtli ypan hualcallaqui ciudad mexico huel yzquican ye yaotlapiallo i;a ce ynic nohuiyan in yahualiuhcan yn icaltenyoc 5 yxquich ye ciudad Mexico. yhuan yn ipan huehuey acal­ lotlih nohuiyan ye yaotlapiallo tlachiallo in campa ye qui,;aquihui tliltique yn quinmic­ tiquihui espafioles. ypampa yuh mihtohuaya vmpa huallazque in ilhuicaatenco in huey atenco acapolco omotlallique cimalonti tliltique yhuan cequintin belacruz huallazque in tliltique cimaloti omocuepque in nican mexico. chollohua yn oquincauhtehuaque yntecui-

yohuan y_ Auh yn axcan ye yeilhuitl yn ipan Miercoles Sancto cenca yequene mocomonique mo-

1. Or it could be taken that he used Quauhtlacuilo as a second surname. 2. See pp. 208-09, n. 2. 3. Tlayacacac is sometimes a small inhabited district or settlement, and calyacac may

have a similar meaning. A similar case on pp. 104--05 at n. 5. 4. The name means literally next to the leaden cross.

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1612 217

afterward came out a royal order of the judges of the Audiencia in which they pronounced that there should not be a procession at any church whatever during Holy Week. Right then _on the said Holy Monday, at night, it was proclaimed everywhere in the city of Mexico that there were to be no processions anywhere during Holy Week, because it was

people's intention that the next day, on Holy Tuesday afternoon, two more new pro­ cess10ns would come out from where new cofradias had been established. The first cofradfa was established by the Spaniards and the Mexica of Moyotlan at the nunnery of San Juan de la Penitencia; those who were going to go in procession were the children of San Juan. // And in the second procession on the said Holy Tuesday the Mexica of Santiago Tla­ telolco were to come out for the first time, [p. 183] the children of our precious revered mother Santa Maria of the Rosary, also called the children of Nino Jesus Perdido. The Holy Father Paul V granted very many pardons, indulgences, for the occasion of the pro­ cession. As to how this could be done, it was through the sending and petitioning of my beloved friend Diego L6pez, a woodcarver, 1 who is the true founder of the said cofradfa; [some of] our precious fathers the religious of the Company of Jesus who were going to Rome got the bulls for him. But it was ruined and dropped because of the fact that [the procession] could no longer be held. For it was proclaimed that on absolutely no day during the whole of Holy Week was there to be a procession anywhere. It was not per­ mitted to go in procession even on Easter day, the day of Resurrection, either. Nor could any Spaniards or we commoners scourge themselves on any day of the said Holy Week. A fine was set for whomever they should arrest with a tunic;2 he would be made to pay 50 pesos. And the said lords judges of the Audiencia sent messages everywhere so that in the altepetl all around there could also not be processions anywhere during the said Holy Week, but everywhere people should stand guard. All that could be done in church on Maundy Thursday was to enclose the most Holy Sacrament in a stone tomb, not a single thing beyond that. - Y. Today on the second day [of Holy Week], on the said Holy Tuesday the 17th of the month of April, was when here outside [the church of] San Ant6n in Xoloco many Span­ ish warriors, soldiers, came and were stationed on the highway to stand guard with their arms. Likewise many additional soldiers went and were stationed on the highway toward Tepeyacac, going to Coyonacazco, and likewise a great many more soldiers were stationed on the road going toward Chapoltepec, at the [group of houses?]' at Temetzcruztitlan,4 [p. 184] and all the roads everywhere coming into the city of Mexico they stood guard, absolutely everywhere all around outside the houses5 in the whole city of Mexico. And everywhere on the great canals they stood guard and looked out for where the blacks would come from who were coming to kill the Spaniards, because it was said that the black renegades who had established themselves at Acapulco would come from the seashore, and that some blacks who had turned renegade and run away from Mexico here, leaving their masters behind, would come here from Veracruz. Y. Today, the third day, on Holy Wednesday, when night was coming, the Spaniards came

5. The word has not been found as such. Its components are calli "house"· tentli "d"dh · ' '' e ge, an t e collect1ve-abstract nominal ending -yo. The first two in combination e~pe?ia!ly with :ran, "in, etc.," often had the meaning at the entrance of a building, out~ side 11, ID effect ID the street or on the sidewalk if there was one.

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218 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

mauhtique yn ipan ye hualyohuac yn espafioles. cenca tlayohuac mixtica yhuan quiyauh yhuan amo hue! momati aquin tzatzitincnca nohuiyan yhtic ciudad Mexico tetzatziliaya amo nel aca telpochtlaveliloc espafiol ynic nohuiyan calnacazco quihtotinenca ca ye oahci­ co yn tliltique aocmo hueca nemi ma neyaochichihuallo. ynin aquin tzatzitinenca ye quin ipan chiuhcnahui tzilini netetequizpan ynic ,;a ye catca ynic yequene hue! momauhtique

espafioles. motepetlatzatzacq. yn inchachan ynic cenca momauhtique auh in sefiorati mo­ chintin mochoquiliaya in ye quincahuazque ynnamichuan ypampa yuh mihtohuaya ,;an yehuantin yn oquichti espafioles mictilozque auh in sefiorati ,;an cahualozque quinmoci­ huahuatizque yn tliltique. cenyohual yn amo cochque yxto,;oque nohuiyan tlatlatique

1 yn

inchachan omoteneuhque espafiolesme. i;an iuh tlathuilique yn amo cochque. auh yn izqui­ tlamantin teopixquc Mexico monoltitoque i;an mohuetzquitiaya amo [p. 185] Quinmo­ mauhtiliaya yn quimocaquiltiaya yn ipampa yxquich tlamantli mihtohuaya yaotlahtolli yntechpa tliltiq. yn cuix quichihuaznequi. auh yn mexica timacehualtin atle ytlan quin­ mauhtiaya i;an tlatlachia yhuan tlatlacaqui ,;an quinmahui,;ohuaya yn espafioles. yn iuh mopollohuaya in inemauhtiliztica yniqu iuhqui macamo hue] yaotiacahua ypan nezque -

y_ Auh yn ipan Jucbes Sancto. yn izquican teopan ye mexico, ynic tepetlacalco quimo­ tzacuillique Sanctissimo sacrameto, ynic hualyohuac ,;an nohuiyan tzauhcticatca puerta teopan acan tlapoticatca ce yohual ca yuh catca tlahtocatlanahuatilli ye tzatzihuac ya tlat­ huinahuac yn motlatlapo. in ye ypan viernes Sancto. tlathuico. / auh yn ipan in omo­ teneuh viernes Sancto. i;an ocean yn quimotemohuillique cruztitech yn ixiptlatzin tt

0 .

Dios. yhuan quimotoquillique ynic ceccan oncan y nican S. Joseph S. Franco. ,;an callitic yn mochiuh auh ynic ocean vmpa n S.tiago tlitilulco 2 quimotoquillique i;an no callihtic yn mochiuh yhuan ynic nohuiyan altepetl ipan acan tlayahualoloc ,;an necomoniloc ynic nohuiyan yaotlapialoc. // auh yn nican Mexico yn izquican ypa ohtli omoteneuh ye yao­ tlapialloc Sabado Sancto tlamico. ynic callacque ynchachan yn Soldadostin mochiuhca -

y_ Axcan Miercoles ynic .2. mani Metztli Mayo de 1612. afios. yhcuac piloloque cen­ pohuallonchicuey tlacatl yn tliltique oquichti auh in tliltique cihua chicome tlacatl yn ihua piloloque in ye mochi ye mocenpohua cenpohuallon[p. 186]caxtolli tlacatl in pilo­ loque o ynpan neltico ynic otlatzontequilliloque ynpan yah yn Sentencia yn ipampa yniqu intech tlan ye omoteneuh tlacpac qui! macocuizquia quinmictizquia yn intecuiyohuan espafioles. yn iuh omoteneuh yuh chihuililoque informacion quil ypan Juebes Sancto yn ihcuac tlayahualolo ynnehuitequian yn espafioles quinmictizquia yn iuh quihtoque testi­ gostin ypampa ynic cenca tlamauhtique ypan omoteneuh Semana Sancta ynic amo campa hue] tlayahualoloc auh quil yntla hue! quinchihuani yntecuiyohuan espafioles. yntla hue! quinmictiani. qui! ye niman. yehuantin tlahtocatizquia qui! ce tliltic Rey mochihuazquia yhuan ce mulata morisca3 qui] quimonamictizquia reyna mochihuazquia. ytoca Isabel yn otlahtocatizquia Mexico. auh qui! yn ixquich altepetl ynic nohuiyan ypan nueua espafia qui! ye moch oquimomamacaca yn tliltique yn oncan otlahtocatizquia ynic cequintin Du­ ques. cequintin Marquestin cequintin Condesme qui! omochiuhca ynic tinmacehualhuan

1. In the absence of an indication of vowel length, this form could refer to hiding

rather than burning things. 2. For "tlatilulco."

1612 219

to the ultimate of agitation and fright. It was very dark because of clouds, and it rained, and it cannot be found out who went shouting all around the city of Mexico-was it not some mischievous Spanish youth?-shouting to people and going about saying at the corners of houses everywhere that the blacks had arrived, that they were not far away, that everyone should get equipped for fighting. Whoever this was didn't go about shouting until 9 o'clock, the time when everyone goes to bed, so that the Spaniards reached the height of fear; they blocked themselves off in their homes from their great fear. All the Spanish women were weeping, [thinking] that their spouses would leave them, because it was said that only the Spanish men would be killed; the Spanish women would be left and the blacks would take them as wives. All night the said Spaniards did not sleep and kept vigil; everywhere they kept fires going 1 in their houses, and when dawn came they had not slept. And all the different groups of ecclesiastics who live in Mexico were just laughing; they were not [p. 185] frightened by what they were hearing about all the dif­ ferent kinds of news of war concerning the blacks, what they supposedly wanted to do. And we Mexica commoners were not at all frightened by it but were just looking and listening, just marveling at how the Spaniards were being destroyed by their fear and didn't appear as such great warriors. -

Y. On Maundy Thursday, when they enclosed the most Holy Sacrament in a tomb as night came, the doors of the churches everywhere were closed; during the whole night they were open nowhere, for the royal command that had been proclaimed was that they were to be opened close to dawn, as it dawned on Good Friday./ And on the said Good Friday there were only two places where the image of our lord God was taken down from the cross and buried; the first place was here at San Josef at San Francisco; it was done just inside the building. The second place where they buried him was at Santiago Tlatelolco,2 where it was also done inside. And in the altepetl all around there were no processions anywhere; people were just agitated and stood guard everywhere. // And here in Mexico on Holy Saturday they stopped standing guard on all the roads that were mentioned, so that those who had been made soldiers went to their homes. - Y. Today, Wednesday the 2nd of the month of May of the year 1612, was when 28 black men were hanged, and 7 black women were hanged with them; it added up to 35 [p. 186]

people who were hanged. Verification was made about them so that they were sentenced and a judgment was issued against them because they were accused, as was mentioned above, of reportedly intending to rebel and kill their Spanish masters. According to the investigation made of them they were reportedly going to kill the Spaniards on Maundy Thursday when they were going in procession scourging themselves, as the witnesses said, because of which they caused great general fear during the said Holy Week, so that processions were not permitted anywhere. And reportedly if they had been able to do it to their masters, to kill them, reportedly a black was going to become king and a mulatto woman, a morisca, 3 named Isabel, was reportedly going to marry him and become queen, and they would have been the rulers in Mexico. And reportedly all the different altepetl everywhere in New Spain had been distributed to the blacks, and there they would rule, so that some had reportedly been made dukes, some marqueses, some counts, so that we

3. The exact thrust of this term in this context is not clear. At times Ch. seems to use it as a virtual synonym of mulatto.

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220 TRANSCRU'TION AND TRANSLATION

otochihuazquia otiquintlacallaquilizquia otiquintlayecoltizquia oc yehuantin y nican titlaca

timacehualtin techcamaycuilozquia ynic necizquia ca totecuiyohuan. yhuan yuh mihto. ca i;an niman aocac qulcahuazquia yn oquichtin espafioles yn huehuentzitzin yn iyolloco

oquichtin yn telpopochtin i;a ce ynic ye mochi oquichpipiltzitzinti mochintin quinmic­

tizquia hue! quinpopollozquia ynic aocmo yehuatin tlapilhuatizquia aocmo yehuantin tla­ caxinachozquia yhuan qui! no quinmictizquia yn sefiorati in ye yllamatzitzin yn aoctle

ynnecoca yhuan in mane! quin iyolloco cihua yhuan qui! yn mane! noi;o [p. I 87] Oqu ichpopochtin 1 yntlacamo hue! chipahuaque 2 quil yntlacamo hue! cualxayaqueque mochm­ tin quinmictizquia. yntla huelitini i;an quintlapepenizquia. auh qui! <;a yehuantin quin­

cahuazquia yn hue] chipahuaque 2 sefiorati yn huel cualxayaqueque in ye yyolloco cihua yhuan yn ichpopochtin i;a ce in ye mochintin cihuapipiltotonti yn hue! cualxayaquequ_e

i;an yehuantin amo quinmictizquia, i;an quincahuazquia yehica ypampa qml qummoc1-

huauhtizquia in tliltique. auh yhuan qui! yntla nel quinpilhuatizquia tliltique yn sefiorati

yntla oquichtin yntech quichihuazquia ynpilhuan in ye xeliuhqui ynnacayo 3

yn motenehua mulatos moriscos.tin tlacatizquia, quil niman quinmictizquia amo huel nemizquia amo hue! quinhuapahuazquia, auh quil intla ye cihua yntech sefiorati quinchihuazquia in mo­

tenehua ye mulatati muriscastin quil amo quinmictizquia ye nemizquia quinhuapahuazquia ypampa yn ihcuac huehueyazquia ca niman quinmocihuauhtizquia yehua~tin in tliltique ynic huel hualmotlilticacuepazquia yn innepilhuatiliz yn intlacamecayo yn mtlacaxmacho. auh ne yn ipampa oquichti yn inpilhuan tliltique omoteneuh yn itech quinchihuazquia senorati quil yn ipampa amo quincahuaznequia nemizque ynic amo quinhuapahuaznequia. qui! ye ye quimimacacia ypampa yntla huehueyazquia ma quenmanian ytlan ypan qui­

chiuhti yn intahuan tliltique in tlamiequiyazquia moriscos. tin ma quilnamicti yn cihua­ tica yn innanhuan ca espafiolas. yn intech qui<;a mahuiztic xinachtli mahuiztic tlaca­ mecayotl yn amo yuh mahuiztic quipia ytechpa yntahuan tliltique. ynic niman a,o quin­

yaotlahtalhuizquia, ah<;o ye niman quinmictizquia yn intahuan tliltique. qui! yehuatl i~ _Y~ quimimacacia [p. J 88] Yniqu iuh quihtohuaya quichihuazquia tliltique yntla huehllm yntla hue! mochihuani auh quil yn ixquichtin cihuateopixque yn monjastin motzacuil­

titoque Monasterios Mexico qui! mochintin quinquixtizquia yn ichpopochtin quinmoci­ huauhtizquia yn tliltique qui! oc cenca yehuantin yntech tlahtohuaya yn omentin ychpoch­ huan tlahtohuani Don Luis de Velasco Marques de Salinas pressidente del conseJO de

indias. yn espafia auh yn omoteneuhque ychpochtzitzinhuan ce ycnocihuatl ytoca Dofia Maria dircios. ynin ynamic catca Don Juan altamirano. auh yn oc omentin cihuateopixque monjastin yn oncan moyetzticate monasterio totlai;onantzin Regina ynic ce ytoca Dofia

Beatriz de la ecarnaci5 Abbadessa yn oncan ynic ome ytoca Dofia isabel de Jesus. auh qml i;a yehuantin yn illamatzitzin vncan mocahuazquia monasterios. yn ternachtizquia. auh

qui! oc yehuantin yn tliltique cihua callaquizquia yn monasterios oncan motza~uaz~ma ynic oc yehuantin cihuateopixcatizquia monjastin mochihuazquia, auh yhuan yn 1zqmtla­ mantin teopixque Mexico monoltitoque quil no mochintin quinmictizquia quinpopo­ lozquia, auh quil ,a yetlamantin in teopixque quincahuazquia. ynic centlamantin quil

yehuantzitzin in teopixque carmenitas descali;os. ynic ontlamantin qui! yehuantzitzin in teopixque s. Diego moyetzticate descal<;os. S. Franco. ypilhuantzitzin. auh yniqu etla­ mantin qui! yehuantzitzin. yn la compafiia de Jesus teopixque teatinos. qui! ynin ye quin-

I. Or were girls, maidens. 2. The word can also be interpreted as meaning light-skinned.

1612 221

local people, we commoners, would have become their vassals, we would have paid them tribute and served them, and they would have branded our mouths so it would be seen that

they were our masters. It was also said that they were not going to leave any Spanish

men at all, whether old men, men in their maturity, or youths; they would kill every last one of all the male children and destroy them absolutely, so that they would no longer

have children and reproduce. And reportedly they were also going to kill some of the

Spanish women, the old women who were no longer of any use, and even though women

were still in the prime of life and reportedly even though [p. I 87] they were still young, 1

if they weren't really good looking 2 and with comely faces, they were going to kill them all if they had been able; they were going to choose among them. Reportedly they were

going to spare only the very good looking 2 Spanish women with very comely faces, the

mature women and maidens and all the little girls who were comely of face; they were the only ones that they were not going to kill, that they were going to spare, because re­

portedly the blacks were going to take them as wives. And also, reportedly, even if the Spanish women had the blacks' male children, if they engendered by them children whose

blood 3 was divided, and what are called male mulattoes or moriscos would be born, re­

portedly they would kill them right away, they would not be permitted to live and be brought up. But reportedly if they should engender females by the Spanish women, called female mulattoes and moriscas, reportedly they would not kill them; they would Jive and

they would bring them up, because when they grew up the blacks would take them as wives so that their procreation, their lineage, their generation would turn black. But about the blacks' male children, as was said, that they would engender by Spanish women, re­

portedly the reason they didn't want to let them live and to raise them reportedly was that they feared them because when they grew up they might do something sometime to their

fathers the blacks, and when the moriscos increased, [they were afraid] lest they remember that their mothers, on the female side, were Spanish women who came from splendid stock, splendid lineage, more splendid than they had on the side of their fathers the blacks, so that perhaps then they would prepare for war against them, perhaps then they would

kill their fathers the blacks. Reportedly that was the reason they were afraid of them. [p. 188] That is what they said the blacks would have done if they had been able to do it. And reportedly, as to all the nuns who were enclosed in nunneries in Mexico, the blacks were going to bring them all out and take the young ones as wives; reportedly they spoke especially about the two daughters of the ruler don Luis de Velasco, Marques of Salinas,

president of the Council of the Indies in Spain; of the said daughters one is a widow named dofia Marfa de Ircio, who was the spouse of don Juan Altamirano, and there are

another two who are nuns at the nunnery of our precious mother Regina [Coeli], the first of whom is named dofia Beatriz de la Encarnacion, abbess there, and the second is named dofia Isabel de Jesus. And reportedly only the old women would be left in the nunneries to teach, and reportedly black women would enter the nunneries too and be enclosed there so that they too would become nuns. And as to all the different groups of ecclesiastics ;ho

live in Mexico, reportedly they were going to kill and destroy all of them too. Reportedly they were going to spare only three groups of religious: first, the Discalced Carmelite friars; second, reportedly, the friars of San Diego, who are discalced and the children of

San Francisco; third, the Theatine religious of the Company of Jesus; reportedly they

3. Literally flesh.

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222 TRANSCRJPTION AND TRANSLATION

cahuazquia ypampa ynic quinmachtizquia huel quimixtlamachtizquia yn inpilhuan tliltique yn ica mochi tlamachiliztli yn ixquich quimomachiltia. ynic no oc yehuantin quil teo­ pixcatizquia missa quichihuazquia yn cacatzac cocone yhuan ynic cequintin quil oydoresme mochihuazquia [p. 189] <;:a ce yn ixquich tlamantli yn intlatecpantlahuiquiliz espafioles. quil moch quincuilizquia ynic no yehuantin tliltique ypan yazquia no ye tlamanitizquia auh ,an yehuantin ynin omoteneuhque yetlamantin teopixque, yn quil quincuallittaya tliltique ynic quincahuazquia ynic amo quinmictizquia yece macihui yn quincahuazquia yniqu intlan tliltique monemiltizquia yece quil mochintin quinmatequixtilizquia quinmate­ cuilizquia ynic amo campa huel oc ceme tlapilhuatizquia yntech sefiorati. ynic quil huel quincenpopoloznequia espafioles. 0 yxquich tlamantli yn yo italhuililoque yn tenehui­ liloque yn tliltzitzin 1 yhuan oc cequi miectlamatli yo italhuiloque yn amo huel moch nican motenehuaz tlahtolli ca cenca miec yn intech tlan yn a<;o nelli quichihuazquia yn ano<;o amo ca ,;an iceltzin huel yehuatzin quimomachiltia yn tt0

• dios. yntla yuhtica, yehica ypampa ca amo huel mellahuac quimocuititihui yn cequintin yn mane! oqui­

tzauhctiaque opiloloque ,an oquihtotiaque ma ycatzinco tt0 • dios. ticcelican yn miquizte­ tlatzontequililiztli topan ye mochihua ca amo ticmati yn tleyn in totech tlami ye tic­ tzauhctihui, Auh nican teneuhtica yn intocatzin yn izquintin tlahtoque Oydores. yhuan alcaldes de carte ingouierno ypan moyetzticatca yn huel quimixcahuitzinoticatca tlahto­ cayotl Mexico yn oquic ayac catca ce tlahtohuani visurrey yn quimochihuilique Justicia. ynpan omoteneuhq. tliltique quinmotlatzontequililique ynic piloloque ynic yuhqui ynpan mochiuh. yn iuh mochi tlacatl oquimatqui oquittac. ynic ce tlahtoque yn huel yntiach­

cauhtzin mochiuhtzinotica oncan audiencia Real yehuatzin

y El licenciado Don Pedro de Otalora Presidente - .Y. El licenciado Diego nufiez de Morquecho. -

y El Doctor Jhoan quesada de figueroa. - y El licenciado Antonio Rodriguez. - y El licenciado Pedro Suarez de longoria -

l[p. ]90]

2 3 4 5

y El Doctor Don Marcos guerrero. - 6 y El licenciado Aller de Villagomez - 7 y El licendiado Pedro Suarez2 de molina, - 8 y El licenciado Albar gomez de Abauni;a.3 - 9 y El licenciado ualle,;illo fiscal de! Rey de lo ciuil - 10

Auh yn allees de carte

y El Doctor Antonio de morga - ii

y El licenciado Diego Lopez bueno - 12 y El licenciado Don Franco de Leoz4

- 13 y El Doctor Valen,;ia fiscal del Rey del crimen- 14 o yzquintin in yn tlahtoque yn quimochihuillique Justicia impan omoteneuhque cenpo­ hualloncaxtolli tliltique ynic piloloque axcan ypan omoteneuh cemilhuitl Y. oc achtopa quitlayahualochtique caualloti ypa quinteyttiq yn otlipa 5 auh yn quinpehualti ye quinpi-

1. The form should be "tlilticatzitzin" or "tlilticatzitzintin." 2. Apparently an original J was corrected to S. 3. Name unconfirmed . 4.The name is given as Leoz or at times Leos in Monroy Castillo 1987-88, 1: 361;

1612 223

were going to spare them so that they would teach and instrnet the children of the blacks in all knowledge, everything that they know, so that black children too, reportedly, would become religious and perform mass, and so that some reportedly would become judges of the Audiencia. [p. 189] All the different things that the Spaniards were responsible for arranging they reportedly were going to take from them so that the blacks also would have access to them, would thereby make the rules of behavior. It was only these three said groups of religious that the blacks reportedly approved of and were going to spare and not kill; but although they were going to spare them so that they would live among the blacks, nevertheless reportedly they were going to remove and take off the testicles of all of them so that one of them somewhere couldn't have children by the Spanish women, so that, reportedly, they wanted to destroy the Spaniards utterly. These then are all the things that were said and told about the blacks; 1 many other additional things were said about them, not all of which tales can be told here, for they were accused of very much that maybe they truly were going to do or maybe not, for only our lord God himself knows whether it is so, because some [of the blacks] did not acknowledge the full truth of it; though they were punished and hanged, they said on dying, "Let us in the name of our lord God accept the death sentence that has been passed upon us, for we do not know what we are accused of that we are being punished for." Here are given the names of all the lords civil and criminal judges of the Audiencia in the time of whose government it was and who ruled all by themselves in Mexico, who as long as there was no lord viceroy administered justice regarding the said blacks and sentenced them to be hanged, as was done to them, as everyone found out and saw. The first of the judges, who had become the most senior in the Royal Audiencia, was: Y lieenciado don Pedro de Otalora, president y licenciado Diego Nuilez de Morquecho Y. doctor Juan Quesada de Figueroa y liceneiado Antonio Rodriguez y licenciado Pedro Suarez de Longoria y doctor don Marcos Guerrero

I [p. 190]

2 3 4 5 6

y licenciado Aller de Villag6mez 7 y licenciado Pedro Suarez2 de Molina 8 y licenciado Alvar G6mez de Abaunza3 9 y licenciado Vallecillo, royal prosecutor in civil matters 10

and the court alcaldes, y doctor Antonio de Morga 11 y licenciado Diego L6pez Bueno 12 Y. licenciado don Francisco de Leoz4 13 Y. doctor Valencia, royal prosecutor in criminal matters 14 These then were the judges who administered justice upon the said 35 blacks, so that they were hanged today on the said day. Y. First they had them go in procession on horses; they displayed them on the roads. 5 And Cristobal Tranpipitl, 6 a mulatto, began to hang them

2: 98, 298. 5. The portion from "oc achtopa" to "yn otlipa," in the English from "First they" to

"on the roads," is added in the margin. 6. Name unconfirmed and on the face of it quite unlikely.

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pilohua xpoual tranpipitl' mulato matlactli tzillini ypan quarta hora yn tlaca yhcuac yancuican quipalehui yn ipiltzin 2 yniqu inehuan tepilloque oncan tecpan quiyahuac auh

chicuetetl in yancuic tepilolcuahuitl inca moquetz tliltique ye chiuhcnauhtetl mochiuh in yeppa ya huecauh yhcac tepilolcuahuitl tlanepantla moquetztiquiz. yehica yn omoteneuh

chicuetetl yacuic tepilolcuahuitl ye quimanque i;an quiyahuallochtique [p. 191] Auh ye­

huantin yn achi huey yntlatlacol yntech mihto yeintin in tlanepantla piloloque, auh yn oc cequintin i;an quintlayahuallochtique yn itech omoteneuh yancuic tepilolcuahuitl ynic quinpilotiaque mochintin cualtica quimonochilitiaque quimotzatzililitiaque yn intemaquix­

ticatzin tt0 . Dios. ynic momiquilique mochintin mocencauhtihui moyolcuititihui auh yn

tlamico. ynic quinpiloque omoteneuhque tliltique ye ce tzillini hue\ yei horn in quinpil­ loque. auh in ye o yuh mochintin quinpilloque i;an oc oncan ynpan yohuac cenyohual yn

pipilcatimanca. auh no miequintin yn amo piloloque tliltique yhua mulatoti i;an oncan

tzauhcticatca yn carcel de carte tlatlatolchixticate y_ Auh ye quin iyomilhuiyoc yn ipan Juebes ynic eilhuitl mani n i metztli Mayo. hue\

ypan ylhuitzin Sancta cruz oquintemohuique in mimicque yn oncan tepilolcuauhtitech auh ynin omoteneuhque mimicque ynic tlatzontequililoque Justiciatica mochintin xexeloloz­

quia ynic ynnacayo miyxtlapanazquia vmpa onmopipilozquia mochi yn ipan yzqui hue­ huey ohtli ochpantli hualcallaqui Mexico /1. auh yn ipampa i ye niman Acuerdo mochiuh yn audiencia real ye mononotzinoque yn tlahtoque no oncan quinmonanamiquilique yn

ixquichtin Doctoresme in tepahtiani ynic yncepantlacemihtoltica mochiuh ynic i;an quech­

cotonalloque cenpohuallonchiuhcnahui yn omoteneuhque mimicque auh yn intzonteco on­ can tepilolcuauhticpac quini;ai;alloque, auh yn intlacnacayo oncan quincallaquique yn con­ tadoria tlatzitla i;a moch quechcotontia oncan quinquimilloto yn inhuayolque tliltique. auh yn ayac yea mochiuh i;an iuhqui auh ye nima ye teotlac ye ypan chicuacen tzillini yn oncan quimonehualtique vmpa quintocato yn hospital nuestra Senora de [p. 192] La mise­ ricordia. auh in quinhuicaque yn cuicatiaq clerigos, yhU.an in hermanos ypilhuantzitzin Bato 3 Juan de Dios. tehuicaque yhuan cequintzitzin tottatzitzinhua S. Domingo. yhuan S. Franco. yhuan S. Augustin. yhuan La compai\ia de Jesus teopixque in motetoquillito. auh niman ya yehuantin in tliltique yhuan achi quezquintin yn espai\oles. yhuan Mexica ce­

quintin yn timacehualtin tlapallehuique quinnapalloque in mimicque yn atle andas quipia

i;an petlatica ynic quinhuicaque quintocato II auh yn oc chicuacen omoteneuhque tliltique mimicque quinxexelloque ye cemixtlauh quintlapahtillique ynic mochintin incepanyan

xexelolozquia oc cequintin ynic tlatzontequililoque mochintin yn c;an otocoque ye omihto, auh ye omoteneuh i;a chicuacentlacatl y mimicque quinxexelloque quinpilloto yn ipan omoteneuh yzqui ohtli huehuey hualcallaqui Mexico, auh ynic amo mochintin xexelo­ loque oc cequitin yn omoteneuhque i;an tocoque yehica ypampa quihtoque in mochintin

tlamatini Doctoresme intla mochintin xexellolozque mimicque auh ynic quinpillotihui ypan yzqui huehuey ohtli yn innacayo. ca oncan mochi pallaniz amo cualli ye mochihuaz yn iyaca yn ipotonca ca cocoliztli mocuepaz auh niman nican hehecatica huallaz yn ihtic

ciudad Mexico. topan motecaquiuh ynic techcocolizmacaz. o yehuatl ipampa yn yn intlah­ tol Doctoresme ynic quinmonanamiquillique tlahtoq. oydores yn oncan omoteneuh acuer­

do mochiuh ynic i;an otocoque oc cequintin mimicque - y_ Auh axcan viernes ynic 4. mani Metztli Mayo de 1612 ai\os. ye oquiz yn pascua yhcuac

I. See p. 223, n. 6. 2. Son, surely.

1612 225

:i~e:~:r:~:r:~yl~:~c::cg~t~e~:a:goerdning; alt that hdme his child2 helped him for the first peop e outs1 e the palace E' ht

been set up for the blacks· the g ll d . · ig . new gallows had , a ows use as the mnth h d b . long time before; it turned out to stand in the , ddl a . een _standmg there for a new gallows they placed them all around it [pm119le] bTehcaushe m settmg up the said eight th h · · · · e t ree about whom ·t · d

at t elf cnme was greatest were hanged in the middle and th h I was sm them on the said new gallows. As the went al , . . ey putt e others all around and cried out to their redeemer our lorlGod Whon~:an!'.nJ them they all properly called

confessed. Hanging the said blacks came t~ an ::d a? '~ , all _h_ad been prepared and had hang them. After they had all been h d h I o clock: it took three full hours to

left hanging all night. Also many bl:~t: ;~de: ~ere there until night fell, and they were

locked up in the court jail awaiting sentence. u attoes who were not hanged were just

Y. Not until the second day on Thursda the 3rd d feast day of Santa Cruz did they take thye d d d ayfof the month of May, right on the

. . ' ea own rom the gallow A d' official sentence the said dead we II t b . s. ccor mg to the

'."hich were going to be hung her:::d tier: i:~~pt::~::,:::::~n~i~'.dhed into pie~es, mto Mexico II On th' h 1g ways commg

judges ~ere ~ummone~sf;~:,t::~ :is:~ii"!h~:~::::ad:c~:r:h:;si:~~ed !nto ses~ion; the

thelf J0!Ilt pronouncement that 29 of the said dead 1 d . th m, and it was by stuck on top of the gallo Th h . ';ere on y ecap1tated and their heads

ws. ey put t elf torsos m the ro I • . below, and the relatives of all the blacks wh h d ya accountmg office, down them. Nothin . ose ea s were cut off went there to shroud

the afternoon~ a::so~:i~:;:~eya~:ookftthheem, they wedre just left as they were, and then in ' m away an went to bury th t th h • ,

Nuestra Senora de [p 1 9211

M' . d' em a e osp1tal of · a 1sencor rn They were • d b went sin in d b · accompame Y secular priests who

g g an y the brothers who are the children of the beatified' Ju n d D' d some of our fathers the religious of Santo Domingo San Fr . S ; e ms, an Company of Jesus went to the burial And then the, bla k ancd1sco, a: gustfn, and the

. · c s an some ,ew Spania d d

~~h:tht~~: ~e;:t: ~:~:;n:~:!~l~le*::e:i::;'!:~dt~:/::~;/!~c~:d ::r~i::t; :pr e;wjau1~tsht

w 1c was made good and 'th th h , ::f. ·=J;::::;!~E.~:7~~::r2~~:;; 1~~ didn't cut them all up a d th 'd h ds commg mto Mexico. The reason that they

n esa1 ot erswerej stb · d · h said that if all the dead should be cut u and . u une IS t. at all the learned doctors

:if:::'::: :;:,_;:;:ww: ~ :::j::::'.:"':"::t:: ~':2s::E'~ E h n1:i,us, m~kmg us SJCk. It was because of these things that the doctors said ~hen

;e e:the:~e:;•::! ;~:/~::1:.dges of the Audiencia when the said session was held, tha;

Y. Today, Friday the 4th of the month of May of the year 1612, after Easter had been

3. For "Beato."

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226 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

macoca tlanahuatilli huelitiliztli licecia audiencia real yn espafioles. yn oquitlallique yan­ cuic cofradia oncan omoteneuh S. Juan de la penitencia monjas IJJ. 193] Moyotlan ynic tlayahuallozquia prossion 1 mochihuazquia qui,;azquia yn ipilhuantzitzin S. Juan bapta. tlamaceuhque penitentes inic mohuitequizque. yn ipan ome tzillini teotlac auh ye yuhqui. ye quixohuazquia quiquixtizquia yn ipassi5tzin tt0 . dios. auh yece in yehuatl prouisor Don Juan de Salamanca oc polihuia yn ihuelitiliz yn itlanahuatil licencia amo tle quitlanilique ynic ,;an quihualtzacuilli tlayahualoliztli ynic amo hue! mochihuaz. yhuii descomunion quinhuallalili yn espafioles. ynic amo hue! qui,;az omoteneuh tlayahualloliztli prossion

1

ynic oc nen quitlanilizquia licencia ,;a ihciuhca prouisor. <;a quinhualilhui yn espafioles. ca aocmo ymonecyan yn axcan ye qui<;az ytlayhiyohuilitzin yn ipassiontzin ylnamicoca tt

0 •

dios. auh ca ye oquiz in hue] ynemacpan cahuitl catca, auh ca ye pahpaquilizcahuitl yn axca ypan ticate caocmo hue! mochihuaz. o yhui yn yn quihualtzauhc prouisor ynic ni­ man ,;a mixcahuique in tlamaceuhque penitentes quizque yn momecahuitecque ynic

yzquican teopan quiqui,;ato ynic estaciones quichihuato.

y Auh axcan martes ynic 8. mani Metztli Mayo de 1612 afios. ye macuilli tzillini teotlac yhcuac otocoque yn intzonteco omoteneuhque tliltique piloloque in yaoyotl quihtohuaya yea ,;an chicomilhuitique yn oncan cacatca tepilolcuauhticpac ypampa cenca ye iyayaya ynic niman quinquixtique ,;ano vmpa quihtocato2 yn ·omoteneuh hospital de la miseri-

cordia y Axcan Lunes ynic 14. mani metztli Mayo de 1612 afios. yhcuac IJJ. 194] Ye no ce tlil­ tic piloloc yn oncan tecpan quiyahuac yncapitan yn achtopa omoteneuhque tliltique pilo-

loque - y Axcan Sabado ynic 26. mani Metztli Mayo de 1612 afios yhcuac nican Mexico quimon- pehualtique miequintin tliltique yn ompa quinhuica espafia quinmottiliz yn tohueytlah­ tocatzin Rey yn ipampa yntlatlacol yn omoteneuh ynic macocuizquia yn a,o nelli yaoyotl quichihuaznequia nican ypan nueua espafia yn oc mocauhque yn amo tehuanme piloloque nican yn iuh ynpan mochiuh oc cequintin tlacpac omoteneuhque tliltique, auh ynin omo­ teneuhque espafia huicoque oncan tetlan yhcuac huicoc yn Anton de loya

3 tliltic ,;ano

ymalguacil catca yn tliltique libres yn tlacallaquia // auh yn ipan in omoteneuh cemilhuitl Sabado no yhcuac omochiuh capitulo. in S. Domingo yehuatzin prouincial mochiuh yn Padre maestro fr. hernando Ba,;an auh yn iyomilhuiyoc yn ipan Domingo ynic 27. mani metztli Mayo. yhcuac otlayahualoloc yn oncan omoteneuh S. Domingo ycatzinco ypam­ patzinco yn huey Sancto S. Luis perdra4 confesor teopixqui S. Domingo. ynic ,an oc tlayectenehualtic rnotenehua Beatificacion ycatzinco yancuica mochiuh yn ompa Roma. in Sancto Padre quinmomacahuilili yhuelitzl yn teopixque S. Domingo ynic hue! quimol­ huichihuililitiazque cecexiuhtica, ynic no nican Mexico. ycatzinco omochiuh yancuican tlayahualoliztli yn ipan in omoteneuh Domingo motlayahualhui yn ixiptlatzin Sancto S

Luis. // y Axcan Junes ynic 28. mani Metztli Mayo de 1612 afios yhcuac nican mexico vnmo-

1. For "prossession" or the like . 2. For "quintocato." 3. Name unconfirmed. 4. Stafford Poole has suggested that the person Ch. gives as "S. Luis perdra" was St.

Luis Beltran (1526-1581), known in English as St. Louis Bertrand, a Dominican friar

1612 227

celebrated, was when an order of permission of the Royal Audiencia had been given to the Spaniards who established the new cofradfa at the said nunnery of San Juan de la Peni­ tencia IJJ. 193] in Moyotlan, so that at 2 o'clock in the afternoon the children of San Juan Bautista, the penitents, could come out and go around holding a procession 1 to scourge themselves. Everything was ready, they were going to come out and bring out the Passion of our lord God, but the order of permission of the vicar general don Juan de Salamanca was still lacking, they had not asked him for any, so that he blocked the procession, so that it could not be held, and he excommunicated the Spaniards, so that the said procession 1 could not come out and it would do no good to ask him for permission. The vicar general quickly told the Spaniards that now was no longer a proper time for the suffering and passion in memory of our lord God to be brought out. That had already end­ ed; now we were truly in a time of his grace, in the midst of celebration; it could no longer be done. This then is how the vicar general blocked it, so that then the penitents just came out on their own [as individuals] and scourged themselves, going by each of the churches and making the stations [of the cross]. Y Tuesday, the 8th of the month of May of the year 1612, at 5 o'clock in the afternoon, was when the heads of the said blacks who were hanged, who had declared war, were bur­ ied. The reason that they were on top of the gallows for only seven days was that they were already smelling very bad, so that then they removed them and buried2 them likewise at the said hospital of Misericordia. Y Today, Monday the 14th of the month of May of the year 1612, was when !p. 194] another black was hanged outside the palace, the captain of the earlier mentioned blacks who were hanged. - Y Today, Saturday the 26th of the month of May of the year 1612, was when they set off from Mexico here with many blacks they were taking to Spain. Our great ruler the king wtJI see them because of their crimes that were mentioned, how they were going to rebel, and if it was true that they were going to make war here in New Spain. Those who were still left, who were not hanged here with the rest as was done with the other blacks men­ tioned above, these said blacks were taken to Spain. At that time Anton de Loya, 3 a black, was also taken with the rest; he had been the constable of the free blacks who pay tribute. // Also on the said day of Saturday was held the provincial chapter meeting at Santo Domingo; father fray Hernando Bazan, master in theology, became provincial head. And the next day, on Sunday the 27th of the month of May, was when a procession was held at the said [church of] Santo Domingo on account of the great saint San Luis Beltran, 4 confessor and Dominican friar. Since he has only been blessed for the time being, and what is called beatification was recently petformed for him in Rome, the Holy Father granted the Dominican friars his permission for them to go along celebrating his feast day every year, so that also here in Mexico there was a procession for the first time

on his behalf; on the said Sunday the image of the saint San Luis went in procession.// Y Today, Monday the 28th of the month of May of the year 1612, was when father fray

active in the Caribbean and on the Spanish main, who was ultimately canonized and was named patron saint of New Granada ( 1690). The form "perdra" is a plausible represen­ ta!ton of Beltran, with the normal substitution p for b, hypercorrect r for I and d for t and omission of n, a ubiquitous phenomenon in Nahuatl writing. '

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228 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

pehualti yn padre fr. [p. 195] Antonio de olea el prcsentado mohuica espana vmpa ychan­ tzico ynin ycompanerotzin yn teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fr. Garcia Guerra an;obispo Mexico yhuan visurrey moyetzticatca yn oquimohuiquillitzino tt0

• Dias. - y_ Axcan Lunes ynic .2. mani Metztli Julio de 1612 afios. ypan ylhuitzin visitacion ynic quimotlapalhuito totlai;onantzin S.ta maria yn itlai;opitzin S.ta isabel. yhcuac mochalli ynic yecauh teocalmamallihuac yn oncan yancuic teopan nuestra Senora de! colegio de las Nifias. ynin omoteneuh teocalli hue\ amo huecauh yn omochiuh i;an iuhqui yn hualixhuac inic moyancuilli ynic quichiuhque cofrades de! Sanctissimo Sacramento. II auh ,ano ypan in yn omoteneuh lunes yn ohualtlathuic omomiquilli yn franCO de leyba. ynahuatlahto­ cauh catca visurrey. ynin cenca tlamamauhtiaya nohuiyampa ytoca 1 timacehualti ynic cenca tlahueliloc hue! teahuani catca yn ipa tleyn tequitl mochihuaya hue! tentlahueliloc camachichi catca ayac quixittaya mane! gouernadoresme amo tie ye quinmahuiztiliaya

yhuan cenca teca omocacayauhtia -

y_ Axcan Lunes ynic .20. mani Metztli Agosto de 1612 afios. yhcuac omomiquilli yn Don Balthasar mm chane S. Pablo i;oquipan i;an atlaca2 catca amo campa tlahtocayotl ytech qui<;aya ynin yehuatl yn gouernador catca azcapotzalco. ,an quicahualtique yn igouernacion ynic niman conpatlato Don Antonio Valeriano tclpochtli yn iuh omoteneuh tlacpac

y_ Axcan Miercoles ynic .29. mani Metztli Agosto de 1612 anos, yhcuac omomiquilli yn El licenciado Albar gomez de Abaurn;a oydor catca Mexico. auh ye chicuacen tzillini teo­ tlac yn otocoto ynacayo yn oncan teopan Monasterio de nu[p. 196]estra Senora de las

mercedes, yn iztac habito teopixque quimotlalilia ynchantzinco 3

y_ Axcan Domingo ynic .30. mani Metztli Setiembre de 1612 afios ypan ylhuitzin S. Jeronimo. yhcuac omachiztico omomiquilli cuauhtemallan. yn Doctor grauajar. oydor catca yn 6pa ornoteneuh cuauhtemallan ynin nican Mexico yahca quin icel criyoyo oydor

omochiuhtia -

y_ Axcan Lunes ynic .22. mani Metztli octubre de 1612 a0 s. yhcuac nican Mexico ahi;ico callaquico in El licenciado Don Juan Fernandez de Velasco y horozco alk!e de carte Mexico vmpa hualla espafia ynin yuh omihto criyoyo. nican yahca Mexico ynic oquicuito ytequiuh omochiuh II. auh <;1ino yhcuac yn hualla yn Don Juan gano Moteuhci;oma,

4 ynic

onhuia espafia ye expa yllo.5 II auh ,ano ypan in yn omoteneuh Junes. yn ohuallathuic oquichtacamictique yn Miguel Sanchez tecuicitli alkle chane S. Pablo ometochtitla oquittato chichinampii huetztoc oquicuallique yn ixayac atlan chaneque

6 oncan yn ichan

1. Despite the plural form, "ytoca," the singular must be intended. 2. The form "atlaca" may lack the singular absolutive ending tl, or it may be the plural

used in a partitive meaning, "one of." The word is probably litlahcatl, a person associated with or inhabitant of the water, which in effect usually means a boatman, sailor, or fisherman. A remote possibility would be ahtllicatl, usually meaning an inhuman, monstrous person, but conceivably susceptible of being interpreted as a nobody, a person

of very humble origins.

1612 229

Antonio de Olea, who has been presented [as candidate for archbishop], set out [p. 195] to go to Spain where his home is. He was the companion of the spiritual ruler don fray Garcia Guerra, late archbishop in Mexico and viceroy, whom our lord God took._ Y _T~da~; Monday the 2nd of the month of July of the year 1612, on the feast day of V1s1tac1on, when our precious mother Santa Marfa went to greet her dear older sister

Santa Isabel, was when the new church at Nuestra Senora de! Colegio de las Nifias was maugurated and first dedicated after being finished. It was not very long ago that this said church was built; it is just as though it were branching out and being renovated; the members of the cofradfa of the most Holy Sacrament did it. fl And also on the said Mon­ day, in the night before morning, Francisco de Leiva passed away; he was the viceroy's interpreter, whose name' greatly frightened us commoners everywhere because he was very bad, he used to really scold people about whatever tribute duty was being performed. He really had a bad mouth and spoke bitterly. He respected no one; even though it was a governor he showed no respect. And he greatly cheated people. - Y Today, Monday the 20th of the month of August of the year 1612, was when don Baltasar Martin, from San Pablo <;:oquipan, passed away. He was just a [boatman or fish­ erman],2 he didn't come from a ruling dynasty anywhere. He was governor of Azcapo­ tzalco, but they made him relinquish his governorship so that then don Antonio Valeriano the younger replaced him, as was said above. Y Today, Wednesday the 29th of the month of August of the year 1612, was when there passed away licenciado Alvar Gomez de Abaunza, who was civil judge of the Audiencia in Mexico, and at 6 o'clock in the afternoon his body was buried at the monastery church of Nuestra [p. 196] Senora de las Mercedes; he wore the white habit of the friars in their home establishment. 3

Y Today, Sunday the 30th of the month of September of the year 1612, on the feast day of San _Ger6~imo, was when it became known that in Guatemala doctor Carvajal, who was a Judge m the Audiencia in the said Guatemala, passed away. He had gone from Mexico here, and up to that time he was the only criollo who had been made civil judge in an Audiencia. - Y Today, Monday the 22nd of the month of October of the year 1612, was when licen­ ciado don Juan Fernandez de Velasco y Orozco, alcalde de corte in Mexico, got to Mexico here and entered; he came from Spain. It was said that he is a criollo; he had left Mexico here in order to go take the office to which he had been appointed. II Likewise at that time don Juan Cano Moctezuma 4 came back from having gone to Spain; it was the third time that he has come back.5 // And also on this said Monday, in the night before morning, Miguel Sanchez Teuccitli, alcalde, from San Pablo Ometochtitlan, was secretly killed [murdered]. They found him lying in the chinampas; the fish6 had chewed at his face. He

3. Possibly the passage merely means that the friars wore the white habit· "ynchan- tzinco" seems to be hanging, not in its usual position. '

4. So used in Spanish, as seen on p. 67 at n. 5. 5. App~rently this i~ _the verb Uoti, to come back from where one has gone, in the

pretent without the m1trnl o, which Ch. often omits. The standard preterit is ilot; the fmal t m~y}ave bee?, reduced to an unwritten glottal stop as regularly happened with the verb mat,, to know, or 11 may have been madvertently omitted.

6. Literally, residents of the water.

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230 TRANSCRlf'f!ON AND TRANSLATION

yhuino 1 an0<;0 yvinonamacayan Morexon temaztitlan yn quimictique ,an quicocohuiteq

yea ce gadana ,an ihuayolque yn tle yea quimictique cholloque

Y. Axcan Domingo ynic .28. mani Metztli octubre de 1612 afios. hue! ypan ymilhuitzin yn Sant. Simon yhuan S. Judas Tadeo, Apostoles. yhcuac nican Mexico tecpa palacio ye ypan chicuacen tzillini teotlac ynic onyohuac yn omocallaquico yn tlahtohuani Don diego femandez de cordoua [p. 197] Marques de guadalcazar comendador S.tiago Visurrey lugar­ theniente del Rey nuestro Senor gouor y capitan general de la nueua espafia, yhuan qui­ hualmohuiquilli yn inamictzin yn cihuapilli ytoca Dofia Mariana Riedre2 Marqsa virreyna de la nueua espafia. ynin cihuapilli Alemafiis ca hue! ompa chane yn ciudad Alemafiia:

3

vmpa quihualmohuiquilli ycihuapiltzin yhuan ysecretariatzin hualmochiuhtiaca yn to­ hueycihuatlahtocauh Dofia Margarida de Austria Reyna espaiia omoyetzticatca yn oqui­ mohuiquilli uo. dios. axcan ce xihuitl ypan ytlac;oylhuitzin S. Franco, yn momiquilli. // auh yn iteyolcuiticauh yconfesor ohualmochiuhtia Visurrey yn ompa oquihualmohuiquilli espafia ce clerigo quitocayotia Doctor Guerrero comendador Calatraba chichiltic cruz yn icomienda quitlalia // yhuan oc ce cauallero ytoca Don fran" 0 de cardona comendador de montesa no chichiltic cruz. c;an ixquich nepaniuhqui 4 yn icomienda quitlalia no vmpa hualla yn espaiia. ynin nican inJuez mochihuaco yn obrajeros. 5 II ynic ey hualla espafia yn cauallero 6 ytoca Don Luis de Alc;ega ybarguen7 comendador de Alcantara yn icomienda quitlallia quiltic cruz. ynin telpocapiltontli novicio y hualla ayemo monetoltia yea ayemo quichihua profession ,an oqu ixquich quihualcuitehua vmpa comienda ynin omoteneuh ynpiltzin ynconeuh yn contador ybarguen catca yhuan Dofia catalina de Alc;ega yn axcan ye ynamic yetica yn Doctor Antonio de Morga alkle de carte Mexico. ye ytlacpahuitec yn

omoteneuh telpochtli comendador criyoyo

Y. Axcan viernes ynic 24. mani Metztli Nouiembre de 1612 afios. yhcuac oquiz yn in­ Sentencia revista yn audiencia [p. 198] real Mexico ynic tlahtoque oydores yhuan virrey o­ quinmomaquillique yn intlal Mexica tenochca yn ipampa moteylhuique cochtocan y espa­ fioles oquicuica ynic ce yehuatl yn Alonso dauilla huehuenton ynic ome yehuatl yn Moli- son quincahualtique auh yn macoto possesion oc cenca yehuatl yn isabel ___ yhuan ynamic Juan de espafia chaneque S.ta maria cuepopan yehuantin huel mochicauhque yn moteilhuique yntlatqui ymixcoyan quipopolloque, auh c;a yuhqui yn ontlatoquilitiaque S. Pablo. tlaca yn hernando teuhcxochitzin ynehuan yn Nicolas hemandez tlacayelel /

Y. Axcan Sabado ynic .8. mani metztli de diziembre de 1612 aiios. hue! ypan ylhuitzin totlac;onantzin Comsepcion yhcuac cenca tlamahuiztililiztica tlayahualoliztica quitocaque coztic teocuitlatl yn teopixque S. Franco, ypan yn commissario fr. Juan c;urida yn ompa totlac;onantzin S ta maria motenehua de la Redonda. cuepopan ynic otlamachiyotique yn

I. Apparently the form "yhuino" is to be read as though it had a hyp~en after it, to_ be completed by "-namacayan," so that Ch. is simply giving two alternattves for spellmg the loanword vino, probably pronounced with an initial [w] in Nahuatl.

2. For the name see Sanchez 1998, p. 29. 3. Conceivably Ch. means a city in Germany, but since he often equates ciudad and

altepetl, and considers entities such as Japan to be altepetl, it seems more hkely that he 1s

calling Germany a city.

1612 231

was killed at the home and wine tavern' of Morrison at Temaztitlan. His throat was cut with a cutlass. It was just [one of?] his relatives who killed him over something then fled. '

Y. Today, Sunday the 28th of the month of October of the year 1612, right on the feast day of San Sim6n and San Judas Tadeo the apostles, at 6 o'clock in the afternoon as night was falling, was when there entered the governmental palace here in Mexico the iord don Diego Fernandez de Cordoba, [p. 197] Marques of Guadalcazar, comendador in the order of Santiago, viceroy and deputy of the king our lord, governor and captain general of New Spai_n, and he brought his spouse, the lady named dofia Mariana Riderer,2 marquise and vtrreme of New Spain; this lady is German, for she is actually from the city of Germany. 3 She was brought from there as her lady[-in-waiting] and secretary by our great queen doila Margarita de Austria, late queen of Spain, whom our lord God took a year ago now; it was on the precious feast day of San Francisco that she passed away. // And the person who came appointed as the viceroy's confessor, whom he brought from Spain, was a secular pnest whom they call doctor Guerrero, comendador in the order of Calatrava; he wears a red cross as his badge.// And another gentleman named don Francisco de Car­ dona, comendador [ of the order of?] Montesa also wears a red cross as his badge, but [doubled?J; 4 he too came from Spain, appointed judge of [owners of textile works?].s // The third ge~tleman 6 who came from Spain was called don Luis de Alcega Ibarguen, 7

comendador m the order of Alcantara; he wears a green cross as his badge; he is a youngster, a novice, who came before taking his vows and professing; all he has done so far is get his badge there before leaving. The one we are talking about is the child of the late royal accountant lbargucn and dofia Catalina de Alcega, who has now become the spouse of doctor Antonio de Morga, alcalde of court in Mexico, so that the said youth who is a comendador is his stepson; he is a criollo. Y. Today, Friday the 24th of the month of November of the year 1612, was when the sentence after appeal of the Royal Audiencia of Mexico was issued, jp. 198] by which the lords judges and the viceroy gave to the Mexica Tenochca their land at Cochtocan about which they had made a complaint, that Spaniards had taken, first the old man Alonso de Avila and second that Morrison. They made them relinquish it, and possession was given t~ [the Mexica Tenochca], especially Isabel ___ and her spouse Juan de Espana, c1t1zens of Santa Marfa Cuepopan. They were very energetic in the complaint; it was their own property that they lost, and following them [in pursuing the suit] were the people of San Pablo, Hernando Teucxochitzin together with Nicolas Hernandez Tlacaellel. / Y. Today, Saturday the 8th of the month of December of the year 1612, right on the feast day of our precious mother of Concepcion, was when with very great splendor, in a pro~ession, the Franciscan friars, in the term of the commissary fray Juan de Zorita, buned some gold at [the church of] our precious mother Santa Marfa, called de la Redonda, in Cuepopan, by which they signified that groundbreaking began for building a

4. Nepaniuhqui refers to various kinds of folding, doubling, joining. 5. The word ~bra1ero was most frequently used in New Spain for the owners or man­

agers of the texttle works called obrajes, but it could also mean one in charge of public works, contractor.

6. Or knight. All three of those mentioned were knights in military orders. 7. Name unconfirmed.

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232 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

oncan opeuh ye otlatlallanoc ynic ye mochihua yancuic tlatlapolloyan Porteria yn oncan mochihuaz missa yn oquic mochihuaz yancuic cochiantli yhuan yancuic teopacalli yn­ tlatquitica yn teopixque ye quimochihuilia - xitiniz yn teoparn;olli // axcan viernes ynic 28. mani Metztli de diziebre de 1612 afios ynic nahuilhuitl pascua nauidad yn itlaca­ tillitzin uo Jesu xpo. hue! ypa ilhuitzin pipiltzitzinti sanctos ynocentes. yhcuac omaco- 4 escabulario yhua yn capilla in motenehua hermanos conbalecientes Y quimocuitla­ huia hospital de los Locos, S.t ipolito tlalcozpan .12. monetoltiq profession qui­ chiuhq. ymac yn intiachcauh hermano mayor ypan missa yohuatzinco yxpantzinco visu­ rrey yhua mochi audiencia real tlaca oydores. auh yehuatzin oncan motemachtili y Don fr. diego de c6treras Electo an;obispo yn la isla S. Domingo ayhtic auh S. Padre ytenco­

patzinco yn iuh mochiuh - hernos. I de huastepec y_ Bernardino Aluarez. fundador de los hospitaleros hernos. conua- lecientes de Mexico. y de otros muchos que estan repartidos por la nueua espafia que merecio felicissimo successos de prosperidad para el bien remedio. y salud de muchos

1613.2 .iiii. calli xihuitl yn ipan in yehuatl [p. 199] Gouemador yn Senor Juan Perez de monterrey. y nican Tenochtitlan, auh yn alklesme motlallique S. Juan Moyotlan Diego de S. Franco chane tequicaltitlan 3 yhuan Augustin Vasquez chane huehuecalco, auh yn alklesme motlallique S. Pablo teopa Juan Ramirez chane <;oquipan yhuan Pablo Damian chane ometochtitlan, auh yn alklesme motlallique S. Sebastian atzacualco Don diego luis de Moteuhc,;oma chane cuitlahuact6co. yhuan Melchior xuarez. chane tomatla, auh yn alhlesme motlallique S.ta maria cuepopan Xpoual pasqual mesti<;o chane copolco II yhuan Andres de ]os Angeles chane __ ynin Andres de los Angeles ,an tlaco xihuitl yn alkle­ tic ,;an 6momiquillico ye niman yehuatl conpatlac yn Pablo corrier4 chane __ ynin qui­

tzonquixtico yn omoteneuh xihuitl ynic alkletic v Axcan Miercoles ohuallathuic ynic omilhuitl mani yancuic Metztli hencro No yhuan ~uin ic omilhuitia yancuic xihuitl de 1613. a0 s. yhcuac nican Mexico omixiuh yn cihuapilli Dona Mariana Riedre Marquesa y Virreyna de la nueua espaiia. yn inamic tlahtohuani Don diego fernandez de cordoua Marques de guadalca,ar Visurrey de la nueua espaiia, yn ipiltzin otlacat cihuatl ytoca Dona Mariana Manuel auh ynic niman ohual­ yohuac yn ontzillin horacion ypampa nohuiyan otlatzitzillicac yn hue! yzquican teopan monasterios mexico. yhuan nohuiyan cuahuitl oquitlatlahtique yn inquiyahuac yn intla­

panco espafioles. yhuan candelas sepo tlatlatlac luminarios. . . . y_ Axcan martes ynic .15. mani Metztli henero de 1613 afios. yhcuac ,;an 1xtomamiqU1- liztica xoxouhcamiquiliztica' momiqui[p. 200]lli yn Luy Lopez casti,;o5 yn chane ocatca hueycalco yn tictocayotia ychan tonatiuh7 ynin otlayecoltilloya comendero

8 ocatca. yn

1. This part is in the margin, in Spanish, though in Ch.' s hand._ The Spanish here is over-elaborate and not quite in control, reminiscent of the Spamsh of some Nahuatl speakers in "Stage 4," in the late eighteenth century. (See Lockhart 1992, pp. 318-23.)_

2. The number is accompanied by a precontact-style representation of a house with

four dots above. 3. The names in this position throughout the list seem to ide~tify tlaxilacalli ( con-

stituent subdistricts) within the respective large quarter of Tenochtitlan. 4. Name unconfirmed. . . 5. As racial mixture proceeded over the decades and centuries, a_ set of often unrealistic

ethnic-racial categories arose to describe different mixtures; a cast1zo was supposed to be

1612-1613 233

new place where things are opened up, an arcaded entryway [porterfa] where mass will be held until such time as a new dormitory and a new church are built; the friars are doing it with their assets, and the old church will be torn down. II Today, Friday the 28th of the month of December of the year 1612, on the fourth day of the Christmas holiday, the birth of our lord Jesus Christ, right on the feast day of the children, the holy innocents, was when the scapular and hood were given to the said brothers of the convalescents who take care of the Hospital de los Locos at San Hip61ito in Tlacozpan; twelve of them took vows and made profession to their most senior member, the eldest brother, at a mass early in the morning in the presence of the viceroy and all the judges of the Royal Audiencia. The person who preached was don fray Diego de Contreras, archbishop elect of the island of Santo Domingo out in the ocean. It was done by order of the Holy Father. - Brothers' of Huaxtepec. y_ Bernardino Alvarez, founder of the hospitalers, the Hermanos Convalecientes of Mexico, and of many others which are spread throughout New Spain, deserved the happiest results of prosperity for the succor and health of many.

1613,2 4 House year. In this year [p. 199] seiior Juan Perez de Monterrey was governor here in Tenochtitlan, and as alcaldes Diego de San Francisco, from Tequicaltitlan, 3 and Agustin Vasquez, from Huehuecalco, were installed for San Juan Moyotlan. And for San Pablo Teopan Juan Ramirez, from <:;oquipan, and Pablo Damian, from Ometochtitlan, were installed as alcaldes. And for San Sebastian Atzaqualco don Diego Luis de Moteuc- 9oma, from Cuitlahuactonco, and Melchor Juarez, from Tomatla, were installed as a1cal­ des. And for Santa Maria Cuepopan Cristobal Pascual, a mestizo, from Copolco, // and Andres de los Angeles, from ___ , were installed as alcaldes. This Andres de los Ange- les served as alcalde only half a year, for he died, and then Pablo [Corrier],4 from __ , finished out the said year as alcalde. y_ Today, Wednesday before dawn, the 2nd day of the new month, January, also the 2nd day of the new year of 1613, was when the lady doiia Mariana Riderer, marquise and vir­ reine of New Spain, spouse of the ruler don Diego Fernandez de C6rdoha, Marques of Guadalcazar, viceroy of New Spain, gave birth; her child was born a girl, named doiia Mariana Manuela. And then when night was falling and the bells were rung for prayer time, the bells everywhere in absolutely all the churches and monasteries in Mexico pealed, and everywhere the Spaniards burned wood outside their houses and on their roofs, and tallow candles, luminarios, were also burned. Y.. Today, Tuesday the 15th of the month of January of the year 1613, was when Ruy L6pez, a castizo, 5 passed away of an unexpected, premature 6 death; he was a resident of Hueicalco, which we call Ichan Tonatiuh.7 [p. 200] He was served as the encomendero8

three-fourths Spanish, one-fourth indigenous. 6. See above (pp. 172-73, 214-15), for ixtomamiquiliztica used in connection with

sudden or unexpected death. Xoxouhcamiquiliztica by the context appears to be a syn­ onym; it is used again in connection with ixtomamiquiliztica on pp. 250-51. Xoxouhqui is something green, including in the sense of unripe, immature.

7. In Book 12 of the Florentine Codex, Moteuc,oma talks about taking refuge in tonatiuh ichan, possibly a real geographical place, though the phrase means "home of the sun" and referred to a kind of paradise (Lockhart 1993, pp. 88-89).

8. In much Nahuatl usage the en of encomendero was taken for the subordinator/article in, so that it was omitted in the loanword.

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234 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

azcapotzalco tepanecapan yhuan tenantzinco c;a ye yehuatl ytech otlamico ynic niman oquimocuilli y Rey yn omoteneuh altepetl ynin ypiltzin catca yn Juan de Zaucedo Mestic;o conquistador. auh yn ical moch itech opouh yn iteyccauh yhermano Miguel

Lopez 1 -

y_ Axcan Martes ynic 22. mani Metztli henero de 1613 afios. yhcuac ye tlathui cenca chicahuac oquiyauh y nican Mexico. yhuan ynic nohuiyan cuauhtla o nohuiyan tepeuh2

yn ceppayahuitl o cepayauh cenca chicahuac in motecac cepayahuitl oc cenca oncan ytech yn chicahuac motecac tepetl yn quitocayotia Tenan y nican tonahuac catqui cuyohuacan c;ah ce ynic nohuiyan yntech mochi tetepe hue] ye moquimilloq. yn cepayahuitl yn xochimilco yntech tetepe yhuan oc no cenca vmpa yn chalco Amaquemecan yn intech yztac tepetl yhuan popocatepetl yhua yn oc cequi tepetl yn intech c;aliuhtoque hue] ic moquimilloque yn cepayahuitl yhuan yn itech tepetl quitocayotia cilcuaye yn tenanco tepopolla catqui yhuan ytech y quetzaltepetl yn huexotla aculhuacanpa catqui moch iztazque yn tetepe auh ynic omilhuitl ypan miercoles cemilhuitl yn oquiyauh yhuan oceppayauh yn omoteneuh ytech tepetl tenan yhuan cenca ocehuac y nican Mexico II auh c;anno yhcuac yn ipan in omoteneuh Metztli henero omachiztico ohualla tlahtolli yn espafia ynic hualla acaltepiton naviobiso. 3 yn quenin oncan hualmohuicaya teoyotica tlahtohuani Don Jeronimo de carcamo4 obsipo de troxillo. piru castillampa hualmohui­ caya auh c;an huey apan [p. 201] Onmomiquillico. ynin criyoyo nican tlacat Mexico.

nican mohuicac ynic yaca espafia. y_ Axcan Domingo ynic 27. mani Metztli henero de 1613. afios ihcuac oquicuaatequique yn iyacapa yn ipiltzin tlahtohuani Don diego fernandez de cordoua Marques de guadalcazar visurrey de Ia nueua espafia. quitocayotique ynic mocuaatequi ypiltzin ytoca mochiuh Dofia Mariana manuel auh yn iPadrino mochiuh ce tottatzin hue! sancto ytoca fray Pedro Lazaro teopixqui S. Franco. c;an mocnonemiltia yn mahuiztililoni huehue tlacatl mote­ miccamiquilizpahpalehuillia5 nohuiyan yn Mexico vmpa mohuica ychan yn aqui quimo­ machiltia cocoxqui espafioles yn cenca ye yhiyocahui in ye momiquiliznequi ychan on­ mocochiltia ynic cenca miec tlatlatlauhtiliztli ypan conmihtalhuia yn ixquich ica quic;a quincahua ymanimantzin ynic momiquilia tlaca. ynin tottatzin cenca tillahuac c;a c;an queninami Xerga quimotlatlamanililia 6 yn ihapitotzin quimotlallilitinemi yehuatl in yn tottatzin ye on padre mochiuh visurrey. auh yn cuaatequiloc piltzintli on can y tecpan

palacio capilla real - y_ Axcan Sabado ynic .2. mani Metztli febrero de 1613. afios. hue! ypan ilhuitzin totla­ ~onantzin Purificacion - yhcuac oncan teopan totla~onantzin S ta maria nuestra Sefiora de monserrate tequixquipan omonetoltico oncan profession quichihuaco yn tlacpac omo­ teneuh Don luis alc;ega ybarguen cauallero de! habito de alcantara ynic Comendador telpo­ catzin,7 auh ynic quichihuaco oncan professii'\ [p. 202] Yehuatl ymactzinco yn Padre Prior

I. It appears that Ruy L6pez de Salcedo was the grandson of the mestizo conqueror Juan de Salcedo. See Gerhard 1972, p. 170. For more on the encomiendas involved see ibid., p. 248, Gibson 1964, p. 414, and Himmerich 1991, p. 235. Ch. uses both the tra­ ditional term for younger sibling, -teiccauh, and the Spanish for brother, hermano, probably because the people involved were Hispanic and Chimalpahin here in all likeli­ hood bases himself ultimately on conversation or writings in Spanish.

2. One must suspect that where we see "tepeuh," "it scattered down," the original intention was something including tepetl, "mountains," so that the intended meaning would have been "it snowed in the forests and mountains everywhere."

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1613 235

in Azcapotzalco Tepanecapan and Tenancingo; with him it came to an end, so that the king took [both] the said altepetl. He was the child of Juan de Salcedo, a conqueror who was a mestizo, and his whole house was assigned to his younger brother Miguel L6pez. I

y_ Today, Tuesday the 22nd of the month of January of the year 1613, was when at dawn it rained very heavily here in Mexico. And in the forests all around the snow came down and it snowed.2 It made a very heavy covering; it covered especially heavily the mountain they call Tenan which is here near to us, in Coyoacan. All the mountains absolutely everywhere were really blanketed in snow; it was on the mountains in Xochimilco, and also very heavily on Iztaccihuatl and Popocatepetl in Chalco Amaquemecan, and it adhered to other mountains, which were entirely blanketed in snow, and on the mountain they call Cilquaye, which is in Tenanco Tepopolla, and on Quetzal mountain in Huejotla, toward the Acolhua region. The mountains were all white. And the second day, Wednesday, it rained all day and snowed on the said mountain Tenan, and it was very cold here in Mexico. II Likewise in this year, in the said month of January, it became known and news arrived from Spain when a small ship, a dispatch ship,3 came, that the priestly ruler don Ger6nimo de Carcamo, 4 bishop of Trujillo, Peru, was coming from there, from Spain, but he passed away on the ocean. [p. 201] He was a criollo who was born here in Mexico, and he left from here when he went to Spain.

y_ Today, Sunday the 27th of the month of January of the year 1613, was when they baptized the first child of the ruler don Diego Fernandez de Cordoba, Marques of Guadalcazar, viceroy of New Spain; when his child was baptized they named her and her name became dofia Mariana Manuela, and a very holy f~ther named fray Pedro Lazaro, a Franciscan friar, became her godfather. A venerable ancient person, he lives humbly, he helps people with dying 5 all around Mexico. When he knows Spaniards to be sick, at their last breath and about to die, he goes to their homes; he sleeps there and says many prayers for them until their souls depart and leave them, until the people die. This padre uses any old piece of very rough coarse cloth to fix up his habit that he goes about wearing.6 This padre became the viceroy's compadre. The child was baptized in the royal chapel of the palace. -

y_ Today, Saturday the 2nd of the month of February of the year 1613, right on the feast day of our precious mother the Virgin of Purificaci6n, was when at the church of our precious mother Santa Maria, Our Lady of Monserrat at Tequixquipan, the above mentioned don Luis Alcega Ibarguen took his vows and professed as a knight of the order of Alcantara, as a [junior?]' comendador. He professed [p. 202] under the direction of the

3. Presumably for "navio [de] abiso." 4. Name unconfirmed. 5. There can be little doubt about the general sense of this form, but it is not yet clear

why it contains both micca- and miquiliz-, both "dead person" and "death." 6. It has not been possible to confirm the meanings hazarded here from the relevant

Nahuatl vocabulary as seen in reference works. 7. Though the words could indicate status as a novice, they could also mean simply a

young comendador.

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236 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLA'l10N

fray Bernardino de argedas teopixqui S. Benito. yn oncan quimopiallia teopancalli nuestra Senora monserrate, yehica ypampa ynin teopixque Monges yn inteotlatecpannemilitzin yn quinmotlallilitehuac Regla ypan monemitizque ynic quinmonahuatilitehuac yn omoten­ euhtzino yntla,ottatzin S. benito. Patriarcha, auh ca ,anno yehuatl ocanque oquinmoma­ quilli y tonantzin Sancta yglesia yn omoteneuh teotlatecpanoctacanemiliztli Regla. yn caualleros comedadores yn itech pouhque omoteneuh horden de alcatara, ,anno yehuatl ynnehtol mochihua ynic ,an cepanehtolleque yn omoteneuhque teopixque Monges. San

Benito. Y. Axcan ye ce Domingo quaresma ynic 24. mani metztli febrero de 1613 anos. hue! ypan ylhuitzin Sant Matia, ye teotlac ynic nican Mexico onmopehualti ynic ompa mohuica la ciudad de los Angeles cuitlaxcohuapan yn tlahtohuani Senor El licenciado Don Pedro de otalora Presidente yn audiencia real Mexico. ynic ompa mohuica moteochiuhtzinoz ynic teopixqui clerigo mochiuhtzinohua, yhuan yea vmpa ye moteochiuhtzinoz yn EPISTOLA yhuan Euangelio yhuan yn missa ye quimochihuiliz. ,an oppa ye quimoteochihuiliz yn ipan in ce cuaresma yn obispo Don Alonso de la mota y escobar yuh quihualmonahuatilia yn Sancto Padre ,an eilhuitl mochivaz auh macihui yn iuh catca yn nahuatilli ca ye quin ipan Dominiga yn passion tlamico yn ineteochihualitzin ynic missa quimochihuillico. yn aye yuhqui oyttoc nican Mexico ce pressidente ahno,o oydor omochiuh clerigo. yn iuh yehuatzin omochiuhtzinoco omoteneuhtzino Don Pedro de otalora yhuan amo ye quimo­ cahuilli yn itequitzin ynic pressidente mochiuhtzinotica [p. 203] Audiencia real yuh qui­

monequiltia yn tohueytlahtocatzi moyetztica espafia auh yn ixquich ica ayemo tlamia yneteochihualiztzin quaresma yxquichcauh vmpa moyetzticatca cuitlaxcohuapan yhuan vmpa quihualmihtalhuitehuac la compafiia de Jesus in yancuic missa ynic niman hual­ mocueptzino hualmohuicac y nican mexico quimochihuillico yn itlahtocatequitzin ynic

pressidente. 1

Y. Axcan martes inic .5. mani metztli Mar,o de 1613 afios. quaresma yhcuac quimonpe- hualtique nican y china quinhuicaque espafioles cequintin mestic;oti yhuan cequitin mula­

toti ome tliltic. ey macehualli yn ,an tecuitlahuiltiliztica ye hui motenehua for<;ados. 2

vmpa quinmihualli Justiciatica yn tlahtohani vi surrey. tepo,otiaque mochintin cauallo ypan quinhuicaque in ye mochi chiconpohuallonmatlactli yn for<;ados. ynin ye quinhui­ caque cequintin tlatlacolleque cequintin ,an vagamundos ynic anoq atle ymofficio quipia. auh yn espafioles cequintin huicoque hue! momahuiztillitihui ynic huicoq motenehua hue! luzidos ynic yahque.3 cequitin namiqueque quincauhtiaq. yn innamichuan cequintin quin­ huicaque yn incihuahuan. auh yn Soldadostin noncua yahque in <;an inyollocacopa hui

china amo ynhuan nican mocenpohua4

v Axcan miercoles ynic 13 mani metztli Mar,o de 1613 afios. Quaresma yhcuac omachiz­ tico nican Mexico vmpa tlahtolli hualla yn acapolco yn quenin ye ye onxiuhtica ye oppa oncan oqui<;aco yn Jabon acalli oncan ohualla yn Senor Sebastian vizcayno espafiol y nican Mexico yah onxiuhtica yn omocuepaco. yhuan no oncan ohualla quihualhuica [p. 204] Yn teuhctitlantli in Embajador yn ititlan yn quihualtitlani huey tlahtohuani Empera­ dor Jabon, macuilpohualli yn imacehual Jabonti quinhualhuica auh yn quinnahuatlahtal­

huitihuitz ce S. Franco tottatzin descal<;o

I. Compare with the partially identical passage on pp. 248-49. 2. Forced or penal laborers. 3. The words "ynic yahque" could also be taken as referring to how the lucidos went.

1613 237

father prior fray Bernardino de Arguedas, a monk of St. Benedict, who is in charge of the church of Our Lady of Monserrat, because the holy rules of life of these religious or monks, the rule by which they are to live, that their said precious father St. Benedict the patriarch issued, ordered, and left behind for them was the same one that the knights and comendadores who belonged to the said order of Alcantara took and that our mother the Holy Church gave them, so that they both take the same vows, the said religious or monks of St. Benedict have joint vows with them.

Y. Today, the first Sunday of Lent, the 24th of the month of February of the year 1613, right on the feast day of San Matfas, in the afternoon, was when the lord sefior licenciado don Pedro de Otalora, president of the Royal Audiencia of Mexico, set out for the City of the Angels, Puebla; the reason he is going there is to be ordained, for he is becoming a secular priest, and is to be ordained as subdeacon, deacon, and priest who can say mass. The bishop don Alonso de la Mota y Escobar will ordain him twice during one Lent; thus the Holy Father has sent him orders. It is to be done in only three days. But although that was the way the order ran, it wasn't until Sunday at the end of Easter week that his or­ dainment was finished, so that he performed a mass. Never was the like seen here in Mex­ ico, that a president or civil judge of the Audiencia became a secular priest, as the said don Pedro de Otalora did, and he did not therefore relinquish the office that he had been ap­ pointed to of president [p. 203] of the Royal Audiencia; so our great ruler who is in Spain wants it to be. Until his ordainment during Lent was finished, he stayed in Puebla; before leaving he said his first mass in the Jesuit church there, and then returned and came back here to Mexico to execute his royal office as president. 1

Y Today, Tuesday the 5th uf the month of March of the year 1613, during Lent, was when

they caused to depart from here those whom they took to China [the Philippines]: Span­ iards, some mestizos, some mulattoes, two blacks, and three commoners, who went by force, calledforzados; 2 the lord viceroy sent them there by legal sentence. They went in irons; they took them all on horseback. The forzados added up to 150. As to why they took them, some were wrongdoers, some just vagabonds who were arrested because they had no occupation. Some of the Spaniards who were taken went in fine style as they were being taken, called very stylish people. When they went,3 some of the married men left their spouses behind, and some took their wives along. The soldiers went separately; they are going to China willingly and are not included in the total here.4

Y. Today, Wednesday the 13th of the month of March of the year 1613, during Lent, was when it became known here in Mexico and news came from Acapulco of how in the second year [of its voyage] the Manila galleon landed there for a second time; on it came the Spaniard sefior Sebastian Vizcaino, who left Mexico here two years ago, who has returned and also come bringing there [p. 204] the lordly emissary, the ambassador, the messenger who was sent here by the great ruler the emperor in Japan. He brought along a hundred Japanese, [the emperor's] subjects, and a Discalced Franciscan friar came along to interpret for them.

4. The following paragraph is crossed out. Other sections have related material but do not duplicate it entirely.

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238 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

y Auh ,ano ypan in yn omoteneuh quaresma de 1613 afios. yn opeuhque 1

yn tlacpac omoteneuhque Juan Perez de monterrey Juez gouernador yhuan alldes di ego de S. Franco. yhuan Augustin Vasquez. yhuan Regidores. ynl Moyotlan tlaca, yhuan Juan Ramirez. yhuan Pablo Damian alldes S Pablo. yhuan Don diego luis de Moteuhcgoma, yhuan Melchior xuarez ynin alldes. S. Sebastian yhuan xpoual pascual yhuan Andres de los Angeles yni alldes. S.ta maria cuepopan ynpan in yn ohualmotlalli oc nahui tomin tlacallaquilli nican tenochtitlan ynic niman opeuhque ye nohuian quitlani ye quinechi­ cohua ye tepan quiga yn ipan in omoteneuh quaresma ca yn achtopa oquimanaya intla­ callaquil y namiqueque ce peso yhuan chicome tomin. auh yn axcan ypan in omoteneuh xihuitl ynic ohualmacoc nahui tomin in ye mochi quimana intlacallaquil namiqueque ye ome peso yhuii ey tomin auh y telpochnemi yhuan ichpochnemi y quimana axcii ytla­ callaquil ye chiuhcnahui tomin yhuan medio ynic ohualmacoc, ca ,an oc chicome tomin

yhua medio ocatca y Axcan Domingo ynic 24. mani Metztli Margo de 1613. afios quaresma yhcuac omo­ miquilli yn Doctor. Don Marcos gueffero, Oydor yhuan allde de corte catca auh qui Junes teotlac teopan S. Augustin yn tocoto ynacayo. oncan mohuicatza motetoquillico tlahto­ huani Visurrey yhuan mochintin [p. 205] Y n tlahtoque Oydores yn audiencia real tlaca yhuan allde de cortes yhuan mochintin yn ciudad tlaca caualleros. yhuan yn clerigos. yhuan y nepapan teopixque frayles Mexico monoltitoque moch oncan mohuicatza mo­

tetoquillico // y Auh gano ypan in yn omoteneuh Domingo nepantlah tonatiuh yn tococ ynacayo ci­ huapilli Dofia Martina chane ateponazco ynantzin in yn Nicolas hernandez tlacayeleltzin in momomiquilli 2 Sabado ye yohua chicuey hora. ynic 23. mani metztli Margo. auh teopan S. Pablo tococ ynacayotzin // auh yn ipampa yniqu iz nicmachiyotia nehuatl Don domingo de S. Anton Munon Quauhtlehuanitzin yn imiquiliz omoteneuh cihuapilli Doiia Martina ca hue! nicmati ca ceme oc yehuantin yn inecauhcahuan yn itlaquillohuan

3 yn

mihtohua ytzonhua yztihua in ye huecauh onemico nican Mexico tenochtitlan yn ceca otlamamauhtico yn aquin catca huehue tlacayeleltzin cihuacohuatl tlahtocapilli tenoch­ titlan yn o ytlan tlahtoco yn oquinnanamiquico macuiltin huehueyntin tlahtoque tenoch­ titlan yn itzcohuatl yn huehue Moteuhcgoma ylhuicaminatzin yn Axayaca, yn tigocic, yn Ahuitzotl, yn izquintin in tlahtoque o yntlan yeco oquinnanamiquico yn ipa yxquich tla­ mantli oquichihuaco yn omoteneuh huey yaotachcauh Capitan General catca huehue tlaca­ yeleltzin cihuacohuatl ca tel vmpa neztica in tlacpac 4 yn ixquich tlamantli oquichiuhtia yn yn ipan yntlahtocatian yn izquintin omoteneuhque tenochtitlan tlahtoque catca - y Axcan martes ynic 19. mani Metztli Margo de 1613 aiios. hue] ypan ylhuitzin S. Joseph. yhcuac opeuh in ye cehuetzih chicahuac yn ipan ic nohuiyan motenehua nueua espafia cenca [p. 206] quipolloco yn ixhuacatoctzintli, yhuan yn nopalli celtic mochi quicua yhuan in xochicualli yxochiyo yn ixocoyo mochi quitlaco quitepec 5 gan tel cana in hue! quitlaco xochicualli auh macuililhuitl yn cehuetz yn aye yuh mochihuani ,an tel

yuhquin tlacuilolchicahuaca cehuetz. -

l. Just what they began is not clear. Such phrases often refer to beginning in office, but these officers were already mentioned above at the beginning of the year. Probably the reference is to their beginning to collect the tax mentioned below, but the sentence breaks off before getting that far.

2. In this form mo is inadvertently repeated.

1613 239

Y. And likewise during this said Lent of the year of 1613 there began 1 the above mentioned Juan Perez de Monterrey, judge and governor, and the alcaldes Diego de San Francisco and Agustin Vasquez, along with the regidores-these were Moyotlan people-­ and Juan Ramirez and Pablo Damian, alcaldes for San Pablo; and don Diego Luis de Moteucgoma and Melchor Juarez, alcaldes for San Sebastian, and Cristobal Pascual and Andres de los Angeles, alcaldes for Santa Marfa Cuepopan. During their term an addi­ tional four reales of tribute was assessed here in Tenochtitlan. Already then during the said Lent season they began to go around to people and ask for it and collect it. First as their tribute a married couple was paying a peso and 7 reales, and now in the said year it was raised by 4 reales, so that in all a married couple pays as their tribute 2 pesos and 3 reales, and bachelors and spinsters now pay as their tribute 9112 reales, since it was raised, for before it was just 7 112 reales.

Y. Today, Sunday the 24th of the month of March of the year 1613, during Lent, was when dr. don Marcos Guerrero, who had been civil and criminal judge of the Audiencia, passed away. It was not until Monday afternoon that his body was taken to the church of San Agustin and buried; there came to bury him the lord viceroy and all Ip. 205] the civil and criminal judges of the Royal Audiencia, and all the gentlemen who are on the [Span­ ish] cabildo, and the secular priests, and all the different friars and members of orders in Mexico were assembled, all came there to the burial. // Y. Likewise in this year on the said Sunday at midday there was buried the body of the lady doiia Martina, from Ateponazco, the mother of Nicolas Hernandez Tlacaelleltzin, who passed away2 Saturday at 8 o'clock in the evening on the 23rd of the month of March; her body was buried at the church of San Pablo. II The reason why I, don Domingo de San Anton Mufion Quauhtlehuanitzin, record here the death of the said lady dofia Martina is that I well know that she is one of the descendants, 3 called the hair and fingernails, of one who lived long ago here in Mexico Tenochtitlan, who was held in great awe, and that was the elder Tlacaellel, the Cihuacoatl, a noble of the royal dynasty of Tenochtitlan, who ruled alongside and aided five great rulers of Tenochtitlan: Itzcoatl, the elder Moteuc,oma Ilhuicaminatzin, Axayaca, Tigocic, and Ahuitzotl. The said great war leader, who was a captain general, the elder Tlacaelleltzin, the Cihuacoatl, stood beside and aided each of the rulers in everything they did, for above4 appear all the different things he did during the reigns of each of the said late rulers of Tenochtitlan. -

Y. Today, Tuesday the 19th of the month of March of the year 1613, right on the feast day of San Josef, was when it began to freeze hard everywhere in the said New Spain. [p. 206] The freeze greatly destroyed the sprouting stalks of maize, and it ate up all the tender nopal cactus, and it spoiled 5 all the blossoms and buds of the fruit trees, although only here and there did it really ruin the fruit. For five days it froze as never before, although the strong freezing was spotty. -

3. Literally relics and fruits of the tree. 4. Here Ch. apparently refers to another part of his work, apparently considering that

some of his accounts referring to precontact history precede the material here within a single framework.

5. The unidentified form "quitepec" seems to reinforce "quitlaco," "spoiled."

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240 1RANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

':!. Axcan Sabado in ye ic .23. mani Metztli Mari;o de 1613. anos. ye teotlac ihcuac opeuh in ,an oc ahuechquiyahuico auh in ye ye omilhuitl ypan Domingo in ye teotlac ye ye cen peuh y momanaco quiyahuitl cehuallatl1 cenca ytztic yn icecuizyo mochiuh yhuan ceppayauh y nohuiyan cuauhtlah. yxquich ica ynic tlamico Metztli Margo. yn quiyauh yn cehuallatl manca yn aye yuh mochihuani ypan omoteneuh metztli. yhuan cenca chicahuac in yequene momanaco cocoliztli matlaltotonqui 2 yn ipan in omoteneuh Metztli Margo. ynic micohuac ynic mochi ypan nohuiyan nueua espafia. yn opa ye hualpeuhtica ytzin­ ecan yn ipan in omoteneuh xihuitl yxquichcauh necocolloc yhuan micohuac ynic yequene axcan chicahuac ye mochihua cocoliztli momiquilia yn timacehualtin yhuii espanoles - ':!. Axcan Lunes Sancto. ynic .i. cemilhuitl mani Metztli Abril de 1613 afios teotlac yh­ cuac ye oppa otlayahualloque yn Sancta Maria cuepopan tlaca yn cofrades yn itech pohui animasme yn ompa quimotlalili ynpalehuiloca in Padre fr. diego Mexia yn ica ymeca­ nelpiayatzin ycordontzin totlagottatzin S. Franco. quinmopalehuilia quimonmoquixtilia yn ompa tetlechipahualloyan Purgatorio, ca yuh neztia oncan ynic tlayahualloque Ip. 207] Quimohuiquillique andasco S. Franco. quinmoquixtiltiuh yn animasme yn ica omoteneuh ymecanepiayatzin yn icordontzin yn oncan omoteneuh tetlechipahualloyan ytencopatzinco yn u0 • dios. yhuan oc cequi yPassiontzin yn tlayahuallo tcotlac yn ompa huallehuaque ynteopan qui~aco concepci5 Monjas. ayoticpac ye niman qui~aco Visitacion monjas. ye niman niman3 qui<;aco S. Franco teopan. ye niman S. ignacio. la casa professa qui~aco. ye niman oncan yn iglesia mayor quii;aco oncan ye mocuepque ye niman quii;ato teopan S. Domigo niman S. lureni;o quii;ato monjas. ye niman vmpa yn inchan ahcito.

y_ Auh i;an no ypan in yn omoteneuh Lunes Sancto no yhcuac teotlac yancuican tlayahualloque yn tlacanechicoltin 4 yn oncan oquitlallique yancuic ycofradia yn hospital S. ]azaro atenantitech yn itetzinco pohui S. Roche. callaqui tonatiuh yn quizque i;an oc

quezquintin yglesia mayor ahcico ynic tlayahualloque.

':!. Auh yn axcan ye omilhuitl martes sancto teotlac yhcuac yequene hue! oquizque yn cofrades espafioles yn itetzinco ponhui yn ipilhuantzitzinhuan Senor S. Juan bapta. cenca mahuiztic ynic quizque ynic tlayahualloque oncan quizque yn teopan monasterio monjas motenehua S. Juan la penitencia Moyotlan. auh tlayacac mantiaque in Mexica yn oncan tlaca tequicaltitlan tlaxillacalleque i;an oc quezquintin yn oncan tehuan quizque yehica ypampa quimixnamic quintzacuilli in fray Jeronimo de i;arate capellan S. Josep. amo quinec yn oncan tehuan quii;azquia Mexica moyoteca yn S. Juan la penitencia. yehica yn oncii quinmoquixtiliz[p. 208]quia in yancuicatzitzinti quinmochihuillique Mexica yn imixiptlatzin S. Juan baptistatzin yhuan ymiquillitzin S. Diegotzin. in ye huiptla ypan Domingo de ramos catca yn ihcuac oncan S. Joseph quinmoteochihuilliq. yn oquimah fr. Jeronimo de i;arate ynin omoteochiuhtzinoque yancuiq. Sanctome. yn ca tehuan vmpa motlayahualhuizque Sant Juan la penitencia yn ipan in omoteneuh martes Sancto niman yhcuac yn ipan omoteneuh Domingo de ramos 5can quinmotzacuilili in Mexica S Joseph yn inSanctotzitzinhuan ynic amo vmpa tehuan motlayahualhuizque S. Jua quihto. yn fr.

I. Perhaps also persistent; see pp. 194-95 at n. 2. 2. Typhus; see pp. 92-93 at n. 2. 3. The word "niman" is inadve1tently repeated.

1613 241

Y. Today, Saturday the 23rd of the month of March of the year 1613, in the afternoon, was when it began to rain, at first just a sprinkle, but on the second day, Sunday in the after­ noon, it really began, a freezing rain 1 which became extremely cold, and it snowed every­ where in the woods. There were cold rains until the month of March ended, as had never happened in the said month. And finally, an illness, matlaltotonqui, 2 broke out in the said month of March, causing deaths all over New Spain. It had its beginning [earlier] in the said year, there was sickness and death, until finally now the illness became stronger, and we commoners and Spaniards are dying. -

Y. Today, Monday of Holy Week, the 1st day of the month of April of the year 1613, in the afternoon, was when for the second time there marched in procession the people of Santa Maria Cuepopan, the members who belong to the cofradfa of the Souls [ of Purgatory], that father fray Diego Mejia established there for their help. With his cord girdle, his rope belt, our precious father San Francisco helps them and extracts them from the place where people are purified by fire, purgatory, for so he appeared going along; when they went in procession Ip. 207] they carried San Francisco on a carrying platform freeing the souls with his said cmd girdle, his rope, from the said purgatory by order of our lord God, and other things from his Passion [ were in evidence]. The procession was in the afternoon; they started from their church and passed by the nuns of Concepcion at Ayoticpac; next they came by the nuns of the Visitacion; next 3 they came by the church of San Francisco; next they came by the Casa Profesa of San Ignacio; then they came by the cathedral, where they turned back; next they went by the church of Santo Domingo, next they went by the nuns of San Lorenzo; next they reached their home. Y. Likewise on this said Holy Monday, in the afternoon, was when for the first time the people who have come together from various places4 went in procession; they established their new cofradfa at the Hospital of San Lazaro at Atenantitech; it is dedicated to San Roque. The sun was going down as they came out; only a few got as far as the cathedral in their procession. y Today, the 2nd day [of April and of Holy Week], Holy Tuesday, in the afternoon, was when at last the Spanish cofradfa members who are dedicated to and are the children of senor San Juan Bautista were able to come out and went in procession in a very splendid fashion; they came out of the convent church of nuns called San Juan de la Penitencia in Moyotlan. At the front went the Mexica who belong to the tlaxilacalli of Tequicaltitlan; only a few came out there with the others, because fray Geronimo de Zarate, chaplain at [the chapel of] San Josef, opposed and blocked them. He didn't want the Mexica of Moyo­ tlan to come out with the others at San Juan de la Penitencia, because they were going to bring out Ip. 208] the new images the Mexica made of San Juan Bautista and the death of San Diego two days before that, on Palm Sunday, when they blessed them at San Josef. When fray Geronimo de Zarate found out that these new saints had been blessed and that they were to go with the others in procession at San Juan de la Penitencia on the said Holy Tuesday, right then on the said Palm Sunday he locked up the Mexica's saints in San Josef so that they would not go in procession with the others at San Juan. Fray

4. More literally collected people, used by Ch. to refer mainly to indigenous people of other than Nahua ethnicity who migrated to Mexico City on their own. The word also occurs on pp. 242-43 at n. 3 and pp. 246-47 at n. 10.

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242 1RANSCRJPT!ON AND TRANSLATION

Jeronimo de c;arate amo huel xelihuiz yn altepetl ye quin ic cen yn ipan Juebes Sancto nican S. Joseph motlayahualhuizque yn S. Juan baptista. yhua ymiquillitzin S. Diegotzin

o yehuatl ipampa yn ynic amo huel onca omotlayahualhuique Sanctome yn monasterio

monjas. yn ipan in omoteneuh martes Saneto. yhua in gou0 r mexieo ynie amo ypan moehicauh ytlapacholhuan mexica in miyequintin quinequia oncan tehuan quic;azquia S.

Juan inpampa ce oydor anoc;o alkle de corte quixnamic yn omoteneuh gouemador ynic c;an

mocauh yuh mihto quimotlaquehui yn fr. Jeronimo. ynic c;a mixcahui motlayahualhui ce yncrucifixotzin cemanahuatl yn ipan moquetztinotiuh yhuan yn inS. Juan baptistatzin

espafioles. c;an moquetzinotiuh mahcopatlachialtilitiuh yhua momanepanotzinotiuh 1

yhuan totlac;onantzin - Y. Auh no yhuan yn ipan in Omoteneuh Martes Sancto teotlac yhcuac yequene huel no

quizque ynic ceppa [p. 209] Otlayahualloque yn S.tiago tlatilolco tlaca yn cofrades yn

itetzinco pohui ynic mopolihuiltia eilhuitl teotl dios Jesus. piltzintli yn motenehua Nifio Jesus Perdido, ynin omoteneuh cofradia. no yhuan yehuatzin ytetinco pohui yn totlac;o­

mahuiznantzin S.ta maria del rrosario ca yuh oquimoneltilili yn Sancto Padre Paulo quinto. yn iuh ytech neztica ome yBullatzin yn quihualmohuiquillique tottatzitzinhuan de

La compania de Jesus teatinos. yntla ytlaniliztica mochiuh oc cenca yehuatl y nocniuhtzin diego lopez cuauhtlacuillo in huel ye tlatzintille quimotlallili yni ome omoteneuh cofradia. fundador mihtohua. auh ynic ome tlacatl ytlaytlaniliztica ytlapalehuiliztica mo­

chiuh yehuatzin yn ompa gouernador Don Melchior de Soto. quinmotlatlauhtilli yn omo­

teneuhtzinoque tottatzitzinhuan la compafiia de Jesus. yni quimocuillito Roma. auh ynic yancuican quizij yn ynic tlayahualloque cenca niman mahuiztic hue! cuepontiaque moch

yancuic yn andas tlayahuallo yhuan estadartes cuachpanitl yn iuh mochi t!acatl oquittac ynic mochihu in cenca ypan mochicauhque yn omoteneuhque diego lopez. yhuan gou 0 r.

auh ynic tlayahualoloc huel motlayacanilitia yn Jesus piltzintli cruz quimoquechpanil­ huitia. auh amo yhuan oncan moquixti amo yhuan oncan motlayahualhui yn totlac;o­

nantzin Rosario yehica quitenhuique yn espanoles yn quimopiallia Rosario oncan teopan S. Domingo cofrades. amo quinecque ynic no quinhuelitiltizque tlatilolca auh cenca huey

yn quiyahualloque ynic ompa hualquizque ynchan S.tiago tlatilolco. niman quic;aco Sanct ana ye [p. 210] niman quic;aco S ta catalina Martyr Perochia. ye niman quic;aco S. Do­

mingo. ye niman ahcico oncan yn iglesia mayor. ye niman quic;ato S. ignacio la casa pro­ fessa. ye niman quic;ato S. Franco_ ye niman quic;ato Visitacion monjas. ye niman quic;ato

totlaconantzin 2 concepcion monjas ye niman quic;ato Sancta maria cuepopan ye no ceppa ahcito yn inchan S.tiago tlatilolco ynin tlayahualoliztli cenca miec yn tetlapopolhuiliztli indulgencias oncan ytech quicnopilhuia yn aquiq. oncan yntlanequiliztica tlayahuallohua

yn quimohuiquilia Nino Jesus. -

Y. Auh yn axcan yqu eilhuitl miercoles Sancto teotlac yhcuac yancuican tlayahualloque yn

tlacanechicoltin 3 michhuaq. cequi mexica yn oncan yancuic yncofradia oquitlallique hospital real nra sa. de la charidad yn oncan tipahtillo timacehualtin 4 ynin ytech pohui y totlac;onantzin omoteneuhtzino ynic ome cofradia 5can ca S. Nicolas de tolentino yte­

tzinco pohui 5 ynin ye tlayahualloque c;an oc quezquintin yhuan huey yn quiyahualloque

1. Possibly joining his hands in prayer. 2. For "totlac;onantzin." 3. See pp. 240--41 at n. 4. 4. This time timacehualtin is treated as a true first person plural with an agreeing verb.

1613 243

Geronimo de Zarate said, "The altepetl cannot be divided. Not until Maundy Thursday, once and for all, San Juan Bautista and the death of San Diego are to go in procession

here at San Josef." It was for this reason, then, that the saints were not able to go in

procession at the convent of nuns on the said Holy Tuesday. And the governor in Mexico did not support his Mexica subjects, many of whom wanted to come out with the others

at San Juan; because of them a civil judge or a criminal judge of the Audiencia opposed the said governor, so that it was abandoned. It was said that fray Ger6nimo paid him off,

so that the only thing going in procession was their [Christ on the] cross standing on the world, and the Spaniards' San Juan Bautista went standing looking upward and crossing

his arms, 1 along with Our Precious Mother. -

:;_And also the said Holy Tuesday in the afternoon was when at last also [p. 209] the

members of the cofradia, people of Santiago Tlatelolco, dedicated to the Child Jesus, the deity and god who was lost for three days, called Nino Jestis Perdido, were able to come

out and go in procession once. This said cofradfa is also dedicated to our precious revered mother Santa Maria del Rosario, for thus the Holy Father Paul V confirmed it, as appears in two bulls of his that our fathers of the Company of Jesus, the Theatines, brought

back; it was done at the petition especially of my friend Diego L6pez, woodcarver, who was the real beginner, called a founder, who established this said double cofradia. The sec­ ond person at whose petition and with whose help it was done was the governor there,

don Melchor de Soto, who asked our said fathers of the Company of Jesus to go to Rome

to get [the bulls]. And when these people first came out in procession, it was very splen­ did. There were plenty of explosions [of rockets] as they went along, and new carrying platforms and standards, cloth banners, went in procession, as everyone saw. The said

Diego Lopez and the governor were very energetic in bringing it about. As to how the procession was, at the very front the Child Jesus went leading the way, shouldering the cross. But our precious mother of the Rosary didn't come out on that occasion, didn't go

in procession along with him, because the Spanish cofradfa members who have a cofradfa of the Rosary at the church of Santo Domingo raised objections to it; they didn't want the

Tlatelolca to be given permission too. They went in procession over a very large route; they left from their home base in Santiago Tlatelolco, then they passed by Santa Ana, [p. 2 JO] then they passed by the parish of Santa Catalina Martir, then they passed by Santo

Domingo, then they came as far as the cathedral, then they went past the Casa Profesa of San Ignacio, then they went past San Francisco, then they went past the nunnery of the

Visitaci6n, then they went past the nunnery of our precious mother 2 of Concepcion, then they went past Santa Marfa Cuepopan, until again they got to their home base in San­ tiago Tlatelolco. Those who went on this procession voluntarily, accompanying the Nifio

Jestis, earned thereby very many pardons, indulgences. - Y. Today, the third day, Holy Wednesday, in the afternoon, was when the miscellaneously assembled people 3 from Michoacan and some Mexica went in procession for the first time; they established their new cofradia at the royal hospital of Nuestra Senora de la

Caridad, where we commoners are treated; 4 the cofradfa is dedicated to our said precious

mother. A second cofradfa there is dedicated to5 San Nicolas de Tolentino; from it only a

5. The words "Nicolas de tolentino ytetzinco pohui" were first omitted, then added in the margin. Since the passage makes no sense without these words, we can deduce that Ch. here was quite mechanically making a new copy from something already existing.

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244 TRANSCRIPTION AND1RANSLATION

ahcico yglesia mayor -

y Auh c;ano ye no ypan in yn omoteneuh miercoles Sancto. teotlac yhcuac oquizque otla­ yahualloque yn S.tiago tlatilolco tlaca yn cofrades yn itetzinco pohui ymiquillitzin to­ tlac;ottatzin S. Franco. no cenca mahuiztic ynic quizq. no cenca cuepontiaque oc ceppa oncan ahcico yn iglesia mayor no yxquich quiyahualloque yn ixquich [p. 211] Omoteneuh tlacpac in yalhua tlayahualloque yn itetzinco pohui Nifio Jesus Perdido, yhuan Rosario y

no tlatilolco tlaca y Auh yn axcan ye nahuilhuitl Juebes Sancto. teotlac ynic otlayahualoloc oncan teopan capilla S. Joseph S Franco, ynic mochipa yuh mochihuani cecexiuhtica yn huey tlayahua­ loliztli auh ya nelli oncan omotlayahualhuique oncan oquinmoquixtillique yn omoteneuh­ tzinoque tlacpac S. Juan baptista. motlancuaquetzinotiuh yhuan ymiquillitzin S. Diego­ tzin yn imaxcatzin S. Juan tlaca yn quinmotzacuillica fr. Jeronimo de c;arate ca yuh quito

yn oncan motlayahualhuizque yn amo vmpa nepa 1 -

y Auh no yhuan yn ipan in omoteneuh Juebes Sancto in Sanctiago, tlatilolco in huey cemaltepetlayahualoliztli ye mochiuh no oncan ahcico yn iglesia mayor yhuan S. Franco quic;ato ynic mocuepque ca no yxquich quiyahualloque yn ixquich omoteneuh tlacpac ye tlayahualloque yn itetzinco pohui Nifio Jesus Perdido yhuan Rosario mopia tlatilolco - y Auh yn axcan ye macuililhuitl Viernes Sancto ce tzillini ye tlathuitiuh oc hue! yohual­ tica yn oquizque ynic yancuican otlayahualloque yea ynetoquillitzin tt0

. dios. yn Sancta cruz contzinco tlaca. c;an yehuatl Dean licencia yhuelitzin quinmomaquilli ypampa pleyto quintlalili quimixnamiquia in hernando de San Martin teuhcxochitzin chane S. Pablo tlachcuititlan amo quinequia ynic noncua tlayahuallozque. c;an quinequia ynic oncan mo­ cenchihuaz yntzontecompa S. Pablo. ynic moteylhui yxpan prouisor doctor Don Juan de Salamanca. ynic amo qui~azque noncua. auh in yehuantin Sancta cruz contzinco tlaca ye o[p. 212]mihto hue! c;a oc yohualtica yn tlayahualloque ynic ayac ceca quimittaz yuhquin c;an ichtaca tlayahuallo ynic possesion conanque yea tlayahualloliztli yhuan ynic atle pena quinhuiquilliz ypampa prouisor yn oquic yxpan catqui yneteylhuil hernando de S. mm teuhcxochitzin. yn nahui tzillin ye ontlayahualloque ye inchan cate yn S ta cruz contzinco tlaca ynic amo cana ohtlipan monepanozquia yn itlayahualloliz netoquiUitzin 2 tt0 dios. quic;a S Pablo yn ipii macuiUi tziUini ye otlathuic. auh macihui yn pleyto oqultlallilica contzinca yn omoteneuh hernando teuhcxochitzin. yn c;atepan ca ohuellitiloq. ynic huel

noncua tlayahuallozque mochipa

y Auh yhuan in c;a ye no ypan in viernes Sancto ye tlathui yn oquizque yn otlayahual­ loque S.tiago tlatilolco tlaca in motenehua Nazarenos. no yglesia mayor ahcico yhuan S.

Franco quic;ato ynic mocuepque y Auh no yhuan yn ipan in omoteneuh viernes Sancto. yohuatzinco yhcuac ye opah otla­ yahualloque yn S.tiago. tlatilolco tlaca cofrades yn itetzinco pohui totlac;onantzin ymi­ quiUitzin motenehua nuestra Senora trasito3 oncan quimohuiquillitiaq andastica mohuetz-

1. The passage might be interpreted as meaning that they could go at that point but not back further in time (when they had wanted to). See the entry for April 2nd on pp. 240-43.

1613 245

few more came along in the procession. They went in procession over a long route, coming as far as the cathedral. - y Likewise the same said Holy Wednesday in the afternoon was when the cofradfa mem­ bers from Santiago Tlatelolco who are dedicated to the death of our precious father San Francisco came out in procession; they too came out in great splendor, they too went shooting off many rockets, again they came as far as the cathedral; they went in pro­ cession over the entire same route [p. 211] as told above that the people dedicated to Nifio Jesus Perdido and the Rosary, also from Tlatelolco, went over yesterday. y Today, the fourth day, Maundy Thursday, in the afternoon, there was a procession at the church and chapel of San Josef at San Francisco, the big procession that is always held every year. And truly in that procession went and were brought out the above mentioned kneeling San Juan Bautista and the death of San Diego, belonging to the people of San Juan, that fray Ger6nimo de Zarate had blocked [from going out]. He said that they could go in procession [in the immediate area of San Josef?], but not beyond that. 1 -

y And also on the said Maundy Thursday in Santiago Tlatelolco the great general altepetl procession was held; it too came as far as the cathedral and went by San Francisco before turning, for it too went in procession over the entire route mentioned above for those who are dedicated to Nifio Jesus Perdido and the Rosary that is kept in Tlatelolco. - y Today, the fifth day, Good Friday, at I o'clock in the morning, while it was still full nighttime, the people of Santa Cruz Contzinco came out and went in procession for the first time with the burial of our lord God. Only the dean [of the cathedral chapter] had given them his permission, for which reason Hernando de San Martfn Teucxochitzin, citizen of San Pablo Tlachcuititlan, brought suit against them, opposing them. He didn't want them to go in procession separately, but wanted them to join together with their cabecera, San Pablo, so he brought suit before the vicar general doctor don Juan de Sala­ manca so that they would not come out separately. But it was already said that the people of Santa Cruz Contzinco [p. 212] went in procession while it was still fully night, so that no one would see them very well, as though they were going in procession secretly, whereby they took possession [of the right to hold] processions, and so it would not bring them a fine, because the litigation brought by Hernando de San Martin Teuc­ xochitzin was still pending before the vicar general. At 4 o'clock the people of Santa Cruz Contzinco had already gone in procession and were back home, to avoid meeting somewhere along the way with the procession of the burial of2 our lord God that came out from San Pablo at 5 o'clock in the morning. But although the said Hernando Teuc­ xochitzin had brought the suit against the Contzinca, afterward they were given perpetual permission to go in procession all by themselves. y And on the same Good Friday, at dawn, the people of Santiago Tlatelolco called Naza­ renes came out in procession; they too came as far as the cathedral and went past San

Francisco before returning. y And also on the said Good Friday, very early in the morning, was when for the second time the cofradfa members from Santiago Tlatelolco who are dedicated to the death of our precious mother, called Nuestra Sefiora del Transito,3 went in procession. They went

2. For "inetoquillitzin." 3. See pp. 74-75 at n. 2.

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246 TRANSCRIITION AND TRANSLATION

iltihtiuh ypan chicome tzillini yn oncan ahcico huey teopan yglesia Mayor. ye quiniuhti much oncan tecpantia quihuicatiaque yn izqui tlamantli in huey. in ohui, in mahuiztic yn itlamahui<;ollotzin yn imisteriosyotzin tlahtocaychpochtli S.ta Maria ynic yehuatzin Sprn Sancto, miec tlamantli ca yqu expa oyezquia y intla tlayahualoloni ye ce xihuitl 1 !p. 213]

Yqu itechpatzinco quimopohtilitzinohua, quimonenehuililia yn omoteneuhtzino tlahtoca­ ychpuchtli, yn itechpatzinco quimotlachieltilia, yn hue! ytechtzinco pohui yn teotlamati­ liztlamahui,;olli y nican motenehua 2 ypan ye tlayahualoloc ynic centlamantli3 yehuatl yn imachiyoilnamicocatzin yn inezcatlahtollotzin yn ichipahuacanenacayotiliztlacatililo­

catzin4 motenehua limpia concepcion yn itech pohui 5 ye in tonatiuh. in Metztli. yn huey citlalli tlathuinahuac hualquic;a. in tlatzacuilotl tzauhctiuh, yn iteocaltzin 6 tt 0 . dios. ynic ahuaztli ylhuicac. in i;oyatl. yn azetonasquahuitl. 7 yn ahuehuetl, yn tlatzca. yn tezcatl. yn castillan tulpatlachuitztecolxochitl 8 lilio. yn xuchitl Rosa. yn quilmiltepancalli huerto. in hue! tzauctica, yn ameyalli fuente in hue! tlatzauhctli. yhuan yn oc cequi tlamantli yte­ tzinco nezcamachiyotlahtoa tlahtocaychpuchtli concepcion. moch oncan quiquixtique yn. auh macihui yn o muchi mahuiznec 9 in ypan tlayahualloliztli. yece camo ynemacpan yn oncan muchi necizquia. yehica ypampa ca i;an mixcahuiya yn axcan molnamiqui ymiqui­ liztlayhiyohuiliztonehuitzin yPassiontzin tt 0 . dios. ca tel yehuantzitzin quimomachiltia yn teopixque yn oquimocelilique yn iuh mochihuaz yn iuh tlayahuallozij. omoteneuhque totlai;onantzin ipilhuantzitzin no huey yn quiyahualloque S. Fran" 0

• quii;ato ynic

mocuepij. ynchan S.tiago

y_ Auh yhuan yn ax can ypan in omoteneuh viernes Sancto yn oncan teopan S. Domingo ye oquixohuac ynic otlayahua!p. 214]Ioloc teotlac yn iuh mochipa mochiuhtiuh cece­ xiuhtica ynic oquimotoquillique yn imiquilizyxiptlatzin tt0 • dios yn intech ponhui ynic ompa quii;a espai\oles. auh no onca quiniuhti tlayacac quinmanque quiyacatihtiaque ynic tlayahualoloc in timacehualti yn mixteca tlacanechicolti1° yn oynnemactic yn oconanque yncapilla catca tliltique yn oquixtilliloque yn cofradia vmpa quipiaya auh ynic niman yehuantin oynnemactic omacoij. ynin omoteneuh capilla yn omoteneuhque mixteca ynic oncan oquitlallique yncofradia yn itetzinco pohui totlai;onantzin Rosario. ynic otlayahua­ loloc axcan yehuatzin oquimohuiquilliij. omotlayahualhui yn omoteneuhtzino i;an achi

tepitzin yn totlai;onantzin Rosario ymaxca macehualti - y_ Auh no yhuan yn ipan in omoteneuh viemes Sancto ye teotlac in Santiago tlatilolco yn imiquiliztlayahualoliztococatzin 11°. Dios. quin iyopa axcan hue! oncan quimaxitillico yn iglesia mayor. ynic otlayahualloque tlatilulca yn aye onca huallacini cecexiuhtica cenca mahuiztic ynic tecpantia muchi ypassiontzin tt 0 . Dios. ynin <;a hue! quitzacuico tla­ yahualoliztli ynic nica quiz,;aco 11 ca achto muchiuh nohuiyan yn izquican nican tenoch­ titlan ye tlayahualoloc. auh ,;an no S. Franco qui,;ato ynic mocuepque ynchan S.tiago

I. The portion in the Nahuatl from "ca yqu expa" to "ce xihuitl" and in the English the part within em dashes was added in the margin.

2. Some of these things are doubtless treated differently in standard church writing. 3. The words "inic centlamantli" are marked over what was apparently "izqui tlaman­

tli," "each of the different things." 4. This word is extraordinarily complex and probably barely grammatical; Carochi

complained of the excesses of Nahuatl speakers of his time in creating unwieldy com­ pounds when it came to religious matters. It might be possible grammatically, though hardly logically, to construe Mary as the possessor of the compound.

1613 247

taking her along reclining on a carrying platform. It was at 7 o'clock that they got as far as the great church here, the cathedral. It was the first time that there were lined up and they went along carrying all the different great, difficult, splendid marvels and mysteries of the queenly maiden Santa Maria,-it would have been the third time if it had been taken in procession a year ago- 1 !p. 213] by which the Holy Spirit equated and compared for the said queenly maiden, by which he made her see, that belong to the marvels of the­ ology and are mentioned here,2 they went in procession with all the different ones: first,3

tl1e commemoration of the sign and the announcement of [God's) purely taking on the form of flesh and being born,4 called the Immaculate Conception, to which belong 5 the sun, the moon, and the great star that comes out close to dawn [Venus], when the gate of our lord God's temple6 is closing, as a ladder to heaven; the palm tree; the olive tree;7 the cypress; the mirror; the Spanish flower from a broad-leafed water plant, 8 the lily; the rose; the enclosure for a field of green plants, a garden, entirely enclosed; a spring or fountain, fully enclosed; they brought out all this and other things that speak symbolically of the royal maiden of the Conception. And although everything had a splendid appearance 9 in the procession, nevertheless it was not in the permitted time that it all should appear there, because now people were concentrating on remembering the sufferings in death, the passion, of our lord God; but the religious who accepted it know best about how it is to be done and how the said children of our precious mother are to go in procession. They too went around a long route; they went past San Francisco, from where they returned to their home base of Santiago. y_ And also today on the said Good Friday a procession came out from the church of Santo Domingo !p. 214] in the afternoon as is always done every year, in which they buried the image of the death of our lord God that belongs to the Spaniards coming out from there. And also for the first time they put us commoners who were Mixtecs, gathered from var­ ious places,'° in the lead, at the front of the procession. They have been granted and took what used to be the chapel of the blacks, from whom the cofradia they had there was taken away, and then the said Mixtecs were granted and given this said chapel, so that they established there their cofradia, dedicated to our precious mother of the Rosary, so that in the procession today the commoners took along in procession our said precious mother of the Rosary, though rather small, that belongs to them. - y_ And also on the said Good Friday, in the afternoon, there was a procession for the burial of the death of our lord God from Santiago Tlatelolco; today was the first time that the Tlatelolca brought [the image] all the way to the cathedral in procession, as they had never done each year previously. It was very marvelous how the whole passion of our lord God went lined up. This brought to an end all the processions that have passed by" here, for all the different processions here in Tenochtitlan were perfonned first. They too went

5. With which are associated? 6. Meaning the sky? 7. In "azetonasquahuitl," it appears that thee may have been meant to be changed to i,

so that aceitunas was intended. 8. The Nahuatl word is literally rush-wide-dark dye-flower. 9. ln "mahuiznec" the c, taken as preceding i, is equivalent to z. 10. Here Ch. says "timacehualti," "we commoners," even though the Mixteca are in­

volved. See also pp. 240--41 at n. 4. 11. For "qui~aco."

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248 1RANSCRIPT!ON AND 1RANSLATION

tlatilulco - y_ Auh axcan lunes ye omilhuitl xochipascua [p. 215] de Resurreccion ynic .8. mani

Metztli Abril de 1613 afios yhcuac ohuallathuic otemictiloc yn carcel de carte ey tlacatl yn omictiloque ome espafiolti ce alcayde ynic ome bastonero. yn iqu ey tlacatl mulato

yehuatl in quintlatlaliliaya tepoztli crillos y tlatlacolleque quincallaquia oncar 1 carcel auh

yn omoteneuh alcayde ynic quimictique c;an quicocotecque niman onca ye momiquilli auh yn oc omentin c;an quixixilque ynic quinmictique yohualtica auh in temictique c;an

timacehualtin ylpiticatca ychtecque yeyntin quinequia yn oncan cholozquia carcel de carte

quitlatlapoticauhtiazquia y tlatzacuilotl yntla huel mochihuani auh amo yuh quimone­ quiltitzino yn tt0 . Dios. atle nez y llaue y tlatlapolloni otlihcapa ynic quitlapozquia ynic

quic;azquia. ynic c;a oncan omocauhque oanoque ontzacualloque yequene auh ynin aye yuhqui ceppa omuchiuh yn iuhqui oquichiuhque yehuantin in ynic oncan in cenca ye

otechtlahuelilocamatque yn espafioles. auh yn omoteneuhque mimieeatzitzinti ye quin

martes ypan tocoque yn innaeayo. y_ Auh axcan Juebes ynie ii. mani metztli Abril de 1613 afios. ye teotlac yheuac niean Mexico. moeallaquieo ynie hualmocueptzino in yehuatzin eenca mahuiztililoni in ye

teopixcatlahtohuani omochiuhtzinoto elerigo Don Pedro de otalora Presidete audieneia real

Mexico. ynic ompa omohuicaya omoteochiuhtzinoto la ciudad de los Angeles cuitlaxeo­ huapan yn ica epistola yhuan yea Euangelio. yhuan yea yn missa oquimoehihuilli c;an oppa yea yn oquimoteochihuilli ynic ee quaresma oquiz yn obispo Don Alonso de la mota y eseobar. ca yuh hualmotlanahuatilli yn Sancto Padre. ynic c;an eilhuitl [p. 216] Teo­ chihualoz. auh macihui yn iuh quihualmotlalili yn ytlanahuatiltzin Sancto Padre. yn iuh

ycatzinco muchihuaz Sefior Don Pedro de otalora. yece ca ye quin ipan Dominiga in Passion 2 tlamico yn ineteochihuallitzin ynic missa quimochihuillico vmpa cuitlax­

cohuapan de la compafiia de Jesus yn aye yuhqui oyttoc nican Mexico ce Pressidente ah­ nrn;o ce oydor clerigo omuchiuh yn iuh yehuatzin omuchiuhtzinoco axcan Omoteneuh­ tzino Senor Don Pedro de otalora yhuan amo ye oquimocahuilli yn itequitzin ynic c;an ya Pressidente omochiuhtzinoco audiencia real Mexico ca yuh quimonequiltitzinohua yn to­

hueytlahtocatzin Rey moyetztica espafia. auh yn ixquich ica quaresma yn oquic ayemo tlamia yneteochihualiztzin huel yxquichcauh vmpa moyetzticatca yn cuitlaxcohuapan. c;an ic ompa quihualmihtalhuitehuac in yancuic missa ynic nima ohualmohuicac nican Me­

xico quimochihuillico yn itlahtocatequitzin ynic Pressidente 3

y_ Auh axcan Viernes ynic 12. mani Metztli Abril de 1613 afios. yhcuac piloloq. eintin

timacehualtin matlactli tzillini yn tlacah. oquinhualquixtique yn carcel de carte yn omo­ teneuhque ychteque timacehualtin yn oncan omoteneuh tlacpac carcel de carte temictique

yn quinmictique yey tlacatl ome espaiiol ce mulato ye omihto yn espaiiolti micque ce alcayde ynic ome Bastonero. auh ynic oncan carcel de carte quinhualquixtique quincuauh­ tlapechhuique4 yhuan caualloti yncuitlapiltitech hualilpitia yn incuauhtlapech ynic

quinhuillanq. ynic oncan quimaxitoco tepilolcuauhtitlan tlanepantla ynepantla yn oc cequi tepilolcuahuitl oncan mani chicuetetl, auh yn o yuh oncan quimaxitico ye niman ceceyaca [p. 217] Cecenme yn inyeccancopamacpal quintehtequillique auh achtopa quimiyx­

quimilloque ynic quinmacpaltetecque ynic quinmacpaltlazque, auh in ye o yuh quimonma-

1. For "oncan." 2. Stafford Poole informs us that at this time Passion Sunday was two weeks before

Easter.

1613 249

by San Francisco before returning to their home base in Santiago Tlatelolco. - y_ Today, Monday, the day after Easter, [p. 215] on the 8th of the month of April, in the

night before morning, there were killings in the court jail; three people were killed: two

Spaniards, one a jailer, and the second one a jailer's assistant; the third was a mulatto who used to put shackles on the criminals they put 1 in the jail. They killed the said jailer by

cutting his throat; he died of it there immediately. The other two they stabbed. It was

night when they killed them. The killers were [ of] us commoners, three thieves who were in custody. They wanted to escape from the court jail; they were going to go leaving the

door open, if it had been possible, but our lord God did not want it so. The keys to the outside with which they were going to open the door and come out couldn't be found, so

'they were just left there; finally they were seized and locked up. Nothing like this, like what these fellows did, had ever happened before; because of it the Spaniards thought very

badly of us. The bodies of the said dead people were not buried until Tuesday.

y_ Today, Thursday the I Ith of the month of April of the year of 1613, in the afternoon,

was when the very reverend don Pedro de Otalora, president of the Royal Audiencia of Mexico, who has now become a priestly ruler and a secular priest, entered Mexico here coming back from having gone to the City of the Angels, Puebla, to be ordained as sub­ deacon, deacon, and full priest able to say mass. During the celebration of one Lent the

bishop don Alonso de la Mota y Escobar ordained him only twice, for the Holy Father had sent orders that he was to be ordained in only three days. [p. 216] But although the Holy Father issued orders that it should be done so with sefior don Pedro de Otalora,

nevertheless it was not until Passion Sunday 2 that his ordination was finished, so that he performed mass in Puebla at the Company of Jesus. It had never been seen before here in Mexico that a president or judge of the Royal Audiencia became a secular priest as the just mentioned senor don Pedro de Otalora did. And he did not thereby relinquish his office that he was appointed to as president of the Royal Audiencia of Mexico, for so our great

ruler the king who is in Spain wishes it. As long as it was Lent, before his ordination was finished, he stayed in Puebla; he left only after having said mass for the first time, and then he came back here to Mexico to perform his governmental duty as president.'

y Today, Friday the 12th of the month of April of the year 1613, three of us commoners were hanged. At 10 o'clock in the morning the said thieves, [of] us commoners, were brought out of the court jail, the ones mentioned above who killed people in the said

court jail, killing three people, two Spaniards and one mulatto; it was already said that the dead Spaniards were a jailer and second an assistant jailer. As they were brought out of the court jail, a wooden platform 4 was used to carry them, and horses went along with their

tails tied to their platform to drag them along and bring them in among the gallows, in the middle of the other eight gallows that are spread out there. When they had brought them there, they cut off the right hand of each of them. [p. 217] But first they bound their eyes before they cut off and struck off their hands; when they had cut off their hands, they

3. Compare with the partially identical passage on pp. 236-37. 4. Or separate wooden platforms?

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250 1RANSCRIITION AND 1RANSLA110N

matecque ye niman pilloloque yehuatl ytech yn omoteneuh tlayolloco tlanepantla mani ye huecauh tepilolcuahuitl yn oncan tecpan quiyahuac yhuan xexeloloque yn innacayo yhuan yn intzoteco quincocotonillique, auh oncan ycpac yn omoteneuh tepilolcuahuitl quintlal­ lique yhuan yn inmacpaepal1 quintetequillique onean ytlan yhuan tepilolcuauhtitech te­ poztica2 quitetetzotzonque auh yn intzonteco oncan cenpohuallonce tonatiuh yn cacatca

tepilolcuauhtitech, auh ye ic omilhuitl mani metztli Mayo Juebes ypan yn quintocaco

oncan hospital de la misericordia y Axcan Juebes ynic .9. mani Metztli Mayo de 1613. afios yhcuac ,an iciuhca miquiliz­ tica xuxouhcamiquiliztica yxtomamiquiliztica 3 momiquilli yn Secretario Martin de agurto

cenca yeyca neyc;ahuilloc - y Axcan 4 Sabado ynic .ii. mani Metztli Mayo de 1613 afios. yhcuac ohualla yancuica tlahtolli yn espafia. yuh machiztico yuh mihto yn tohueytlahtocatzin Rey Don Felipe tercero quihualmotzacuillia yn alla china acalli yn ompa yxquich tlamantli tlatquitl nican Mexico quihualhuicani yn ohualquic;aya oncan huey atenco acapolco. yuh omihto aocmo oncan quic;aquiuh c;a nepa ye ye yaz qui! vmpa quic;atiuh in motenehua Portugal ynic moch ompa yaz espafia in la china tlatquitl quimottiliz yn omoteneuhtzino Rey - ynic

c;atcpan nican Mexico huallaz - [p. 218]

y Axcan Domingo ynic .12. mani Metztli Mayo de 1613 afios. yhcuac yancuican mote­ nextillitzinoque yn oncan capilla S. Joseph. S. Franco_ ynic hualmocallaquique yn Padre fr. Jua Mac;urra yehuatzin in Capellan mochiuhtzinoco yn oncan omoteneuh S. Joseph. yhuan ytlantzinco oncan quihualla(j. yn telpuchtli padre fr. Sebastian de garibai yn­ temachticauh muchiuh in Mexica, auh yn fr. Jeronimo de c;arate yhcuac quiz yn capillero catca teohuacan yah. auh ynic nican quic in Mexico yn tenochca yuhquin ceuhtiaque yn ipampa yuh omoteneuh tlacpac ynic cenca otlatollinico mexico. ynic nican oyeco to­ ttatzin yn ayac ceppa ce guardian yuh nican otlachihuaco in ye yxquich ica ahcico teopix­

que S. Franco nican ciudad Mexico nueua espafia - y Axcan Viernes ynic 17. mani Metztli Mayo de 1613. afios yhcuac Nican Mexico on­ peuh ynic yauh espafia yn Dofia Maria de dircios ycnocihuatl yn inamic catca Don Jua altamirano comendador S.tiago catca auh ynin omoteneuh cihuapilli ynic ompa yah qui­ hualnotz yn ittatzin tlahtohuani Don luis de Velasco marques de Salinas. yhuan Pressi­ dente muchiuhtica in motenehua del consejo de indias yn ompa espafia, auh ynic quihual­ notz in ychpuch yuh mihto yuh machiztico vmpa quinamictiz yn espafia auh ynin omo­ teneuh cihuapilli ynic ompa yah espafia c;an quincauhtia yeytin yn ipilhuan ynic ce yehuatl yn Don femando altamirano comendador S.tiago. auh yn oc omentin monjastin oncan cate yntlan [p. 219] Yn imahuitzitzinhuan yn oncan monasterio totlac;onantzin Re­

gina Angelorum y Axcan Viernes ynic .31. mani ytlamian yn Metztli Mayo de 1613. afios yhcuac yn omiquico yn Maria ycnocihuatl xocoatolnamacac ynin ynamic yn franCO tlatzonqui Sastre catca nican chaneque ytepotzco yn teopantli yn icaltzin yn notlac;omahuiztatzin S. Antonio Abbad Motenehua tlaxillacalli xulloco. auh yn omoteneuh Maria xucoatol­ namacac ynic miquico ca yuh mihto yuh ypan machoc ytechcopa quihtoque y nican tlaca

1. For "inmacpal." 2. Or something else of iron? 3. See the earlier examples of the use of these words (pp. 172-73, 214-15, 232-33);

1613 251

were hanged on the said gallows that was in the middle and had been there for a long time outside the palace, and their bodies were cut into parts and their heads cut off and placed on top of the said gallows along with their hands 1 that had been cut off, beside them; they hammered them to the gallows with iron [nails].2 Their heads were on the gallows for 21 days, and on Thursday, the 2nd day of the month of May, they were brought to be buried at the hospital of Misericordia.

Y Today, Thursday the 9th of the month of May of 1613, was when the secretary Martin de Agurto quickly died an unexpected and premature death,3 about which people were greatly shocked. - y Today, 4 Saturday the 11th of the month of May of the year 1613, was when news came from Spain and it became known and was said that our great ruler the king don Felipe III is closing off the ship to China [the Philippines] that has customarily brought goods of all kinds from there to Mexico here, that docked at Acapulco on the ocean shore. It was said that it will no longer come to dock there, but will go in the other direction and re­ portedly will go to dock in Portugal, as it is called, so that all the goods from China will go to Spain and the said king will inspect them, so that they will be brought to Mexico here afterward. - [p. 218] y Today, Sunday the 12th of the month of May of the year 1613, was when, at the chapel of San Josef at San Francisco, was first revealed the entry of father fray Juan Mazurra, appointed chaplain at the said San Josef, and along with him was brought the young father fray Sebastian de Garibay, who became the preacher to the Mexica. And at that time fray Geronimo de Zarate, the former chaplain, left and went to Teohuacan. When he left Mexico here, it was as though the Tenochca were relieved, because of how, as was men­ tioned above, our father greatly mistreated everyone in Mexico since he came here, as no father guardian had ever done in the whole time since Franciscan friars first reached the city of Mexico here in New Spain. - Y Today, Friday the 17th of the month of May of the year 1613, was when dona Marfa de Ircio, widow, who was the spouse of don Juan Altamirano, late comendador of Santiago, set out from Mexico here to go to Spain. The reason the said noblewoman is going is that her father the ruler don Luis de Velasco, Marques of Salinas, appointed president in the said Council of the Indies in Spain, summoned her from there. The reason he summoned his daughter, it was said and made public, was to marry her [to someone] in Spain. On going to Spain this said lady left behind three children: the first don Hernando Altamirano, comendador of Santiago, and the other two are nuns who are with [p. 219] their aunts at the nunnery of our precious mother Regina Angelorum.

y Today, Friday the 31st, the end of the month of May of the year 1613, was when Marfa, a widow and seller of bitter atole, died. She was the spouse of the late Francisco, a tailor, and they lived here behind the church, the house of my precious revered father San Antonio Abad, [in] the tlaxilacalli of Xoloco, as it is called. The reason that the said Marfa, seller of bitter atole, died, as was said and found out about it, and the local people

the meaning quick, premature death is very clear here because of the presence of iciuhca, "soon, fast, quick."

4. This paragraph is lightly crossed out in the original.

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252 1RANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

ypan tlaxillacalli ca ,an icuallantzin y9omaltzin ytetzin ycuauhtzin in tt0 . Dios quihual­ mihualli ypan yn omoteneuh cihuatzintli, auh yehica ypampa ytech tlahtohuaya ytech acia yn imahui9otzin Sancta cruz. ca quimixnamictica amo quinequia ynic oncan qui­ moquechilizque ohtlipan Yn axcan 1 oncan oquimoquechilique ohnepantla yn icaltepa espafiol hernan mm ynin omoteneuhtzino Sancta cruz. ca ymaxcatzin yehuantin yntla­

quetzaltzin yn tocniuhtzitzinhuan yn toteyccauhtzitzinhuan Juan morales yhua yn iyome Bernabe de S. Jeronimo cuechiuhque yhuan incepantlatquitzin oc cequi tlacatl mexica ni­ can chaneque xulloco macihui yn amo muchintin nican ytech pouhticate omoteneuh tla­ xillacalli xulloco. Auh ca yuhqui yn yn omochiuh yn axcan ye caxtolli ypan vierues catca in yehuantin omoteneuhque Juan morales yhuan Bernabe de S Jeronimo yhuan yn oc ce­ qui tlacatl yhcuac on[p. 220]Can quitequipanohuaya. yn imomuz90 yez. yn ipan quimo­ quechilizque omoteneuhtzino Sancta cruz. qui9allohuaya. auh in yehuatl omoteneuh Maria xucoatolnamacac Justicia canato seral moteylhuito yxpan yn coregidor Don Martin ceron quinteylhuito yn omoteneuhque Juan morales. yhuan Bernabe de S Jeronimo ca no90 hue! yehuantin yn ipan muchicahua ynic tequipanohua tla,allohua yn oncan omoteneuh yn cal­ tepa2 ohnepantla. auh ynin ohtli quimaxcatiaya yn omoteneuh cihuatl Maria xucoatol­ namacac ypampa yn moteylhuito. Quito camo vel mochihuaz yn onca moijtzaz cruz ivan quihtohuaya ca ye cualli ytla onca qmoquelizq3 cruz ma ,an itlatzin nechtlaocollican tomintzin cane! naxca n tlalli ypa quitlalia momuztli auh ca amo nelli yn iaxca cane! ohtli auh yece amo nelli yn iaxca ca no,o otli.4 auh yn o yuh moteylhuito omoteneuh cihuatl ye niman ce alguacil espafiol quihualtitlan yn coregidor. quimanaco oncan yn tlatequipanohuaya yn omoteneuhque Juan morales yhuan bernabe de S. Jeronimo. amo yhuiyan yn quimanaco ca quinmamaylpica ymomextin auh ,a yntepantlahtolliztica yn espafioles nican chaneq vezinos5 ynic quintonque ynic c;a matontiaque quinhuicaque Seral vmpa quimi]pizquia. auh in yehuatl omoteneuh Maria xucoatolnamacac cenca quintzatza­ tzillitihuia amo hue! mihtoz motenehuaz yn ixquich acualli ayectli tencuicuitlatlahtolli ye quimahuatihuia cenca quinmahuizpollotihuia cane! cihuatl, auh amo ,an ice! ynin cihuatl yhuan ymon yn moteylhuiij. auh in yehuantin in omoteneuhque ylpilozquia Sera! ,an hualmocuepato Sera! quiyahuac amo hue! quintzacque ytepantlahtolizticatzinco yn Padre fr. Augustin del Spiritu Sancto. y nican quimopiallia teopancalli S. Antonio Abbad. quin­ mottili oncan yn Sera! quiyahuac [p. 221] Yn quinhuicaya yniqu ilpillozquia omoteneuh­ que Juan morales. auh ye niman oncan quinmolhuilli yn coregidor yhuan escriuano Juan Perez de Ribera yhuan nahuatlahtlahto 6 ma xicmomachiltican ca nehuatl nitestigo. ynin cihuatl Maria ca ,an oamechmoztlacahuillico ynic oquitoco yn yaxca ytlatqui yn tlalli ypan quimoquechiliznequi Sancta cruz. Yz cate oanoto. ca ohtlipan ohnepantla yn quitlal­ lia yn qui,allohua momuztli yn 5can ypan quimoquechilizque Sancta cruz. ayac aquin in yaxcapan. ma motta. auh in yehuantin omoteneuhque ylpillozquia ,an ic huallihualloij. quimilhuiij. ayatle xicchihuacan ma oc nenemi n pleyto. auh yn o yuh hualnahuatilloque

I. Or recently. 2. One could write "yncaltepa" and translate "their said houses." 3. For "ijmoquechilizq." 4. The portion beginning "Quito camo" and ending "cane! ohtli" in the Nahuatl, and in

the English beginning "saying" and ending "is the road" is added between the !mes and m the margin. Hence the repetition. Once again we have an indication that Ch. was copying from something else.

1613 253

here in the tlaxilacalli said in this connection, was that our lord God sent down his anger, wrath, and punishment on the said woman. It was because she talked about [disparag­ ingly] and impinged on reverence for the holy Cross, for she opposed and did not want the erection of the one that has now 1 been erected in the road intersection outside the house of the Spaniard Hernan Martin. This said holy Cross was the property of and was raised by our friends and younger brothers Juan Morales and Bernabe de San Ger6nimo, who are married to sisters and are skirt makers, and it also belonged jointly to some other Mcxica who live here in Xoloco, although not all of them belong to the said tlaxilacalli of Xoloco here. Here is what happened fifteen days ago, on a Friday: at that time the said Juan Morales and Bernabe de San Ger6nimo and the others were working on [p. 220] what was to be the platform on which the said holy Cross was to be erected; they were putting it together. But the said Marfa, seller of bitter atole, went to get the officers of the law. She went to make a complaint at the municipal building before the corregidor don Martin Cer6n; she accused the said Juan Morales and Bernabe de San Ger6nimo of being the very ones who were behind working and setting things up there next to the said houses2 in the road intersection. And the said woman Marfa, seller of bitter atole, claimed this road as her property, which is why she went to make the complaint, saying, "It cannot be done that a cross be erected there." She also said, "Very well, if they erect 3 a cross there, Jet them concede me just a bit of money, since the land on which they are placing the plat­ form is my property." But it is not in truth her property, for it is the road. But it is not in truth her property, for there is no doubt that it is the road.4 After the said woman went to make a complaint, the corregidor sent a Spanish constable who came to arrest the said Juan Morales and Bernabe de San Geronimo, who were working there. They did not take them gently, for they tied the hands of both of them. It was only at the intercession of the Spaniards who live here, the vecinos,5 that they untied them, and it was with hands untied that they took them to the municipal building, where they were going to keep them in custody. And the said Marfa, seller of bitter atole, went along shouting loudly at them; all the bad and filthy language with which she went scolding at them cannot be said or told. She showed great disrespect for them, for she is a woman. But it was not this woman a­ lone; her son-in-law made the complaint along with her. The said [Juan Morales and Bernabe de San Geronimo] were going to be detained in the municipal building, but they were brought back outside the building, and they were not able to lock them up because of the intercession of father fray Agustin del Espiritu Santo, who is in charge of the church of San Antonio Abad here. He saw them outside the municipal building [p. 221] as the said Juan Morales [and Bernabe de San Geronimo] were being taken off to be in custody, and then he said to the corregidor and the notary Juan Perez de Ribera and the interpreter, 6 "May you know that I am a witness that this woman Marfa deceived you when she came saying that the land on which they want to erect the holy Cross is her property. It is in the road, in the intersection that these people here whom they went to arrest are setting up and putting together the platform on which they are to raise the holy Cross. It is not on anyone's property; let it be inspected." And the said people who were going to be detained were sent back; they told them, "Don't do anything yet, let the suit

5. Although meaning only "citizen," the Spanish word vecino was ordinarily used for non-indigenous residents only.

6. For "nahuatlahto."

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254 1RANSCRIPTION AND 1RANSLATION

ye niman yhuicpatzinco Visurrey quinmohuiquilli yn Padre fr. Augustin de! Spm Sancto yn omoteneuhque Jua morales yhuan yn oc cequintin ynic yehuatzin Visurrey don diego

fernandez de cordoua marques de guada 1 quimitlanililique yhuellitzin licencia quinmo­

maquilli ynic hue! quiquetzazque S.ta cruz. yn oncan ypan omoteneuh ohtli ynic quimix­

namiquia omoteneuh cihuatl auh yn o yuh hualmotlanahuatilli yn ohualmofirmatitzino

Visurrey. ye niman tlanque yn quic;alloque momuztli quicencauhque. auh in quimol­

huichihuillilique y moteochiuhtzino S.ta cruz yancuic nican teopan S. Anton ypan Do­ mingo espm pascua ynic 26. mani Metztli Mayo, yehuatzin quimoteochihuilli yn cenca

mahuiztililoni Padre ye omotocateneuhtzino fr. Augustin de! Spm Sancto. cenca tlama­

huiztililiztica tlayahualoliztica yn quimoquechillito oncan omoteneuh ypan omochiuh yancuic momuztli yn ihcuac yn ye mococohua cenca ye tlanahui yn omoteneuh cihuatl

xucoatolnamacac. auh yhuan ynic moquetzino ynin omote[p. 222]neuhtzino S. ta cruz. no

yhuan yhuellitzin ylicenciatzin quimotemaquilli yn provisor Doctor Don Juan de Sala­

maca. ca quimitlanililique ynic huel moquetzino S.ta cruz. auh yn omoteneuh maria xuco- atolnamacac ynic momiquillico amo huecauhtica quitztia yn imo ytoca catca ____ no

momiquilli ca noc;o quipalehuiaya yn omoteneuh ymonnan ynic moteylhuica y_ Auh yn ayemo muchihuaya y yn omoteneuh yn quin tontlami ticpohua yn otocon­

icuilloque neyxnamiquiliztlahtolli muchiuh yn iuh moteylhuica omoteneuh Maria xuco­ atolnamacac yn itechcopa Sancta cruz. auh ca yzcatqui oc no centlamantli achtopa omu­

chiuh c;iino nican ypii tlaxillacalli xulloco yhuan mihtohua acatla yn oc centlapal nepa calnacazco ycalnahuac yn espaiiol diego Senete. in yehuatl in omoteneuh espanol yhuan ynamic ytoca Mariana Rodriguez espanola oquichiuhque neyxnamiquiliztli yn ipehuayan

in omoteneuh Metztli Mayo. ynic c;ii no ytechpa tlahtoque ytech acique yn imahuic;otzin

oc ce Sancta cruz. ynic ycatzinco. quimixnamicque yn omoteneuh oncan tlaca tlaxillacal­ lcque yn imaxcatzin omoteneuh Sancta cruz. in cenca ye huecauh yn oncan quimoque­ chillitiaque yn inttahuan huehuetque catca. auh in yehuantin omoteneuhque espanol diego

Senete yhuan ynamic Mariana Rodriguez. oc cenca yehuatl in yn Senora quimixnamicti. Sancta cruz. amo quinequia yrnomextin ynic oncan yncalnahuac yncaltitlan moquetzino­ ticaz. cruz. auh macihui yn oncan in chaneq. ca ye momati ca ~an calcohuani tel ye hue­ cauh yn oncii cate ynic chancate c;an oc tepitzin y calli ye catca. auh yn axcan ayemo huecauh yn oc cequi miccacalli ynic netech [p. 223] <;aliuhtica yncal oquimonnamaquil­

titevac yhuan yn fray Jeronimo de c;arate yn capillero ocatca S. Joseph S. Franco ayemo huecauh yn ihcuac ayemo yuh quic;a. ynic possesio quinmacaco yn icuac fiscal catca Don Antonio Valleriano yn axcan ye gou0 r azcaputzalco yn ica calli ynic c;a concenmanque ye

huecauh yncal, yece amo yhuan quinnamaquilti yhua amo yhuan ypan possesio ye maco­ que yn omoteneuh tlalli yn ipan moquetzinoticac Sancta cruz. auh neh yn omoteneuhque espaiiol diego Senete yhuan ynamic ye muchi quimaxcatia y tlalli ynic ye quincahualtia

omoteneuhque tlaxillacalleque quimilhuique xiquixtican yn amocruz. ca ya taxca yn tlalli ypan moquetzinoticac oticohuillique yn fray Jeronimo de c;arate. auh in yehuantin nican tlaxillacalleque amo yuh quimatticatca yntla yhuan oquinnamaquilti tottatzin tlalli c;an ic cuallanque yn quicacque tlaxillacalleque ynic oncan ye quinquixtiliznequi yncruztzin ynic

ye mixnamiqui, auh yn oc cenca yehuatl ye tlahtohua moteneuh Senora Mariana Rodri­ guez. in ye quimixnamiqui ye quimahua ye quinmahuizpolohua tlaxillacalleque quexquich

1. For "guadalcac;ar."

1613 255

take its course first." And when they had been dismissed, father fray Agustin del Espiritu

Santo took the said Juan de Morales and the others to the viceroy, so that they asked the viceroy don Diego Fernandez de C6rdoba, Marques of Guadalcazar, 1 for his permission,

and he gave them permission to erect a holy Cross in the said road, which the said woman

had opposed. After the orders had been issued and the viceroy had signed, they finished

putting together the platform, they got it ready, and they held a feast day for the blessing of the new holy Cross here at the church of San Antonio on the Sunday of the feast of the Holy Spirit, on the 26th of the month of May. The very reverend father whose name was

already mentioned, fray Agustin de! Espiritu Santo, blessed it. It was with great ceremony

and processions that they went to raise it on the said new platform that was built. At this time the said woman seller of bitter atole was sick and very near to death. And when this

said holy Cross was erected, [p. 222] the vicar general doctor don Juan de Salamanca also

gave them his permission, which they had requested, for the holy Cross to be raised. And it was not long after that the said Marfa, seller of bitter atole, passed away; her son-in-

law, whose name was ___ , also passed away, because he helped his said mother-in-

law in the complaint she had made. y_ Before this that has been told, that we have just finished recounting and writing about the dispute that happened, how the said Marfa, seller of bitter atole, had made a complaint

relating to the holy Cross, here is another thing that happened first, likewise here in the tlaxilacalli of Xoloco and in [a section] called Acatlan, on the other side, at the corner and

close to the house of the Spaniard Diego de Senete. The said Spaniard and his spouse named Mariana Rodriguez, a Spanish woman, caused a dispute at the beginning of the said month of May, in which they likewise talked [disparagingly] about and touched on

the reverence for another holy Cross, because of which they opposed the people of the

said tlaxilacalli there, whose property the said holy Cross was, that their forefathers had erected there a long time ago. The said Spaniard Diego de Senete and his spouse, Mariana Rodriguez, especially this Spanish woman, opposed the holy Cross; neither of them wanted the cross to stand there close to, next to their house, And although they are resi­

dents there, it is thought that they just bought their house, although they have been there and made their home there for a long time, but the house was only a little one. Not long ago [fray Geronimo de Zarate] sold them the house of a deceased person adjacent to their house, [p. 223] and it was fray Geronimo de Zarate, who was chaplain of San Josef at San

Francisco, not long ago, before he left, who gave them possession of the house, when don Antonio Valeriano, now governor of Azcapotzalco, was fiscal, so that they amalga-

. mated it with the house they had had for a long time, but he did not sell them, nor did they receive possession of, the said land on which the holy Cross stands. On the other hand the said Spaniard Diego de Senete and his spouse claimed that all the land was their

property, so that they ejected the said tlaxilacalli members, telling them, "Remove your cross, for the land it stands on is our property, we bought it from fray Ger6nimo de Zarate." But the people of the tlaxilacalli here did not know whether our father had sold them the land along with it, and they were angered when they heard that they wanted to take their cross there away from them and were opposing them. And especially the said

Spanish woman Mariana Rodriguez talked about it, opposing, scolding, and showing

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256 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLAHON

yn acualli yectli 1 tencuicuitlatlahtolli quimilhui yn amo hue! mihtoz motenehuaz. yhua hue! quineltilizyhtohuaya. yn ca quimoquixtiliz cruz. yn oncan moquetzinoticac. quihto oncan mocaltizque ynic niman omoteilhuito tlacpac yn tlaxillacalleque oquihtoto ca ynhuehuetlatqui yn tlalli ypan moquetzinoticac Sancta cruz. oquicac yn Justicia ynic oquitlalilique pleito diego Senete ynic i;an quichtecacuiznequi tlalli ye nemi n pleito, auh yn ipan cemilhuitl y[p. 224]n ihcuac omoteneuh ynic mahuaque mixnamicij. ypam­ patzinco Sancta cruz. ca no niman yhcuac peuh in ye mococohua c;an oqu itzonteco ynic peuh ye quicocohua yn omoteneuh Senora Mariana Rodriguez. auh yn imuztlayoc ye huallathuic ye omotccac ytlapechco yn mococohua matlaltotonqui yn itech motlalli cenca i;a niman chicahuac yhuan niman yglesia mayor quihualmohuiquililique in Sacrameto. ynic niman quimocelili. auh yniqu eilhuitl yhcuac momiquilli yn Senora auh yuh mihto ypan yuh machoc quihtoque y nican tlaca ypan tlaxillacalli. ca i;an ycuallantzin yi;omal­ tzin yn 11°-Dios. quihualmihualli ypan yn omoteneuh Senora. auh ynic otlamico ynic otzonquiz pleyto. yn Justicia i;a oquinmacac in tlalli macehualtin ynic mochipa quipiazque oncan ypii moquetzinoticaz yn Sancta cruz. ayac aquin hue! oncan quinquixtiliz. auh yn mane! oc nen moteilhuiaya omoteneuh diego Senete. i;a nipa hualhuetz. aocmo caquililoc yn ineteilhuil. o yhui yn yn omochiuh ontlamantli tlamahuii;olli nican ypan tlaxillacalli ye omoteneuh xulloco acatla yteopancalnahuactzinco notlai;ottatzin S. Antonio Abbad Mexico yn ipehuayan in omoteneuh Metztli Mayo. auh yn ipampa nican onictlalli o­ niquicuillo nehuatl Don domingo de S. Anton Mufion Quauhtlehuanitzin ypampa ca hue! nixpan yn iyontlamanixti omochiuh hue! oniquittac -

y axcan Sabado ynic 22. mani Metztli Junia de 1613 [p. 225] Afios. yhcuac moman tiyanquiztli yn totlai;onantzin Visitacion yhuan mihtohua nuestra Senora de la biedad hue­ huetlii yn oncan moyetzticate teopixque S. Domingo. auh ynin ye moman. ynic mochalli omoteneuh tianquintli 2 yehuatl ypii tlahto yn Padre fr. Juan de Bustamante yhcuac oncan tetlan catca - y Axcan Viernes ynic 28. mani Metztli Junio de 1613. anos. yhcuac nican ciudad Mexico otzatzihuac nohuiyan caltzallan ytlanahuatilticatzinco yn tlahtohuani Don diego fernandez de cordoua Marques Visurrey yn ipampa ye aocac macehualli tlamamaz yxcuatica yn iuh muchiuhtihuiz 3 quinmamaltia huehuey cuauhchiquihuitl yhuan yn i;ai;o tley huehuey tlamamalli oquinmamaltiaya frayles yhuan espanoles. yn hueca oquihuallehualtiaya qui­ mama quihualcahua nican mexico. ahnoce nican oquihuallanaya in cenca yetic ye quihuica cenca quintollinia ynic oconaxitiaya yn canin altepetl ipan tequiuhtillo macehualtzitzinti concahua, auh yn ipampa aocmo yuhqui mochihuac 4 in Pena ye quinmotlalili yn tlah­ tohuani yn frayles. yhuan espafioles. yuh nahuatilloque yn ipan tecpoyotl tzatzic i;a caualloti yn quintlamamalizque ohtlipan yn tleyn canin quinhuiquilizque yuh hualla yamatzin ycedulatzin yuh hualmotlanahuatilli yn tohueytlahtocatzin Rey Don Felipe Tercero in moyetztica espafia - y Axcan miercoles ynic .4. mani Metztli Setiembre de 1613. afios. yhcuac nican tlani5

centlapal ohmac6 hue! yxpan yn iteopancaltzin notlai;ottatzin S. Antonio Ab bad xulloco.

1. For "ayectli." 2. For "tianquiztli." 3. For "muchiuhtihuitz."

1613 257

disrespect for the people of the tlaxilacalli; how much bad, 1 filthy language she used with them cannot be said or told; she said that in all truth she was going to remove the cross standing there, saying that they were going to build a house there. Then the people of the tlaxilacalli above went to make a complaint, saying that the land on which the holy Cross stands is their patrimonial property. The officers of the law heard the complaint, so that they [the tlaxilacalli people] brought suit against Diego de Senete for trying to take the land deceitfully; the suit is now pending. And on the same said day Ip. 224] when they argued and showed opposition about the holy Cross, the said Spanish woman Ma­ riana Rodriguez began to get sick; at first she just began to have a headache, but the next day in the morning she lay down sick in her bed. She got matlaltotonqui, which soon became very strong, and they brought her the Sacrament from the cathedral, and she received it. On the third day the Spanish woman passed away. And it was said and found out about it, and the local people in the tlaxilacalli said that our lord God sent his anger and wrath down upon the said Spanish woman. When the suit came to an end and was finished, the officers of the law gave the land to the commoners to keep forever; the holy Cross will stand on it and no one will be able to take it away from them. And although the said Diego de Senete tried to make a complaint, it fell to one side; his complaint was not heard. Like this, then, occurred two separate miracles here in the said tlaxilacalli of Acatlan in Xoloco, close to the church of my precious father San Antonio Abad in Mex­ ico, at the beginning of the said month of May. And I, don Domingo de San Anton Mufion Quauhtlehuanitzin, set it down here and wrote it because both things happened right before my eyes, I really saw them. - Y. Today, Saturday the 22nd of the month of June of the year 1613, Ip. 225] was when a market was set up at our precious mother of Visitacion, also called Nuestra Senora de la Piedad, in Huehuetlan, where the Dominican friars are. And father fray Juan de Busta­ mante saw to it that the said market2 was set up and inaugurated; at that time he was among the people there. - Y. Today, Friday the 28th of the month of June of the year 1613, was when it was proclaimed through the streets everywhere in the city of Mexico at the order of the ruler don Diego Fernandez de Cordoba, Marques and viceroy, that commoners are no longer to carry loads using their foreheads, as happens3 when they load them with large wooden baskets, or when the friars and Spaniards make them bear any kind of heavy load, that they sent them here from far away carrying, that they deliver here in Mexico, or when they came to get something very heavy to take that greatly afflicts them, that they took to whatever altepetl the poor commoners were given the duty of delivering it to. And so that this will no longer be done,4 the ruler set a fine about it for the friars and Spaniards; they were ordered and the crier proclaimed that only horses are to carry for them on the road whatever they are to take somewhere for them. Thus said the letter that came, the cedula of our great ruler the king don Felipe III who is in Spain; thus he ordered. - Y. Today, Wednesday the 4th of the month of September of the year 1613, was when here below, 5 at one side of the road6 directly facing the church of my precious father San

4. Apparently "mochihuac in" is to be understood as "mochihuaz in." 5. Possibly the phrase means in effect below here, though the normal way of saying

that something was below something else involved -tzintlan. 6. It may be that "ohmac" specifically designates the far side of the road.

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258 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

O[p. 226]Quipehualti tepcchtli ynic oncan ye mocaltia yehuatl espafiol ytoca Antonio barreto portugues. ynin omotcneuh tlalli ypan ye mocaltia 9an quicouh quicohuilli ,ano espafiol ytoca diego Senete ca achto yehuatl in in yaxca catca yn tlalli. auh macihui yn iaxca catca ynin omoteneuh tlalli yece ,a atl otentimanca yn oncan cenca achi huecatlah ocatca auh yn o yuh concouh yehuatl omoteneuh Antonio barreto, quin yehuatl oqui­ tlalten ynic oquihuecapano oc cecni oqui,acato yn tlalli oncan oquitetemaco ynic oqui­ po!lo atl oncan omanca auh in ye o yuh quitlalten ,atepa oquicuauhtzotzon miec yn cuamimiltotonti oncan oquicuauhtzotzon ynic chicahuaz tlalli ynic hue! ypan ye mocaltia ,an oc centetl yn ical oncan oconpehualti ye quichihua ytienda yez. auh ynin omoteneuh yancuic tienda ye muchihua, ca ye quin ic ey tlacatl oncan mocaltia yn oncan in omo­ teneuh S. Antonio Abbad. yteopancaltzin yxpan yn iuh nezticatqui axcan.

1 ynic ce tlacatl

oncan achtopa ye chanchiuhtica. yehuatl y clerigo ytoca !icenciado dorosa xuchmilcopa y catqui ycall in tienda quipia, auh ynic ontetl ye huecauh ealli onean mani eentetl no tienda muehiuhtiea ye yn oztocaltitlau arcotitlan2 mani ynin ealli ,an tetlaneuhti!lo capellania ye catqui yehuatl yuh quitlalitia yn padre Masares 3 elerigo ea yaxca eatea ynin omoteneuh ealli ynin ohtenco yn mamani calli auh tlanepantla yn oconquetztihuetz ytienda omo­ teneuh Antonio barreto. hue] amo hueeauh yn oeonchiuh ,an ixquich ica ome metztli yn onmocalti 4 auh yn oc cequi tlalli yn iyanca ypa onmocalti yn ayxtlahuatl 5 muchiuhtoc axcan ach quen ipan muchihuatiuh 6 yn iquin canin quemma yn oc ompa ye tonitztihui aquique yn espafioles ypan mocaltitihui auh [p. 227] (,;an ipampa y nican onicmachiyoti ynic 9an oqu excan yn mani calli yxpan omoteneuh yteocaltzin notla,;ottatzin S. Antonio. ypampa quittazque quimatizque. yn aquique yn quin nemiquihui yn quin ye tlacatizque Mexica. yhua yn altepehuaque 7 ca <;an oqu iuhcan in yn ihcuac ye nictlallia ye nicma­ chiyotia yn itlahtollo yn omoteneuh ayxtlahuatl muchiuhtimani axcan yntla <;atepan yttoz yn iquin canin quenma ye teopancalli. ye monasteries. ye calli ypan tentoc ye onoc yn ax­ can ayemo quen neztoc i;an atl oncan tentimani nohuiyan ynin tlahtolli nehuatl onic­ machiyoti Don domingo de S. Anton Mufion Quauhtlehuanitzin, macihui yn amo nolhuil nomacehual ynic nican nitlatequipanotinemi ychantzinco y notla<;ottatzin S. Antonio. ye

yxquich ica axcan cenpohualxihuitl yn iuh muchi tlacatl quimati - y_ Axcan Juebes ynic .12. mani metztli Setiembre de 1613. afios yhcuac nican ciudad Mexico S. Franco, ahcico callaquico in yancuic comissario ytoca fray chistoual Ramirez.

espafia hualmohuicac. quihualmohuiquilli yn cenca mahuiztililoni Padre fr. Juan torque­

mada yn omohuicaya espafia ,;an oncexiuhtito yn ompa nicau ye mohuicaca -

y_ Axcan Viernes ynic 13. mani metztli Setiembre de 1613 afios yhcuac nican ciudad Mexico ahcico callaquico ce tottatzin S. Fran° 0 • cuate<;ontzin vmpa hualla in yancuic Mexico ahno,o huehue Mexico. ynin tottatzin ye hualla ,an hualmochtacatitlan qui­ hualhuicac yntlahtol yn ompa motemachtilia oc cequintin teopixque S. Fran°

0 . ye hual­

moteil[p. 228]huia yxpantzinco tlahtohuani Visurrey yn quenin cenca quintollinia vmpa

I. This clause could be interpreted as "as appears now [from what will be said in a

moment].'' 2. Literally, next to the arch. 3. Name unconfirmed. 4. The temporal inconsistencies in these annals from parts of passages having been

written at a certain time, then added to without thorough revision of what was already

1613 259

Antonio Abad in Xoloco, [p. 226] the Spaniard named Antonio Barreto, who is a Por­ tuguese, began the foundations for the house he is building for himself there. He just bought this said land upon which he is building a house; he bought it from another Span­ iard named Diego de Senete, for first the land was his property. But though this said land was his property, it was full of quite deep water. And after the said Antonio Barreto had bought it, he filled it in with earth and raised it. From another place he transpm1ed the earth that he filled it in with and got rid of the water that was there. And after he had filled it with earth, he drove in wooden piles, he pounded in many small wooden pillars so the earth will be strengthened, so that he can build himself a house on it. He has begun to build another house there that will be his shop. And this said new shop that is being built makes the third person to build a house facing the said church of San Antonio Abad, as things now appear. 1 The first person who has made a home there is the secular priest named licenciado Tolosa; his house is toward the south and has a shop. Second is a house that has been there for a long time, also made into a shop, at Oztocaltitlan Arcotitlan;2 this house is rented out to people; it is under a chaplaincy mrangement; that is what was ordered in his testament by father Masares, 3 a secular priest, for this said house was his property. These buildings are spread out at the edge of the road. It is in between that the said Antonio Barreto has quickly built his shop; he took a very short time to build it, in only two months he built the house.4 The other land, in addition [to what has been built on] is now a lake.5 Who knows what will happen to it6 when sometime in the future some Spaniards build on it? [p. 227] The reason I have recorded here that there are still only three houses facing the said church of my precious father San Antonio is so that the Mexica and the citizens 7 who live and are born later will see and know that it was still just like this when I set down and recorded the account of the said lake that is there now, if it is later seen at some future time that it is filled with churches, monasteries, and houses that are there where now nothing appears yet and it is full of water all around. This account was recorded by me, don Domingo de San Anton Mufi6n Quauhtlehuanitzin, who though I am not worthy of it have been serving here at the home of my precious father San Antonio for twenty years now, as everyone knows. - y_ Today, Thursday the 12th of the month of September of the year 1613, was when there arrived and entered here in the city of Mexico and at [the church ofl San Francisco the new commissary named fray Cristobal Ramirez; he came from Spain. He was accompanied by the very reverend father fray Juan de Torquemada, who had gone to Spain and spent just a year there since he had left here. - y_ Today, Friday the 13th of the month of September of the year 1613, was when there arrived and entered here in the city of Mexico one of our fathers of San Francisco, a lay friar, who came from New Mexico, or Old Mexico. The reason this father of ours came was that he was secretly sent, bringing the statement of the other Franciscan friars who preach there, making a complaint [p. 228] before the lord viceroy about how much the

written, are particularly apparent in this section. 5. Literally, a watery plain. 6. Or what will be built on it. 7. These "citizens" seem to be distinguished from the Mexica in general. The term

altepehuaque sometimes means the authorities of an altepetl. Conceivably Ch. is even including the Spaniards.

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260 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

Gouemador ynic ce ocalcapozhui 1 tottatzin quicxipopoztec yhuan centlapal quimapoztec yni tottatzin cocoloc ytoca fr. Jeronimo de pedra<;o, yuh machiztico quitlacahualtiayah in teopixque omoteneuh Gouor macayamo cue! ynca mocacayahua macayemo quintollini macehualti cane! yancuique in tlaneltoquiliztica ma oc ceppa mocuepti ma motlapololtihti mano<;e yaoyotl ynpan quichiuhti yn teopixque yhuan yn espafioles. yehuatl in ynic quitlacahualtiaya Gouernador. ,an icuallan quittac ynic cenca oquincocolli teopixque

y_ Axcan Juebes ynic 26. mani Metztli Setiembre de 1613 a0 s yhcuac ye yohua ynic hual­ yohuac maxitico ,a mochtacacallaquico y nican ciudad Mexico in cenca mahuiztililoni teoyotica tlahtohuani Doctor Don Juan Perez de la serna ar,obispo Mexico ynin clerigo ,amora ychantzinco ayac quittac in nican tlaca Mexico ynic hualmocallaqui ychantzinco ayac quimonamiquilli, auh yn huallathuic viernes ye ychantzinco moyetztica <;an oc mo­ tzauhctzinoticatca ayemo moteyttitzino, auh ynin omoteneuhtzino teoyotica tlahtohuani yn ompa espafia ye hualmehuiti ayemo hualtlateochihualtitia yn ica ar,;obispoyotl. <;an niman quihualmihualli yn Rey <;an oqu iuhqui hualmacallaquitzino ynic Sacerdote ynic niman omohueyatenquixtico2 auh ye niman oncan maxitico in la ciudad de los Angeles de la puebla cuitlaxcohuapa. ye yohua <;ti no mochtacacallaquico yn oncan ynic niman mo­ cehuitzinoco ychan obispo Don [p. 229] Alonso de la mota y escobar. quin yehuatl in oncan quimoteochihuilli oncan quimomaquilli yn teoyotica ytlahtocayotzin ynic ar<;o­ bispo muchiuhtzino. ,an callihtic ychan yn omoteneuh obispo ypan ylhuitzin Exaltacion Sancta cruz. ca Sabado ypan motlalli ynic .14. mani metztli omoteneuh Setiembre. yn teochihualloc. auh <;an hualmeylhuitiltitiquiz. yn ar,obispo yn oncan moyetzticatca la ciudad de las Angeles cuitlaxcohuapa ynic niman oncan hualmehuiti ye hualmonenemitia ynic niman oncan maxitico totla~onantzin nuestra Sefiora Sancta Maria de Guadalupe tepeyacac. ynic no ceppa oncan ohualmehuiti ynic omaxitico nican mexico yn ipan axcan omoteneuh cemilhuitl Juebes. ynic ,an hualmochtacacallaqui ynic cemilhuitl ypan omo­ teneuh Viernes mocehuitzino yn ichantzinco ,an motzauhctzinoticatca ayemo teytti­

titzino. - y_ Auh ye quin axcan Sabado ynic 28. mani metztli omoteneuh Setiembre in ye yeil- huitiyoc omoteneuh ye hualmocallaqui Mexico yhcuac omotenextillitzinoco omoteytti­ tzinoco yohuatzinco ypan chiuhcnahui tzillini yn 6can yglesia Mayor yhuan missa quimochihuillico yn omoteneuhtzino yehuatzin teoyotica tlahtohuani Doctor Don Juan Perez de la serna ar<;obispo. auh ynin ynic ompa ychantzinco hualmoquixti ynic oncan hualmohuicac omoteneuh yglesia mayor ,an ic ye oncan mocallaquico yn tecpan qui­ yahuacpa yn onca catqui oc ce puerta. auh in yehuantin cabildo tlaca yn Dean yn arce­ diano. yn chantre yn canonigos yn Racioneros. yn oquimottilique oncan ye 6maxitihtiuh ar<;obispo. ye niman quihualmonamictiliaya ce palio cuachcalli ynic quimonamiquiliaya. ynic quimocuachcaltilitiazquia ynic on[p. 230]mocallaquito Teopan auh in yehuatzin omoteneuhtzino teoyotica tlahtohuani ar,obispo. amo quinmocelilili yn omoteneuhque cabildo tlaca yn intenamiquia cuachcalli atle ypan quinmottilili ~an iuh ommocallaqui yn teopan. auh yhuan yn mane! no vmpa quimoyacanilliaya ynic ye 6pa quihualmocalla­ quiliznequia yn ixcopa teopan yn ompa catqui huey puerta yn huell oncan ycatzinco tla­ liloc huey tlacuilolpuerta yn huel tlacencahualli ye tlacuillolli yn hue! ycatzinco quichiuh-

1. The meaning may be that the governor merely clubbed the friar witl1 a musket (har­ quebuse ), not that he actually shot him.

1613 261

governor there mistreats them, that he used a musket on one of our fathers; I he shattered his foot [or feet] and broke one of his arms. This father of ours who was hurt is named fray Ger6nimo de Pedraza. It became known that the said governor had forbidden the friars to cheat the commoners or mistreat them because they are new in the faith and lest they return to confused beliefs or make war on the friars and the Spaniards. That was why the governor held the friars back; they saw nothing but anger from him, he hated them so much. Y Today, Thursday the 26th of the month of September of the year 1613, at dark as night was coming, was when there arrived and secretly entered in the city of Mexico here the very reverend spiritual ruler doctor don Juan Perez de la Serna, archbishop of Mexico. He is a secular priest, from Zamora. None of the local people here in Mexico saw him as he entered his home, no one went out to meet him. On Friday morning he was already in his home, but it was still closed; he didn't show himself yet. When this said spiritual ruler left Spain he was not yet consecrated as archbishop. The king just sent him right away, and he was still unconsecrated when he went on board ship, and as a priest he landed on the seashore [of New Spain].2 Then he reached the City of the Angels, Puebla, at night and likewise entered that place secretly; then he came to the home of the bishop don Alonso de la Mota y Escobar to rest, [p. 229] and only then did the latter consecrate him there and gave him his spiritual rulership by which he became archbishop. It was just inside the said bishop's home, on the feast day of the exaltation of the holy Cross, Sat­ urday the 14th of the said month of September, that he was installed and consecrated. And the archbishop left quickly, after only three days of being in Puebla, after which he left and came traveling along in this direction until he reached [the chapel ofj our precious mother Nuestra Senora Santa Maria de Guadalupe at Tepeyacac, from where he again de­ parted to reach Mexico here today on the said day of Thursday, when he came entering secretly, and on the said day of Friday he rested in his home; he was just shut in and didn't show himself yet. -

y_ It was not until today, Saturday the 28th of the said month of September, three days after he entered Mexico, as was said, that, in the morning at 9 o'clock in the cathedral, the said spiritual ruler doctor don Juan Perez de la Serna, archbishop, appeared in public and showed himself, and he came to perform mass. But when he came out of his home and came to the said cathedral, he only entered from the direction of the [archiepiscopal] palace exit, where there is another door, and the members of the cathedral chapter, the dean, archdeacon, choirmaster, and the canons who were full prebendaries saw that he was already arriving; then they were coming to meet him with a canopy, a cloth covering, which they were going to hold over him as he entered [p. 230] the church; but the said spiritual ruler, the archbishop, did not accept the said cathedral chapter members' sign of greeting, the canopy, he ignored them and went into the church just as he was. And though they were leading him and wanted to bring him in from the front of the church, where the great door is, and right there had been placed in his honor a large painted door,

2. The components of this sentence could be put in somewhat different orders with cor­ respondingly different meanings.

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262 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

que tlacuilloque yntlanahuatiltica yn omoteneuhque Cabildo tlaca canonigos. yn oncan quitlallique quimanque puerta yxcuac anrn;o yxco. yn oncan ye quimochialiaya onmo­ callaquiz teopan an;obispo quimolhuiliaya ynic ye oncan mocallaquiquiuh. auh amo no

quimoncquilti i;ii niman amo quimocelili i;a niman amo tle ypan quimottilli yn teoyotica tlabtohuani ynic amo oncan ye mocallaqui. // yhuan y nican ciudad Mexico tlaca in te­

pachohua Regidores espafioles. aocmo oquimonamiquillique yn omoteneuhtzino teoyotica tlahtohuani ari;obispo. yn iuh ohualmocbiuhtihuia yncatzinco yn izquintin ari;obisposme achtopa nican Mexico omotlapachilhuico ynic hualmaxitiaya. , yancuicii yea palio

cuachcaltica oquinmonamiquillique, auh yn axcan caocmo yuh namicozque yn ari;obis­

posme. yn iuh axcan ohualmocallaqui omoteneuhtzino teoyotica tlahtohuani Doctor Don Juan Perez de la Serna, ca yuh axcan ohualmotlanahuatilli caocmo yuh quimonequiltia yn

tohueytlahtocatzin Rey Don Felipe Tercero moyetztica espafia. aocmo yuh mochihuaz. yn omoteneuhque ciudad tlaca Regidores. aocmo yuh quinnamiquizquc cuachcaltica in ihcuac

ynic huallacizque yancuica mexico ari;obisposme. ca quinmoquixtililiaya. auh ca i;a ye­

huantin ynneyxcahuilnemac yez. yn tlahtoque yn Visurreyes [p. 231] Yn ihcuac hualla­ cizque yancuican Mexico ca yehuantin palio yea cuachcaltica namicozque, auh yn itechpa

Sancta yglesia yn Cabildo tlaca, ca i;a yehuantin yneyxcahuiltequiuh yez. yn paliotica yn

cuachcaltica quinmonamiquilizque yn teoyotica tlahtoque ari;obisposme. yn ihcuac hual­

lacizque yancuican nican Mexico y nican pouhque quimopializque altepetl tenuchtitlan, auh yece yn axcan ytechpa Sancta yglesia yn Cabildo tlaca yn intenamiquia yn incuachcal.

amo oquinmocelilili ynin omoteneuhtzino Doctor Don Juan Perez de la Serna, yhuan yn intlacuilolpuerta ynic i;an oc i;eccan puerta omocallaqui ynic quimotlapalhuito ytlai;ona­ mictzin Sancta yglesia, yhuan yhtic ye omihto missa quimochihuillito yhuan quinmot­

tilito quinmotlapalhuito yn itlapacholtzitzinhuan Cabildo tlaca canonigos. 1 auh yn o yuh conmuchihuilli missa tepitzin ye niman hualmocueptzino oc ye oncan hualmohuicac yn tecpan palacio. quimottillico quimotlapalhuico yn tlahtohuani Don diego fernandez de cordoua Marques y Visurrey auh yn oconmotlapalhuico yhuan ynamictzin Virreyna, ye

niman mocueptzino motlallitzinoto yn ichantzinco an;obispo. ynic niman oncan ocomo­ pehualtilli ytlamanitilitzin ynic ye quimopialia altepetl tenochtitlan cualtica yectica ynic neci cualli ychcapixqui ynic ye quinmopiallia ychcatzitzinhuan Mexico tlaca espafioles.

yhuan timacehualti yn tixquichtin titlapacholtzitzinhuan ma nechmotlai;opialili yn tt 0

.

dios. miec xihuitl yhuan ma quimochicahuilitzino miecanemiliztica 2 yn iuh timochintin nohuiyampa titlaca tiquellehuia auh yn oc cenca nehuatl noncua yuh catqui oc achi hue! nonahuatil nomamal ynic niquelehuia Don [p. 232] Domingo de S. Anton Quauhtlehua­

nitzin chimalpahin 3

y_ Auh ynin omoteneuhtzino teoyotica tlahtohuani Don Juan Perez de la Serna ari;obispo

ynic nican Mexico omaxitico niman oquinmopatilitacico yn Doctor Don Juan de Sala­ manca prouisor espafioles ocatca. auh yehuatl ye quipatlatacico yn itoca licenciado castro.

ynin 4 Prouisor espafioles omochiuh. auh ynic ome quinmotlalilitacico ytoca licenciado Juan Aguado ynin ayemo quichihua missa yn ihcuac toprouisor omuchiuh timacehualti ynin ymomextin espafia quinhualmohuiquilli yn teotica 5 tlahtohuani ari;obispo. no yhuan

J. The above account seems quite self-contradictory, but there is relatively little

question about what it says. 2. The form seems to contain miec, "much," nemiliztli, "life," and the instrumental

-tica, but with the a it does not analyze normally.

1613 263

well prepared with paintings that the painters did precisely in his honor by order of the said chapter members and canons, that they placed and set up there at the portal, or in

front of the [main] door, where they waited for the archbishop to go in the church, telling

him to come enter that way, nevertheless he didn't want that either, he didn't accept it at

all, the spiritual ruler ignored it entirely and didn't go in that way.// And the members of

the cabildo of the city of Mexico here, those who govern, the Spanish regidores, did not

meet the said spiritual ruler, the archbishop, as had been being done for all the arch­ bishops when they first came here to Mexico to rule, so that when they first arrived they

met them with a canopy, a cloth covering. But from now on the archbishops will no longer be met in that fashion, [but] as the said spiritual ruler doctor don Juan Perez de la

Serna just now entered, for now orders have been sent that our great ruler the king don

Felipe III who is in Spain no longer wants it to be that way, that it will be done no more; the said cabildo members, the regidores, will no longer greet new archbishops of

Mexico with a canopy when they get here, he took [that privilege] away from them. It

will be the exclusive right of the rulers the viceroys [p. 231] when they first get to Mex­ ico, for they are to be met with a canopy, a cloth covering. And as to the members of the

cathedral chapter of the holy church, they will be the only ones who will have the duty of

meeting the spiritual rulers, the archbishops, with a canopy, a cloth covering, when they first come here to Mexico and are assigned here to be in charge of the altepetl of Te­ nochtitlan, despite the fact that now relating to the holy church this said doctor don Juan

Perez de la Serna did not accept the cathedral chapter members' sign of greeting, their canopy, or their painted door, so that he went in by another door to greet his precious

spouse the holy church and went inside, as was said, to perform mass and to see and greet his subjects, the cathedral chapter members, the canons. 1 After he had said a low mass,

[the archbishop], before coming back, came to the [governmental] palace to see and greet the ruler don Diego Fernandez de C6rdoba, Marques and viceroy. After he had greeted him

and his spouse the virreine, the archbishop came back and settled in at home, beginning right away his government, by which he is now in charge of the altepetl of Tenochtitlan in a good and proper fashion and appears as a good shepherd, taking care of the people of

Mexico as his sheep, Spaniards and us commoners, all of us his subjects. May our lord God deign to guard him for me for many years, may he give him good health and a long life,2 as we people everywhere wish, and especially to me separately it is an even greater

obligation and duty that I, don [p. 232] Domingo de San Anton Mufi6n Quauhtlehua­

nitzin Chimalpahin, wish it.3

Y. When this said spiritual ruler don Juan Perez de la Serna, archbishop, arrived here in Mexico, he right away replaced doctor don Juan de Salamanca, who was vicar general for

the Spaniards, and the person he replaced him with on arrival was named licenciado Castro, 4 who became vicar general for the Spaniards. And on arrival he installed a second person, named licenciado Juan Aguado, who does not say mass yet, who became at that time the vicar general of us commoners. The spiritual 5 ruler, the archbishop, brought

3. The last sentence is a version of a common polite Spanish formula. 4. Here the words "ayemo quichihua missa yn ihcuac y" are marked out in the Nahuatl.

They are virtually repeated just below, another indication of copying from an earlier text. 5. For "teoyotica."

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264 1RANSCRIPTION AND 1RANSLATION

yn opa espafia quihualmohuiquilli Masescuela I ytoca Don Melchior arindez. nican mexico pouhqui yn.2 auh <;lino ycuac yn mochintin hualmocenhuicaque yn espaiia in ceca ma­ huiztililo teotica 3 tlahtohuani Doctor Juan gutierrez flores ynquisidor menor ytemana­ huicatzitzinhuan yn cenquizcacualtlaneltoquiliztli La fee in nican Mexico no yhcuac yn Maxitico yniqu inehuantzin onmotlalitzinoque in yehuatzin ye huecauh nican moyetztica inquisidor mayor Gutierre Bernardo de Quiros.4 // auh ,anno yhcuac yn yancuican ahcico hualla nican Mexico in yancuic coRegidor hualla espafia ytoca Don Alonso tello de guzman. yhcuac quicauh yn itequiuh yn Don Martin Ceron coRegidor catca quipatlatacico.

y_ Auh yn axcan Domingo ynic 29. mani metztli Setiembre ynic ye nahuilhuitl omaxitico nican Mexico in yehuatzin omoteneuhtzino teoyotica tlahtohuani don Juan Perez de la Serna ar,obispo. yhcuac yn otlayahuallo yn Bulla axca ypan ylhuitzin S. Miguel archagel vmpa omanato teopan S. Franco_ niman yehuatzin vmpa yn yomatzinco [p. 233] Quima­ nillito yn omoteneuhtzino teotica 5 tlahtohuani arcobispo. 6 mochi quimotlalilitia yn teotlatquitl yn itlahtocamahuiznechichihualtzin conmotlalilitia yn iMitratzin yhuan Capa quimotlalilitia ye yancuica quinmottititzino yn muchintin nican altepehuaque auh ytloc­ tzinco mantiaque yn Doctor Saucedo arcediano yhuan Doctor Don Juan de Salamanca

chantre capa quitlalitiaque - y_ Axcan Domingo ynic .10. mani Metztli Nouiembre de 1613 aiios. yhcuac oncan huey teopan yglesia mayor Mexico otcochihualloc macoc yn teoyotica ytlahtocayotzin yn cenca mahuiztilliloni Maestro Don fray Diego de contreras. ynic ar,obispo muchiuhtzino. ynin teopixqui S. Augustin auh vmpa pouhqui vmpa ytequitzin motlalia vmpa mohuicaz quimopialitiuh yn altepetl ayhtic yn motenehua S. Domingo la ysla, ynin nican motlaca­ tilli nican tepiltzin Mexico criyoyo. auh yehuatzin oquimoteochihuilli yn cenca mahuiz­ tililoni Don Juan Perez de la Serna ar,obispo Mexico. quimopalehuillique yn Doctor Saucedo arcediano yhuan Doctor Don Juan de Salamanca chantre Mitra quitlallique yhuan capa de Choro. auh yPadrinotzin muchiuh yn tlahtohuani visurrey Don diego femandez de

cordoua Marques de Guadalca,ar - y_ Axcan Domingo ynic 17. mani Metztli Nouiembre de 1613. afios. yhcuac yn oma­ chiztic y nican Mexico. in yehuatzin teoyotica tlahtohuani Don Juan Peres de la Serna ar,obispo Mexico omentin clerigos S. Pedro ypilhuatzitzin quinmihualia cecen yn ompa ypan ome alte[p. 234]petl ce tetzcoco conmotlalilia ynic ompa teoyotica Sacramentotica 7

quinmocuitlahuitiuh yn ixquichtin vmpa onoque yn ompa chanchihua espaiioles. aocmo yehuantin frayles teoyotica Sacramentotica quinmocuitlahuizque quimoquixtililia yn espafioles. auh ,a techixcahuizq yn frayles timacehualti techmocuitlahuizque. ce tullocan conmotlalilia clerigo. ynic no vmpa teoyotica Sacramentotica quinmocuitlahuitiuh espa­ fioles ca no c;.enca miequintin yn 6pa onoque. c;.a c;.e ynic ye nohuian yn izquican ypan huehuey altepetl yn itlapacholpantzinco ar,obispo Mexco8 in motenehua Ar,obispado. yn ipan izquican in omoteneuh huehuey altepetl yn campa cenca ye miectin onoque espafioles in ye ompa chanonoque nohuiyan vmpa yntlan cecen clerigos quimonmotlaliliznequi ynic

1. For "Maesescuela." 2. Presumably this means he was born in Mexico (Tenochtitlan). 3. For "mahuiztililoni teoyotica." 4. Although this passage seems not to make sense, very likely Quiroz had gone back

briefly to Spain to negotiate for his new position after a long time in New Spain.

1613 265

both of these people from Spain, and also brought from Spain the maestrescuela, 1 named don Melchor Arfndez, who belongs to Mexico here.2 And at the same time there came all together from Spain: the very reverend spiritual3 ruler doctor Juan Gutierrez Flores, lesser inquisitor, [one of the] protectors of the perfect right belief, the faith, here in Mexico; also at that time arrived the main inquisitor, Gutierre Bernardo de Quiroz, who has been here for a long time, so that they were both installed together.4 // Also at the same time there reached Mexico here and came for the first time the new corregidor who came from Spain, named don Alonso Tello de Guzman; at that time don Martin Cer6n, the former corregidor, relinquished his office; [Tello de Guzman] replaced him on arrival. - y_ Today, Sunday the 29th of the month of September, the fourth day after the said spir­ itual leader don Juan Perez de la Serna, archbishop, reached Mexico here, was when a procession, today on the feast day of San Miguel Arcangel went to the church of San Francisco to get a papal bull. The said spiritual5 ruler, the archbishop, 6 went there in person [p. 233] to get it. He went wearing all the holy gear, his splendid attire as a ruler; he went wearing his miter and cape, which is how he showed himself for the first time to all the citizens of the altepetl here. Next to him went doctor Salcedo, the archdeacon, and doctor don Juan de Salamanca, the choirmaster, wearing capes. -

y_ Today, Sunday the 10th of the month of November of the year 1613, was when at the great church, the cathedral of Mexico, the very reverend master [ of theology] don fray Diego de Contreras was consecrated and given the spiritual rnlership by which he became archbishop. He is an Augustinian friar, and he is assigned to, his office is established in, he will go to take charge of the altepetl out in the ocean called Santo Domingo de la Isla. He was born here, he is the child of people here in Mexico, a criollo. The very reverend don Juan Perez de la Serna, archbishop of Mexico, consecrated him; doctor Salcedo, the archdeacon, and doctor dun Juan de Salamanca, choirmaster, assisted him. They put on him the miter and the choir cape. The lord viceroy don Diego Fernandez de Cordoba, Marques of Guadalcazar, became his sponsor. - y_ Today, Sunday the 17th of the month of November of the year 1613, was when it became known here in Mexico that the spiritual ruler don Juan Perez de la Serna, arch­ bishop in Mexico, is sending out two secular priests, children of San Pedro, one of them each to two altepetl. [p. 234] One he is stationing in Tetzcoco to take care of all the Spaniards who Jive there and make their homes there in matters of the holy sacraments;7

no longer are the friars to take care of them in matters of the sacraments, he is taking the Spaniards away from them. The friars will deal exclusively with us commoners and take care of us. One secular priest he is stationing in Toluca, so that he too will take care of the Spaniards there with the holy sacraments, for there are a great many who live there, and everywhere all around in all the large altepetl in the area ruled by the archbishop in Mexico, 8 called the archbishopric, in all the said large altepetl, where a great many Spaniards live and have already established homes there, he wants to station a secular

5. For 1'teoyotica." 6. For "an;obispo." 7. The words "teoyotica" and "Sacramentotica" are probably synonymous here. 8. For "Mexico."

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266 TRANSCR!Pf!ON AND TRANSLATION

teoyotica Sacramentotica quinmocuitlahuitihui espafioles. ca ~an ic pehua yn axcan o­ machiztic ynic i;an oc omentin quinmihualia clerigos ce tetzcoco conmotlalilia yhuan ce tullocan conmotlalilia. auh yn oquimatque yn yn ixquichtin frayles y Francos. yn Domi­ nigos. yn Augustinos. cenca ye omotequipachoque. ynic niman pleyto oquimotlalililique an;obispo. yn oncan audiencia real ymixpantzinco yn Visurrey yhuan oydores omotlalli yn pleyto ye quinemiltia ye quitepotztoca yn iexcampayxti cecenyaca cecemme frayles Procuradores. in ye quinamiqui ari;obispo. in ye quimocuitlahuia Pleyto. amo quinequi ynic cecen clerigos ye quinmihualiznequi nohuiyampa ypa ari;obispado motlalitihui contraticion ye ye quichihua y frayles. ach quen tzonquii;az yn inneteylhuil tla oc ye­ huatzin quimomachiltia yn tt0 . Dios. ca oc ye nemi yn tlahtolli

Y. Axcan Domingo ynic 24. mani metztli Nouiembre [p. 235] de 1613 afios. yhcuac oncan teopan S. Augustin omacoc palio yn cenca mahuiztililoni teoyotica tlahtohuani maestro Don fr diego de contreras ari;obispo yn ompa ayhtic S. Domingo la ysla. yehuatzin oncan in yacolpan quimotlalililico in palio in cenca mahuiztililoni teoyotica tlahtohuani Don Juii Perez de la Serna arcobispo 1 Mexico. cenca huey tlamahuiztililiztica yn quimotlalilili ca yuh monequi ynin motenehua Palio. ynic tlachiuhtli yuhquin ma i;an nelpiloni ypan pohui yn motenehua faxas tepitoton achi onmapilli ynic patlahuac yn moteca quiyahua­ liuhcaahcitoc yn necoccampa acollipa auh yn itepotzco tlanepantla yn icampa achi hueyac cemiztitJ2 ynic huiac. auh yn ixpan i;a ye no yxquich huiac ca tell achiton ynic tepiton, auh ynon yuhqui nelpilloni faxas quicepanpachohua yn acolli yn ica oc cequi faxas yn quiyahuallotoc ytepotzco quechtli, auh ytech quipia ytech tlatlalili ey tepozhuitzmalotl agujas, ahnoi;o alfileres ca quihtonequi3 quinezcayotia tlamahuii;olli. auh yn ipipilcaya palio ytech quipia ytech cahca quezquitetl telolototonti temetztli amo hue! yztac teocui­ tlatl yez. auh yhuan ytech quipia ytech cahca cruz chichiltic chicuacen ynitlamellauhyan auh i;an ome tlatlapotzco <;an itech tlatlamachiuhtli. ynin miec ytech ca quinezcayotia miec teotlamahuii;olli. auh yece yn hue! ye tachcauh ynic huey ynic tlateomania4 cerimo­ nia yn ica an;obispo ytto ynic mahuiztillillo ca yehuatl yea yn palio quitlalia quinemitia auh amo i;an ixquich yehuatl ycel yn quihualhuica. ca i;an no yhuatl5 yn Patriarcha yhuan yn motenehua primato auh ca yn ixquich ye huey yn Palio. ca ayac aquin hue! quimoto­ cayotiz Patriarcha ahno<;o primato. ahnoc;o Ari;obispo ytlacamo achtopa quipiaz yn Palio, amo hue! ypampa ye quichichihuaz yn iteoyotica yteopixcatlahtocatequiuh 6 in mane! i;an obispo tlateochihualli amo no hue! teotequitiz, yhua yntla ce tlacatl ye opepenaloc ynic ari;obispo omochiuh nican Mexico [p. 236] auh yn itech pouhqui nican Sancta yglesia palio maco y nican yancuic arcobispo7 omotlalli, auh yntla mopatlaz nican mexico ari;o­ bispo. yntla oc cecni conicuanica i;an no ari;obispoyotl ypan ytla ompa ayhtic S. Do­ mingo la ysla, anoi;o manilla china, ca yuh mihtohua ca quicuitiuh quicelitiuh yn ompa yancuic teopan Sancta yglesia oc ce yancuic palio, auh amo no hue! mochihuaz inic ye quicuitaciz ytech quimopohuiliz quitlaliz amo ye hue! teoyotica teopixcatlahtocatiz. yn

I. For "ar<;obispo." 2. Distance between outstretched thumb and forefinger. 3. For "quihtoznequi." 4. Reflexive teomania is in Molina's dictionary as "to contemplate, meditate, pray."

Perhaps the meaning is that the ceremony induces people to holy thoughts, or simply is impressive, making them think.

1613 267

priest among them in each place everywhere to take care of the Spaniards with the holy sacraments. It only begins with what was announced today, that for now he is sending only two secular priests, stationing one in Tetzcoco and one in Toluca. When all the friars, the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians found out about this, they were very worried by it, so that they brought suit against the archbishop in the Royal Au­ diencia; the suit was brought in the presence of the viceroy and the civil judges; all three groups [of friars] are now involved in it and following it up, each one with its friar as legal representative, opposing the archbishop and taking care of the lawsuit; they do not want that he should try to send out a secular priest who would go to be stationed in each place all around the archbishopric, and the friars contradict it. Who knows how their complaint will end? Only our lord God knows, for the case is still pending. Y. Today, Sunday the 24th of the month of November fp. 235] of the year 1613, was

when in the church of San Agustin the very reverend spiritual ruler the master of theology don fray Diego de Contreras, archbishop out in the ocean, at Santo Domingo de la Isla, was given a pallium. The very reverend spiritual ruler don Juan Perez de la Serna, archbishop' in Mexico, came to place the pallium on his shoulders; he did it with very great ceremony, for so it must be. This item called a pallium is made as follows: it can be looked upon almost as something you tie around you, [ consisting of] what they call small sashes, about two inches wide, which spread out so that they reach around the shoulders on both sides; in the back, in the middle, it is rather long, a span2 long, and in front it is the same length, but a bit smaller. And that thing like a sash to tie around one entirely covers the shoulders with other strips that go around the back of the neck. It has on it, placed on it, three metal needles or pins which mean3 and signify miracles, and hanging down from it it has and there are on it a few lead pellets, it does not seem to be real silver. It also has and there are on it some red crosses, six in front, and only two behind, embroidered on it; the many that are on it signify many miracles. Although the ceremony by which the archbishop is seen and honored is very preeminent in its greatness and [how it makes people contemplate],4 because he wears and displays the pallium, it is not just he alone who wears one, but also5 a patriarch and what is called a primate. So great is the pallium, that no one can be called patriarch, primate, or archbishop if he doesn't have the pallium first; for that reason he cannot carry out his various spiritual duties as priestly ruler.6 Even though he has been consecrated just as a bishop, he cannot operate in spiritual matters either. And if a person has been chosen and appointed archbishop here in Mexico [p. 236] and the holy church here is assigned to him, the new archbishop 7 here is given a pallium when he is installed, but if the archbishop here in Mexico is replaced, if they move him to an archbishopric in another place, out in the ocean at Santo Domingo de la Isla, or Manila in China, it is said that when he gets to the new church he will get and receive another new pallium. Nor can it be done that he should on arrival take, that he should assign to himself, wear, and be able to be a spiritual priest-

5. For "yehuatl." 6. The words should run either "yn iteoyoticateopixcatlahtocatequiuh" or "yn teoyotica

yteopixcatlahtocatequiuh." 7. For "an;obispo."

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268 1RANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

ipalio catca yn quihualtoquilli yntla omomiquilli an;obispo ocatca oncan, auh ca <;ii hue! yancuican quitlaniz oc ce yancuil 1 palio. auh ca macoz auh yntlacamo, amo huel tepachoz aino hue! tehuillanaz. amo hue! ytlatititzaltlapachol 2 mochihuaz yn oc cequi altepetl in yehuatl on huey tzontecoaltepetl muchiuhtica yn oncan ca ar,obispo motenehua Metro­ poli, yhuii amo no hue! tenechicoz amo hue! tecentlaliz yn teotlaneltililiznenonotzaliztli concilio ye muchihuaz, yhuan amo no hue! oncan teteochihuaz yn teopixcayotica. yn ipan Ar,obispado yniqu iuh teoyotica tetzonteco onean Sancta yglesia. ca yn aqui ye omochiuh Ar,obispo. ca niman quimitlanililiz yn palio Sancto Padre. hue! yehuatl yaz. ano<;o yte­ pantlahtocauh yprocurador ,an quititlaniz ,an ixquich ica chicuacenmetztli quihual­

huiquilizij palio auh ynin ca hue! yacica ytzonmanca3 y arcobispoyotl - y_ Auh ,an acame i;an quezquintin yn obisposme oncate y quitlalia yn quinemiltia ,an teycneliliztica yn palio yn iuh yehuatl vmpa obispo yn itocayocan luca ypan tlalli Italia, yhuii yehuatl yn obispo Pauia ypan tlalli L5bardia, auh yn ipan tlalli Alemania yehuatl yn obispo ytocayocan Biiberga, yhuii in yehuatl obispo vmpa ytocayocan Ostiense yntla hue! yehuatzin Sancto Padre ymaticatzinco quimoteochihuillia, auh yn francia yehuatl yn obispo ytocayocan Eduense auh amo hue! quitlalizij yn yehuiltin in obisposme yn mane! yehuiitin Ari;obisposme yn palio yntlacamo i;an huell oncan ynteteopan yn intlatlapachol­ pan yhuii amo quezquipa. auh ca i;an hue! ye yzquipa ypii yazq. ynic hue! quitlalizque [p. 237] Y n iuh quinmotlatlalilia quinmocuaxochtilia yn itech quihualhuica ytech yetihuitz yn iamatehuelitiliztzin yn iamatlacuiloltehuelitiliznemactzin Sancto Padre ynic <;an ic cen quihualhuica palio yn ihcuac quinmotitlanililia, auh yn amo hue! oncan ye quipanahuizq. yn izquilhuipan machiyotic ca yhcuac yn quimochihuilitihui missa yn ica ynteotlatqui­

tlahtocanechichihualtzin motenehua homamentos Pontifical - y_ Axcan Sabado ynic .30. mani Metztli Nouiembre de 1613. afios yhcuac ypan ylhuitzin S. Andres Apostol yn oncan teopan S. Franco. ye omotemachtilli yn padre fr. Buenauen­ tura de paredes Guardian nican Mexico. oquinmomachiztilli yn espai'ioles ynic ompa espa­ fia ohualla huelitiliztli licencia yn ipampa yn aquique namiqueque4 quinequi moyollehuaz­ que vezinoz mexico. hue! macozque yn habito. yn oncan teopan S. Franco. quicuiquihui ypan i;an inchanchan5 ye quimotlayecoltilizque yn tt0 • dios. yn iuh tlamani vmpa espafia. auh macihui yn centlamantli y ye neci omoteneuh habito. yn axcan ye omotemachtilli Padre Guardian macozque namiqueque yece ca i;an no ytetzinco pouhqui ,an ye no yhabi­ totzin yn totlai;ottatzin S. Franco quitocayotia ye quinotza la harden de la Penitencia yhua ynic ontlamantli quitocayotia la tercera harden de S. Franco yn ompa castillan quinto­ cayotia tercerones. miec yn inmonasterios vmpa quipia yn aquin quinequi motzacuaz quimotlayecoltiliz 11°. dios teopan i;an intlanequiliztica yn iuh muchihua motzacua. auh Y nican Mexico ynic motlalizque ynic quicuizque ynin omoteneuh tlaquentli yn aquin quinequi ynin quitepotztocaz. yn iuhqui yn teotlamahuiztiliznemiliztli, ca yehuatzin quinmomaquili[p. 238]tiaz yn habito yn omoteneuhtzino Padre Guardian yhuan no yehuatzin quinmopachilhuiz. auh yn ihcuac y ca ,an oqu ice! ye quipia ye quimaquia yn habito yn quitocayotia hermano Alfonso la Tercera hmden de S. Franco. ynin hualla

espafia-

1. For "yancuic." . . . 2. This word has an unusual ltl sequence, but Ch. does wnte 11 occasionally. . 3. The form "ytzonmanca" has not been satisfactorily identified or analyzed, castmg

doubt on the exact meaning of this clause.

1613 269

ly ruler with the pallium of the former archbishop there, whom he succeeded, if he has passed away. He has to start all over requesting another new 1 pallium. It will be given to him, but if not, he cannot rule and govern, the other altepetl cannot become his juris­ diction,2 that is, a great head-altepetl where an archbishop is, called a metropolis. Nor can he gather and assemble people to make a consultation for verifying divine matters, a council. Nor can he ordain priests in the archbishopric as spiritual head in the holy church there. For whoever is appointed archbishop is right away to request the pallium from the holy Father; he himself will go, or he will just send someone to speak for him, his legal representative, and within six months they will bring him back the pallium, and this is the true completion and final touch3 of the archbishopric. - y_ There are just a few bishops who wear and display the pallium by special privilege, like the bishop at the place called Lucca in the land of Italy, and the bishop of Pavia in the land of Lombardy, and in the land of Germany the bishop of the place called Bamberg, and the bishop of the place called Ostia, if the holy Father in person consecrates him by his own hand, and in France the bishop at the place called Autun. But those bishops, and even archbishops, cannot wear the pallium unless they are right where their churches are, in their various jurisdictions, and not just sometimes, but each time they go in it and can wear it, [p. 237] it is as the holy Father establishes it for them and sets borders for them in his written authorization, the documentary permission granted by him, that they bring along with and comes with the pallium at the same time it is sent to them, and they cannot exceed the number of days designated for them to go to perform mass with the holy gear that makes their ruler's attire, called pontifical ornaments. -

y_ Today, Saturday the 30th of the month of November of the year 1613, on the feast day of San Andres Apostol, was when at the church of San Francisco father fray Buenaventura de Paredes, father guardian here in Mexico, preached about and announced to the Spaniards that permission had come from Spain that married people,4 citizens of Mexico, who want to and are so inclined, can be given the habit. They will come to the church of San Fran­ cisco to get it, but they will serve our lord God with it just at their various residences, 5 as is the custom in Spain. Although the said habit about which the father guardian just preached and which will be given to married people has a single appearance, the habit of our precious father San Francisco also belongs to what they call the order of Penitence, and secondly to what they call the Tercera Orden de San Francisco, that in Spain they call Tercerones; they have many monasteries there; for whoever wants to be enclosed and serve our lord God in church, if such is his will it is done and he is enclosed. Here in Mexico, as to how those who want to follow such a life of honoring the divine will have arrange­ ments made and wear the said garment, [p. 238] the said father guardian will go along giving them the habit and he will also guide them. At present there is still only one person who has and wears the habit, whom they call brother Alfonso of the Tercera Orden de San Francisco; he came from Spain. -

4. The Nahuatl is not specific as to the gender of the married people; an entry for the beginning of 1615 (pp. 294-95) makes it clear that they were both men and women.

5. For "inchachan" or "inchahchan."

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270 1RANSCRIPI10N AND TRANSLATION

1614. 1 .v. Tochtli xihuitl yn ipan in xihuitl ,an ya oc yehuatl Gouernador yn Juan Perez

de monterrey y nican tenochtitlan Auh yn Alklesme motlallique S. Juan Moyotlan ,;an quitlamellahualti yn diego de S. franc 0 . chane tequicaltitlan. yhuan Balthasar hernandez

chane xihuitonco. ynin quininyopa alkle omuchiuh // auh yn alklesme motlalliij S Pablo teopan franc 0 Martin chane ,oquipan. yhuan Pablo Damian chane ometochtitlan // auh yn

alklesme motlallique S. Sebastian atzacualco Melchior xuarez chane tomatla <;an qui­

tlamellahualti yn alkleyotl yhuan Sebastian Miguel chane cuitlatlahuactonco. 2

// auh yn allaesme motlalliij Sancta maria cuepopan ,an quitlamellahualti yn xpoual pascual chane

copolco yhuan diego xuarez chane tlocalpan ynin ayac ceme y ytechcopa qui<;a y nican

mexico tlahtocatlacamecayotl -

y_ Axcan Lunes ynic .13. mani Metztli henero de 1614 afios. yhcuac yohuatzinco y omixiuh yn cihuapilli Virreyna Dofia Mariana Riedre Marquesa. cihuatl yn quichiuh ytoca

Dofia brianda ye ome ypilhuantzitzin in ye quinchihua nican ciudad Mexico yn ipil­

huantzitzin tlahtohuani Visurrey Don diego fernandez de cordoua Marques de guadalca,ar

y_ Axcan Sabado ynic 18. mani metztli henero de 1614 afios. yhcuac muchiuh Capitulo.

yn xuchmilco. yehuatzin oncan IJJ. 239] quiz muchiuhtzino prouincial yn cenca mahuiz­

tililoni Padre fr. Juan de torquemada, quipatlac oncan quicauh yn itequiuh fr. hernando

Duran ynic prouincial catca -

y_ Axcan Domingo ynic .2. mani Metztli febrero de 1614 afios. yhcuac hue! ypan ylhui­

tzin totla,onantzin de la furipicacion de la candelaria yohualtica ypan ce tzillini ynic ye tlathuitiuh axcan omoteneuh Domingo yn oquitlallique oncan escuellas real ynic oqui­

macaque yn latintlahtolcopa yn teoamoxtemachtilamapohualiztli yn Padre maestro fr. Gon<;alo de hermosillo. teopixqui S. Augustin ynic Cathetradico de escriptura omochiuh

yxiptla ypatca muchiuh y yn cenca mahuiztililoni teoyotica tlahtohuani maestro Don fr. diego de contreras ar9obispo omochiuhtzino yn ompa ayhtic S. Domingo la ysla, cathe­

tradico moyetzticatca, auh yn omoteneuh Padre maestro fr. Go9alo de hermosillo ynic quicuic hue! yaoyotica yn aye yuhqui oyttoc in ye yxquich ica onca escuella Mexico. auh ynic hue! omacoc 9an iceltzin quimopallehuilli, yn tlahtohuani Visurrey. 3 ah90 hue! cax­ tolilhuitl4 yn momuztlaye ye nenque tlapohuaya oc cequintin Doctoresme teopixque cleri- gos. in motlatzohuilique oc cenca. yehuatl ynehuan monamiquia yn fr. ___ Sisneros

comendador yn totla9onantzin nuestra Senora de las mercedes de Redempcion de Captivos. yntepachocauh yn iztac habito quimotlalilia teopixque ynin hue! yehuatl macozquia yn omoteneuh la catreda. ypampa muchintin ypan mocuepaya quimopalehuiliaya. yn audien­ cia real tlaca tlahtoque oydores. ynic yehuatl yez. cualli ynic tlapouh latintlamachiliztica,

auh yece ach quenin ,a conchiuhque ynic concuillique Sisneros auh yn omoteneuh IJJ. 240] Padre fr. Go<;alo de hermosillo, ye omihto ca <;an iceltzin quimopalehuilli yn tlahto­ huani Visurrey yhuan miequintin clerigos estudiantes. Auh in ye o yuh quiz in ye o yuh

motlalli omoteneuh fr. Go<;alo de hermosillo cathetradico. in yohualtica niman yhcuac peuh in ye tlatzitzillica vmpa teopan S. Augustin, yhuan yn izquican ye cate Mexico

I. The number is preceded by a precontact-style frame with a rabbit inside and five dots

above. 2. For "cuitlahuactonco."

1614 271

1614, 1 5 Rabbit Year. In this year the governor here in Tenochtitlan was still Juan Perez

de Monterrey. The alcaldes installed for San Juan Moyotlan were Diego de San Francisco, from Tequicaltitlan, who went straight on from before, and Baltasar Hernandez, from

Xihuitonco, who became alcalde for the first time.// And the alcaldes who were installed for San Pablo Teopan were Francisco Martin from <;oquipan and Pablo Damian from

Ometochtitlan. // And the alcaldes who were installed for San Sebastian Atzaqualco were Melchor Juarez, from Tomatla, who kept straight on with the position of alcalde, and

Sebastian Miguel, from Cuitlahuactonco. 2 // And the alcaldes who were installed for Santa Maria Cuepopan were Cristobal Pascual from Copolco, who went straight on from

before, and Diego Juarez from Tlocalpan. None of them comes from the royal line here in

Mexico. - Y. Today, Monday the 13th of the month of January of the year 1614, early in the

morning, was when the lady virreine, dofia Mariana Riderer, marquesa, gave birth. It was a girl that she had, named dofia Brianda, the second child she has had here in the city of

Mexico by the lord viceroy don Diego Fernandez de Cordoba, Marques of Guadalcazar. -

Y. Today, Saturday the 18th of the month of January of the year 1614, was when a provincial chapter meeting [of the Franciscans] was held at Xochimilco. lJJ. 239] The very

reverend father fray Juan de Torquemada turned out to be made provincial head there; he replaced fray Hernando Duran, who at that point relinquished his former post as provincial

head.- Y. Today, Sunday the 2nd of the month of February of the year 1614, right on the feast

day of our precious mother of Purificaci6n de Candelaria, at 1 o'clock at night on the

morning of today, the said Sunday, was when at the royal school they installed the father master fray Gonzalo de Hermosillo, Augustinian friar, and gave him the lecturing of the holy book in the Latin language, so that he became holder of the chair of scripture. He

took the place of and became the replacement of the very reverend spiritual ruler master don fray Diego de Contreras, who was appointed archbishop out in the ocean at Santo

Domingo de la Isla and held the chair previously. And the said father master fray Gonzalo de Hermosillo took [the post] with great strife, the like of which has never been seen ever

since there has been a school in Mexico. For [the post] to be able to be given to him, only the lord viceroy helped him.3 Perhaps for a full fifteen days4 other doctors, friars and secular priests, were involved in daily lecturing and disputing with each other. The two especially contending with each other were [Hermosillo] and fray [Luis] de Cisneros,

comendador of our precious mother Nuestra Senora de las Mercedes de la Redenci6n de Cautivos, superior of the friars who wear the white habit. It was really he who was going

to be given the said chair, because all the people of the Royal Audiencia, the lords judges, went over to him and were aiding him so that he would be the one, so well did he lecture in Latin lore. But somehow they managed to take it from Cisneros. The said IJJ. 240]

father fray Gonzalo de Hermosillo, as was already said, was helped only by the lord

viceroy and many secular priests who were students. And after the said fray Gonzalo de Hermosillo emerged and was installed as the holder of the chair, right then in the night the bells began to peal at the church of San Agustin and at all the places in Mexico where

3. Consider, however, what is said further below. 4. I.e., two weeks, a fortnight.

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272 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

teopixque S. Augustin yn S. Pablo y S. Sebastian yn Sancta cruz. contzinco, auh teotlac ypan ome tzillini yn oquihualquixtique oncan escuellas ynic oquiteyttitique nohuiyan

ohtlipan caltzallan mexico ypa cauallo yn oquipassealoltique ynepantla quihuicaque y

frayles S. Augustin yhuan miequintin espafioles yuhquin i;an locoti ye nenque yuh

cemilhuitl yn tlatzitzillicac S. Augustin ynic pahpacohuac - y_ Axcan ye ome Viernes quaresma ynic 21. mani Metztli Febrero de 1614 afios. yhcuac

teotlac nahui tzillini ypan tlaco hora, yn oncan teopan S. Augustin, oquiz yacuic oc ce tlayahualoliztli procession yn momecahuitecque espafioles. ypilhuantzitzin y mocentla­

machtiani S. Nicolas de tolentino. ynin cofradia yehuantin oquitlallique yn cacahuana­ macaque cacavateros 1 espafioles. auh yn ipan in tlayahualoliztli procession cenca huey yancuic tetlaocoliliztli Jubileo oncan oncatca mocnopilhui hualla Roma, auh niman cenca miequintin yn espafioles yn oncan oquizque yn omohuitecque yn oquinoquique ymezi;o.

auh nahui ynEstandarte tliltic tlayacantiaque ome yztac teocuitlatl plata [p. 241] Yn icruz­ yo2 tlanepantla mantiaq. auh necoc ytloc mantiaque quintzatzacuitiaq. yn oc ome omoten­

euh estandarte i;an cuahuitl tecuitlayo 3 yn icruzyo, ye niman contoquillitia ce cruz manca

tliltic bordado yztac teocuitlatl plata yn icruzyo, ye niman conmotoquilitia ce crucifixo

cenca tlai;otli mahuiztic cenca miec indulgencias ytetzinco mocnopilhuia, ye niman ye­ huatzin conmotoquilitia ynPadron S. Nicolas de Tolentino motlancuaquetzinotiuh motlac­

tlacopetlahuiltihtiuh. ynic tlachiuhtzintli momecahuitectzinotiuh yhua ce ymaticatzinco quimotzitzquilitiuh ce crucifixo tepitzin, ye niman conmotoquilitia ce cruz huiyac Cuauh­ xihxipocho. ahnoi;o cuauhtzotzocollo 4 ce yztac pafio ytech pilcatia, ye niman conmoto­ quilitia yn lignun cruz. in huel ye ytech momiquilitzino tt0 . dios. andastica quimonapal­

huitiaque yn teopixque yea palio cuachcaltica quimocaltilitiaque, auh tecpan quiyahuac

hue! palacio yxpan quii;ato yn tlayahualloliztli ynic oncan quimottillitj ventana hualmo­ quetzinoque yn tlahtohuani Visurrey ynehuatzin yn inamictzin cihuapilli Marquesa. ye niman yglesia mayor quii;ato y tlayahualoliztli. niman S. Domingo quii;ato, niman S.

lureni;o monjas quii;ato. nima concepcion monjas quii;ato, niman S.ta isabel monjas quii;aco, nima S. Franco quii;aco, niman oncan quii;aco yn Colegio de las nifias ynic niman no ceppa ocallaquico yn oncan S. Augustin huey tlayahualloliztli yn omuchiuh

axcan- y_ Axcan Sabado ynic .i. mani metztli Mari;o de 1614 afios yhcuac yancuican nican

Mexico omopix pialli omuchiuh [p. 242] Yn ilhuitzin mocentlamachtiani Angel cotodio. totepixcatzin ytencopatzinco ytlanahuatilticatzin yn santo padre Paulo quinto. yntlaytlani­

lizticatzinco quimitlanililique yn espafia tlahtoque Reyes Don Felipe tercero. yhuan yn inamictzin omoyetzticatca huey cihuapilli Dofia Margarida de Austria. auh ynic nican

Mexico yglesia mayor ynic yancuican omochihu in ylhuitl yehuatzin missa quimihtalhui yn cenca mahuiztililoni teoyotica tlahtohuani arcobispo 5 Mexico Don Juan Perez de la

sema- y_ Axcan Martes ynic .4. mani Metztli Mari;o de 1614 afios. yhcuac ye no ceppa ahcico

callaquico y nican ihtic ciudad Mexico. in yehuantin Japon 6 tlaca pipiltin tlacauallohuia

I. Today cacahuateros sell peanuts, but the Nahuatl seems clear that cacao is meant here. Cacao was also very important in the economy of that time.

2. Crossing elements? Cruz when possessed does not usually take the suffix -yo, so the meaning must be somewhat different here.

3. They could equally well have been covered with silver.

1614 273

there are Augustinian friars, at San Pablo, San Sebastian, and Santa Cruz Contzinco. And at 2 o'clock in the afternoon they brought him out of the school and showed him in

public; they paraded him about on the roads and streets of Mexico on a horse; the Augus­

tinian friars and many Spaniards took him in their midst; they went about like crazy

people. The bells rang all day at San Agustin in celebration. - Y Today, the second Friday of Lent, the 21st of the month of February of the year 1614,

in the afternoon at half past four o'clock, was when another new procession came out of the church of San Agustin, in which some Spaniards, children of the greatly blessed San

Nicolas de Tolentino, scourged themselves. This cofradfa was established by the Spanish sellers of cacao. 1 And in this procession a very great new indulgence, the jubilee, was

attained; it came from Rome. Very many Spaniards who came out there scourged them­

selves and spilled their blood. Four black standards went in the lead; two with [cross­ pieces]2 of silver (p. 241] went in the middle, and on both sides next to them went and

enclosed them the other two said standards, whose [crosspieces] were just of gilded wood.3

Following them went a black cross with embroidered ornament, with a silver crosspiece; after that followed a very precious and splendid crucifix; very many indulgences are

attained through it. After that followed their patron San Nicolas de Tolentino, made so that he went kneeling and half baring his upper body, scourging himself, and in one hand

he went grasping a small crucifix. After that followed a long cross [ with bumps or bulges on the wood?], 4 with a white cloth hanging down from it. After that followed a piece of the lignum crucis, of the very [cross] on which our lord God died; the friars went carrying

it on a platform, sheltering it with a canopy, a cloth covering. The procession went by the governmental palace, right in front of it, so that the lord viceroy together with his

spouse the lady marquesa saw it, coming to stand at a window. Next the procession went by the cathedral, then it went by Santo Domingo, then it went by the nunnery of San Lorenzo, then it went by the nunnery of Concepci6n, then it came by the nunnery of Santa Isabel, then it came by San Francisco, then it came by the Colegio de las Nifias,

and then it came into San Agustin again. It was a great procession that was carried out

today.-

y_ Today, Saturday the Isl of the month of March of the year 1614, was when for the first time here in Mexico there was observed and celebrated [p. 242] the feast day of the greatly

blessed Guardian Angel, our custodian, by order and command of the holy Father Paul V and at the petition of the rulers and monarchs of Spain, don Felipe III and his late spouse the great lady dofia Margarita de Austria, who requested it of [the pope]. Since it was the

first time the feast day was celebrated here at the cathedral in Mexico, the very reverend

spiritual ruler the archbishop 5 in Mexico, don Juan Perez de la Serna, said mass. -

y_ Today, Tuesday the 4th of the month of March of the year 1614, was when again there

arrived here and entered inside the city of Mexico those Japanese 6 nobles; they came in on

4. See in Molina quauhtzatzocolli, tzatzocolli, and xixipachoa. 5. For "an;obispo." 6. "Jabon?" It seems that in this and other instances of this word below, an attempt

was made to change p to b. Yet it is hard to be certain which was written first. In the fol­ lowing, it has often involved an arbitrary decision whether to write "Jabon" or "Japan."

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274 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

ynic callaquico ypan matlactlomome tzillini nepantla ca yn tonatiuh, auh quinhualya­ cantiaque yn inmacehualhua 1 ,an huallacxipanhuitiaque yn quihuallacoctiaque yuhquin cuauhpiaztotonti tliltic cuix ynlanr;as. tie ynon quinezcayotia. amo nel tlahtocateyacanoni vmpa in Jabon. 2 auh ,an iuh hualchichiuhtiaque yn iuh nemi yn iuh vmpa muchichihua ynchan yn iuhqui turga 3 quitlallia ypan mucuitlalpia yhuan yn intzon yncuexcochtlan quilpia. ,an oc cenpohualtin in yn axcan nican oahcico: mexico. auh oc otlihpan quihual­ cauhque in yehuatl teuhctitlantli yn Embaxador yn ititlan yn quihualtitlani vmpa huey tlahtohuani Emperador Japon oqu ihuiyantzin ye yatihuitz. macuilpohualli yn imacehual­ huan Jabunti quinhualhuicac auh ce tottatzin descal<;o teopixqui S. Franco yn quinnahua­ tlahtalhuitihuitz. ynin quin ic oppa oncan Acapulco catenquixtico yn imacal Japonti <;an muchi4 [p. 243] Tepuztli yn quihualitqui yhuan escriturios. yhuan cequi tilmahtli y nican quinamacazque, no oncan in ohualla yn ihtic omoteneuh Jabon acalli yn Sefior Sebastian Vizcayno espafiol vezino Mexico. yn onhuiya otlachiato vmpa Jabun yn queninamican quinhuicaca yn ompa huitza axcan ya yexihuitl oc centlamantin Jabonti yn quinhualhui­ caca Don Rodrigo de Viuero yn ompa Gouernadortito. ypan ciudad Manilla china. oc no yhuiyantzin ye yatihuitz mococotihuitz. yn omoteneuh Sefior Sebastian Vizcayno quico­ coque ynic oncan acapulco quimictique quixillia yn Jabonti. yuh machiztico y nican Mexico ypampa yn ixquich tlamantli vmpa ypial hualmuchiuhtihuia yn tley tetech axihualloni yn tetonaltilloni quihualmahmacac vmpa huey tlahtohuani Emperador. ynic quinhualmotlapalhuia Quinhualmotonaltilia Santo padre Roma moyetztica yhuan tohuey­ tlahtocatzin Rey espaiia moyetztica, yhuan nican Mexico moyetztica tlahtohuani Visu­ rrey. yn innemactzin yn intonaltzin mochi yehuatl ypialtzin hualmochiuhtihuia huel ymac quihuallali ynic nican caxitiquiuh auh yn amo yehuatl quimacac amo yehuatl ypial

hualmochiuhtia yn omoteneuh Embaxador - y Axcan Junes cuaresma ynic 17. mani Metztli Mar<;o de 1614 aiios. quin ihcuac ypan in nican Mexico ahcico ocallaquico yn omoteneuh Sefior Sebastian Vizcayno vezino Mexi­ co. yn onhuiya Japon yn oquicahuato omoteneuhque oc centlamantin achtopa nican Me­ xico onhuitza Japon tlaca. yexiuhtica yn omocuepaco Sefior Sebastian vizcayno. ynic oquinhualhuicac oc ceppa cequintin Jabon tlaca [p. 244] Yhuan ce teuhctitlantli ye omo­ teneuh Embaxador huey tlacatl. yn hualmotitlani - y Axcan Lunes Sancto ynic 24. mani Metztli Mar<;o de 1614 a0 s. ye quin ihcuac yn y nican yhtic ciudad Mexico oancico ocallaquico yn omoteneuh teuhctitlantli Embaxador yn ompa Japon ohualla S. Franco teopancaltitlan motlallico ce caltica ynin omoteneuh teuhctitlantli Embaxador yn iuh nican Mexico machiztic yuh mihto. ye quihualtitlani yn intlahtocauh Emperador Japon. vmpa yauh yn Roma. quimottiliz yn Sancto Padre Paulo quinto. yhuan quimomaquiliz. yntetlacamachiliz yn itechpa Sancta yglesia ynic chistia­ nosme muchihuaznequi muchtin Japon tlaca mocuaatequizque ynic no teoyotica Sacra­ mentotica ypilhuantzitzinhuan yezque tonantzin Sancta yglesia Romana, muchipa quimo­ tlacamachiltizque teoyotica tlanelnoquiliztica, auh yn ihcuac tla ye oquinmocelili yn cem­ anahuac teoyotica huey cemichcapixqui Sancto Padre tocentepachocatzin totecemtene­ cuitlahuicatzin ca no yehuantin ychcatzitzinhuan yezque quinmottiliz quinmiximachiliz.

1. The clause could also be construed the opposite way, as meaning that they went leading their vassals.

2. This passage consists more literally of two questions, "What does that signify? Does it not (mean) ... ?" The term tlatocateyacanoni appears to be a nonactive instru-

1614 275

horseback at 12 o'clock noon. Their vassals came ahead of them, 1 just coming on foot, holding high something like little long narrow black poles, maybe their lances; perhaps that signifies royal leadership there in Japan.2 They came attired just the same way they go about and are attired back at home; they wear something like a tunic,3 tied in the back, and they tie their hair at the backs of their necks. So far only twenty of them have reached Mexico here; they left behind, still coming along the way, the lordly emissary, the ambassador, the messenger sent here by the great ruler the emperor in Japan, who is still coming at his leisure, bringing a hundred of his Japanese vassals. One of our fathers, a Discalced Franciscan friar, comes interpreting for them. This is the second time that the Japanese have landed one of their ships on the shore at Acapulco; they are transporting here everything [p. 243] of4 iron, and writing desks, and some cloth that they are to sell here. On the said Japanese ship came also sefior Sebastian Vizcaino, a Spaniard, citizen of Mexico, who had gone to Japan to look around, [since] he had taken back the other group of Japanese who had come from there three years ago now, whom don Rodrigo de Vivero, who went to be governor in the city of Manila in China, had brought here. The said sefior Sebastian Vizcaino is also still coming slowly, coming hurt; the Japanese injured him when they beat and stabbed him at Acapulco, as became known here in Mexico, because of all the things coming along that had been made his responsibility in Japan, that the great ruler there, the emperor, gave him to be gifts on arrival, with which from there he greets and makes presents to the holy Father who is in Rome, and the presents assigned to our great ruler the king who is in Spain and to the lord viceroy who is here in Mexico. All that had been made his responsibility, and the said emperor placed it in his hands to get [the things] here; he did not give [the duty] to the said ambassador and it was not made his responsibility. -

y Not until today, Monday, during Lent, the 17th of the month of March of the year 1614, did there reach Mexico here and enter it the said sefior Sebastian Vizcafno, citizen of Mexico, who had gone to Japan lo deliver the other said group of Japanese who had come here to Mexico first. After three years sefior Sebastian Vizcaino returned, again bringing some Japanese [p. 244] and a lordly emissary, the said ambassador; it is a great personage who has been sent. - y It was only today, Holy Monday, the 24th of the month of March of the year 1614, that

there reached Mexico here and entered it the said lordly emissary, the ambassador, who came from Japan; he was settled in a house next to the church of San Francisco. It be­ came known here in Mexico and was said that the reason their ruler the emperor in Japan sent this said lordly emissary and ambassador here is to go to Rome to see the holy Fath­ er, Paul V, and to give him their obedience concerning the holy church, so that all the Japanese want to become Christians; they are to be baptized, so that they will also be children of our mother the holy Roman Church in matters of the holy sacraments and will always obey it in matters of divinity and the faith. And when the great universal spiritual shepherd the holy Father, our universal governor and caretaker, has accepted them, they too will be his sheep. He will see and become acquainted with those who did not belong

mental agentive, "royal means of leading people," but possibly it could mean instead something to lead rulers, that is, some insignia to precede them.

3. See pp. 208-09 at n. 2. 4. Or nothing but.

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276 TRANSCRil'f!ON AND TRANSLATION

yn amo yaxcatzitzinhuan yn amo quinmiximachiliaya yn c;a campa opoliuhtinenca cuil­ lotla c;acatla yxtlahuacan tepetla omac;attitinenca yn axcan mocuepa hui yhuicpatzinco ynic quimiximachilizque yn hue! nelli ychcapixqui cemanahuac ymactzinco motlalizque ynic no quinmopializ quinmopachilhuiz quinmocuitlahuitzinoz yn ica ypan mellavac ceti­ liztlaneltoquiliztli Sancta Fee Catholica ynic aocmo ceppa quimanaz diablo quinmaxcatiz. yn ica [p. 245] Tlateotoquiliztli yn tlacatecolonotzaliztli yn iuh axcan nomah ypan cate macihui in ye miectin vmpa oncate christianosme. auh ynin omoteneuh Embaxador ynic nican oahcico Mexico axcan ca c;an nican onquiztiquic;a c;an quezquilhuitl nican motlaliz ynic quimotztilitiqui<;a tlahtohuani Visurre. 1 auh vmpa espafia yhuii ypantzinco quizti­ qui<;az yn tohueytlahtocatzin Rey Don Felipe Tercero. quimottiliz yhuan tlamatcayeliztli Paz. quimomaquiliz. ypampa yn intlahtocauh tlahtocati Emperadorti Japom ynic qui­ nextia. ycniuhyotl tlamatcayeliztli cemihcac quihuallalia yn ihuicpatzinco Omoten­ euhtzino Rey moyetztica espafia. ynic aye moyaochihuazque c;an mochipa motla<;otlazque ynic hue! nican Mexico puchtecatiquihui tlanamacaquihui Jabun tlaca. auh intla ye oconmutztilitiquiz Rey. inin Embaxador. ca niman ye nepa yaz Roma. yn iuh omoteneuh yxpantzinco ahciz quimottiliz. yn Sancto Padre ma quimonequiltitzino yn tt0 . dios. ma cualli yectli ye mochihua ma tlacenmatican ma ynpan nelti yn cualli yectli yn teo­ cualtiliztli yn teoteyectililiztli gracia yn iuh quinequi, yn iuh quimoyollotia yntla hue! nelli yncentlanequiliztica ye hui ma quinmopalehuillitzino ma quinmomaquixtilitzino yn tt0 . dios. yniqu ixpiitzinco hue! yezque nemizque yollizque muchipa cemihcac Amen - y_ Axcan Juebes Sancto ynic 27. mani Metztli Marc;o de 1614 afios. yhcuac oc ce yancuic tlayahualloliztli procession oncan oquiz yn Parrochia de la Vela cruz. [p. 246] ynin es­ pafioles. yhuan cequintin timacehualtin yn oncan oquitlallique yncofradia animastin yn­ tech pohui. auh no huey yn oquiyahualloque yehuantin in. yglesia mayor. ahcico tlayacac matiaque. yn timacehualtin - y_ Axcan Lunes ynic .7. mani Metztli Abril de 1614 afios yhcuac y vpeuh y nican Me­ xico. in ye quipopohua in ye quic;oquiquixtia ynic nohuiyan ypan yzqui acallotli. yhcac onoc nican yhtic ciudad Mexico ytencopatzinco tlahtohuani Visurrey ynic nohuiyampa altepehuaque ohuallaque oquichihuaco oquiyectico acallotli - y_ Axcan miercoles ynic .9. mani Metztli Abril de 1614 afios yhcuac y oncan teopan S. Fran" 0 • mocuaatequique cenpohualli tlacatl yn Japonti yehuatzin yn Padre commissario. quinmocuaatequilli, auh yn teoyotica tettahuan yn Padrinos 2 mochiuhtzinoque ,anno yehuantzitzin yn huehuetque tottatzitzinhuan frayles Franc0 s. auh in yehuatl teuhctitlantli Embaxador amo quinec y nican mocuaatequiz. yuh mihto ye quin ompa yn espafia mocua­ atequiz. - y_ Axcan Sabado ynic .19. mani metztli Abril de 1614 afios. yhcuac nican Mexico ome Capitulo quichiuhque yn S. Augustin teopixque. ynic ce capitulo oncan quichiuhque yn inteopan S. Augustin yehuatl oncan quitlallique prouincial mochiuh yn Padre maestro fr. francisco mufiuz. ynin nican pouhqui3 tlapachoz ypan prouincia Mexico. yn ipan yxquich ytlatititzal muchiuhtoc, auh ynic ome capitulo mochiuh oncan yn teopan colegio S. Pablo. no 5can oc ce prouincial quitlallique ompa pouhqui vmpa [p. 247] Ytlapachol mochihua yn ipan ye ome prouincia quipia michhuacan ca vmpa huallaque ynin teopixque S. Pablo. oquichihuaco capitulo ytencopatzinco tlahtohuani Visurrey don diego fernandez

1. For "Visurrey." 2. Perhaps this should be construed as "ynteoyoticatettahuan ynPadrinos," "their

1614 277

to him and whom he did not know, who had just wandered lost somewhere in the thick­ ets, the deserts, the plains, the mountains, and lived bestially, who now are converted and go toward him to become acquainted with the really true universal shepherd and place themselves in his hands so that he will guard, govern, and take care of them too with and in the true unified belief, the holy Catholic faith, so that the devil will never seize them again and make them his through [p. 245] idolatry and the worship of devils, in which they now still are, although there are already many Christians there. And this said ambas­ sador who reached Mexico here is just quickly passing through here now, he will stay here only a few days to see the lord viceroy 1 quickly. And also he will quickly pass by our great ruler the king don Felipe III to see him and to offer him peace, because their rul­ er who serves as emperor in Japan to show friendship has established eternal peace toward the said king who is in Spain, so that they will never make war on each other but will always love each other, so that the Japanese can come here to Mexico to act as merchants and sell things. And once this ambassador has seen the king in passing, he is to go on beyond that to Rome; as was said, he is to reach the presence of the holy Father and see him. May it be our lord God's desire that it go well; may they be diligent, may the good and pure, divine goodness and purity, grace, be realized upon them, as they want and are inspired, if it goes with their whole true desire; may our lord God help them and redeem them so that they can be and live in his presence forever and ever. Amen. -

y_ Today, Maundy Thursday, the 27th of the month of March of the year 1614, was when another new procession came out from the parish of Vera Cruz. [p. 246] The Spaniards and some of us commoners have established a cofradfa there dedicated to the souls [ of purgatory]. They also went around a long route, reaching the cathedral. We commoners

went in the lead. - y_ Today, Monday the 7th of the month of April of the year 1614, was when by order of the lord viceroy they began here in Mexico to clean and remove mud from all the canals that are here everywhere inside the city of Mexico, for which the people of the altepetl all around came to do it, to clean the canals. - y_ Today, Wednesday the 9th of the month of April of the year 1614, was when at the church of San Francisco twenty Japanese were baptized; the father commissary baptized them, and it was likewise the eldest among our fathers the Franciscan friars who became the spiritual fathers, the sponsors.2 But the lordly emissary, the ambassador, did not want to be baptized here; it was said that he will be baptized later in Spain. -

y_ Today, Saturday the 19th of the month of April of the year 1614, was when here in Mexico the Augustinian friars held two chapter meetings. The first meeting they held at their church of San Agustin; there they installed someone who was made provincial head, father master fray Francisco Mufioz, who belongs here;3 he is to govern in the province of Mexico and in its whole jurisdiction. The second chapter meeting was held at the church of the Colegio de San Pablo, and there they installed another provincial head who belongs there and [p. 247] whose jurisdiction is in a second province that Michoacan has, for from there came these friars to hold the chapter meeting at San Pablo by order of the

spiritual fathers, their sponsors." 3. Is assigned here in Mexico? Is assigned in the province of Mexico?

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278 1RANSCRil'I10N AND TRANSLATION

de cordoua Marques. yhuan audiencia real tlaca tlahtoque oydores. ypampa cenca mochalla­ niaya in teopixq. yn ompa tlaca ypan omoteneuh prouincia michhuacan auh ynic oncan quichiuhque S. Pablo. capitulo. hue! yxpantzinco tlahtohuani Visurrey yn motlalli pro­ uincial oncan omilhuitl mohuicatza ynic amo ytlah ye monepanoltolinizque teopixque quin iyopa yuh nican omochihu in -

y Axcan Domingo ynic ,20. mani Metztli Abril de 1614 a0 s. yhcuac teotlac ye no cenpo- co h · huallomome Japan tlaca omocuaatequique yn oncan teopan S. Fran . ye uatzm oncan

oquinmocuaatequillico in teoyotica tlahtohuani an;obispo. Mexico Don Juan Perez de la

sema-

Y Axcan Viernes ynic 25. mani Metztli Abril de 1614 a0 s. yhcuac teotlac hue! ypan

ylhuitzin S. Marcos Euangelista. yn teoyotica tlahtohuani ar,obispo Don Juan Perez de la

serna oncan yglesia mayor, oquinmomaquilli teoyotica techicahualiztli confirmacion

quicuique yn omoteneuhque tlacpac yn yancuique nican Xptianosme omochihuaco Japan

tlaca. in yehuantin in epohualli yhuan ey tlacatl yn confirmacion quicuiq. ce ynpillo yn

confirmacion quicuic auh yehuatl quimopalehuilli yn llicenciado Vallezillo fiscal del Rey

de lo ciuil teoyotica tettatzin padrino muchiuh - y Axcan Martes ynic 29. mani Metztli Abril de 1614. afios. [p. 248] Yhcuac hue! ypan ylhuitzin yn mocentlamachtiani S. Pedro Martyr, ohualla tlahtolli espaiia, yn _ipampa yehuatzin Rey quihualmopatilia y nican ytlachixcatzin fiscal de! rey ocatca el hcencia­ do vallezillo. auh oc yehuatl ytlachixcatzin fiscal del rey de lo ciuil quihualmochihuilia yn gardosl de valencia all<le de corte ocatca Auh yn omoteneuh el licenciado vall_ezillo yn alkle de corte quihualmochihuilli y nica Mexico / auh ,ano yhcuac yn omach1zt1co yn quenin espaiia yehuatzin Rey ce yhuayolcatzin oquimixquechilli vmpa Principe de esquirachi ynic yehuatl Visurrey oquihualmochihuilli oncan huallamellahua Piru. ynic oncan tlahtocatiz quimopatiliz yn oncan tlahtocati Don Juan de Mendo,a y luna Marques de Montesclaros. mohuicaz mocuepaz yn ichan espafia. ynin achto nican Mexico tlah­ tocatitiquiz. Visurreytitiquiz ynic ompa nican mohuicac Piru. vmpa conmicuanilli yn Rey // auh ,ano yhcuac yn omachiztico ynic ohualla tlahtolli espafia. yn quenin yehnatzin Rey quihualmihuallia ce comendador clerigo Dean muchiuhtihuitz oncan quihualmotlalilia yn Pirii. ynic oncan quinpachoz clerigos. ynin omoteneuh comendador ca canonigo reglar ytetzinco pouhqui yteopixcatzin ypiltzin yn huey Patriarcha S Antonio Abbad notla,o­ ttatzin. yhua yuh machiztico ynin omoteneuh comendador ynic ontlamantli ytequiuh vmpa Peru muchihuaz. qui! yhuellitzin ylicenciatzin quihuica oquimomaquilli yn comen­ dador mayor general Don frey franc 0 de la pressa y mota moyetztica castroxeriz espafia, ynic ompa Peru yteocaltzin S. Antonio quiquetzaz quichihuaz hospital ynic oncan paht1- lozque cocoxque yn intech ca tlecocoliztli motenehua [p. 249] Ytletzin San Anton. 2

yhuan quinmacaz yn iTautzin yn icruztzin yn icomiendatzin xoxoctic S. Antonio yn aquique ompa espafioles ynpilhuan quinequizque conanazque ytetzinco mopohuazque ynic teopixcatizque ynic no ypilhuantzitzinhua yezque S. Antonio. yn quimocuitlahuizque yn ihospitaltzl vmpa moquetzaz mochihuaz. yn iuh tlamanitia mochintl comendadores yn ompa ye nohuian moyetzticate francia, Italia. espafia. yn izquican ye quimopielilia yteo­ caltzin yn ihospitaltzin yntla,ottatzin S. Antonio Abbad. cane! ylhuicacpa tlamahui,ol-

I. Name unconfirmed.

1614 279

lord viceroy don Diego Fernandez de C6rdoba, Marques, and the people of the Royal Audiencia, the lords judges, because the friars there in the said province of Michoacan had argued greatly. And when they held the meeting at San Pablo, it was right in the presence of the lord viceroy that the provincial head was installed; he came for two days so that the friars wouldn't mistreat one another about something; it was the first time such a thing has been done here. -

y Today, Sunday the 20th of the month of April of the year 1614, another 22 Japanese were baptized at the church of San Francisco. The spiritual ruler the archbishop in Mex­ ico, don Juan Perez de la Serna, came to baptize thern. -

y Today, Friday the 25th of the month of April of the year 1614, in the afternoon, right on the feast day of San Marcos Evangelista, at the cathedral, the spiritual ruler the archbishop don Juan Perez de la Serna gave holy confirmation to and it was received by the above mentioned Japanese who became new Christians here; 63 people received con­ firmation. One of their nobles received confirmation, and he was aided by licenciado Vallecillo, the royal prosecutor for civil matters, who became the spiritual father, the sponsor. -

y Today, Tuesday the 29tl1 of the month of April of the year 1614, [p. 248] right on the feast day of the greatly blessed San Pedro Martir, was when news came from Spain that the king is sending orders replacing his lookout here, the royal prosecutor, who was licenciado Vallecillo, and for now is making [Gald6s] 1 de Valencia, who was an alcaldc of the court, his lookout, the royal prosecutor in civil matters. He made the said licenciado ,.__ Vallecillo alcalde of court here in Mexico. / At the same time it became known how in Spain the king has appointed and made a relative of his, the prince of Esquilache, viceroy. He is coming straight to Peru to rule there and replace don Juan de Mendoza y Luna, Mar­ ques of Montesclaros, who is ruling there and will go and return home to Spain; he first served briefly as ruler and viceroy here in Mexico until he went from here to Peru, to where the king transferred him. // At the same time it became known and news came from Spain how the king is sending here a comendador, a secular priest, who is coming with an appointment as dean and is stationed in Peru to rule the secular priests there. This said comendador is a canon who at the same time belongs to an order; he is dedicated to and is the priest and child of the great patriarch San Antonio Abad, my precious father. And as became known, this said comendador will have two separate duties in Peru: reportedly he carries the authorization and permission given to him by the high general comendador, don frey Francisco de la Presa y Mota who is in Castrojerez in Spain, to erect a church of San Antonio in Peru and to build a hospital where the sick who suffer from the fire­ disease called Saint Anthony's fire2 will be treated. [p. 249] And he is to give San An­ tonio'.s Tau, his cross, his green badge to those children of Spaniards there who want to take it and dedicate themselves to him so that they will become priests and also be children of San Antonio, taking care of his hospital that will be erected and built there, as is done by all the comendadores who are all around France, Italy, and Spain, wherever they are in charge of the churches and hospitals of their precious father San Antonio

2. A family of skin inflammations.

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280 1RANSCRIPT!ON AND TRANSLATION

tica ye quinhualmotlalili yhuelitilizticatzinco yn tt0 • dios. ynic oncan otzintique opeuh­

que yehuantzitzin in omoteneuhque tlac;opipiltin 1 teopixque clerigos comendadores ynic

monetoltia quimocuitlahuitzinohua hospitales. - y auh no yhcuac y. quihualmonahuatili y Rey y Doctor Antonio de morga. alkle de corte

nican Mexico ynic Presidete mochiuhtzino vmpa Piru. mohuicac2

y Auh yn oquic ytechpa yn nitlahtohua ma c;a noc;o achitzin nican noconiciuhcanex­ titihuetzi ma c;an noconiciuhcayttotihuetzi yn iuh peuhtica yn iuh tzintitica ynin yancuic yn itzintica ypeuhca ynic hualpeuh yancuic teopixcatlatecpantli harden ynic notzallo

tocayotillo S. Anton yhua yn imachiyo Tau ahnoc;o cruz xoxoctic yn quinemiltia quitlalia

quihualhuica ytech ynechichihualtzin yntlaquentzin ymhabitotzin in yehuantzitzin teopix­

que nehtolleque yn ipan in teopixcanemiliztlatecpantli // ynin vmpa tzintic vmpa peuh cecni yn ipan ce altepetl yn itech pohui yn itlatititzalpan yn itlahuillanalpan yn huey

altepetl Arc;obispado Viena ytocayocan Mota // Auh ca yuhqui yn yn omochiuh yn ihcuac

Sancto Padre muchiuhtzinotica Vrbano Segundo yn 5pa Roma yn ipan yxiuhtzin tt0 .

Dios. de 1095. ai\os. in [p. 250] Ye ontzonxihuitl ypan matlacpohualxihuitl ypan nauh­

pohualloncaxtolli xihuitl motlacatillitzino nelli dios ytlac;omahuizpiltzin. auh in yehua­ tzin S. Antonio Abbad yn ihcuac yn ye o yuh nepa centzonxihuitl ypan caxtolpohual­ xihuitl ypan onpohuallonchicome xihuitl momiquillitzino yn ompa ytocayocan Thebas

Egipto. yn tepetla texcalla cuauhtla c;acatla yxtlahuacan yn oncan motlamacehuilli Sancto. ca ye yxquichcauhtica yn yn ihcuac ypan omoteneuh xihuitl yn quihualmonextilitzino

quihualmottititzino yhuan quihualmonahuatilli ylhuicacpa S. Antonio. ynic tleyn quichi­ huaz quipehualtiz ipiipatzinco ce huey tlac;opilli cauallero yn ompa ypan huey altepetl

Prouincia yn itocayocan Viena hue! ynezyan ye machiyoticatca yn iteycnoyttaliz. ytoca

Don Gaston ynic quintlaliz teopixq. comedadores. ytetzinco povizq. 3

y Auh ynin ye peuh yancuic teopixcatlatecpantli harden yn itetzinco pohui S. Antonio ca

hospitalleque oncan pahtililo in tlecocoliztli ahnoc;o ytletzin mihtohua S. Antonio. yntech ca. ynin ye ornoteneuh yehuiitin quitzintique quipehualtique ornentin tlac;opipiltin

caualleros vrnpa chaneque yn Viena Francia ynic ce ye ornotocateneuh ytoca Don Gaston yhuan ypiltzin ytoca Don Gironda. Auh ye quinrnornaquilli yn tonatzin Sancta yglesia yn iteooctacanernilizrnachiyotzin yn ireglatzin S. Augustin yn iteopixcatenernitiayatzin in

teoyotica nehtolli, auh quihualhuica quitlallia yehuatl yrnhabitotzin ypan pohui yn c;an ixquich ye rnachiyotinerni ce cruz ahnoc;o ce Tau xoxoctic, ynin rniec Abbadias yhuan Prioratos oncatqui [p. 251] Yn Francia yhuan Italia yn ornpa yn hue! rnotlacarnati

rnocuiltonohua yhuan yn espafia oncatqui nepapan hospitales yn oncan pahtilillo co­

coxque yn icocoliztzin S. Anton ca yehuatzin quirnopialia yntatzin rnochiuhtzinohua ~­ Antonio Abbad. yn ornoteneuhque canonigos reglares clerigos cornendadores, auh ynrn

omoteneuh yancuic teopixcatlatecpantli yn ihordetzin S. Antonio, yn oncan ye hualtzintic yn oncan ye hualpeuh yn ipan omoteneuh xihuitl. 1095. yn ihcuac ypan in ye quihual: monextilitzino quihualmottititzino yea yn icruztzin yn icomiendatzin quihualmonahuattlh yn S. Antonio. yn omoteneuh ytetlac;otlacatzin yn itetlayecolticatzin Don Gaston ynic

1. The words "in omoteneuhque tlac;opipiltin" do not seem integrated into the grammar of the sentence. Also, despite the use of "omoteneuhque," "said," these p~ople ?~ve ~ot been mentioned before. Perhaps the phrase was added inadvertently, a parttal ant1c1pat10n of what comes below.

1614 281

Abad, for by a miracle from heaven he established them with the authority of our lord God, so that priests who were secular priests and comendadores, vowing to take care of the hospitals, were founded and begun [by?] the said high nobles. 1 -

Y And also at this time the king sent orders to doctor Antonio de Morga, alcalde of court here in Mexico, so that he went to Peru with an appointment as president of the Royal Audiencia. 2

Y As long as I am talking about this, let me very quickly reveal a bit of how this new priestly order began and was founded and quickly tell of its beginning and foundation, this new order named and called after San Anton, whose sign is the Tau or the green cross that

the priests who have taken vows in this order of priestly living display, wear, and attach to their outfits, their garments, their habits. II It was founded and began in a particular

altepetl called Mota that belongs to the jurisdiction and dependent area of the great altepetl

and archbishopric of Vienne. // It was like this that it happened, when Urban II was holy

Father in Rome in the year of our lord God of 1095, [p. 250] 1095 years after the pre­

cious revered child of the true God was born. At that time it had been 747 years since San Antonio Abad had passed away at the place called Thebes in Egypt, where among moun­

tains, crags, forests, grassy deserts and plains the saint did penance. It had been that long when in the said year from heaven San Antonio appeared to, showed himself to, and gave orders to a great high noble, a gentleman named don Gast6n, of the great altepetl and

province called Vienne, his very place of appearance marked by his mercy, about what he was to do and undertake on his behalf, to establish priests who were comendadores and would be dedicated to him. 3

Y With him began the new priestly order dedicated to San Antonio; they have hospitals where those who suffer from the fire-sickness, or what is called Saint Anthony's fire, are treated. It was already said that it was founded and begun by two high noblemen, gentle­

men, who lived in Vienne, France, the first of whom was named don Gaston, and his child named don Gironda. And our mother the holy church gave them the example of divine living, the rule, of San Agustin, his means of making people live a priestly life,

as their spiritual vow. And the habit they wear is equivalent except that it is distinguished by a green cross or Tau. There are many of these abbeys and priories [p. 251] in France and Italy, where they are very prosperous and rich, and there are also various hospitals in

Spain where those sick with Saint Anthony's disease are treated. The said canons who are at the same time regular, secular priests, and comendadores have San Antonio Abad as their father. This said new priestly order, the order of San Antonio, which was founded

and began in the said year of 1095, in which San Antonio appeared to, showed himself to with his cross as his badge, and gave orders to the said don Gast6n, who loved and served

2. This is true in a sense, but Morga actually became president in Quito. 3. This last part from res in the word "comedadores" is between the lines though not

an afterthought, another indication that parts of the text we know are copied mechanically from something already written.

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282 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

quintlalli omoteneuhque comendadores clerigos, yhuan ynic quichiuh quiquetz ce hospital tzontecomatl mochiuhtica. yn oncan hue! peuhqui ca axcan ye centzonxihuitl ypan chicuacepohualxihuitl hue1 yxquich oahcic axcan yn ipan ticate xihuitl de 1614 afios- y_ Axcan Juebes ynic 15. mani Metztli Mayo de 1614 afios yhcuac tlamico yn y nican Mexico ynic mopopouh mo9oquiquixti yn izqui acallohtli omoteneuh tlacpac cenca ye motollinique yn macehualtin cequintin oncan opeuhque yn omococoque Mexica yhuan cequintin altepehuaque ce ye momiquilli nican chane S Pablo tlachcuititlan ynic nemon­ huac 9oquiquixtiloc ce mctztli ypan chicueylhuitl - y_ Axcan Juebes ynic 29. mani Metztli Mayo de 1614 afios. [p. 252] Yhcuac ypan in omotlallico 2 yn itla9oylhuitzin santissimo Sacramento 9an ic onquiz in yn ilhuitl 9an iquezquilhuiyoc ynic niman nican ompeuh yahqui yn ompa ye yauh espafia. yn omo­ teneuh teuhctitlantli Embaxador. chane Japon ynin ye yah 9an quinxellotehuac yn imace­ hualhuan yxquich quinhuicac no yxquich nican quincauhtiquiz yn Japonti. ynic nican tiyamiquizque tlanamacazque puchteca, auh yn omoteneuh Embaxador ynic nican onpeuh ynic yah espafia. Nican cantiquiz Mexico quihuicac ce espafiol. amo hue! momati yn itoca inhermano yn Doctor Martinez ySecrctario muchiuhtiuh ytencopatzinco nican visurrey ypampa quimati yn intlahtol Japonti ca ompa ytlan onemito yn ihcuac Soldado catca- y_ Axcan Lunes ynic 4. mani Metztli Agosto de 1614 afios yhcuac hue! ypan ylhuitzin S. Domingo yn ohuallathuic omomiquilli yn Dofia Augustina de guzman cihuapilli cuyo­ huacan yn inamic Don Constantino chacalli michhuacan tlahtohuani Auh yn omoteneuh Dofia Augustina de guzman micqui ca chillapan tlacatito ynin cuyohuacan ehuac yn inan­ tzin vmpa quihuallitlan yn Don Augustin ixcuinan tlahtohuani chillapan ynic oncan tlacatito. Omoteneuh axcan omomiquilli Dofia Augustina de guzman. auh ynic oc ceppa ycuitlahuic ohuallaca oncan cuyohuacan ca 9an centlamanpa iyachton3 yPrimo hennano Y conitlanca ynic hualla oncan cuyohuacan yn quihualmonamictica achtopa ytoca Don felipe [p. 253] de guzman ynin 9atepan ogouernadortito yn oncan cuyohuacan ypiltzin in yn Don Juan de guzman tlahtoque tlahtocatepilhuan catca yn oncan cuyohuacan auh ayac ce yconetzin quicauhtiuh ynic onmomiquillico yn omoteneuh cihuapilli Dofia Augustina de guzman 9an mixpopolotiuh - y_ Axcan Juebes ynic 14. mani Metztli Agosto de 1614 afios yhcuac nican Mexico machiztico hualla tlahtolli huaxacac ynic ompa omomiquilli teoyotica tlahtohuani Don Juan de Seruantes Obispo huaxacac ynic ompa teoyotica tlahtocatito. 9an macuilxihuitl ypan etetl metztli ypan caxtolli tonatiuh ynic niman omomiquillico ynin nican tlacat ni­ can tepiltzin Mexico conquistadores yntechpa quiz. yhuan yehuatl in yn tlacpac mieccan omoteneuh yn itoca ca achtopa etlamantli ytequiuh mochiuh y nican Mexico. yn ayemo yuh obispo mochiuhtzinohuaya ynic centlamantli nican yglesia mayor arcediano catca, ynic ontlamantli ytequitzin muchiuh yGouernador quihualmochihuillica nican Mexico yn teoyotica tlahtohuani Don Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla ar9obispo Mexico yn oc yxquich ica vmpa monemiltiaya yn yn oquic Visita quimochihuiliaya yn ompa ypan tlahtocaalte­ petl Piru. ynic ompa ypan momiquilli ytequitzin amo hue! hualmohuicac y mexico. yniqu etlamiintli ytequitzin muchiuh Don Juan de ceruantes Cathetradico catca yn ica escriptura quiponhuaya y nican de La Viversidad escuella Mexico - Ynic niman 9atepan

1. For "huel." 2. The role of this word in the sentence is not clear. Perhaps it refers to the fact that

1614 283

him, to establish the said comendadores and secular priests, and he built and erected a hospital which became the headquarters, where it really began. It is now a fulJI 520 years ago up to the present year of 1614, -

y_ Today, Thursday the 15th of the month of May of the year 1614, was when they fin­ ished cleaning and clearing mud from all the canals here in Mexico, as mentioned above. The commoners were greatly afflicted by it; some Mexica began to get sick, as well as some people from other altepetl. One person died of it who was a resident here in San Pablo, in Tlachcuititlan. They were engaged in clearing mud for a month and 8 days. - y_ Thursday the 29th of the month of May of the year 1614, [p. 252] when the precious feast day of the most Holy Sacrament had passed, a few days afterward, [it was established that ?]2 the said lordly emissary, the ambassador from Japan, set out and left for Spain. In going he divided his vassals; he took a certain number of Japanese, and he left an equal number here as merchants to trade and sell things. As the said ambassador left Mexico here to go to Spain he took along a Spaniard, whose name cannot be established, a broth­ er of doctor Martinez, who by order of the viceroy here went appointed as his secretary because he knows the language of the Japanese, for he went to live among them when he was a soldier. -

.Y Today, Monday the 4th of the month of August of the year 1614, right on the feast day of Santo Domingo, overnight, dofia Agustina de Guzman, a noblewoman of Coyoacan, spouse of don Constantino Chacalin, a ruler from Michoacan, passed away. The said de­ ceased dofia Agustina de Guzman was born in Chilapan although she had affiliations in Coyoacan. Don Agustin ltzcuinnan, ruler in Chilapan, asked for her mother [in marriage], so that the said dofia Agustina de Guzman who just died was boru 'there. The reason she came back again to Coyoacan was that her older brother3 once removed, her first cousin, had asked for her [in marriage], so that she came to Coyoacan, where she married first the person named don Felipe [p. 253] de Guzman, who later became governor in Coyoacan and was the child of don Juan de Guzman; they were rulers and members of the royal dynasty in Coyoacan. The said noblewoman dofia Agustina de Guzman left no children behind; [her line] was extinguished. -

y_ Today, Thursday the 14th of the month of August of the year 1614, was when it became known here in Mexico and news came from Oaxaca that there had died there the spiritual ruler don Juan de Cervantes, bishop in Oaxaca, who had been spiritual ruler there only 5 years, 3 months, and 15 days before he died. He was born here, the child of people here in Mexico; he descended from conquerors. His name has been mentioned in many places above, for he held three separate offices here in Mexico before he became bishop. First, he was archdeacon in the cathedral here; the second office he held was that the spiritual ruler don Alonso Fernandez de Bonilla, archbishop in Mexico, made him his governor here in Mexico for as long as he was occupied in the royal altepetl of Peru mak­ ing an inspection, but he died there during his assignment and was not able to come to Mexico; the third office don Juan de Cervantes held was the chair of scripture in which he lectured here at the university and school in Mexico, until later he became bishop in

the ambassador had stayed in Mexico for a while. 3. The word -achton usually means great-grandfather. Older brother or cousin of a

female is normally -ach (reverential -achtzin).

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284 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

Obispo mochiuhtzino huaxacac ynic ompa omomiquillito. ynic ohualla axcan ytenyotzin

- [p. 254] y_ Axcan Viernes ynic 15. mani Metztli Agosto de 1614 afios. yhcuac hue] ypan ytla,;o­

ylhuitzin totla,;onantzin Sancta Maria nuestra Senora Assumpcion teotlac ypan macuilli tzilli yn omomiquilli Don Antonio cortes totoquihuaztli telpochtli Gouernador catca

tlacopa. ,;an nahuilhuitl yn omococo amo hue! oneztia yn tlcy cocoliztli ye omomiquilli

yn a,;o matlaltotonqui amo hue! momati ,;a yn iuh omihto ca ,;an mice netequipacholli oquimopialiaya yehuatl ynic omomiquilli quiteylhuiyaya yn imacehualhuan tepaneca tla­

copaneca. y Axcan Sabado ynic 16. mani Metztli Agosto de 1614. afios. yhcuac yancuican omopix

yn ilhuitzin mocetlamachtiani S. Roque. yn ompa quimopielia hospital S. Lazaro.

atenantitech ytencopatzinco muchiuh yn ar,;obispo Mexico. ytlaytlaniliztica mochiuh y clerigo Augustin de !eon Patron yn oncan omoteneuh hospital S. Lazaro. // auh ,;ano yhcuac y yn ipan omoteneuh cemilhuitl Sabado yn otococ ynacayotzin yn omoteneuh

tlacpac Don Antonio cortes totoquihuaztli telpochtli tlacopan Gouernador catca auh ,;an omentin ,;ihuatzitzinti tepitzitzin yn ipilhuantzitzinhuan oquincauhtia, ynin tlahtohuani

hucl oc yehuantin yntechpa oqui,;aco yn izquintin otlahtocatico tlahtoque tlacopa ynic

ompa hualtzintitica oncan tlahtocayotl - y_ Axcan miercoles ynic 20. mani Metztli Agosto de 1614. afios. yhcuac omomiquilli yn el licenciado Aller Ip. 255] de Villagomez. Oydor catca nican audiencia real yn inacayo

teopan S. Augustin tocoto oncan motetoquillico Visurrey yhua mochintin tlahtoque oy­

dores audiencia real tlaca - y Axcan Sabado ynic 23. mani Metztli Agosto de 1614 a0 s. yhcuac nican Mexico tlac­

pac1 yn tlahtohuani Visurrey quimomaquilli yn tlacopan gouernacion Don diego cortes huanitzin ynic ompa Gouernador muchiuh ynin hue! yteyccauh yn tlacpac omoteneuh miccatzintli Don Antonio cortes totoquihuaztli Gou 0 r. catca tlacopa ynin o yuh momi­

quilli ,;an ichicueylhuiyoc yn conan yteyccauhtzin Gouemacion - y_ Axcan Sabado ynic. 6. mani Metztli Septiembre de 1614 afios yhcuac teotlac ypan chicuacen tzillini yn momiquilli cenca mahuiztililoni yxtililoni Padre Doctor po. de

Morales de la Compafiia de Jesus teopixqui omoyetzticatca yhuan quimotocayotiliaya el

Pontifice chiquito. yehica ypampa Ca huey tetlaocoliliztli Jubileos. 2 quimotenemactiliaya

ypampatzinco yea ytocatzin yn Sancto Padre. y nican Mexico yn i;a,;o campa moyetz­ ticatca yteopanchantzinco oncan quimotenemactiliaya Jubileo yn ihcuac aquique yntech monequi oquimitlanililiaya yn aquin sancto ytetzinco quiponhua ahno,;o altar animas

ytech quipohua yn inpalehuilloca Porgaturio tlayhiyohuiticate mochi ytechpa yn oqui­ motemaquiliaya yn Jubileo. ca yuh ocatca ynahuatiltzin yuh quimohuelitizmaquili yn Sancto Padre ___ yn ihcuac vmpa mohuicaya Roma. ynic procuralp. 256]dor de in-

dias mochiuhtzinoto yhcuac vmpa quihualmomaquilli yn bulla yn brebes oquimopieliaya

ynic huell omohuelitiliaya nican ypan nueua espafia. yhuan hue! iuhqui yn itetopillo ytenetlaquechillo omochiuhtzinoticatca oquimotzitziquilliticatca tlamachilizmiyahuayotica

y nican altepetl Mexico. yhuan ynic nohuiyan nueua espafia. ynteyacancatzin ymach­

cauhtzin ytetzinco oytzticatca yn mochintin nican oncate tlamatinime yn Doctoresme, ynic cenca oquimotemachililiaya oquimitlanililiaya yn itlamachiliztenonotzaliztzin yteyx-

1. The word "tlacpac/' "above," does not fit in the sentence as it exists; perhaps the word "omoteneuh," "mentioned," was inadvertently omitted. It was probably going to

1614 285

Oaxaca, where he died after going there, of which word came today. - [p. 254]

Y Today, Friday the 15th of the month of August of the year 1614, right on the precious

feast day of our precious mother Santa Marfa, Nuestra Sefiora de la Asunci6n, in the

afternoon at 5 o'clock, was when there passed away don Antonio Cortes Totoquihuaztli

the younger, who was governor in Tacuba. He was sick for only four days; it was not

clear of what illness he died, maybe matlaltotonqui, it couldn't be established, but it was said that he had many worries, and that was what he died of; his vassals the Tepaneca of Tacuba had been making complaints about him.

Y. Today, Saturday the 16th of the month of August of the year 1614, was when for the

first time the feast day of the greatly blessed San Roque was observed; it was observed at the hospital of San Lazaro at Atenantitech. It was done by order of the archbishop in

Mexico at the request of the secular priest Agustin de Le6n, patron of the said hospital of San Lazaro. // It was at the same time, on the said Saturday, that the body of the above

mentioned don Antonio Cortes Totoquihuaztli the younger, late governor in Tacuba, was

buried. He left behind only two small girls as his children. This ruler still descended in

the direct line from all the rulers who have ruled in Tacuba since the rulership was foun­ ded there.-

:,: Today, Wednesday the 20th of the month of August of the year 1614, was when there passed away lieenciado Aller Ip. 255] de Villag6mez, who was a civil judge in the Royal

Audiencia here. His body was taken to be buried in the church of San Agustin; the vice­ roy and all the lords judges of the Royal Audiencia came to the burial. -

Y. Today, Saturday the 23rd of the month of August of thelyear 1614, was when here in Mexico the above [mentioned?]' lord viceroy gave don Diego Cortes Huanitzin the gover­

norship of Tacuba, so that he became governor there. He is the full younger sibling of the above mentioned deceased don Antonio Cortes Totoquihuaztli, late governor in Tacuba.

His younger sibling took the governorship only eight days after he had passed away. - Y. Today, Saturday the 6th of the month of September of the year 1614, in the afternoon

at 6 o'clock, was when there passed away the very reverend and estimable father doctor Pedro de Morales, who was a religious of the Company of Jesus, and they called him the little pope because he used to bestow great indulgences, the jubilee,2 on people here in Mexico on behalf of and in name of the holy Father. Whatever church it was in, he would issue a jubilee there. When anyone would request of him something needed, to dedicate to some saint or at the altar of the souls of purgatory to dedicate to the aid of those who are

suffering in purgatory, he would grant a jubilee for them all, for he had that faculty and the holy Father ___ had authorized him when he went to Rome appointed legal repre-

sentative [p. 256] of the Indies. There he gave him a bull and apostolic briefs that he kept by which he was fully authorized here in New Spain. And he became like the staff and

support that people would grasp as to the pinnacle of wisdom here in the altepetl of Mexico and all over New Spain, the leader and most preeminent of all the scholars and

doctors who are here, to whom they would look, so that they would have great confidence in him and would ask him for his advice on matters of knowledge, his guidance, his

refer to don Antonio Cortes, with wh_om this phrase is used just below. 2. Special plenary indulgence for a year.

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286 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

tlatilitzin ytenanamiquiliztlahtoltzin quimotemaquiliaya ynic tleyn hue! mochihuaz. mo­ yectiliz yn ihquac tley yn itlah huehuey netequipacholli yn a,o neyxnamiquiliztli acame o ynpan motlaliaya ca cenca oquinmopalehuiliaya yhuan nohuiyampa omotlananamiquilia­ ya yn ipan Sancto officio ynQuisisio. yhua yn tlahtoq an;obispos. obispos. oydores. no quenmanian oquinmonanamiquiliaya ytlamachiliztlahtolticatzinco ynehuantzin y Padre po, hordigosa ,ano vmpa teopixqui de la compafiia de Jesus. yn axcan moyetztica. yn ihcuac cenca monequi omotlananamiquillique. auh ynin omoteneuhtzino miccatzintli Padre po. de morales ynic hualmohuicac espafia ca oydor hualmochiuhtzinotia vmpa mohuicazquia y nueuo granada Piru, auh nican mexico yn quimoyollotillico tt0

. Dios. ynic nican mocallaqui nican quimocuilli y habito de la compafiia de Jesus. ynic oncan axcan oquimopolhuico tt0 . dios. oquimohuiquilli yn ichantzinco ylhuicac cane! oquimo­

tlayecoltilli ma quimotimalhui y Auh ye quin axcan ye omilhuitl ypan Domingo ynic .7. mani [p. 257] Metztli Sep­ tiembre teotlac ypan macuilli tzillini yn oquimotoquillique ynacayotzin yn oncan teopan de la compania de Jesus colegio yn omoteneuhtzino Padre Doctor Pedro de morales. cenca quimomahuiztililique moch oncan mocenquixtique quimololhuillique Y tlai;oteopixq. tottatzitzinhuan prouincial 1 de la compafiia de Jesus. yhuan yglesia mayor capilla offici­ ales cantores. y cuicato ye quimotoquilliq. yhuan oncan motetoquillico ce ynQuisidor yhuan ce oydor yhuan miequintin pipiltin espaiioles auh yn ipampa ye nican nictlallia nicmachiyotia yn imiquilitzin ynin omoteneuhtzino huey teopixqui omoyetzticatca yniqu iuhqui yxiptlatzin omochiuhtzinoticatca nican Sancto Padre ynic hue! omohuelitiltiaya yniqu icatzinco ypampatzinco mice Jubilcos oquimotemaquillitia yn iuh otiquittaque auh monequi no quimatizque oncan in quittazque ytocatenehuallocatzin yn aquique i;atepan ye nemiquihui yn amo quimottilique yn amo quimiximachilique ynin ye huey teopixqui ocatca ypampa yuh ninomati caocac yuhqui nican Mexico oc ce teopixqui yttoz yn oc

ompa ye tonitztihui ypan cahuitl - y Axcan Lunes ynic 8. mani Metztli Septiembre de 1614 afios teotlac hue! ypan ylhuitzin ytlacatilitzin totla,onantzin Sancta maria de la natiuidad yn momiquilli Alonso Rodriguez delgado fundador yn oquichiuh hospital de! Spm Sancto yn acallotenco 2 ynahuac San Ignacio la casa proffesa. ynin yhospital oncan quincauhtia yn hermanos de huaxtepec rnotenehua conbalecientes in quimocuitlahuia hospitales auh yn omoteneuh miccatzintli Alonso Rodriguez ye [p. 258] quin mattes teotlac ynic omilhuitl otococ ynacayo ypan macuilli tzillini yn oncan yteopan hospital yglesia mayor officiales cantores yn cuicaco yn quitocaco yhuan oncan mohuicatza motetoquillico in teoyotica tlahtohuani Don Juan

Perez de la serna an;obispo Mexico / / y Axcan Juebes ynic 18. mani Metztli Septiembre de 1614 afios yhcuac teotlac ye otzatzihuac nohuiya yn ihtic ciudad Mexico Pena ye motlalli mochi tlacatl cuahuitl qui­ tlatiz yn espafioles ychachan yn intlapanco ano,o ycaltenpa ypampatzinco motemachizti ynic yancuican ohualla espafia yo iyectenehualiztlahtollotzin huey Sancta tenantzin la madre Theresa de Jesus. ynic motenehua Beatificacion ,an oc ycatzinco Oquimochihuilli yn Roma Sancto Padre Paulo quinto auh ynic Pena motlalli yn aquin atle cuahuitl qui­ tlatiz ychan matlactli Peso quixtlahuaz. auh ynic nima ye onyohuac ,an hue! ye ontzillin yn horacion ano,o Auemaria, ye niman achtopa vmpa peuh yn teopan monasterio

I. This word is written above the line, but it seems to refer to the Jesuits. The reli­ gious referred to are probably all Jesuits.

1614 287

helpful words which he would bestow on people, about what could be done to fix it when some great concerns or struggles had come upon some of them; he greatly aided them, and he helped people everywhere, including at the holy Office of the Inquisition, and some­ times he would help the lords archbishops, bishops, and judges of the Audiencia with his words of wisdom, along with father Pedro Ortigosa, also a religious of the Company of Jesus, who is alive now; when it was very necessary, they helped. And when this said deceased father Pedro de Morales came from Spain he came appointed as an Audiencia judge and was going to go to New Granada in Peru, but here in Mexico our lord God inspired him to enter the Company of Jesus here and take its habit until our lord God just now effaced him and took him to his home in heaven, for he served him; may he exalt him.

y It was only later, today the second day, on Sunday the 7th of the [p. 257] month of September at 5 o'clock in the afternoon, that they buried the body of the said father doctor Pedro de Morales at the church and college of the Company of Jesus. They greatly honored him; all the precious religious, our fathers, assembled and gathered around him, and the provincial head 1 of the Company of Jesus, and the professional singers of the cathedral choir came there to sing at his burial, and an inquisitor and a judge of the Royal Audiencia, along with many noble Spaniards, came to the burial. The reason that I set down and record here the death of this said late great religious is that he became like the representative of the holy Father here because he was fully authorized to go along issuing many jubilees in his name and on his behalf, as we saw. And also those who will live later, who didn't see and know how great a religion~ he was, need to know of him and see his name mentioned, because I think that in future times another religious like him will not be seen again here in Mexico. -

y Today, Monday the 8th of the month of September of the year 1614, in the afternoon, right on the feast day of the birth of our precious mother Santa Maria de la Natividad, there passed away Alonso Rodriguez Delgado, the founder who built the hospital of Espiritu Santo on the bank of the canal2 close to the Casa Profesa of San Ignacio. At this hospital he left behind the Brothers of Huaxtepec, called Convalecientes, who take care of hospitals. And the body of the said deceased Alonso Rodriguez [p. 258] was buried later, on Tuesday in the afternoon at 5 o'clock, on the second day, at the hospital church. The professional singers of the cathedral came to sing and bury him, and the spiritual ruler don Juan Perez de la Serna, archbishop in Mexico, came to the burial. //

. y Today, Thursday the 18th of the month of September of the year 1614, in the after­ noon, was when a proclamation was made everywhere in the city of Mexico, setting a fine, that all Spaniards were to burn wood at their homes on their roofs or on the streets outside their houses because, it was announced, there had newly come from Spain the statement, called beatification, blessing the great saint mother Teresa de Jesus, which the holy Father in Rome, Paul V, provisionally made in her name. The fine that was set was that whoever didn't burn wood at home would pay 10 pesos. And then when it got dark, right when they were ringing for prayers or the Ave Maria, pealing the bells began first at

2. Possibly a place name, Acalotenco.

288 TRANSCRIVTION AND TRANSLATION

nuestra Senora de! canne in ye tlatzitzillica in ye tlapitzallo vandera tlapanco motehtecac yhua mice cuahuitl tlatlac yn tlapanco yhua covetes quitlatlazque auh yniqu ipampa vmpa peuh ye tlatzitzillicac carme ca yehica ypampa ynin omoteneuhtzino Sancta ca hue! ynantzin yehuatzin oc ceppa quinmoyancuilili yn teopixcatlatecpancanahuatilli regla achto ynic quimochicahuacapielia vmpa moyetzticate carme teopixque [p. 259] Carmclitas descal,os. 1 ca hue! ytlatlaliltzitzinhuan ynic ompa hue[ y tzintia achto motlallique ynin frayles descar,os carmelitas yn ipan altepetl Manzera espafia ytlahuillanalpan in huey altepetl Salamanca, ychuatzin oncan tzontecomatl muchiuh yn cenca mahuiztililoni Padre Maestro fr. Antonio de Heredia ypan yxiuhtzin tt0 • Dios. de 1564. auh in yehuatzin Sane­ ta Theresa de Jesus. yn quinmotlalili quinmocaltili ymojastzitzinhuan descal,as in S. Josef. oncan yn ipan altepetl Auila: auh amo yhuan yntech nican nitlahtohua yn oc ce­ quintin teopixque carmelitas yn cal<;ados ,apatoseque ca ynon ca yeppa cenca ye miec xihuitl oncate ayemo hualhui y nican Mexico. auh niquihtohua yn o yuh peuh tlatzitzil­ lica nican carme no niman ye peuh in ye tlatzitzillicac yglesia mayor. yhua ,a ce ynic nohuiyan mochi teopan monasterios yn onca moyetzticate teopixque frayles. yhuan mon­ jas. tlatzitzillicac yhuan cenca hue] nohuiyan tlatlac y cuahuitl ciudad. mexico yn inchan yn intlatlapanco yn incaltenpa espafioles. i;a ce ynic nohuiyan ohtlipan tlatlac yuhquin tlaztalotl moquetz mexico. auh yn monasterios teopixcan mochi sepo candelas yn teopan­

tlapanticpac tlatlatlac yn iuh mochi tlacatl oquittac - y Axcan Domingo ynic .5. mani Metztli octubre de 1614 afios. yhcuac yn ope uh yn ompa totla,onantzin Sancta Maria de] carme, yn ilhuitzin ye quimochihuililia in omoten­ euhtzino tenantzin La madre Sancta [p. 260] Theresa de Jesus Virgen carmelita descal,a

2

ynin ye omito ayemo ycenyo ,an oc Beatificacion ynic quimolhuichihuililia yniqu ica­ tzinco moteylhuicohuanochilia ypilhuantzitzinhuan teopixque carme, yn axcan ypan omoteneuh Domingo. ye opeuh ylhuitl clerigos cabilto tlaca yn oquimochihuililito missa Sancta Theresa. yhuan yehuatl otemachtito yn Doctor Mufioz canonigo. // Auh yn ipan Junes ye omilhuitl yehuantzitzin yn teopixque Dominigos oquimochihuililito missa Sancta yhua ce temachti // Auh yn ipan Martes ynic eylhuitl yehuatzitzin yn teopixque Francos_ quimochihuililito missa Sancta. yhuan no ce temachti // Auh yn ipan miercoles ynic nahuilhuitl yehuantzitzin yn teopixque Augustinos. quimochihuililito missa Sancta yehuatzin motemachtilito in teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fr. Diego de contreras ar,obispo s. Domingo Ia ysla ayhtic, // Auh yn ipan Juebes ynic macuililhuitl yehuantzitzin yn teopixque mercenadios quimolhuichihuililito Sancta no ce temachti // Auh yn ipan Vier­ nes. ynic chicuacemilhuitl yehuantzitzin yn teopixque yn itehuicaltzitzinhuan Jesus )' tocayotillo de los Padres de la compafiia de Jesus yehuatzin motemachtilli yn inProuincial // Auh yn ipan Sabado ynic chicomilhuitl yehuantzitzin yn teopixque Francos descal,os. yn quimolhuichihuililito Sancta no ce temachti // Auh yn ipan Domingo yn ichicueyl­ huiyoc yehuatzin in teoyotica tlahtohuani Don Juan Perez de la Serna Ar,obispo Mexico yn quimochihuililito ymissatzin Sancta Theresa de Jesus. yhua motemachtilli [p. 261] <;::a

motlatzacuilli yehuatzin yniqu ilhuitl quimochihuili. y Axcan Sabado ynic .11. mani metztli octubre de 1614 aiios. yhcuac nican ciudad Mexico Teopan San Augustin omaxitico in Teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fray Juan ,apata Y Sandoual Obispo teopixq S. Augustin ompa ytequitzin motlalia quimopieliz. yn altepetl

I. In this word I was marked over r.

1614 289

the nunnery church of Nuestra Senora del Carmen. Wind instruments began to be played, and banners were displayed on roofs, and much wood was burned on roofs, and they shot off rockets. The reason that the bellringing began at Carmen is that the said saint was really the mother of and renewed for them the priestly constitutional ordinance, the rule, that was first strictly observed by the Carmelite friars there [in Spain], [p. 259] the Dis­ calced I Carmelites, for they were truly founded by her, so that these Discalced Carmelite friars were really founded and first established in the altepetl of Mancera, Spain, in the jurisdiction of the great altepetl of Salamanca; the person who became the head was the very reverend father master fray Antonio de Heredia, in the year of our lord God 1564. And Santa Teresa de Jesus established and housed her discalced nuns at San Josef in the allepetl of Avila. I do not speak here in addition of the other Carmelite friars, the shod, who wear shoes, for they have already existed for very many years; they have not yet come here to Mexico. And I say that after the ringing had begun here at Carmen, ringing began also at the cathedral, and there was ringing everywhere at all the monastery churches where there are friars and nuns, and absolutely everywhere in the city of Mexico wood was burned at the homes of the Spaniards, on their roofs and outside their houses, and there were fires absolutely everywhere on the roads; it became as bright in Mexico as the coming of dawn's light. And in all the monasteries, where there are friars, tallow candles were burned on the roofs of the churches, as everyone saw. - Y. Today, Sunday the 5th of the month of October of the year 1614, at our precious mother Santa Marfa de! Carmen, was when the celebration of the feast day of the said holy mother [p. 260] Santa Teresa de Jesus the virgin, a Discalced Carmelite, 2 began; as was said, her [sainthood] is not yet complete, it rs for now only her beatification that is being celebrated, so that in her name her children the Carmelite friars invite people to the feast. Today on the said Sunday the feast day began with the secular priests who are mem­ bers of the cathedral chapter, who went to say mass for Santa Teresa, and doctor Munoz, a canon, preached. // On Monday, the second day, the Dominican friars went to say mass for the saint, and one of them preached.// On Tuesday, the third day, the Franciscan friars went to say mass for the saint, and one of them preached too,// On Wednesday, the fourth day, the Augustinian friars went to say mass for the saint; the spiritual ruler don fray Diego de Contreras, archbishop in Santo Domingo de la Isla, out in the ocean, preached. II On Thursday, the fifth day, the Mercedarian friars went to celebrate the feast of the saint, and one of them preached too. // On Friday, the sixth day, it was the religious who are in the following of Jesus, who are called the fathers of the Company of Jesus; their provincial head preached. // On Saturday, the seventh day, it was the Discalced Franciscan friars who went to celebrate the feast of the saint, and one of them preached too. // On Sunday, the eighth day, the spiritual ruler don Juan Perez de la Serna, archbishop in Mexico, went to say a mass for Santa Teresa de Jesus, and he preached; [p. 261] he closed

the celebration of the feast.

Y. Today, Saturday the 11th of the month of October of the year 1614, was when the spiritual ruler don fray Juan de Zapata y Sandoval, bishop, Augustinian friar, reached the church of San Agustin here in the city of Mexico. It is established as his assignment that

2. Or a Discalced Carmelite virgin.

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290 TRANSCRJPTION AND TRANSLATION

ciudad cbiapa. ynin nican. mexico chane nican tepiltzin motenehua criollo espana hual­ mohuicac nican mohuicac huecauh ompa omoyetzticatca yn espafia ynic ompa oquimo­ maquilli Rey in Teoyotica ytlahtocayotzin. auh ynic hualmohuicac ye quin oncan yn ciudad de los Angeles. cuetlaxcohuapan y hualmoteochiuhtzinotiquiz in Teoyotica ytlah­ tocayotzin ymactzinco quihualmocuilitiquiz. yn oncan Obispo Don Alonso de la muta y

escobar hue! ipan ylhuitzin S. Miguel. y_ Axcan martes ynic 14. mani metztli octubre de 1614 ai\os. yhcuac nican Mexico. on­ peuhque cequintin Jabun tlaca oyahque in inchan Japon onauhxiuhtico y nican mexico onemico. cequintin oc nican omocauhtiaque motlaecoltia. tiamiqui quinamaca nican yn in­

tlatqui ompa quihualcuique Japon y_ Axcan Jueues ynic 23. mani metztli octubre de 1614. anos. yhcuac nican Mexico on­ mopehualtihque ometin Teopixque S. Franco descal,os mohuica Japon ompa motemach-

tilizque y_ Axcan Lunes ynic .20.1 mani metztli octubre de 1614. anos. ihcuac nican yhtic huey altepetl ciudad Mexico ocallaquico yn Don Gaspar de albeal cauallero. [p. 262] quitlalia yComiendatzin yn Santiago. ompa mohuica ompa motlalia ytequitzin ompa motepachil­ huiz Gouernador mochiuhtzinohua ompa motenehua de la nueua Viscaya en guatiana de la nueua Espana, ,an onmoquixtihtiqui,a nican Mexico espafia ohualmohuicac. quin yehuatl

ocopehualtico yn Gouernacion. ompa guatiana. y_ Axcan miercoles ynic 29. mani Metztli octubre de 1614 anos. ihcuac omomiquilli yn cihuapilli Doiia Ana de Mendo,a ycnocihuatl ynamic catca Doctor rriego Pressidente catca yn audiencia real mexico. yehuantin tlatzintileque fundadores quimochihuillique yn cihua­ teopixcacalli Monasterio monjas San luren,o yn oncan cate omentin ymichpotzitzinhuan oncan yn otocoto ynacayo omoteneuh cihuapilli Doiia Ana de Mendo,a no yehuatzin qui­ motoquilito yn tlahtohuani Don diego fernandez de cordoua Visurrey yhuan mochintin yn

audiencia real tlaca. y_ Axcan Jueues ynic .30. mani ytlamian yn Metztli octubre de 1614 anos ihcuac teotlac ye chicuacen tzillini omomiquilli yn licenciado Antonio Rodriquez. oydor catca nican Me­ xico audiencia real auh ye quin imoztlayoc ipan viernes teotlac in motocac ynacayo S. Franco, oncan no motetoquillico tlahtohuani Visurrey Don diego fernandez de cordoua. yhuan mochintin yn audiencia real tlaca oydores alkles de cortes, yhuan i yehuatzin yn

An;obispo Don Juan Perez de la serna. y_ Axcan Sabado ynic .15. mani Metztli Nouiembre de 1614 afios. yhcuac yancuican ipan navioviso 2 [p. 263] Omotlatitlani yn espafia y nothatzin Padre fray Augustin del espiritu Sancto Patron quimopachilhuia y hue! yxcoyantzinco yaxcatzin ynic quimopielia yn iteopancaltzin notla,omahuizthatzin yn hueytzintli S. Antonio Abad Y nican ciudad Mexico. ynehuantzin motlatitlania yn Seiior Doctor Antonio Roque. ynic ompa tetech conmocahuilia espafia ,an oc tlatlaniliztli conmochihuilia cam pa e in moetzticate teopixq. Sanct antonio ma cuix hualmomachiztilican ah,o vel hualmohuicazq. yehuantin in comendadores onmotetlacuilhuililia ynic ma ynhuelitzintica yn Sancto Padre Paulo Quin­ to. yhuan yehuatzin Rey espaiia Don Felipe. Tercero. ynic ma quinmomacahuilican ma hualmohuicacan y nican ipan ciudad Mexico nueua Espafia. ma motlalitzinoqui ma quimopieliqui yn omoteneuhtzino S. Antonio Abad yn iteopancaltzin y hue! yehuan-

1. The date is out of order. The days of the week, however, work out right with the

20th and 23rd.

1614 291

he is to be in charge of the altepetl and city of Chiapas, He is from Mexico here, a child of people here, what is called a criollo. He came back from Spain; he left here and was in Spai~ for .a long time, so that the king gave him his spiritual rulership there, but it wasn t until he came back that he was consecrated as spiritual ruler in passing through the City of the Angels, Puebla, on the way here; he received it from the hands of the bishop there, don Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, right on the feast day of San Miguel. Y. Today, Tuesday the 14th of the month of October of the year 1614, was when some Japanese set out from Mexico here going home to Japan; they lived here in Mexico for four years. Some still remained here; they earn a living trading and selling here the goods they brought with them from Japan. Y. Today, Thursday the 23rd of the month of October of the year 1614, was when two Discalced Franciscan friars set out from Mexico here; they are going to Japan, where they will preach. Y Today, Monday the 20th 1 of the month of October of the year 1614, was when there entered the great altepetl and city of Mexico here don Gaspar de Alvear, a gentleman [p. 262] who wears the insignia of Santiago. He is going to, his assignment is established at, he wiH rule people in and has been appointed governor in what is called New Biscay, m Guadiana m New Spain. He is just quickly passing through Mexico here; he came from Spain. He is the first one who has come to begin the governorship at Guadiana. Y Today, Monday the 29th of the month of October of the year 1614, was when there passed away the noblewoman dona Ana de Mendoza, widow, who was the spouse of doctor ~iego, late president of the Royal Audien~a of Mexico. They were the founders of and bmlt the nunnery of San Lorenzo, where two of their daughters are. It was there that the body of the said lady dofia Ana de Mendoza was taken to be buried. Also the lord viceroy don Diego Fernandez de Cordoba and all the members of the Royal Audiencia went to bury her. Y Today, Thursday the 30th, at the end of the month of October of the year 1614, at six o'clock in the afternoon, was when there passed away licenciado Antonio Rodriguez, who was a civil judge in the Royal Audiencia here in Mexico. It was later, the next day, on Friday afternoon, that his body was buried at San Francisco. Also the lord viceroy don Diego Fernandez de Cordoba and all the members of the Royal Audiencia, the civil judges and alcaldes of court, and the archbishop, don Juan Perez de la Serna, came to the burial. Y Today, Saturday the 15th of the month of November of the year 1614, was when for the first time [p. 263] my father, father fray Agustin de! Espiritu Santo, the patron, who governs and as his very own property has charge of the church of my precious revered father the great San Antonio Abad here in the city of Mexico, sent a message to Spain in the dispatch ship,2 and he and senor doctor Antonio Roque are sending a message to­ gether, in which they entrust people in Spain to make inquiries where there are religious of San Antonio and to have it announced to them that perhaps the comendadores to whom they write can come here by authorization of the holy Father Paul V and the king of Spain don Felipe Ill, hoping that they would allow them to come here to the city of Mex­ ico in New Spain; let them come establish themselves and take charge of the said church of San Antonio Abad, those precious revered religious, who are called monks who live by

2. Onc_e again "navioviso" or "naviobiso" appears for navto de aviso, suggesting that the form 1s normal for Ch. See also pp. 234-35 at n. 3.

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tzitzin tlac;omahuizteopixque moteneuhtzinohua ycel yyoca nencatzitzinti Mongestin Y hue] ypilhuantzitz.inhuan y hue] ytlacahuillohuan yn nican tlalticpac quinmocahuilitia yn ihcuac momiquilitzino omoteneuhtzino notlac;omahuizthatzin S. Antonio Abad, Y ye yx­

quich ica1

auh yehuatl ipan mohuica ye teoyotica monemiliznehtoltihtzinohua yn teoyotica yoc­

tacatlatecpantzin yn motenehua yn ireglatzin in Totlac;omahuizthatzin hueytzintli S. Basilio Magno Doctor yteotlanextzin in Sancta yglesia. yhuan Arc;obispo moyetzticatca yn ompa ipan huey ciudad de Cesarea. de Capadocia. en Grecia, ypan tlalli Assia, yn tona­ tiuh yquic;ayampa. Auh ca c;ano [p. 264] San Antonio Teopixqui moyetzticatca yn omo­ teneuhtzino hueytzintli San Basilio Magno. yece in c;atepan oc ceppa ye no yehuatzin motlayancuililico. motlapahpatillico yn itechpa yn oc tley ytlacahuia teopixcanemiliztli. yn ipan teopixcayotl S. Antonio Auh yn ipampa ye no yehuatzin omoteneuhtzino San Basilio Magno. ynic yenohuatzin 2 omotlayancuilili yn omotlapahpatilli ynic oquin­ momaquillico oc cetlamantli yn omoteneuh teoyotica yoctacateopixcatlatecpantenemiti­

ayatzin yn iReglatzin ynic oquinmomaquillico y hue] quinmocemaxcatilli cemihcac. yn itlac;oteopixcateyccauhtzitzinhuan yn omoteneuhtzinoque ycel yyoca nencatzitzinti Mon­ gestin, yehuatl ipan mohuica yn axcan ynic teoyotica monemiliznehtoltitzinohua in tlac;oteopixque S. Antonio. ye ipampa on oquimocentocayotitzinoco Teopixque Basilios. ynic axcan ye monotzinohua, yece ca yqu imomextintzitzin ynthatzitzinhuan mochiuh­ tzinoticate in S. Antonio Abad, yhuan S. Basilio Magno, yn ipan in ce ynteopixcanemi­ litzin tlac;oteopixque Mongestin y ye moteneuhtzinohua Basilios. yn ompa yn ayemo no huecauh yn ayemo. miec xihuitl omotlalitzinoco Espana. ompa ohualmohuicaque yn italia. yhuan francia. oc cenca ompa yn miequintin onmoyetzticate yn tonatiuh yquiqa­ yampa motenehua en Grecia yhuan yn ipan ome tlalli motenehua Armenias in hueycan yhuan ipan Tepiton Armenia ihuan Moscouia yhuan Ethiopia yn itlahtocatlapacholpan huey tlahtohuani yn tocayotillo Preste Juan. hue] cenca tlamaceuhque yhuan motla­ tequipanilhuiani yn inma[p. 265]Ticatzinco Tequitini. auh in tlein ceceyaca quimix­ nextilia conmotlalilia yn ompa intlacentlaliayantzinco motenehua Comunidad, yniqu incepanyantzinco yntetzinco monequi. O yhui n in y motlamaniltilia yn intlatecpanpan­ tzinco tlac;oteopixque, ma yuh mochi tlacatl quimati ca yuh quinmottilizque intla qui­ monequiltitzinoz. ytla itlanequiliztzin. tt0 . Dias. ca hualmohuicazq. tiquihtotilizq.

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nican S. Anton Mexico nueua espafia, auh ytlacamo ytlanequilizticatzinco mochihuaz tt 0

Dias. ca amo hue! hualmohuicazque, y Auh c;ano ypan in yn omoteneuh cemilhuitl Sabado. ihcuac nican Mexico Omoquixti in licenciado Don Pedro de Otalora Presidente y nican Mexico audiencia real, yn oquimot­ tilito. yn oquimoyahualhuito nohuiyampa in techyahualotoc huey at!. ompa hualmope­ hualtito yn xuchimilco oquimottilito atl, yn quenin mani ye niman ompa moquixtito yn Tulyahualco, niman moquixtito cuitlatetelco, niman ye ompa moquixtito yn ayotzinco, niman moquixtito chalco atenco, niman moquixtito chimalhuacan ateco, niman rno­

quixtito yn ipan huey alte[266]Petl Tetzcuco, yhuiyantzin yn mohuicatia ynic nohui­ yampa quimootztilitia atl ynic niman c;a ye ompa mocauhtzinoto y citlaltepec, yn quimot-

1. The sentence is apparently left incomplete. 2. For "no yehuatzin." . . 3. The verb i/h)totia is to dance. It is normally reflexive, When 11 has a nonreflex1ve

object instead, it means to cause someone else to dance. "We will dance to or for it or

1614 293

themselves and alone, who are the true children and relics that my said precious revered father San Antonio Abad left here on earth when he died until such time as __

They go in, they take their vows for a spiritual life with, the spiritual exemplary ar­ rangement called the rule of our precious revered father the great San Basilio Magno, a doctor, the divine light of the holy Church, who was archbishop in the great city of Caesarea in Cappadocia, in Greece, in Asia Minor, in the East. fp. 264] The said great San Basilio Magno was likewise a religious of San Antonio, but afterward he again renewed and corrected what was still wrong with priestly life in the priesthood of San Antonio. And because the said San Basilio Magno when he2 renewed and corrected things and gave them another separate said exemplary arrangement for living a spiritual, priestly life, his rule, which he gave to and entirely made the eternal property of his precious younger siblings as priests, who as mentioned live by themselves and alone, monks, in which the precious religious of San Antonio now are guided by and take their vows for a spiritual life, for that reason they came to call them all by the same name of Basilian religious, as they are now called, but the two of them have different fathers, San Antonio Abad and San Basilio Magno, within a single priestly life of the precious religious, monks. The said Basilians, not long ago, not many years ago came to establish them­ selves in Spain; they came from Italy and France, and especially there are many in the east, in what is called Greece, and in two lands called the Armenias, the big and the small Armenia, and in Moscovia, and in Eth if pia, in the royal jurisdiction of the great ruler called Prester John. They are great penitents and workers, [p. 265] working with their hands, and what each one acquires he places in their joint gathering place, called the com­ munity, so that they can use it jointly. Like this, then, the precious religious govern themselves in their rule, Let everyone know that they will see them if our lord God wishes it; if it is his will, they will come here. [We will dance to it ?]3 here at San Anton in Mexico, in New Spain. But if it is not done by the will of our lord God, they will not be able to come.

y On the same said day of Saturday was when licenciado don Pedro de Otalora, president of the Royal Audiencia here in Mexico, left Mexico to go to inspect and to go all around the great lake that surrounds us. He began in Xochimilco, inspecting the level of the water; then he passed through Tolyahualco; then he passed through Cuitlatetelco; then he passed through Ayotzinco; then he passed through Chalco Atenco; then he passed through Chimalhuacan Atenco; then he passed through the great altepetl [p. 266] of Tetzcoco. He went slowly because he went inspecting the waters in each place everywhere, until finally he stopped at Citlaltepec to inspect the water excavation [drainage] being done there. The

him," in Ch.' s style, would be ,:tictihtotilizq." A sense "we will celebrate it" would be very appropriate here, but the form here does not say that unless we assume that a mis­ take was made. A causative from i/h)toa might give the right sense, but that would normally be i(h)toltia, hence "tictihtoltilizq."

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294 TRANSCRJPTION AND 1RANSLATION

tilito, yn ompa mochihua atataquiliztli, yn macehualtzitzinti ompa quitatacaya ce tepetl yo quicuitlacoyoniaya, 1 yo amo hue! mochihua mohuitia ynic ompa qui,az atl,2 omo­ teneuh y nican techyahualotoc yn capachoznequi ciudad Mexico, ye mocauh ayocmo omo­ chiuh yn motatacaz, yuh omihto ypampa ca cenca miequintin y macehualtzitzin hueca tlaca hue! yxquich cincuenta mil yn oncan omomiquillico atatacoyan, y nohuiyampa tlaca, ceca omotolinique, yhuan yuh omihto ca ce millon, yn oncan ye popolihui ytlatqui­ tzin Rey. Auh yn ohualmocueptzino yn omocallaquico nican Mexico. yn omoteneuhtzino Senor Jieenciado Don Pedro de Otalora. ye ipan Metztli de diziembre. in ,a ye ipan ye itlamian yn omoteneuh xihuitl de 1614. afios hue! ipan ye cemilhuitl ypehuayan. ynic ce ymissatzin yo iaquillantotzin 3 totla,omahuiznantzin yn mochiuhtiuh yn chiuhcnahui y ye ytlacatilizhuallalizpantzinco u0 . Dios. yn iuh mochipa cecexiuhtica mochiuhtiuh oquimo­

neltililito yo Presidente ytequitzin. [p. 267]

vi.4 Acatl xihuitl 1615. anos. yn ipan yo ipehuayan in omoteneuh yancuic xihuitl yhuan metztli henero. yhcuac cenca chicahuac. omomanaco i;ahuatl motenehua saranpio, yntcch motlalli yn inpilhuan espafioles, yhuan timacehualtin topilhuan y_ Yhuan yn ipan yn ipehuayan in omoteneuh yacuic xihuitl yhuan metztli henero yhcuac opohualloque ye cue! yxquich chicuacenpohualli yn oncate yn espafioles. yhuan espano­ Jas. teoyotica nenque yn oquicuique yn itlaquentzin yn iauitotzin totlai;othatzin S. Fran° 0

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yn quiyahuac tlaca yn omopouhque yn iexcantlatecpampantzinco. y ye motenehua la ter­ cera orden des. Franco. yn ,an inchachan quipia quimonemiliztia yn toquichtin yhuan cihua 5 yn iexcantlatecpantzin Senor S. Fran° 0 , yn omotlalique nican ipan huey altepetl

ciudad Mexico Tenuchtitlan. y_ Axcan domingo ynic cemilhuitl mani metztli de febrero de 16]5. anos. yhcuac cenca chicahuac ocehuetzico yn aye yuh mochihuani nican Mexico. oc cenca ompa yn izquican chalco. mochi cecualloc. y nochiznopalli yn oquitocaca [p. 268] ytencopa Jues espafiol topille 6 yn quimocuitlahuiaya. ye otlatzicoca ye omozcaltiaya hue! tlaltitech oquihuicac ynic oquipollo cetl7 hue! ce semana yn chicahuac ocehuetz.

y_ Axcan Junes ynic .2. mani Metztli de febrero de 1615. anos. yhcuac nican ciudad Me­ xico. onmopehualti in teoyotica tlahtohuani Don fray Juan i;apata y sandoual obispo. ompa mohuica yn ipan ciudad chiapa ompa quimopieliz yn altepetl. ,an ey metztli ipan

tlaco nican mexico metzticatca. ynic niman omohuicac. y_ Axcan sabado ynic ,7. mani metztli de febrero de 1615. afios. ihcuac nican mexico on­ peuhque matlactin Japon tlaca. ompa hui yn inc ha Japon nican Mexico opochtecatico.

y_ Axcan sabado ynic 14. mani Metztli de febrero de 1615. afios. yhcuac oceppayauh yn intech nohuiayan tetepe. yn iztac tepetl ytech yhuan ytech popocatepetl, yhuan ytech tepetl ytoca cilcuaye, yn ayotzinco nepa catqui chalco, yhuan ytech quetzaltepetl, yn tetzcucopa catqui, yhuan cenca chicahuac oyehecac, omilhuitl yn ohuetz ceppayahuitl. yn

I. Or through it? 2. Or a channel cannot be made for the water to come out. . 3. Usually a Christmas or New Year's present, often from a superior to subordmates. 4. Space was left in front for a pictorial year sign not a~tually filled in. 5. In this case toquichtin, "we men," a way of refernng to groups of men that Ch.

1614.-1615 295

poor commoners were excavating a mountain there, making a hole in the side of it, 1

where the said waters that as said surround us and are about to flood the city of Mexico cannot find a channel to come out.2 It was halted, and the excavation was done no more, because, it was said, a great many poor commoners from far away, a full 50,000, died at the place of excavation; people from all around were greatly afflicted. And it was said that

a million [pesos] of the king's assets were spent there. When the said senor Jicenciado don Pedro de Otalora returned to and entered Mexico here, it was already in the month of De­ cember, at the end of the said year of 1614; it was right on the first day, beginning, and first mass of the aguinaldo3 of our precious revered mother, of which nine go along being performed at the time of the birth and coming of our lord God, as is always done every year, that the president finished carrying out his assignment. [p. 267]

64 Reed Year, 1615. At the beginning of the said new year and of the month of January was when a very severe pox broke out, called measles; the children of the Spaniards and the children of us commoners caught it.

Y. Also at the beginning of the said new year and of the month of January was when there were counted the Spanish men and women who live in legitimate marriage who have taken the attire and habit of our precious father San Francisco, the people outside [the monastery], who joined the third order [ of San Francisco], called the Tercera Orden de San Francisco, the men and women5 who just observe at home and give themselves to the life of the third order of lord San Frallfisco established here in the great altepetl and city of Mexico Tenochtitlan. There were alteady a full hundred and twenty of them, Y. Today, Sunday the first day of the month of February of the year 1615, was when there was a very severe freeze such as had never happened here in Mexico. Especially all over Chalco all the cochineal cactus froze that had been planted [p. 268] at the order of a Spanish judge, [a constable]. 6 The [cactus] that they were cultivating had already taken root and started to grow, but the ice7 destroyed it and knocked it all the way down to the ground. For a whole week it froze severely.

Y. Today, Monday the 2nd of the month of February of the year 1615, was when the spir­ itual ruler don fray Juan de Zapata y Sandoval, bishop, set out from the city of Mexico here to go to the city of Chiapas, where he will be in charge of the altepetl. He was here in Mexico for only three and a half months before he left.

Y. Today, Saturday the 7th of the month of February of the year 1615, was when ten Jap­ anese set out from Mexico here to go home to Japan; they came here to Mexico to act as merchants.

Y. Today, Saturday the 14th of February of the year 1615, was when it snowed on the mountains everywhere, on Iztaccihuatl and on Popocatepetl, and on the mountain called Cilquaye in Ayotzinco on the far side of Chalco, and on Quetzaltepetl, which is toward Tetzcoco. And there was a very strong wind. For two days the snow fell. On Sunday, after

often reserves for indigenous men, refers to Spanish men instead. Often, too, cihua, "women," refers primarily to indigenous people, but not here.

6. The word topile is often glossed as constable, but it can apply to a large range of middle-level officials, all those who hold a staff as a sign of some special assignment.

7. Or cold.

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ipan Domingo. ohuallathuic ye[p. 269]quene nohuiyan ynic cenchalco oceppayauh yn

intech tetepe. ,a tel quexquich yn onhuetz ayocmo cenca chicahuac, yece ,an ye yhui cenca chicahuac yn oyehecac. ye ome tzillini ipan tlaco horn yn omocehuico hehecatl hue!

itztic yn omochiuh omilhuitl. y_ Axcan martes ynic .3. mani Metztli Mar,o de 1615 afios. yhcuac nican Mexico on­

peuhque onpohualtin yn Portuguestin ytencopatzinco visurrey ompa hui yaotlapiazque y huey atenco Acapolco, ypampa omachiztico nican Mexico oncan ohuallaque yn tlahue­

liloque y motenehua landenses, 1 yhuan pichilinquez, ychtecque huey apan nemi, y_ Axcan ye ce viemes yn ipan quaresma ynic 6, mani Mctztli Man;:o de 1615. afios ihcuac

omotlalli opeuh. otzintic yn estaciones sant ipolito yn oncan motcnehua Monte caluario.

yehuatzin oquimotlalili yn sefior Don gabriel guerrero tlatzintille fundador omochiuhtzino

yea ytlatquitzin yn oquimochihuilli. auh ypan omotlahtolti ypan hue! omochicauhtzino yn Padre fray Alonso de Molina ]ego quate,ontzin S. Franco teopixqui yntepantlahto­

catzin in animas no yehuatzin in tlatzintile fundador omochiuhtzino. ynic mochi tlacatl oncan onmoteochihua yn ipan chicome viernes quaresma [p. 270] ynic amo ,an quexquich

oncan 5mocnopilhuia tecentlapopolhuiliztli yndulugencias. y_ Axcan sabado ynic .7. mani metztli Man;o de 1615. afios hue! ipan ilhuitzin sant 0

,

thomas de Aquino ihcuac nican Mexico quimonehualtilique matlacpohualli ipan chiuhc­ nahui tlacatl in for,ados. yn espafioles. temac ohuetzque bagamondos. yhuan cequintin

tlahtlacolleque temicti!iztica cequintin tliltique. cequintin mulados. cequintin mesti,ostin. yhuan macuiltin timacehualtin indios. in huicoque la china justi<;iatica mochintin tepm;o­ tiaque yhua mailpitiaque. // Yhuan in ipan in omoteneuh metztli Mar,o cenca momi­

quillique in pipiltzitzinti yn ica ,ahuatl saranpio. mochintin intech motlalli yn inpilhuan

espafioles. yhua tliltique. Y. Axcan miercoles ynic .ii. rnani metztli Marc;o de 1615. afios. yhcuac nican mexico quimaxitico Eyntin espafioles. de la guardia yehuantin quinpixtihuia in for,ados la china

quinhuica Justiciatica in tlacpac omoteneuhque corte quimontzaq. auh iuh machiztico yuh mihto yn nican Mexico. Epohuallonmatlactli in quinchololtito tepetitech tlecoque in for­

c;ados. auh ce tlacatl tepixtihuia de la guardia quimictitehuaque. yhuan ce tehuicac in te­

pixtihuia. Auh inic niman yn ipan viernes. ynic 13. mani metztli Mar,o. nican mexico onpeuhque oyahque onpohuallonmatlactli soldadostin tiacahuan ce tlacatl Capitan mo­ chiuhtia Comission qui[p. 27J]huicac. ynic nohuiyan quintemozque. yn ocholloto for,a­

dos. yn iuh yatia itlanahuatiltzin tlacatl visurrey intla oquimittaque cholloque intlacamo c;an ihuiyan hualmotemacazque. intla mocuecuetzozque niman ompa tepuztlahuitoltica pistoletetica quinmiminazque quinmictizque. yhuan caxtolpohualli macehualtin tlaminani quinhuicaque quimantiquizque ohtlipan in quinpalehuizque Joldadostin in quinmiminazque

quinmictizque in for,ados choloque. ca iuh motlanahuatilli in visurrey.

y_ Axcan viernes. ynic .20. mani metztli Marc;o de 1615 afios. ihcuac ipan in oquihual­

licuanique in intlayahualoliz. in inprossesion in cofrades. yn itetzinco pohui yn ipil­ huantzitzin tlacemicnopilhuiani San Roque. yn ompa qui,ani atenantitech hospital s. ]azaro. acalcalco. 2 yn espafioles. yhuan timacehualtin yn oqui,aya Junes sancto. // Auh

I. This form doubtless derives from Flandes, Flanders, with a Latinate ending. Nahuatl would be prone to omit [f] before [!].

1615 297

midnight and before dawn, [p. 269] it finally snowed everywhere all over Chalco on the mountains, though only a certain amount fell; it was no longer very strong, but there was

a very vigorous, strong wind. At half past 2 o'clock the wind abated. It was very cold for two days.

y_ Today, Tuesday the 3rd of the month of March of the year 1615, was when 40 Portu­

guese set out from Mexico here by order of the viceroy; they are going to stand guard at

the seashore at Acapulco, because it became known here in Mexico that the wicked people called the Flemish I and pirates, thieves who go on the sea, had come there.

y_ Today, the first Friday of Lent, the 6th of the month of March of the year 1615, was when [the practice] of setting up the stations [ of the cross] began and was founded at San

Hipolito, at the place called Monte Calvario. It was set up by scfior don Gabriel Guerrero, who became the founder; it was with his own assets that he did it, and father fray Alonso

de Molina, a lay brother, a Franciscan friar, the intercessor for the souls of the dead also , spoke in favor of it and really urged it; he too became a founder, so that everyone goes

there to pray on the seven Fridays of Lent, [p. 270] so that a great many general pardons, indulgences, are earned there.

y_ Today, Saturday the 7th of the month of March of the year 1615, right on the feast day of Santo Tomas de Aquino, was when they set out from Mexico here taking 209 people

condemned to forced labor: Spaniards, vagabonds who had been apprehended, some people guilty of murder, some blacks, some mulattoes, some mestizos, and five of us common­ ers, Indians, who were taken to China [the Philippines] by order of the law. All of them went in shackles and with thei~ hands tied. // And in the said month of March many

children died from a pox, measles; all the children of Spaniards and blacks caught it.

y_ Today, Wednesday the !Ith of the month of March of the year 1615, was when they brought here to Mexico three Spanish guards who had been going along guarding those

condemned to forced labor [forzados] in the Philippines; they took the above mentioned [guards] by order of the law and locked them in the court uail]. It became known and was said here in Mexico that they let 70 of those condemned to forced labor get away and climb the mountains, and they left dead one guard who went along guarding them, and one who was guarding they took along. And then on Friday the 13th of the month of

March, 50 soldiers, warriors, set out from and left Mexico here. One person went appoint­ ed as captain; he carried a commission [p, 27 J] to seek everywhere the condemned to labor who had run away. According to the order of the lord viceroy, if they saw those who fled, if they didn't give themselves up peacefully, if they made a motion, right away they were

to shoot and kill them with a metal crossbow, that is, with a pistol. And they took along 300 commoners who were archers; they took them along on the road to help the soldiers,

to shoot and kill the condemned to labor who had fled. That is what the viceroy ordered. y_ Today, Friday the 20th of the month of March of the year 1615, was when the cofradfa

members who are dedicated to and the children of the all-deserving San Roque moved their procession. The Spaniards ~nd we commoners used to come out from the hospital of San Lazaro at Atenantitech, at Acalcalco, 2 on the Monday of Holy Week.// But they came out

2. In another instance (pp. 54-55, entry for the end of December, 1595), referring to this same site, the word is given as "acalcaltitlan." We take it for a varying place name, but the meaning might be at or next to the boat house(s).

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298 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

r;an ye ipan in teotlac nahui tzillini oquizque axcan ipan cemilhuitl viemes. y Axcan martes ynic .24. mani Metztli Marr;o de 1615. afios. ihcuac nahuintin fon;ados. oncan temac huetzico in culhuacan yehuantin in tlacpac omoteneuhque yn ohtlipan chol­ loto in quinhuicaya la china. auh ic hualmocuepaya. r;an ichtaca yohualtica y nican Me­ xico callaquizquia oncan quimittac in culhuacan teniente, ynic niman oc nC callactihuetzca teopan. oncan quinquixtizquia [p. 272] yn omoteneuh teniente. ynic oncan quihual­ motlaque tepuztlahuitoltica. pistoletetica, ic yehuatl niman momiquilli in teniente. ynin temictihque ye omoteneuh yehuantin yn espafioles Eyntin. yhu1i cc tliltic ahnor;o mulato. auh r;a omen tin y hue! quimanque teomeca 1 in tliltic ynehuan yn espafiol hue! ayaxcan in quimanque ompa chaneque r;an timacehualtin in teahcique. hue! quinhuihuitecque ynic quimanque niman ompa quinmictilique. auh c;a mimicque in quimaxitico nican mexico teotlac. innahuixtin yn ipan in omoteneuh cemilhuitl martes. oquinxexeloque yhuan in intzonteco oncan tecpan quiyahuac. tepilolcuauhticpac oquinr;ar;aloque. yhuan yn inma­ yeccamcopamacpal quintehtequilique oncan itlan yn intzonteco quir;ar;alloque.

y axcan sabado ynic .4. mani metztli Abril de 1615. afios. ihcuac yohuatzinco yn opeuh ye tlatzillini yglesia mayor. ynic oquimotlalili descomunio Prouisor ytocatzin castro yn inpan alkles de cortes. impampa omentin quintlatzontequilique Justiciatica pilolozquia omentin espafioles. ce corona quipia ce teopan quiquixtique auh Eilhuitl in inpampa des­ comunio intech catca omoteneuhque alkles de cortes, cemilhuitl in tlatzillin ipan omo­ teneuh Sabado, yhuan ipan domingo. yhuan ipan Junes. ye yohua mocahuaco. yn o iuh ontzillin Oracion Cenca ic ne[p. 273]ir;ahuilloc, ye netetzanhuilloc. in nican ipan ciudad. Mexico. II Auh no ihcuac yn. ocehuico yn cocoliztli <;ahuatl motenehua saranpio.

y Jueues ynic 21. mani Metztli Mayo de 1615 afios ihcuac yohuatzinco chiuhcnahui tzillini nican ciudad Mexico. ommopehualti in cenca mahuiztililoni teoyotica tlahtohuani Maestro Don fr. Diego de contreras. Ar<;obispo. teopixqui S. Augustin nican mexico motlacatilli nican ypiltzin y huei altepetl ompa mohuica ompa motlallia itequitzin yn at! itic st 0 • Domingo Ia ysla ompa quimopieliz in st•. yglesia. yn iuhqui hualmotlachica­ huililia sto. Padre de Roma. yhuan yn iuh oquimocnelili yn iuh oquihualmonahuatilli

tohueytlahtocatzin Don felipeh tercero Rey espafia. y Martes. ynic .19.2 mani Metztli Mayo. de 1615. afios. ynic hualyohuac ihcuac omo­ miquilli yn <;ihuapilli Dofia isabel de Muteuhc<;uma cihuateupixqui Monja omoetzticatca omopohuiltiaya itlatecpanpantzinco in totla,omahuiznantzin in itla<;omahuizchipahuaca­ nenacayotiliztzin Sancta Maria nuestra senora de la consep<;ion yn oncan Monasterio ayoticpac. ipan tlaxillacalli cihuatlan yuh yehuantin quitocayotiaya i ye huecauh tlaca catca Mexica huehuetque. ynin omoteneuhtzino cihuateupixqui, ca mes[p. 274]ti<;a ytech quiz hue! ymichputzin yn Gozallo gano espafiol Conquistador. ynehuan ynamic Dofia isabel tecuichpotzin de Muteuhc,uma tepeticpac cihuapilli. yhuan mihtohuaya Tecaman <;ihuapilli. ynin omoteneuh tlahtocacihuapilli infanta Dofia isabel tecuichputzin de Mu­ teuhcc;uma, hue! ichputzin in huey tlahtohuani catca Muteuhc<;umatzin xocoyotl. ynic

1. In his writing Ch. often uses a rare form consisting of te-, a number, and -ca. It usually has an ordinal sense, which would here be "the second of them," but that meaning does not seem appropriate.

1615 299

today, on a Friday, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon.

Y Today, Tuesday the 24th of the month of March of the year 1615, was when four of those condemned to forced labor were apprehended in Colhuacan; they were of the group mentioned above who fled along the way while they were taking them to the Philippines. The reason they were coming back was that they were going to enter Mexico here se­ cretly, at night. The deputy magistrate in Colhuacan saw them, whereupon they quickly tried to enter the church; the said deputy was going to remove them from there [p. 272] when they shot back at him with a metal crossbow, a pistol, of which the deputy died right away. These killers, as was already said, were three Spaniards and a black or mulatto. They were able to take only two of them; it was with great difficulty that people living there were able to take [the other two], 1 the black and a Spaniard. It was just some of us commoners who caught them; they gave them a real beating when they took them; then and there they killed them. All four of them were dead when they brought them here to Mexico in the afternoon of the said day of Tuesday. They cut them into parts and stuck their heads on the gallows outside the palace, and they cut off their right hands and stuck them next to their heads.

y Today, Saturday the 4th of the month of April of the year 1615, early in the morning, was when the bells began to peal at the cathedral because the vicar general named Castro had placed the alcaldes of court under excommunication on account of two Spaniards whom they had sentenced by legal process and who were going to be hanged, one who has the tonsure and one whom they removed from a church. Because of them the alcaldes of court were excommuniaated for three days; the bells pealed the whole day on the said Saturday and on Sunday, and on Monday at dark it was halted, after the bells rang for prayers. People here in the city of Mexico were greatly taken aback [p. 273] and shocked by it. II At the same time the sickness of pox called measles abated. y Thursday, the 21st of the month of May of the year 1615, in the morning at 9 o'clock, was when there set out from the city of Mexico here the very reverend spiritual ruler master don fray Diego de Contreras, archbishop, Augustinian friar, who was born here in Mexico and is the child of the great altepetl here; he is going and his assignment is established out in the ocean, at Santo Domingo de la Isla, where he will be in charge of the holy church, [his office] having been confirmed by the holy Father in Rome and granted him by order of our great ruler don Felipe II], the king of Spain. y Tuesday the 19th2 of May of the year 1615, as night was coming, was when there passed away the noblewoman dona Isabel de Moteuc,oma, who was a female religious, a nun, belonging to the order of the precious revered pure conception of our precious revered mother, Santa Maria, Nuestra Senora de la Concepci6n, in the nunnery at Ayoticpac .in the tlaxilacalli of Cihuatlan, as the people of long ago, the ancient Mexica, used to call it. This said female religious was a mestiza; [p. 274] she descended from and was the true daughter of Gonzalo Cano, a Spanish conqueror, together with his spouse dofia Isabel Teucichpochtzin de Moteuc<;oma. She was a lady from Tepeticpac, and it is said from Tecaman. This said royal noblewoman or infanta dofia Isabel Teucichpochtzin de Mo­ teuc,oma was the true daughter of the former great ruler Moteuc<;omatzin the younger,

2. The date is out of order, although the days of this entry and the previous one are compatible.

300 TRANSCRIPITON AND TRANSLA110N

teomeca yn iuhqui yntoca y nican Mexico Tenuchtitlan tlahtoque catca auh ypampa ynic nican motenehua huey tlahtohuani catca Moteuhc,umatzin xocoyotl. Ca hue! ixhuiuhtzin yn omoteneuh cihuateupixqui Dona isabel de Muteuhc<;uma yn axcan omomiquilli ipan cemilhuitl omoteneuh. ca yuh mihtohua hue! no yehuantzitzin ceme in tlapehualtileque tlatzintileque y hue! achtopa ic motlalitzinoque cihuateupixque Monjastin yn oncan omoteneuh cihuateupixcacalli monasterio consep<;ion ayoticpac cihuatlan, in quimo­ pehualtillique omoteneuh cihuateupixcayotl ynehuantzin yn iuhetzin. y hue! ynehuantzin mehualtiaya itoca Dona Catalina de S. Miguel de Muteuhc<;uma oncan moquixtihque in motenehuaya in colegio mesti<;ati yn oncan axcan ye motenehua colegio de las nifias, y hue! ynahuac ytloc monasterio. S. Franco yni mochtintzitzin oncan moquixtihque [p. 275] Ca <;an oc senorati, 1 auh ynin omoteneuhque <;ihuateupixque monjastin in ihcuac motlalique yn inhuan omentzitzin mestic;ati ye omoteneuh yxhuiuhtzitzinhua in tlacatl catca Muteuhcc;umatzin Xocoyotl. ca ihcuac ipantzinco nican Mexico Motlahtocatilia y yehuatzin tlacatl Excelentissimo senor huchue Don luis de velaso, ynic ome Visurrey y mochiuhtzinoco Mexico, auh no yehuatzin ipantzinco in teuyotica tlahtohuani su senoria Don fr. Juan de c;umarraga. i hue! achto c;an oc obispo moetzicatca nican Mexico teu­ pixqui S. Franc 0 .2 auh no yehuatl ipan in tlacatl Don Diego de S. Franco. Tehuetz­ quititzin Gouemador nican Mexico Tenuchtitlan chane catca S. Pablo. Teupan xuchititlan, auh yn oncan monasterio mochiuh consepcio ca ichan catca yn Andres de Tapia c5quis­ tador, auh yn omoteneuhtzino Dona isabel ca ye quin imoztlayoc ipan miercoles. teotlac macuilli tzilli ynic .20. mani metzli Mayo. yn otococ ynacayotzin. oncan monasterio. cii­ sepcio. ymixpantzinco yn ihuayolque. y ye espanoles. omocuepque. quintocayotia an­

dradas. [p. 276] y_ Jueues ynic 28. mani metztli Mayo de 1615. anos. ye itlamian ynin metztli yn ohuaquico yn at! nican ixpan mani iteupancaltzin totlac;othatzin S. Antonio Abbad // auh c;a no ihcuac yn ipan in omoteneuh cemilhuitl Jueues ipan ilhuitzin tt0

• dios Assencion ynetlecahuilitzin 3 ihcuac ic oppa motlacuilhui yn espana. fr. augustin de] espru sancto, ynnebuantzin doctor antonio Roque ipan flotas i ya cartas c;an ye oc tlatlaniliztli conmo­ chihuilia in inpampa in campa e moyetzticate yn ahc;o hue! hualmohuicazque yn S.

Antonio teopixque comendadores huallazq nican mexico. x Junes ynic .i. cemilhuitl mani metztli Junia de 1615. anos. yhcuac oquipehualtico. i ye quicuauhtzotzona huey aohtli in xuchimilcopa huitz. yn ixquich ic patlahuac ic catqui ni­ can qui<;a y hue] ixpan iteupan ithualtzin totla<;othatzin S. Antonio abbad. nican xolloco. ynic omocuauhtzotzon yehuatl 4 oquichiuh itencopa Alexo mm Juez Repartidor nican mexico. ynic omotlapacho ynic omotetzop. omoteneuh ahotli. fuente 5 ynic hualcalla­

cohua teopan omotlaxtlahui ynic oquichihuaco.

y Auh c;anno itlamian yn omoteneuh metztli Mayo. yn oquipehualtihque espaiioles. ytech ye tlataca chapultepetl. 6 ytencopatzinco tlahtohuani visurrey Don diego fernandez de

1. Another possibility might be: All the [mestizas] came out of there, [p. 275] for [it was to be] just for Spanish women from then on.

2. Velasco and Zumarraga did not actually coincide in New Spain, if that is Ch.'s meaning.

3. This word is in the wrong place, but apparently was meant here. 4. The word "yehuatl," which repeats or anticipates the subject of "oquichiuh," "did it,"

1615 301

the second of two rulers here in Mexico Tenochtitlan who had that name, and that is why here the great former ruler is called Moteucc;oma the younger. The said female religious doiia Isabel de Moteucc;oma who died now on the said day is truly his grandchild. It is said that she together with her younger full sibling named dofia Catalina de San Miguel de Moteucc;oma were truly among the beginners and founders when female religious, nuns, were established for the very first time at the said house for female religious, nunnery, of Concepcion at Ayoticpac in Cihuatlan; they initiated the said nunnery. They came from what was called the Colegio de Mestizas, which now is called the Colegio de las Nifias, very close to the monastery of San Francisco. All the others who came from there [p. 275] were just Spanish women. 1 And these said female religious, nuns, established them­ selves then along with the two mestizas, who as was said were grandchildren of the lord Moteucc;oma the younger. That was in the time when the most excellent lord the elder don Luis de Velasco ruled here in Mexico, the second viceroy appointed in Mexico, and also in the time of the spiritual ruler, his lordship don fray Juan de Zumarraga, the very first bishop here in Mexico-he wasn't archbishop yet-, a Franciscan friar,2 and also in the time of the lord don Diego de San Francisco Tehuetzquititzin, governor here in Mexico Tenochtitlan, from San Pablo Teopan, in Xochititlan. And where the nunnery of Concepcion was built was the home of Andres de Tapia, a conqueror. It was later, the next day, Wednesday afternoon, the 20th of May, at 5 o'clock, that the body of the said dofia Isabel was buried at the nunnery of Concepcion, in the presence of her relatives, who have become Spaniards and are called the Andradas. !p. 276]

I

Y Thursday, the 28th of the month of May of the year 1615, at the end of this month, the water that is spread out here in front of the church of our precious father San Antonio Abad dried up.// And likewise on the said day of Thursday, on the feast day of the rising up3 of our lord God, Ascension, was when fray Agustin de Espiritu Santo together with doctor Antonio Roque wrote to Spain again; the letters went in the fleet. They are making another similar request that wherever there are religious of San Antonio, comendadores, perhaps they will be able to come, to come here to Mexico. y Monday, the 1st day of the month of June of the year 1615, was when they began to drive piles in the great canal coming from Xochimilco, which in its full width passes by here right in front of the square of the church of our precious father San Antonio Abad here in Xoloco; when the piles were driven, [someone] 4 arranged by order of Alejo Martin, distributor [ of draft labor] here in Mexico, that the said canal was covered and vaulted over with stone, [making] a bridge, 5 where people enter the church; he was paid for coming to do it. y_ Likewise in the said month of May, at the end of it, the Spaniards began to dig on Chapoltepet16 by order of the lord viceroy don Diego Fernandez de Cordoba, Marques de

here '.'•r~anged,_" has no cro~sreferent. Possibly, despite the grammatical oddity, Alejo Martm himself 1s meant and 1s also the person at the end of the paragraph who was paid.

5. In the Nahuatl of Stage 2,f and p were equivalent, both being pronounced [p], so that by hypercorrection.fuente could mean puente.

6. That is, the hill or mountain at Chapoltepec, though in fact the settlement derives its name from the hill.

I

302 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

cordoua Marques de Guadarca,ar. quitemohuaya ytech teocuitlatl yn tepetzintli. aquique yn quimoztlacahuilique visurrey ca ytech toctitica miec coztic teocuitlatl. yehuatl in quitemo­ huaya. auh in ,a tepan atle nez ,an quicauhque in tlatlatacaya mochi quintlazque quinte­ peuhque yn ixquich ahuehuetl oncan onoyah quinxexeloque quitlatlapanque hualla nican pala<;io oncan tlatlac cozina, hue! [p. 277] ic tlaixpoliuh in chapultepec, oncan quitepeuh sebada yn capitan de la guardia Don po. serrano. hue! yehuatl yn tlanahuatiaya ynic tlaixpoliuh ca hue! mahuizca catca yn chapultepec.

y_ Miercoles ynic .10. mani Metztli de Junia de 1615. afios. ihcuac. oquinmachiztito cita<;ion oquinchihuillito. yn amaquemecan chalco tlaca. ynic yea ,an merced. ye quin­ momaquiliznequi visurrey iztac tepetl in teopixq itehuicaltzitzinhuan Jesus. yn moten• euhtzinohua tothatzitzinhuan de la compafiia de Jesus. yhuan tocayotillo. Teatinos. yhuan ome cidios de estancia moch in cuahuitl quimaniliznequia teopixque ychcame oncan ne­ mizquia yn imaxcahuan. auh ahuel mochiuh ca ye moteilhuico yn amaqumeq. yhuan tlalmanalca macehualtin ye macomanq. mochintin in teupixq. dominigos. yhuan Francos. yn ompa quimopielia altepetl yhuan ompa vezinos espafioles. ye formacion quichiuhque in macehuaitin yn quenin huell imaxca tepetl ye moteilhuico ixpantzinco vi surrey. ye pleito mochiuh. testigos mochiuhque yn frayles. yhuan espaftoles yn intechpa mace­ hualtin chalca, ynic ,an quicauhque motzinquixtitzinoque in teupixque la compafiia de Jesus. auh ~a.no ic quicauhque inPleito macehualtin amo quitzonquixtihque oncan rnocauh yn proseso. amacalco pala<;io.

y_ Auh 91ino ipehuayan in yn omoteneuh metztli Junia de 1615. afios. ihcuac. ompa cuyohuacan ynahuac San jacinto [p. 278] cecni huerta. omotlalitzinoto. in tla<;oteupixque yn itlayopilhuantzitzin totlayomahuiznantzin nuestra Sefiora del carme in motlacxipan­ huilia ahno<;o mocxipetlahuiltihtinemi moteneuhtzinohua descal,os. yn oncan motlali­ tzinoto. yhuerta catca in cuyohuacan tlahtohuani catca Don Juan de guzman itzllolinqui, ye ipilhuan ixhuihuan yn oquinnamaquiltico huerta yn omoteneuhtzinoque teupixque yn oncan incolegiotzin quimochihuilique ye motlatocamaquilique San Angel Martyr. yn ondi

quimomachtitzinohua latin telpopuchtin teupixque. 1

y_ Lunes ynic .15. mani metztli Junia de 1615. aftos. ihcuac nican Mexico. onpeuh yn Doctor Antonio de Morga. ynic ompa mohuicac Peru ompa Presidente mochiuhtzinoto.

yn audiencia real, ompa quihualmicuanilli yn Rey2

y_ Domingo inic .21. mani metztli Junia de 1615. aftos. ihcuac ilhuitzin mochiuh sacramento. in san Franco. ihcuac no mochalli omoman yn omotlapallicuillo yancuic rrejas tepoztli, yn oncan callihtic capilla mayor, espafia hualla cenca mahuiztic ynic oquitlapallicuilloque xoxoctic. yhuan cequi coztic. cequi yea coztic teocuitlatl, ynic omi­ cuillo icpac motlalli yn itocatzin Jesus. auh quin iyocan teupan. yuhqui rrejas tepoztli, omotlalli, yn ayemocan oc cecni teupan yuhqui motlalia. y_ Domingo inic .5. mani metztli Julio de 1615. afios. ihucuac [p. 279] ye yohua ye ipan hora<;ion tzillini yn omomiquilli Doctor Don Juan de Salamanca chantre omoetzticatca y nican Sancta yglesia Mexico. ynin ye huehue tlacatl omoetzticatca hue! nican motlacatilli nican chane Mexico. Tenuchtitlan, motenehua criollo, yhuan huecauh o no moProuisor-

1. The meaning could be all ecclesiastics, only religious, only friars, or perhaps only members of their order.

1615 303

Guadalcazar; they were searching for gold on the hill. Someone falsely told the viceroy that much gold lies buried on it, and that was what they were looking for, but afterward nothing could be found, and they halted the excavation. They knocked down all the cypresses that were there and left them scattered around; they cut them up and split them and they were brought here to the palace, where they were burned in the kitchen; [p. 277] with that things were left very bare at Chapoltepec. The captain of the guard don Pedro Serrano scattered barley [seed] there. It was he himself who gave the orders by which things were left bare; Chapoltepec used to be a very marvelous place. y_ Wednesday, the 10th of the month of June of the year 1615, was when they went to inform and formally notify the people of Amaquemecan Chalco that just by a grant the viceroy wants to give Iztaccihuatl, with two estancia sites, to the religious who are followers of Jesus, called our fathers of the Company of Jesus, also given the name of Theatines; the religious wanted to take all the forest, and sheep belonging to them would live there. But it could not be done, for the commoners of Amaquemecan and Tlalmanalco made a complaint about it; all the Dominican and Franciscan friars who are in charge of altepetl there, and the Spanish residents there, were upset by it, so that the commoners provided formal proof of how the mountain is really their property. They made complaint about it before the viceroy and a suit was brought about it; the friars and the Spaniards became witnesses for the Chalca commoners, so that the religious of the Company of Jesus abandoned [their plans] and withdrew. Because of that the commoners likewise dropped their suit and did not finish it; the papers of the suit were left in the palace archive. J

y_ Likewise at the beginning of the said month of June of the year 1615 was when the precious friars who are precious children of our precious revered mother Nuestra Senora del Carmen, who go on foot, or rather go about with bare feet, called Discalced, went to establish themselves in Coyoacan near San Jacinto, [p. 278] in an orchard. They established themselves in an orchard that used to belong to the late ruler in Coyoacan don Juan de Guzman ltztlolinqui; his children and grandchildren sold the orchard to the said friars. They built their colegio there, giving it the name of San Angel Martir, where they teach Latin to young ecclesiastics. 1

y_ Monday, the 15th of the month of June of the year 1615, was when doctor Antonio de Morga set out from Mexico here to go to Peru, where he has been made president of the Royal Audiencia; the king transferred him there.2

y_ Sunday, the 21st of the month of June of the year 1615, was when the feast day of the Sacrament was celebrated at San Francisco, and also when the new painted iron grill in­ side, in the main chapel, was set up and inaugurated; it came from Spain, very splendidly painted, green and some of it yellow, and some with gold, where the name of Jesus is written on top of it. This is the first place where such iron grillwork has been put in a church (here); such a thing has not yet been put in any other church. y_ Sunday, the 5th of the month of July of the year 1615, when [p. 279] it was already dark and bells were ringing for prayer, was when there passed away doctor don Juan de Salamanca, who was choirmaster here in the holy church in Mexico. He was already an old man, born right here, a person native to Mexico Tenochtitlan, called a criollo, and he

2. See pp. 280-81 at n. 2.

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304 TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

tilitia, y nican mexico, yn intechcopa espaftoles. auh ye quin tcotlac Junes yn otococ

ynacayotzin oncan yglesia mayor. oncan motetoquillico in teoyotica tlahtohuani Don Juan Perez de la Serna an;obispo. mexico, yhuan mochintin yn cabilto tlaca oncan oteto­

caco, yhuan ornentin oydores yn oncan oquimotoquillico. y Miercoles ynic .9. mani metztli Septiembre de 1615, anos ipan matlactlonce tzillini

tlahca, yn opeuh ye tlatzitzilica ompa teupan S. Augustin, yhuan colegio. S. Pablo.

yhuan Sancta Cruz. contzinco, yhuan S. Sebastian, yhuan Totla<;onantzin nuestra Senora de las mercedes. yhuan la casa profesa, ye omotemachizti, in quenin c;an nican ce ma­

cehualli Mexicacihuatl yconeuh quin cexiuhtia piltzintli ipan tlaco xihuitl quipia yn

ohuetzca po,oco yn aolhuaztonco. in piltzintli oquichtontli, auh oncan tlamahui<;oltica

oquimopalehuilli oquimozcalili in S. Nicolas de Tolentino, <;a yuh moztla ilhuitzin auh yn omoteneuh piltzintli ca huel micca ca oMe hara ihuan tlaco hara in mictoca, ynic ni

niman I oquimozcalili omoteneuhtzino Sancto, auh y ye yohua ynic hualyohuac, ye no­ huiyan otlatzitzi[p. 280]licac yn izquican Teupan ynic cenMexico, yn iglesia mayor,

yhuan monasterios. oc cenca ompa S. Augustin, yhuan nohuiyan cuahuitl quitlahtlatique

yn intlapanco espanoles. yhuan cequi yncaltempa quitlahtlatihque, yhuan in cequi monas­ terios. cohuetes oquitlatlazque, yhuan no yuhqui miequintin macehualtin Mexica, yuh

quichiuhque quitlahtlatihque in intlapanco cuahuitl ynic cenca pahpacohuac ycatzinco S.

Nicolas. nican Mexico. oncan peuhtica y, ynic ye mochipa hueylhuichihualiztli ye mo­

chiuhtiuh ipan ilhuitzin S. Nicolas de Tolentino nican mexico in cecexiuhtica - y Auh ,an ye no ipan in yn omoteneuh cemilhuitl Miercoles. yhuan yn ipan omoteneuh ynic ohualyohuac. ihcuac omomiquil!i yn Juan grande espanol. nahuatlahtohuaya itlan­

tzinco tlahtohuani visurrey. cenca ohuehuetitia yhuan miec xihuitl onahuatlahto yn in­ tloctzinco oc cequintzitzin teteuhctin tlahtoque visurreyesme yn izquintin ye hualmohuica nican ipan nueua espana, hualmotlahtocatilia, auh hue! cualli tlacatl ocatca yn omoteneuh Juan grande, amo imca omocacayahuaya macehualtzitzinti in PJeito quihualchihua imix­

pantzinco visurreyesme, yn iuhqui oc ce tlacatl catca yn achtopa omic nahuatlahto yn ito­ ca catca franc0 de leyba ynic tlahueliloc catca ceca quintoliniaya macehualtzitzinti, auh [p, 281] Auh yn omoteneu[h Juan gr]ande 2 in nican Mexico Tenuchtitlan Gouer[nador catca]

yehuatl iyaxca catca quimomaqui!itia [in tlahto]huani Visurrey Don luis de velasco Mar­ ques [de sali]nas. ca macuilxihuitl yn itech ocatca gouernacio. auh in tlacpac omotoca­

teneuh mesti<;o, yn itoca Don Juan Perez de monterrey ca ,an ixiptla. <;an quipalehuia ,an itlaquehual mochiuhtica ynic hue! yehuatl Gouernador mochiuhtica moteneuh nican Mexi­ co Tenuchtitlan auh in salario yuh mihtohua imomextin oquimoxelhuiaya, yn omoteneuh

Juan Grande. y Martes ynic .6. mani Metztli octubre de 1615. afios. ye yohua ihcuac ohualla tlahtolli correo. quihualhuicac ompa yn acapulco. inic quenin oncan macuilli acal[ ... ]que3 nemi

huey apan yn quintocayotia inglesestin inglatera tlaca tlahueliloque chicotlaneltocanime motenehua Eregesme. yuh omihto ca quichiaco oncan in la china acalli ye huitz. oncan

quinamoyazque in ixquich tlatquitl quihualhuica ye cenca onemauhtiloc y nican ciudad Mexico. ynic ,an niman ymoztlayoc ipan miercoles matlactloce tzillini tlahca. yn on-

1. The "ni" of "niman" was inadvertently repeated. 2. These portions are presently missing in the Paris original. We have supplied them

from the corresponding transcriptions of Zimmermann (Chimalpahin 1963-65), though it is not clear that the originals were more complete even at the time when Zimmermann

1615 305

also served for a long time here in Mexico as vicar general for the Spaniards. Later,

Monday in the afternoon, his body was buried in the cathedral; the spiritual ruler don Juan Perez de la Serna, archbishop in Mexico, came to the burial, and all the members of the

cathedral chapter came to the burial, and two judges of the Audiencia came to bury him. y Wednesday, the 9th of the month of September of the year 1615, at 11 o'clock in the

morning, bells began to ring at the church of San Agustin, and at the colegio of San

Pablo, at Santa Cruz Contzinco, at San Sebastian, at our precious mother Nuestra Senora de las Mercedes, and at the Casa Profesa, announcing that the child of a Mexica com­

moner woman here, an infant just a year and a half old, a little boy, had fallen into a

small well, and by a miracle San Nicolas de Tolentino helped and revived him on the eve

of his feast day. The said child had really died, for he lay dead for two and a half hours

until1 the said saint revived him. And when it was dark, as night was coming, the bells pealed everywhere [p. 280] in all the churches all over Mexico, at the cathedral and the monasteries, especially at San Agustin, and the Spaniards everywhere burned wood on

their roofs, and some burned it in the street outside their houses, and in some monasteries they shot off rockets, and many Mexica commoners did the same, burning wood on their

roofs, in great celebration in the name of San Nicolas here in Mexico. From this time it began that a great celebration is always held every year on the feast day of San Nicolas de Tolentino here in Mexico. -

y On the same said day of Wednesday in the said [month], as night came, was when there

passed away Juan Grande, a Spaniard, who interpreted for the lord viceroy; he died very old, and for many years he interpreted for other lords viceroys, all those who have come here to New Spain and ruled. The said Juan Grande was a very good person; he did not cheat poor commoners who come to bring suit before the viceroys, like another person who interpreted, who died earlier, whose name was Francisco de Leiva; he was evil and

greatly mistreated the poor commoners. [p. 281] The said Juan Grande 2 was governor here in Mexico Tenochtitlan; [the office] belonged to him, given to him by the lord viceroy

don Luis de Velasco, Marques de Salinas, and for five years he held the governorship. The mestizo whose name was mentioned above, named don Juan Perez de Monterrey, is just his representative and helps him, is just hired by him, so that he himself is the appointed

governor here in Mexico Tenochtitlan, and it is said that the two of them, [Perez de Mon­ terrey] and the said Juan Grande, share the salary.

y Tuesday, the 6th of the month of October of the year 1615, when it was already dark, was when news came, brought by courier from Acapulco, how five ships [ of pirates?] 3 are going about on the ocean there; they call them Englishmen, people from England, wicked

people, wrong believers called heretics. It was said that they came there to wait for the coming of the ship from China [the Philippines], and there they will rob it of all the goods it is bringing. There was great fear here in the city of Mexico about it, so that right

saw them. But probability dictates that Zimmermann's additions are substantially correct. 3. Or pirates in five ships? There is a gap in the original. A word with the "que" plural

would not normally refer to the ships themselves. The original words may have been "macuilli acalco tenamoyaque," literally "robbers in five ships," or the like.

306 1RANSCRJPf!ON AND TRANSLATION

peuhque Tiyacahuan Joldadostin ahc;onpohuallonmatlactin i;an mochintin palacio nemi1 yn oyahque tlapiazque huey atenco Acapulco, yhuan ompa quichiazque yn omoteneuh la china acalli ynic aciquiuh //. Auh yniqueilhuitl yn ipan Jueues. oc ceppa cenpohuallon­ nahui Tiyacahuan Joldadostin nican Mexico. onpeuhij. yn om[p. 282]pa hui omoteneuh

acapu[lco a]hi;izque2 y yaotlapiazque. y Viernes. ynic .9. mani [metztli oc]tubre de 1615. ihcuac omotlalitzino yancuic Prouisor yehuatzin in Doctor P0 • !eon y plac;a. auh in castro Prouisor catca ohuetz.3 c;an onxihuitl yn otequipano visita chihuililoc mochintin yn oncan oficialti espafioles. yn audiencia arc;obispal. ynic cenca teca mocacayahua 4 ytencopatzinco yn arcobispo Don Juan de la

sema. y Sabado ynic . I 0. mani metztli octubre in ipan omoteneuh xihuitl no cue! cenpohuallon­ chiuhcnahui tlacatl in tiyacahuan soldadostin o no yahque yn ompa omoteneuh acapulco, y Miercoles. ynic .14. mani Metztli octubre de 1615. afios. ihcuac nohuian teupan ynic cenciu[dad]5 Mexico. otlatlatlauhtilloc otlayahualoloc. yn inpa[mpa] omoteneuhque tlac­

pac toyaohuan in teohuatentli quitocatinemi yn techyahuallotinemi, 6

I. Possibly the meaning is rather that they were all of those stationed there. 2. See p. 304, n. 2. 3. "Was removed" is virtually the only sense the context permits, though it is an un­

familiar meaning. Presumably it indicates "fell" in the sense that a government falls.

1615 307

away the next day, Wednesday, at 11 o'clock in the morning, soldiers, warriors, set out, · perhaps 50 of them, who are all stationed at the palace, 1 who went to stand guard at the ocean shore at Acapulco and await there the arrival of the said ship from China.// On the third day, Thursday, again soldiers, warriors, 24 of them, set out from Mexico here [p. 282] to reach the said Acapulco2 and stand guard.

Y Friday, the 9th of the month of October of 1615, was when there was installed a new vicar general, doctor Pedro Leon y Plaza, and Castro, the previous vicar general, [ was removed]' after serving for only two years; by order of the archbishop don Juan de Ia Serna a review was made of all the Spanish officers of the Archiepiscopal Audiencia, (ac­ cording to which] he was taking great advantage of people.4

Y Saturday, the 10th of the month of October in the said year, again 29 soldiers, warriors, left for the said Acapulco.

Y Wednesday, the 14th of the month of October of 1615, was when in all the churches all over the city5 of Mexico there were prayers and processions on account of our above men­ tioned enemies who are going along the seashore and surround us.6

\

4. Or simply was cheating them. 5. See p. 304, n. 2. 6. The last entry stops well short of the bottom of the page, something hardly seen in

the rest of the work, indicating an at least temporary halt of the writing.

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Glossary Certain special terms which appear only a single time and are defined in a footnote at that point are not included in this listing.

AuDIENCIA, RoYAL AuDIENCIA. High court of New Spain. ALCALDE, First-instance judge (full title alcalde ordinario), also a member of a local mu­

nicipal council or cabildo. ALCALDE DE CORTE. Criminal judge belonging to the high court of the Audiencia and

viceroy in the viceregal palace. ALCALDE MAYOR. Chief magistrate of a large and usually indigenous district; always a

Spaniard. Often virtually synonymous with corregidor. ALTEPETL. Nahuatl word for any potentially independent sociopolitical entity; in central

Mexican conditions, usually city-state sized, originating in precontact times and contin­

uing after the conquest. See Introduction, pp. 6-8, 18.

ATOLE. A maize gruel. BEATA. Literally a blessed woman; a woman wearing a religious habit and often main­

taining some connection with a religious order, but usually living at home and not an

official member of the order. cABILDO. A municipal council in the Spanish style.

CAT ANA. An Asian-style cutlass. CHINA. In the Mexican Spanish of the time, often reflected in Nahuatl, the Philippines;

alternatively, the whole Far East. cHINAMPA. Strip of land built up in the midst of water, extremely productive.

CHIRIMiA. A loud single-reed wind instrument. CIHUACOATL. In preconquest Mexico Tenochtitlan, a very high official second only to the

principal ruler. COPRADfA. Sudality, lay brotherhood for religious purposes. coMENDADOR. Rank in a military order or in some other orders. COMMONER. Translation of the ambiguous macehualli, sometimes meaning an indigenous

person of lower rank, but here, and especially in the plural, more often indigenous

person in general. See Introduction, p. 17. CONGREGACI6N. The act of assembling indigenous people in a more compact settlement, or

the resulting settlement. coRREGIDOR. Chief magistrate of a large district; always a Spaniard. Often virtually synon­

ymous with alcalde mayor. CRIOLLO. An ethnic term apparently quite new to Chimalpahin, defined by him as

someone born "here," in most cases right in the capital. All the examples he gives are

of ethnic Spaniards. DEFINIDORES. In the Franciscan order, members of a council set up to resolve serious

problems presenting themselves. DON. Spanish title primarily for high nobility or holders of some high offices, also used

for preeminent indigenous men. DONA. The approximate feminine equivalent of don. ENCOMIENDA, Governmental grant, usually to a Spaniard, of tribute and/or labor rights

from an indigenous entity, usually an altepetl.

- 308 -

GLOSSARY 309

ESTANCIA. (I) a private land grant, originally intended for livestock, usually but not invar­

iably held by a Spaniard; in effect comes to mean Spanish rural property. (2) An out­ lying constituent unit of an altepetl, located at some remove from the entity's core.

PISCAL. Name of various offices. Here often the chief steward of a church; applied pri­

marily to indigenous people. When associated with the Royal Audiencia, chief royal prosecutor.

FORZADO. A person condemned to forced labor, usually in a remote site.

GOVERNOR. Often the same as a judge-governor, highest official of an altepetl. Other times

a Spaniard holding any of various types of governorships, secular or ecclesiastic. GUARDIAN, FATHER GUARDIAN. The prior of a Franciscan establishment. JUBILEE. Special plenary indulgence for a year.

JUDGE-GOVERNOR. An indigenous person holding the highest office in an altepetl as reor­

ganized under the Spaniards, successor of the preconquest tlatoani, ruler. HoLY FATHER. The pope.

LICENCIADO. Licentiate, title of one holding a degree, most often in law, beyond the bach- elorate.

MAESTRESCUELA. A cathedral dignitary nominally charged with teaching divinity. MATLALTOTONQUI. An epidemic fever, apparently typhus.

MANTILLA. Spanish headgear for women, a light scarf over head and shoulders.

MESTIZO, MESTIZA. Person of mixed Spanish and indigenous descent; by the strict inter­ pretation, often violated, half Spanish and half indigenous.

MExrcd. Here, the combined entities of the Spanish Mexico City and the indigenous Mexico Tenochtitlan, or the area holding them.

MONASTERY. Since the Spaniards universally used this term (monasterio) for a friary of one of the mendicant orders, we follow them in that usage.

MONUMENT. A term used for an elaborate wooden catafalque set up in churches in front of the main altar at Easter time and for important funerals, often in the form of a church itself.

MORILLO, A round wooden beam used for rafters, pilings, etc.

MORrsco, MORISCA. Literally a person of Moorish descent, apparently used in Chimalpahin in virtually the same meaning as mulatto.

PALLIUM. An important insignia of the archbishopric.

PULQUE, The primary indigenous alcoholic drink, made from the juice of the maguey plant.

REAL. A coin and a monetary value, one-eighth of a peso.

REGIDOR. One of several councilmen in a Spanish-style municipal council or cabildo. REGIDOR MAYOR. Chief regidor, ranking above the others.

RELIGIOUS (noun). Member of a clerical order, as opposed to the secular clergy. REPARTIMIENTO (labor). A system of draft rotary labor instituted by the Spaniards on the ba-

sis of the indigenous coatequitl, "turn work," and still often called that by the Nahuas, SENOR. Lord, also a courtesy title for men of prominence or holding certain offices.

SENORA, Approximate feminine equivalent of sefior; sometimes used specifically as a second-class title with certain women lacking the dofia.

SUJETO. Spanish term for a constituent entity of a larger indigenous polity. TENIENTE. Deputy, lieutenant, here a Spanish magistrate subordinate to an alcalde mayor or

I

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310 GLOSSARY

corregidor. THEATINES. An unofficial, technically incorrect, but widespread term used for the Jesuits. TLAXILACALLI. One of the constituent parts or subdistricts of an altepetl. See Introduction,

pp. 6, 18.

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Sarabia Viejo, Marfa Justina. 1978. Don Luis de Velasco, virrey de Nueva Espana. Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos.

SchHer, Ernesto, ed. 1934. Las rubricas de/ Consejo Real y Supremo de las Indias desde la fundaci6n del Consejo en 1524 hasta la terminaci6n del reinado de las Austrias. Seville: Imprenta Alemana.

Schroeder, Susan. 1991. Chimalpahin & the Kingdoms ofChalco. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Sousa, Lisa, Stafford Poole, C.M., and James Lockhart, eds. and trans. 1998. The Story

314 BIBLIOGRAPHY

of Guadalupe: Luis Laso de la Vega's Huei tlamahui,;oltica of 1649. UCLA Latin American Center Nahuatl Studies Series, 5. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press

and UCLA Latin American Center Publications. Torquemada, fray Juan de, 1975. Monarquia indiana. 3 vols. Mexico: Porrua.

Index Index entries are listed under the categories of Individuals, Locales and Associated Ethnic Groups, and Subjects.

In the many cases where the item is on facing pages in both Nahuatl and English, only the recto page, with the

form in the English translation, is given; the Nahuatl equivalent will be found on the facing verso, Non-Eqglish

words other than proper names are given in italics even if mainly in roman in the body of the book,

Aatzin, 127

Acacitli, 121, 127, 145

Acamapichtli, 117; (of Tenochtitlan),

127, 145; the elder (of Colhuacan),

125, 127

Aguado, licenciado Juan, 263

Aguilar, Marcos de, 147

Agu1to, Martfn, 251

Agurto. don fricy Pedro de, 163

Ahuexotl, 127

Ahuitzotzin, 131, 133, 147,239

Alcega, dofia Catalina de, 231

Alcega Ibarguen, don Luis de, 231,

235

Alfonso, brother, 269

Alonso, don (of Japan), 175

Aleman, Mateo, 208, n2, n3

Altamirano, don Juan, comendador of Santiago, 167,177,221,251

Altamirano the younger, don Her­

nando, comendador of Santiago,

165, 169,175,215,251

Altamirano, don Pedro, 175

Alva Ixtlilxochitl, don Hernando, 11,

11 n12, 12, 12 n13

Alvarado, don Juan de, 97, 111 Alvarado, dofia Isabel de, 193

Alvarado Huanitzin, don Diego de,

85, 133, 137-39, 141, 147, 167, 193

Alvarado Tezozomoctzin, don Her­

nando de, 67

Alvarez, Bernardino, 233

Alvear, don Gaspar de, 291

Alzlla, fray Esteban de, 52 n3, 53

Amaxochtzin, dofia Marta de San­

tiago, 93

Andradas, (the), {of the Moteucc;oma

family), 301

Angeles, Andres de los, 233, 239

Antonio, don (child of don Carlos V),

35

Aparicio, Juan de, 67

Aparicio, fray Sebasti8.n de, 67

Aquino, Tomas de, 41

Arguedas, fray Bernardino de, 237

Individuals Areizaga (or Arisaga), fray Domin­

go, 33, 33 n9, 37

Areizaga, (fray Gaspar Ortiz de), 52

n4,53

Arfndez, don Melchor, 265

Atlanquahuitl, 127

Atonaltzin, 121; Chichimecateuctli, 123

Aubin, Joseph Maria Alexis, 12

Avalos, Iicenciado Granero de, 155

Avila, Alonso de, 139,231

Axayacatzin, 131, 147, 239

Axayaca lxhuetzcatocatzin, don

Alonso de, 177

Ayala, licenciado Andres de, 72 nl,

73

Barbara, dofia (wife of don Antonio

Valeriano the younger), 167

Barbara, dofia (of Itztapalapa), 177

Bartolome, don (alcalde in Mexico),

73

Barreto, Antonio, 259

Bautista, don Juan, 73, 85, 113, 145

47, 155, 161

Bautista, fray Juan, 179

Bazan, fray Hernando, 227

Berdan, Frances, 23

Bernabe, don, of San Pablo Teopan,

163

Bernardino, fray; Franciscan com­

missary, 41; Benedictine prior, 69

Bonifacio, Juan, 67

Boturini Benaducci, Lorenzo, IO, 12

Brianda, dofia (viceroy's daughter),

271

Buenaventura, fray, 33, 37. See also Paredes, fray Buenaventura

Bustamante, fray Juan de, 257

Caballero, Diego, 69, 213

Cacamatzin, 133

Callaomitl, 127

Carochi, Horacio, S.J., 14

Cano, Agustfn, 37

Cano, Gonzalo, 299

Cano de Moctezuma, don Juan, 67,

- 315 -

159,229

Caraffa, Gian Pietro (Pope Paul IV),

26 n4; or don Pedro de (as bishop), 203

Carcamo, don Ger6nimo de, 235

Cardona, don Francisco de, comen­ dador of the order of Montesa, 231

Carlos V, don, 35; emperor, 139

Carvajal, doctor, 111, 229

Castafieda; house in Mexico named

after, 45

Castilla, dofia Ana de, 177,211,213

Castillo, fray Juan de!, 63

Caslro, licenciado, 263, 307

Cemacachiquihuitl, 127

Cerda, don Alonso de la, 111

Cerda the younger, don Hernando de

la, 111

Cer6n, dofia Marfa, 111

Cer6n, don Martfn; indigenous ruler

in Xochimilco, 111; Spanish con-e­

gidor of Mexico City, 253, 265

Cervantes, alcalde de carte, 33

Cervantes, doctor don Juan; archdea­

con, then deputy, 49, 153, 153 n3;

bishop of Oaxaca, 157, 283; gov­

ernor on behalf of the archbishop,

57, 59, 63, 143, 153; master of the­

ology, 63

Ceynos, licenciado Francisco, 149

Chacalin, don Constantino, 283

Chalchiuhtlatonac, 145

Chaves, licenciado, 111

Chicopachmani, 127

Chimalpahin; discussed, 3-23; vari­

ous self-mentions and self-appel­

lations of: Domingo de San Ant6n

Mufi6n Chimalpahin, 47; Domingo

de San Ant6n Mufi6n, 161; don Do­

mingo de San Ant6n Mufi6n Quauh­

tlehuanitzin, 239, 257, 259; don

Domingo de San Ant6n Mufion

Quauhtlehuanitzin Chimalpahin, 263

Chimalpopoca, 129, 145

Cisneros, fray Luis de, 271

316

Citlaltzin (Citlalintzin), 121, 145

Cocihuatl, 127

Cocoxtli, 123, 125

Cohen, Monique, 23

Constanza, Marfa, 195

Contreras, don fray Diego de; arch­

bishop of Santo Domingo de la Isla, 233, 265-67, 271,289,299; chair of

scripture, 159

Copil, 127 C6rdoba (or Rojas), don fray G6mez

de, 31 Carrier, Pablo, 233

Cortes, don Hernando, Marques del

Valle, 135, 147, 149, 187; arcade

of, 211 Cortes,donJuan,47 Co1tes Huanitzin, don Diego, 285

Cortes Totoquihuaztli the younger,

don Antonio, 47, 285

Count of Monterrey, 69

Covarrubias, don fray Baltasar, ll5,

157,213,215 Cruz, Francisco de la, 41

Cruz, fray Pedro de Ia, 73

Cueva, dofia Francisca de la, 105

Cueva de Moteuci;oma, don Pedro

{Tecif6n) de la, 105

Cuitlachquauhtli, 127

Cuitlahuatzin, 133, 147

Damian, Pablo, 233, 239, 271

Delgadillo, don Diego (of San Juan

Moyotlan), 163 Delgadillo, licenciado, 149

Duefias, Lucas de, 47, 51

Duran, fray Diego, 124 n2 Duran, fray Hernando, 175,271

Eecatzin teuctli, Chichimecateuctli,

121 Ehuacayotzin, don Juan, 93

Elias, father, 161 Encarnaci6n, doi'ia Beatriz de la,

177,221 Enrique IV, don (king of France),

167 Enrfquez de Almanza, viceroy don

Martfn, 27, 139, 141, 149

Espai'ia, Juan de, 231 Espfritu Santo, fray Agustin de, 11,

55, 159, 163, 167-69, 173, 253-55,

291,301 Esquilache, prince of, 279 Esteban (alcalde in Mexico Tenoch~

titian), 195

Estrada, Alonso de, 147-49

Felipe (of Japan), 175

Felipe II, don, king of Spain, 35, 39,

65 Felipe III, don, king of Spain, 65, 87-

95, 113, 161, 165, 177, 185, 211,

213, 251, 257, 263, 273, 277, 291,

299 Felipe Domingo V{ctor de Austria,

don (don Felipe IV), 87 Fernandez de Bonilla, licenciado don

Alonso, 47, 69, 143, 153, 153 n3,

155,283 Ferniindez de C6rdoba, Marques of

Guadalcazar, don Diego, comenda­

dor in the order of Santiago, 231-

35, 255-57, 263-65, 271, 279, 291,

301 Fernandez de Velasco y Orozco, li­

cenciado Juan, 229

Fonseca, don Juan, 73 Fonseca, dofia · Francisca Blanca

(daughter of viceroy don Alvaro

Manrrique de ZUfiiga), 33

Fonseca, Francisco (tailor), 251 Franco, Francisco, 195

[Gald6s] de Valencia, 279

Gamboa, fray Francisco de, 37, 53-

57, 63-65, 73-79 Gante, fray Pedro de, 75

Garcfa, Hernando, 41, 67

Garcia, Santos, 39 Garcia Coacuech, Andres, 61

Garcia Ixtlahuel, Miguel, 61 Garibay the younger, fray Sebastian

de, 213,251

Gaspar, fray, 55 Gast6n, don (son of don Gironda),

281 Gironda, don (founder of order of

San Antonio Abad), 281

G6mara, Frnncisco L6pez de, 10

G6mez, Josef, 195 G6mez de Abaunza, licenciado Al­

var, 223, 229 G6mez de Cervantes, Gonzalo, 50

nl, 51 Gonzalez de Alvarado, Gil, 139

Gonzalo, Juan, 33

Goupil, E. Eugene, 12 Grande, Juan (interpreter), 83, 193,

305 Guerra, don fray Garcia, 7, 7 nll,

115, 153, 161, 165, 167-69, 177,

INDEX

185, 189, 191, 199-201, 229; fun­

eral, 9, 201-15 Guerra, fray Ger6nimo, 187,209

Guerrero, doctor, comendador of the

order of Calatrava, 231

Guerrero, Agustin, 81

Guerrero, don Gabriel, 297

Guerrero, doctor don Marcos, 73,

223,239 Guijo, Gregorio Martin de, 11

Gutierrez Flores, doctor Juan, 265

Guzman, dofia Agustina de, 283

Guzman, don Felipe de, 283 Guzman, don Juan de, 283

Guzman, Nufio de, 149 Guzman Cecetzin, don Crist6bal de,

137, 138 nl, 139, 147 Guzman ltztolinqui, don Juan de,

135,303 Heredfa, father master fray Antonio

de, 289 Hermosillo, fray Gonzalo de, 271

Hernandez, Baltasar, 269

Hernandez, Francisco, 55 n3

Hernandez, Matras, 61 Hernandez, Nicolas, 61

HernUndez Ayopochtzin, don Do­

mingo, 93 Hernandez Tlacaellel, Nicolas, 231,

239 Huanitzin, See Alvarado Huanitzin,

don Diego Huehueteuctli, Chichimecateuctli,

121 Huitzilatzin, 131 Huitzilihuitl; the elder, 123, 125, 128 nl; the second, 127, 128 nl, 129,

145 Huitzilopochtli; as the devil, 131;

temple of, 131 Ibarra, Diego de (or Ant6n, 211),

comendador of Santiago, 177, 177

n3 Ibarra, dofia Mariana de, 177, 177 n3 Illescas (Spaniard, water engineer),

103, 105, 109 Ircio, dofia Marfa de, 165, 177, 221,

251 Isabel (morisca ), 219 Isabel, of Santa Marfa Cuepopan,

231 Isidro, fray, 187, 195 Itzcoatzin, 129, 145, 239

Itzcuinnan, don Agustin, 283

I.

INDIVIDUALS

ltzquauhtzin the elder, 123

Ixpintzin, Juan Agustfn, 91, 92 nl

Ixtlilxochitl. See Alva Ixtlilxochitl,

don Hernando

lzhuac Tlaxquitl, 127

Izquierdo, fray Lope, 63

lztacmichin, 127

fosUs, dofia Isabel de, 177,221

Jimenez, Antonio, 65

Jimenez, don Francisco, 139, 141, 147

Jimenez, Pablo1 41

Juarez, Diego, 271

Juarez, Gabriel, 65, 71, 73

Juarez, Josef, 73

Juarez, Martfn. See Juarez Cozca­

quauh, Martin

Juarez, Melchor, 233,239,271

Juarez Cozcaquauh, Martin, 71, 73

Juarez Tlecuiltzin, Josef, 173

Landerns y Velasquez, licenciado

Diego ( or Landeras de Velasco, or

Valderas de Velasco), 92-93 n6, 157, 159, 193

Lazcano (also Lezcano), fray Juan

de, 61, 65.

Lazaro, fray Pedro, 235

Ledesma, don fray Bartolome de, 29

Lehmann, Walter, and Gerdt Kutsch­ er, 4 n2

Leiva, Francisco de, 83, 229, 305

Le6n, Agustin, 285

Le6n y Plaza, doctor Pedro, 307 Leoz (or Le6s), licenciado don Fran­

cisco de, 223

Lezcano, fray Juan de. Alternate name of Lazcano, fray Juan de

Lobo Guerrero, doctor don Barto­

lome, 51, 59, 155

L6pez (Quauhtlacuilo), Diego, 216

nl, 217,243

L6pez, don Ger6nimo, 67, 83, 113, 143, 145, 147

L6pez, Gregorio, 32 nl, 22, 57 L6pez, Marfa, 195, 197,201

L6pez, Miguel, 235

L6pez, Sancho, 57 L6pez Bueno, licenciado Diego, 223

L6pez (Salcedo), Ruy, 233,234 nl

Lorenzo (of Japan), 175

Loya, Ant6n de, 227

Loyola, Ignatius de, See Jesuits in Subjects

Machado, Antonio, 73

Machado, Isabel, 75

Maldonado, licenciado Alonso de,

149

Maldonado, licenciado Antonio de,

72 nl, 73

Maldonado, liccnciado Francisco,

149 Maltecatzin, 127

Margarita, doiia, of Austria (spouse of don Felipe III), 91, 211, 213, 231,

273

Mariana Manuela, dofia, 233, 235

Martina, dofia, 239

Mamrique de Zllfiiga, viceroy don

Alvaro, Marques of Villamanrrique,

31, 35, 141, 143, 151

Marra, (seller of bitter atole), 251-57

Marfn, Leonor, 172 n4, 173

Marques of Alcailices (full brother

of viceroy don Martin Enriquez de

Almanza), 149

Marques of Mondejar (full brother of

viceroy don Antonio de Mendoza),

149

Marquez, Melchor, 159 Martfo, Alejo, 301

Martfn, don Baltasar, 193, 223

Marti'n, Francisco, 271 Manfn, Hernan, 253 Martfn, don Juan, 41, 59, 65, 67, 69,

85,143, 147 Martfnez, doctor, 283

Martfnez, Enrico, 72 n 1 Martfnez, fray Alonso, 63

Masares, father, 259

Matias (of Santa Marla Cuepopan),

163 Maxtlatzin, 129

Mazura, fray Juan, 213, 251

Medina Rinc6n, don fray Juan, 30 nl,

31 Mejia, Baltasar, 51

Mejia, fray Diego, 241

Mejfa Cerda, Diego, 51

Mejia Manrrique, dofia Ana, 77 Melchor (of San Sebastian Atzaqual­

co), 63

Melchor, don (of San Pablo Teopan), 155

Mendez, Josef, 37

Mendieta, fray Ger6nimo de, 33 n9,

52 n2, 109 n5

Mendoza, dofia Ana de (spouse of doctor Riego), 291

317

Mendoza, don Antonio de, alcalde

for San Sebastian Atzaqualco, 65,

67

Mendoza, viceroy don Antonio de,

137, 149 Mendoza y Luna, don Juan, Marques

of Montesclaros, viceroy, 77, 79, 81, 83-87, 95, 101, 145,151,279

Meneses, father Gaspar de, 169

Mengin, Ernst, 4 n2 Miguel, Sebastian, 271

Mijango, fray Juan, 109

Millas, fray Ignacio, 59

Miyahuaxochitzin, dofia Maria, 105

Mole6n, don Mateo de, 35

Molina, fray Alonso de, 14, 27

Molina, fray Alonso de (lay brother),

297

Monrroy, don Gonzalo de, 175 Montafio, don fray Gregorio, 29

Montserrat, fray Domingo de, 69

Montdfar, don fray Alonso de, 137,

141, 151-53

Morales, Juan, 253, 255

Morales, doctor Pedro de, 285-87

Morga, doctor Antonio de, 223,231,

281,281 n2, 303

Morrison (tavernkeeper), 231 Mota y Escobar, don Alonso de la,

lll, 159,215,237,249,261,291

MoLelchiuhtzin, don Andres de Ta­ pia, 133, 135, 147

Moteuc~oma (ruler in Aztlan), 145

Moteuc9oma, don Diego Luis de (child of Moteuc9oma Ilhuicami­

natzin), 107

Moteuc9oma Ilhuicamina Chalchiuh­ tlatonac the elder, 129, 131, 145,

239

Moteuc9oma Ilhuitltemoctzin, don Diego Luis de, 105, 163, 233, 239

Moteuc9oma, dofla Isabel de (nun at N uestra Seflor de la Concepci6n), 299-301

Moteuc~oma the younger, 105, 133,

147,233 n7, 299,301 Moteuc9oma Tlacahuepantzin, don

Pedro de, 105

Moya de Contreras, don Pedro; arch­

bishop, 29, 31, 37, 41, 141, 151, 153,

155; governor, 155; inquisitor, 29,

31, 153, 155; president of the RoyElI Council of the Indies, 37, 153; vice­

roy, 29

318

Mufi6n, Diego de, 37, 173; family Poyahuitl, 127 173 n4 Prado, Teresa de!, 69

Muffoz, doctor, 289

Muiioz, fray Francisco, 277 Nauhyotzin the elder, Tepiltzin, 117

Newson, Linda, 92 n2

Ne~ahualcoyotzin, 129, 131 N~ahualpilli, 129, 131, 133

Noah, 117

NUilez Morquecho, liccnciado Die~

go, 73,223

Ocelopane, 127

Ocomccatzin, 127

Olea, fray Antonio de, 229

Oquiztzin, of Tenochtitlan, 133; don

Carlos (of Azcapotzalco Mexica-

pan), 135 Ormendia, fray Francisco, 73

Ortigosa, father Pedro, 287

Ortiz de Hinojosa, doctor Hernando

de, 55, 59, 63 Ortiz de Matienzo, licenciado Juan,

149 Otalora, licenciado don Pedro de, 73,

165,223,237,249,293,295 Parada, liccnciado Alonso de, 149

Paredes, fray Buenaventura de, 73,

269 Pascual, Crist6bal, 233, 239

Paul IV, pope, 26 n4, 203

Paul V, pope, 165,217,243, 273-75,

287,291

Paz, Diego de, 97 Pedraza, fray Ger6nimo de, 261

Peina, fray Francisco de la, 157

Peralta, licenciado don Alonso de,

59, 155, 161, 163

Peralta, doila Catarina de, 71 Peralta, don Gast6n de, Marques of

Falces, comendador of Santiago,

139, 149 Perez, Juan, 195 Perez de Monterrey, Juan (some­ times don Juan), 163,233,239,271,

305 Perez de Ribera, Juan, 253 Perez de la Serna, doctor don Juan,

261-65, 273, 279, 287, 291, 303,

307 Pila, fray Pedro de, 52 n2, 53, 65, 73 Pineda, doctor, 201

Plata (secular priest), 75 Ponce, Luis, 147 Poole, Stafford, C.M .• 23

Presa y Mota, don fray Francisco de

la, 279 Prester John, 293

Quahuitzatl teuctli, Tlailotlac teuctli,

123 Quauhtemoctzin, baptized as don

Hernando, 133-35, 147 Quauhtlacuilo. See L6pez (Quauh­

tlacuilo ), Diego Quauhtlequetzqui, 121, 145

Quauhtliyolqui, 127 Quesada de Figueroa, doctor Juan,

223 Quetzalmm;atzin, Francisco Faustino, 63, 187, 195

Quiroga, licenciado Vasco de, 149 Quiroz, ticenciado Gutierre Bernar­ do de, 155, 161,265

Rafael, Antonio, 73 Ramfrez, fray Crist6bal, 259

Ramfrez, Juan, 233, 239 Ramfrez de Fuenleal, don Sebastian,

149 Reinoso, fray Francisco, 43, 53

Rend6n, fray Diego, 61, 63 Requena, fray Pedro de, 41 Reyes (Garcfa), Luis, 20-21, 22 nl Ribera, Marcos de, 167

Ribera, fray Tomas de, 167 Riderer, dofia Mariana (marquise

and virreine), 231-33, 271

Riego, doctor, 291

Rodrfguez, licenciado Antonio, 233,

291 Rodriguez, Mariana, 255, 257 Rodr{guez Delgado, Alonso, 287

Romano, don Diego, bishop of Pue­

bla, 29, 47, 91 Roque, doctor Antonio, 291,301

Ruhnau, Elke, 4 n2 Sahagun, fray Bernardino de, 35 Salamanca, doctor don Juan de, 227,

245,255, 263-65, 303 Salas, fray Juan de, 63, 65 Salazar. don fray Domingo de, 39

Salcedo, doctor, 205, 265 Salcedo, Juan, 234 nl, 235 Salmer6n, licenciado Juan de, 149

Sanchez, Diego, 61, 67 Sanchez, Domingo, 37 Sanchez, Francisco (president and

corregidor in Mexico Tenochtitlan),

INDEX

73, 161, 163 Sllnchez, father Pedro, 159 Sanchez de Mufi6n, don Sancho, 31,

53, 71 Sanchez (Huentzin or Huenton), don Miguel, 71-73, 155, 161, 163, 167

Sanchez Teuccitli, Miguel, 229

San Diego, fray Diego de, 37

Sandoval, Francisco, 65 Sandoval Tequanxayacatzin, Teo­

huateuctli, don Juan de, 167

San Esteban, father, 169 San Francisco, Diego de, 195, 233,

239,271 San Francisco Tehuetzquititzin, don

Diego de, 137, 147, 301 San Ger6nimo, Bernabe, 253 San Juan Bautista, fray Elfas, 55

San Martfn Teucxochitzin, Hernando de, 63,173,231,245

San Miguel de Moteucr;oma, dofia

Catalina, 30 l

San Pablo, fray Agustin, 109 Santa Marfa de Mendoza y ZUfiiga,

don fray Oarcfa de (or don Garcfa

de Mendoza y Zlifiiga, 75 n4), 75,

93, 143-45, 153 Santa Marfa Nanacacipactzin, don

Luis de, 138 nl, 139, 147 Santiago, fray Juan de, 41

Santiago del Riego, don Domingo de,

72 nl, 73 Santos Garcfa, licenciado don Fran­

cisco, 51, 57, 155

Sebastian (of Santa Marfa Cuepo­

pan), 163 Senete, Diego de, 255-59

Serrano, don Pedro, 303 Siguenza y G6ngora, don Carlos de,

11, 12, 12 nl3 Simeon, Remi, 4 n2 Sixtus V, pope, 35 Sotelo, don Diego, 163 Sotelo de Moctezuma, dofia Ana, 71 Soto, don Melchor de, 113, 243

Suarez de Longoria, licenciado Pe­

dro, 223 Suarez de Mendoza, viceroy don Lo­

renzo, Count of Corufia, 27, 29, 141,

149-51 Suarez de Molina, ticenciado Pedro,

223 Tapia, Andres de, 301 Tapia, don Andres de. See Motel-

7 i ,, ' I

!; ii

INDIVIDUALS; LOCALES AND ASSOCIATED ETIINIC GROUPS

chiuhtzin, don Andres de Tapia

Tello, don Francisco, 73-77 Tello de Guzman, don Alonso, 265 Tena, Rafael, 4 n2, 17, 22, 23 n3 Tengacatl, 127

Tenoch (Tcnochtzin), 125, 127, 145

Tepiltzotzometzi11,i 131 Teresa de Jeslis, mother (or Santa)

Teresa, 26 n4, 27, 287-89; feast day

of, 289 Tetlepanquetzatzin, don Pedro, 135 Teucichpochtzin de Moteucr;oma, dofia Isabel, 299. See also Moteuc~ goma, dofia Isabel de

Teucxochitzin, Hernando. See San

Martin Teucxochitzin, Hernando de Tezcatlipoca, 124 n2, 125 Tir;ocicatzin, 131,147,239

Tlacaelleltzin the elder, Cihuacoatl,

167,239

Tlacotzin, Cihuacoatl, baptized as

don Juan Velasquez, 133, 135 Tlagotzin, 121, 145

Tlaquilxochitzin, 123

Tliltecatzin, Chichimecayaotequihua, 121, 123

Tolosa, licenciado, 259

Torquemada, fray Juan de, 67, 73, 79, 165,259

Tovar, father Juan de, 169

Tozcuecuextli, 121, 123, 145

Tranpipitl, Crist6bal, 223 Tzimpan, 121, 145

Tzintlatlauhqui, 126 nl, 127

Tzompantzin, 127

Urban II, pope, 281 Urbano, fray Alonso, 61, 63

Valderrama (Audiencia judge), 71 Valeriano, don Antonio: the elder,

41, 53, 59, 65, 73, 85, 107, 141-43, 147, 155, 193; the younger, 107, 161-63, 167,173,193,229,255

Valle, don fray Juan del, 113 Vallecillo, licenciado, 223,279

Vasquez, Agustin, 233,237 Vasquez de Mendoza, don Diego,

157, 161, 163

Velasco, don Francisco de, 111, 177 Velasco, viceroy don Luis de: the elder, 35, 49, 83, 137, 139, 149-51,

211, 213, 301; the younger (or the second), 35, 39, 49, 53-55, 79, 94

n2, 95-97, 101-03, 107-11, 115, 143-45, 151, 157, 161-63, 169,213;

as Marques of Salinas, 161, 165-67,

171, 175-77,215,221,251,305

Veliisquez, don Juan. See Tlacotzin Vera, Santiago de, 29

Vespasian, 117

Vetancurt, fray Agustfn, 12

Victoria, fray Juan de la, 69

Villag6mez, licenciado Aller de, 223, 285

Villagrdn, doctor Francisco Alonso

de, 72, nl 73

Villela, don Juan, 157

Villegas, doctor don Fernando de,

169

319

Vivero, don Rodrigo, 163, 169, 171, 275

Vizcaino, Sebastian, 175,237, 275 Xicotcncatl, don Leonardo, 47 Xiuhcoyolatzin, 127

Xiuhcaque, 127 Xochilleletzin, 127

Xochiquentzin, don Bartolome Fran­ cisco, 71, 91

Xochiquentzin, don Pablo, 91, 135, 137, 147

Xochiquetzaltzin, dofia Luisa, 93

Xochitzin, 121 Xocoyotl, 126 nl, 127

Xomimitl, 127 Yaotl Tezcatlipoca. See Tezcatlipo­ ca

Zapata y Mendoza, don Juan Buena­ ventura, 5

Zapata y Sandoval, don fray Juan de,

289,295

Zarate, fray Ger6nimo de, 7, 37, 41-

47, 53, 175, 195-201, 213, 241-45,

251,255

Zimmermann, Gilnter, 4 n2, 23 n3 Zorita, fray Juan de, 231

Zum!lrraga, don fray Juan de, 53 n6,

137, 151,153,301 [ZUfiiga?], don Pedro de, 163 Zdfiiga y Acevedo, don Gaspar de,

Count of Monterrey, 55, 63, 71, 75-

79, 91, 97,143,151

Locales and Associated Ethnic Groups Acachinanco, 83

Acalhuacan, 85 Acapulco, 169, 217, 237, 251, 273, 297,305-07

Acatla[nJ (in Xoloco in San Juan Moyotlan), 155, 167, 255, 257

Acocolco Chapoltepec, 123 Acolhua region, 235 Acolhuacan Tetzcoco, See Tetzcoco

Acolman, 59, 69 Ahuatonco (San Sebastian Atzaqual~

co), 113, 175 Ahuatzalpan, 83 n6

Amanalco (Tenanco Tepopolla), 85, 109

Amaqueme (mountain), 123

Amaquemecan, 3, 4, 19, 47, 63, 103-

07, 123, 167, 187, 195, 235; people

of (Amaquemeque), 83, 103, 107, 111, 119, 121,163,303; Tlailotlacan Amaquemecan, 167; Totolimpaneca

Amaquemeque, 119, 121. See also Chalco

Anahuac, 85 Arcos, 147

Armenias, (the), 293 Asia Minor, 293

Atepanazco (San Pablo Teopan), 239 Atentitech, 245, 281; at Acalcalco, 297

Ati9apan, 77, 173 Atlauhtlan (Amaquemecan Chalco),

107; lord of, 122 nl

Atlixxocan, 29, 81, 85

Atzaqualco. See San Sebastian Atza­ qualco

Autun (France), 269 Avila (Spain), 289

Ayapanco, 103, 107 Ayoticpac (in Cihuatlan), 71, 81, 169,

241,299 Ayotzinco, 83, 293

Azcapotzalco, 80 nl, 81, 85, 94 n2, 95-97, 103, 129, 141, 151, 193,229,

255; Azcapotzalca, 127; Mexica­ pan, 135; Tepanecapan, 235; Tepa­ neca, 43, 95, 129

Aztatlan, 135 Aztlan, 123-25, 145; Azteca, 119; Aztlan Quinehuayan Chicomoztoc, 145; Aztlan Teocolhuacan, 117-19,

I

I, ·, ,,

i,!'. II

320

L21; Mexica Azteca Chichimeca,

119, 123. See also New Mexico

Bamberg (Germany), 269

Biedma, 69

Biscay, 165

Cacsarea (Cappadocia, Asia Minor),

293 California, 57

Calimaya, 69

Campeche, 29

Capoltitlan de los Reyes, church at,

189 Cappadocia (Asia Minor), 293

Castile, 37, 149

Chalco, 47, 83, 105, 125, 163, 295-

97; Chalca, 103, 104 nl, 105-09, 125, 157; Chalco Atenco, 103, 121-

23, 293 Castrojerez (Spain), 279 Chapoltepec (possibly San Miguel

Chapoltepec), 7, 123, 173,217,303

Chapoltepetl, 301

Charcas (Peru), 155, 161, 163

Chiapas, 291, 295

Chicomoztoc Quinehuayan, 117, 119,

121, 123; Chicomoztoca, 119. See

also Aztlan

Chilapan, 283

Chimalhuacan Atenco, 97, 293

Chimalhuacan (Chalco), 103---07

China (usually meaning Philippines,

sometimes all the Orient including

Japan); Philippines, people setting

out for, 27, 29, 57, 89, 157, 209,

237, 275, 297; arrivals from, 305-

07; other items related to, 93, 161,

251, 267. Japan, arrivals from, 65, 169-71; departure for, 175; events

in, 63, 163. Chinese, ethnic, 88 n4.

See also Philippines, Japan

Chiucnauhtlan, 37 Cholula, 53; Cholulans, 163

Cihuatlan, 299-301 Cilquaye (mountain in Ayotzinco),

233,295 Citlaltepec, 107, 111, 115,163,293;

Citlaltepetl, 107. See also Huehue­

tocan Ciudad Real, 149 Coatepec, 121

Coatlayauhcan, 81

Cochtocan, 231 Colhuacan, 85, 93, 99, 117, 123-27,

189, 299; Chichimeca Colhuaque,

117; Colhuaque, 117, 125 Compostela, 37

Contadur(a (as place to pay tsibute),

53 Copolco. See Santa Marfa Cuepopan

Coyoacan, 33, 39, 130 nl, 131-35,

235, 283, 303

Coyonacazco, 83,217 Cuepopan. See Santa Marfa Cuepo­

pan

Cuernavaca, people of, 163

Cuitlahuac, 69, 85, 91-93, 99, 113,

189 Cuitlahuactonco. See San Sebastian

Atzaqualco Cuitlatetelco, 293 Ecatepec. See San Crist6bal Ecate­

pec

Ecija, 147 England, 305; English people, 59

Egypt, 281

Ethiopia, 293

Flanders, 296 nl; Flemish, 297

Florida, 57 France, 167,269, 279, 293; French, 4

n2, 11 n9

Galicia, 69 Germany, 231, 269; Germans, 4 n2;

as origin of virreine, called a city,

231

Greece, 293 Guadiana (New Spain), 291

Guadalajara, 111-13, 155, 157

Guatemala, 31, 63, Ill, 199,229

Gudifia, 69

Havana, 57 Honduras, 135, See also Hueimollan

Acallan Hot lands, people of, 163

Huaxtepec, 287 Huehuecalco, 51, 233

Huehuetlan, 33, 43, 53, 257 Huehuetocan, 107; at Citlaltepec,

111,163 Hueicalco (Ichan Tonatiuh), 233

Hueimollan Acallan (Honduras), 135

Huexotla, 235 Huitzillan, 29, 53

Huitzilopochco, 27, 131 Ichan Tonatiuh, 233, 233 n7. See also

Hueicalco Italy, 203,269,279,293

Indies, 285 Itztlaco9auhcan Totolimpan Arna-

INDEX

quemecan, 123. See also Amaque­

mecan Iztaccihuatl, 195, 235, 295, 303. See

also lztactepctl

Iztactepetl, 79, 83, 103

Iztapalapa, 177

Jalisco, 51 n3, 57, 111-13, 155-57. See also New Galicia, Guadalajara

Japan,63,65, 163, 169-75,237,275-

77, 283, 291, 295; people, 175: Ja,

panese, 6, 8, 9, 9 n16, 169, 173, 175,

237, 275-79, 291,295; nobles, 273

Jerusalem, 117

Lima (Peru), 155

Lombardy, 269 Los Angeles, City of. See Puebla

Lucca (Italy), 269

Madrid, 111

Malinalco, 113,145,155, 161

Malucca, 93

Mancera (Spain), 289

Manila, 95, 157, 161-63, 169, 267,

275; galleon, 237. See also China,

Philippines Mexicatzinco, 85, 91-93, 97-99, 159,

163; (called Mexicalzingo, 45 n6) Mexica ( ethnic group of Mexico Te­

nochtitlan and Tlatelolco), 6, 8, 18,

19,29, 37,45,55, 75, 79,83, 85,95, 107,115,119, 121-27, 133 -35, 139,

145, 187, 197-201, 211, 219, 225,

241-43, 251,283,305; ancient, 299,

Azteca, 123; Mexica Azteca Chi­

chimeca, 119, 123; Mexica Atza­

qualca, 109, 115; Mexica Chichi­

meca, 123, 127; of Moyotlan, 217, 241; Mexica musicians, 37; of San­

tiago Tlatelo\co, 195, 217; Mexica

Tenochca, 83, 99, 145, 213, 231; Mexica Tlatelo\ca, 75; Mexica wo­

men, 39, 305; in Xoloco, 253. See

also Mexico, Mexico Tenochtitlan,

Tenochca Mexican churches, 43 n4; Spanish,

51 n4, 88 n3 Mexico (meaning the area of Mexico

City, either as the indigenous cor­ poration Mexico [Tenochtitlan], or

the area of the ethnic Mexica also including Tlatelolco, or the Spanish

Mexico City, or all together), 5, 12,

13, 18, 27-45, 49-55, 59, 63-115, 133-77, 181, 185, 189-239, 243,

249-51, 257, 261-307; called alte-

7 I

LOCALES AND ASSOCIATED ETHNIC GROUPS

pet/, 27, 41, ~. 77, 81-83, 99-101, 285; called city, 3, 7, 8-12, 18, 20,

21, 49, 53-61, 67, 75, 159, 169-73,

177,181, 185-89, 193,207, 215-19,

225,241,251,257, 259-63, 271-73,

277, 287, 289-91, 295, 299, 305,

307; called great altepetl and city,

291; province of, 277, 277 n3. See

also Mexica, Mexico Tenochtitlan, Four parts in Subjects

Mexico Tenochtitlan (usually the in­

digenous corporation and its area,

same as Mexico in the narrower

sense), 4, 5, 6, 18, 21, 38, 75, 81-85,

119, 141, 153, 159, 161-63, 167-69,

195, 301, 303-05; called altepetl, 55, 83, 95-97, 101, 169; called alte­

petl and city, 115; called city, 57, 87, 109; entity of, 99; called great

altepetl and city, 93, 97, 161, 295;

called just Tenochtitlan, 18, 19, 29,

79, 85, 113, 115, 117-19, 125-29, 131-39, 141, 143-45, 155, 167, 193,

233, 239, 247, 263; Tenochtitlan called altepetl, 85, 133; called city, 77; Tenochtitlan,Mexico, 147. See

also Mexica, Mexico, Four parts in Subjects

Michoacan, 30 nl, 31, 52 n2, 115, 157,213,277,279,283

Mixiuhcan, 83

Mizquic, 85, 91, 93, 99

Monte Calvario. See San Hip61ito Moscovia, 293

Mota (Vienne), 281

Moyotlan. See San Juan Moyotlan Nayarit, 37 n6

New Biscay, 291 New Galicia, 37 n6, 153, 155. See

also Jali sco

New Granada, 227 n4, 287

New Mexico, 37, 63, 123, 145, 157, 159, 187, 193; New Old Mexico, 57;

Old Mexico, 259; Old Mexico Az­

tlan Quinehuayan Chicomoztoc, 145

New Spain, mentioned, passim

Nexticpac, 125 Nochiztlan Quatzontlan, 135

Oaxaca, 29, 115, 153 n3, 157, 159,

283

Ostia, 269 Oztocaltitlan Arcotitlan. See Xoloco

P!l.nuco, 149

Paris, 4 n2, 12, 13, 32 nn 4, 5, 6

Pavia (Lombardy), 269

Peru, 27, 49, 54 nl, 55, 69, 77, 79, 90

n3, 91, 97, 141---63 passim, 235,279,

281,283,287,303

Petlacalco, 27

Philippines, 27, 29, 39, 57, 59, 297,

299. See also China, Japan

Popocatepetl, 83, 103, 195,295

Portugal, 251; Portuguese, 35, 259,

297 Puebla (City of the Angels), 35, 47,

67, 111, 157, 175, 215, 237, 249,

261,291 Quauhtitlan, 53, 115

Quauhyahualco (Azcapotzalco), 95

Quetzal (mountain), 235

Quetzaltepetl, 295

Quito, 281 n2

Rome; relics from, 27, 39; orders,

permissions, and confitmations from

pope in, 49, 57, 91, 227, 285, 299;

beatification by pope in, 165, 287;

bulls and indulgences from pope in,

217,243,275; mentioned, 117, 167, 203, 275-77, 281. See also Pope in

Subjects

Salamanca (Spain), 289

Salinas, Marqucsado, 161

San Ant6n Acatlan, 173. See also A­ cflthm

San Cosme and San Dami!l.n, garden

of, 51, 63, 77

San Crist6bal Ecatepec, 85, 137

San Crist6bal Xancopincan Aztacal­ co, 195

San Guillermo Totoloapan, 28 n2, 29, 141

San Hip61ito, 35, 59, 61,297; market, 37, 53, 101, 137; Monte Calvario,

297; in tlaxilacalli of Teocaltitlan,

47,51

San Jacinto (near Coyoacan), 303

San Juan Moyotlan, 19, 29, 33, 37, 44 n4, 51, 61, 85, 99; market, 101;

alcaldes for, 67, 71, 107, 155, 163,

173,233, 271; as Moyotlan without

San Juan, 195, 217, 227, 241, 271;

Moyoteca, 63, 173; Mexica Te­ nochca Moyoteca, 195; people of,

201,239,245

San Juan Tequixquipan, tlaxilacalli,

33 San Juan de Uh1a, 57

San Lazaro Acalcaltitlan, 55; mar-

321

ketplace, 37. See also Hospital of San MaHas Iztaccalco, 53

San Miguel (probably Chapoltepcc), 39,81

San Pablo Teopan, 19, 29, 33 n7, 53,

83, 111, 141, 273; alcaldes for, 67,

71, 155, 163, 233, 239; governor of

Mexico from, 301; church of, 41,

59, 239; people of, 63, 201, 231;

Tlachcuititlan, 173, 245, 283; t;oqui­

pan, 193,229,233,271; Ometochti­

tlan, 229,233,271; Xochititlan, 301

San Sebastian Atzaqualco, 19, 33 n7, 55, 83, 99, 113, 273, 305; alcaldes

for, 67, 71, 107, 163, 172 n3, 233,

239; church of, 115, 175; Cui­

tlahuactonco, 233, 271; Atzaqualca,

Mexica Atzaqualca, Tenochca

Atzaqualca, 109, 115; people of, 63,

174 n2, 175, 201; Tomatla[n], 47,

51,233,271

Santa Ana (Santiago Tlatelolco), 177

Santa Catalina Miirtir, parish of, 205

Santa Catlina t;acatenco, church at, 189

Santa Cruz Contzinco, 273, 305;

people of, 245 Santa Fe (place of refuge of Gre­

gorio L6pez), 33 Santa Marfa Cuepopan, 33, 33 n7, 61,

63, 81, 99, 231, 243; alcaldes for, 67, 71, 163, 172 n3, 233, 239;

Copolco, 233, 271; people of, 201,

215,241; Tlocalpan, 271 Santiago Tlatelolco; Chimalpahin's

attitude toward, 8; friars and, 35-37, 77; processions and, 45, 243-49;

governors in, 67, 69, 113, 143; church, 165, 189; market, 39, 101;

Xaltelolco and settlement of, 127;

mentioned, 18, 19, 43, 51, 75, 79,

85, 177, 185, 187. See also Tla­

telolca Santo Domingo (de la Isla), 233, 265,

267,271,289,299

Spain, mentioned, passim Tacuba (Tlacopan), 19, 47, 80 nl,

81, 135, 285; canals of, 35, 39;

people of, 45 Tacubaya (Atlacuihuayan), 19, 39,

79, 187, 209; people of 51, 117

Tecamachalco, 139, 141

Tecpanyocan, 121

Temaztitlan, 231

322

Temetzcruztitlan, 217

Tenan (mountain), 235

Tenancingo, 235

Tenanco, I 07, 123

Tenanco Tex.ocpalco Tepopolla (Chalco) 93, 235; Tlailotlacan Tec­

calco, 93

Tenochca, 8, 83, 139, 251. See also

Mexica

Tenochtitlan. See Mexico Tenoch­

titlan Teocaltitlan, 47; San Hip61ito, 51

Teocolhuacan, people, 135

Teohuacan, 251 Teopan. See San Pablo Teopan

Tepeticpac, 299

Tepetitlan, tlaxilacalli of, 85

Tepetlatzinco Nativitas, 43, 53

Tepetzinco, 187 Tepeyacac, 55, 81, 85,177,217,261

Tepopolla. See Tenanco Texocpalco

Tepopolla

Tepotzotlan, 115

Tequicaltitlan (San Juan Moyotlan), 173,195,241,271

Tequixquipan,47, 53,235 Tetzcoco; canals, 35; boat from

sinks, 97; preconqucst history of, 129-33; called also Acolhuacan, 129, 133; secular priest stationed in, 265-67; mentioned, 11, 77, 111, 187,195,293,295

Accountant, royal, 231 Acuecuexatl, 131 Advent, 63 African descent, 9. See also Blacks

Aguinaldo, 295 Alb, 207 Alcaldes: of indigenous municipal

government of Mexico Tenochti­ tlan, lists of on election, 67, 71, 73, 107, 155, 161, 163, 173, 195, 233, 239, 271; names of on other occa­ sions, 41, 61, 65, 91, 229; as a group, unnamed, 51, 53, 75, 83; of indigenous municipal government of Tlatelolco, 79, 85; alcalde celar, the term, 20, 21 n2, 50, 50 nl; alcaldes

de corte, 29, 33, 163,187,229,231, 279-91, 299; alcaldes mayores, 59; alcaldes (ordinarios) of the Spanish

Thebes (Egypt), 281 Thete, 203

Titraapan (Colhuacan), 125 Tlacochcalca, 125. See also Tlalma­

nalco Tlacochcalco. See Tlacochcalca

Tlachcuititlan. See San Pablo Teopan Tlailotlacan Amaquemecan Chalco. See Amaquemecan Chalco

Tlailotlacan Teccalco. See Tenanco Texocpalco Tepopolla

Tlalmanalco (Chalco), 11 n12, 103, 107, 111; commoners of, 303. See

also Tlacochcaico Tlateloica (ethnic group of Tlate­

lolco); 39, 45, 79, 83, 85, 101, 131, 243, 247; Mexica of, 217; called

Mexica Tlatelolca, 83, 99, 145; Na­ zarenes of, 245; people of Tlate­ loico, 201, 243. See also Santiago Tlatelolco

Tlatelolco. See Santiago Tlatelolco Tlatilco Mexico, 195 Tlaxcala (Tlaxcallan), 5, 19, 47, 133,

135; bishop of, 29, 91, 215; gov­ ernor in, 50 nl; Tlaxcalans in New

Mexico, 37 Trn;anitlan, 51 Toledo (Spain), 175 To!titlan, 79, 9,t n2 Toluca, 265, 267 Tolyahualco, 293

Subjects municipality of Mexico City, 20, 35, 43, 47, 51, 71

Alguacil mayor, 51 Altars, 79, 81, 93, 199, 211; altar­

pieces, 37, 67, 71, 81, 165, 169 Altepehuaque, discussed, 6, 38 n3;

examples (usually translated as people, inhabitants, or citizens of the altepetl): meaning citizens of outlying altepetl, 39, 85, 107, 115, 277, 283; meaning citizens of Mexico, 151, 153, 163, 184, 191,

259,265 Altepetl; discussion of, 6-8, 17-19,

21; referring to outlying altepetl

(usually pl.), 29, 53, 59, 85, 89, 99, lll, 115, 155, 191, 199, 257, 265, Referring to Mexico (Tenochtitlan), 27, 45, 55, 57, 77, 81, 83, 85, 101,

INDEX

Tomatlan. See San Sebastian Atza­

qualco Tonallan, 51 Totoltepcc, 61

Trujillo (Peru), 235 Tula, 115, 121, 125

Tzaqualtitlan Tenanco Chiconcoac Amaquemecan, 5, 47, 93, 123. See

also Amaquemecan, Tcnanco Vera Cruz, 217; parish, 65, 81, 205,

277 Vienne, 281 Xaltocan, 67, 113, 143 Xaltelolco. See Santiago Tlatelolco

Xihuitonco, 271

Xochimilca (ethnic group of Xochi­ milco); 45, 85,117,125,188 n2, 189

Xochimilco, 53, 69, 77, 85, 93, 99, 111,161,271,293,301; Count of

Monterrey at, 63 Xochipillan, 137 Xochititlan. See San Pablo Teopan Xoconochnopalyacac, 85

Xocoyoltepec, 105 Xoloco, 37, 47, 85, 217, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, 301; called Mexico Xoloco, 173; Oztocaltitlan Arcoti­ tlan, 259; San Agustin, 29; San Antonio Abad Oztocaltitlan, 85

Yucatan, 29 n5, 157

Zamora, 261

169, 177, 265. Mexico called al­ tepetl and city, 115; great altepetl,

299; great altepetl and city, 93, 291,

295; royal altepetl, 185. Other entities called altepetl; Tacuba, 47; Japan, 63; Malucca, 93; Azcapo­ tzalco, 95; Arcos, Ciudad Real, Ecija, 147; Charcas, 155, 161; Sa­ linas, 161; Los Angeles (Puebla), 157; Tlatelolco, 245; Santo Domingo (de la Isla), 265; Chiapas, 295. Entities called great altepetl:

Vienne, 281; Salamanca, 289; Tetz­ coco, 293. Entities called altepetl

and city: Lima, 155; Chiapas, 291. Royal altepetl of Peru, 155, 283; great royal altepetl of Japan, 171; a city, a great altepetl (in the ab­ stract), 185; universal altepetl, 65

,

LOCALES AND ASSOCIATED ETIINIC GROUPS; SUBIBCTS

Amiee, 207 "Anales Tepanecas," 13 Angels, 69, 73

Annals, 4 n2, 4-7, 10-13, 18, 129 n3; Chimalpahin as annalist, 7-9

"Annals of Juan Bautista," 5 n5, 17 n7, 20, 20 nl5, 66 n2

Anunciation, feast day of our Lady,

73 Aqueduct, 29 Arcade, 20, 73, 165, 211; entryway (porter{a), 233

Archbishops, mentioned, passim. See

archbishops in Individuals

Archivo Hist6rico of the Instituto Nacional de Antropologfa e His­ toria, 13

Armory, 39 Armor (coat of mail), 209 Arrows, 123, 135

Artisans, 157 Ascension, feast day of, 301 Ash Wednesday, 63 Astrologers, 179, 181 Atlauhtecatl teuctli (title), 123 Attorney, prosecuting, 149, 153 Atole, bitter, 251-57 Audiencia: (Real) in Mexico City,

mentioned, passim; its building, 55; Archiepiscopal, 307; in Guadala-. jara, 111; in Guatemala, 113, 229. See also Judges

Augustinians (see San Agustfn) Auto dafe, 59, 73, 77 Avalanche, 79 Axcan, 17 Banners, 45-47, 57, 79-83, 201-03, 209,211,243,289; painted, 49,209

Baptism, 3, 89, 135, 175, 235; of Japanese, 275, 277, 279

Basket; carrying on the forehead, 257; wooden, 59

Basques, 165 Beatas, 29, 71, 75 Bearers of the god, 127, 145 Beatification, 165,167,227, 287-89 Bells, 157; church, 39--41, 55, 65, 69,

87, 103, 161, 191, 193, 233, 271, 287-89, 299, 303, 305; ringing like excommunication, 101; ringing in mourning, 191

Benedictines (see Saint Benedict) Beneficiados, 91 Bible Society Library (Cambridge

University), 12 n13 BibliothCque Nationale, Paris (BNP),

10, 10 n2, 12, 23 Bishops, mentioned, passim

Blacks, 7, 35, 155-57, 209, 213-17, 297, 299; alleged rebellion and then execution of, 217-27; chapel of, 247

Blacksmiths, 45, 159 Bleeding people, 55 Blood from noses, 137 Blood of Christ, 91 Boats, 83, 96 n3, 97, 99, 117; boat route, 96 n3, 97; China boats, 175. See also Ships

Bones, 49, 59, 65, 73, 111 Bonnets, 205---07 Bread, 61, 69, 91 Brothers (lay): children of the beati­ fied Juan de Dias, 17 n6, 77, 203, 225; of the Convalescents, 203, 233; of Huaxtepec, 233, 287

Browning Manuscript, IO n3 Bubas (syphilis), 53 n6 Bulls, papal, 217,243,265,285 Bullfighting, 159, 191, 193

Burial of the death of our lord God, image, 245, 247

Burning at the stake, 89-91. See also Auto dafe

Cabecera, 89 Cabildo; indigenous, 61; Spanish, 20, 47, 50 nl, 185-87, 209, 213, 239, 263; cabildo eclesidstico ( cathedral chapter), 19, 169; cabildo seglar, the term, 19

Cacao, 51, 97; Spanish sellers of, 273 Cactus; cochineal, 295; nopal, 239;

painting of, 49; prickly pear (stat- ue), 47

Calendar, 118 nl; 119, 136 nl; name, 139

Calli, 18 Calpolli, 18 Canals, 81, 95, 217, 287, 301; cleaning of, 29, 35, 85, 157, 159, 277, 283; excavating, 43; mock batde in one, 45; Tolteca, 133

Candles (tallow), 61-79, 87, 161, 233, 289; candleholder of clay, 65; candlesticks, 203, 205

Canons; of the cathedral, 33, 49, 55, 169, 205, 207, 261-63, 279, 289; regular, 173

323

Canonization, 167 Canopy, 43, 67, 81, 83,187,261,263,

273 Cantares Mexicanos, 45 n5

Capes, 203,205,265; bishops', 31, 213; Spanish, 61

Caps, paper, 73 Captains, 165, 227; captains general,

147--49, 185,215,231,239; captains of the guard, 165,169,209,303

Caramels, 61 Cd.reel, the term, 20, 20 nl Carmelite friars, 31, 35, 55-57, 109,

115. See also Discalced Carpenters, 45 Cardinal, 203 Carriages; for nuns, 45, 49, 169, 173;

for Japanese, 173 Carrying platforms (for saints), 37, 45, 57, 69 n4, 81, 83, 165, 199,243, 247

Castilteca, 6 Castiza/o, 232 n5, 233 Catafalques, 40 nl, 41, 49, 65, 139,

209,211,214 nl Catana, 171 Catfish. See Fish Cathedral (of Mexico City), men­

tioned, passim Cattle, 61 Cave, 79 n3 Celar/Seral/Selar, 19-20 Censer, 43, 73; leaded, 65 Chamberlain, 91 Chamois, 171 Chaneque, 6

Chaplains, 7, 37, 41, 63, 175, 195, 199,203,213,241,251; chaplaincy arrangement, 259

Chasuble, 31; purple, 201, 207 Chests, 65, 73 Chichimeca, 35-37, 117, 119, 123,

135; Azteca, 119; Chicomoztoca, 119; Colhuaque, 117; Mexica, 117- 19, 123, 127; rulers, 123; Totolim­ paneca, 121; Totolimpaneca Ama­ quemeque, 119, 121

Chichimecateuctli (title), 121, 123 Chichimecayaotequihua (title), 121,

123 Chickens, 53, 61 Children, revived by San Diego, 69; orphaned children, 203

Child Jesus (Nifio Jeslls), image of,

324

243 Chinampas, 42 n2, 43, 45, 81, 85, 229; country, 93; district, 95, 99, 189; people, 55, 85, 157; region,

103, 157 Chirim(a. See Music

Chocolate seller, 195. See also Cacao

Choir, 31; choirmaster, 261,263,303

Christ on the cross standing on the

world, image, 243

Christ the Redeemer, festival of, 61

Christians, 6, 146 n2, 147, 149, 171;

cristianos, the term, 6; in Japan, 277;

Japanese becoming, 275, 279;

Christian priests, 19

Christmas, 37, 107, 233

Chronicle, 10

Cihuacoatl (title), 133, 135,167,239

Cihuatl, 7, 183 n7 Ciudad, 18, 84 n2 Clerigo, 19 Cloak; leather, 119; priests', 203,

207; ruler's, 39

Clock tower, 207

Cloth; black mourning, 209; Japa­ nese, 275; clothes, mourning, 65

Coatequitl, 38 n3. See also Labor

Codex Osuna, 20, 20 n15, 21 nl6, 50

nl Co..frad(a~-, 8, 81, 195, 201, 203, 213,

217; of holy fray Diego, 57; of Holy

Sacrament, 229; of Hospital of

Nuestra Sefior de la Caridad, 243;

of Nifio Jesus Perdido, 243; our

precious mother of the Rosary, 243,

247; of San Francisco, 245; of San

Nicolas de Tolentino, 243, 273; of

Soledad, 35; of Souls of Purgatory,

215,241,277; of San Roque, 297

Colegios, 76 n2; de Mestizas or de las

Nii'ias (Indias), 53 n6, 301; de las

Nifios (See also San Juan de Le­

tran), 229, 273; of San Angel Miir­

tir, 303; de San Gregorio, 12, 169;

de San Ildefonso (also seminary),

211; de San Luis, 77; de San Pablo,

277-79, 305; de San Pedro y San

Pablo, 12

Comendadores (of military orders),

mentioned, passim

Comets, 27, 103, 105

Commissary (Franciscan); 31, 41, 45,

47, 53, 63, 73, 157, 199, 231, 259, 277; comisario general, 52 n2, 65

Communion, 89, 181

Compadre, 235

Confession, 55, 59, 75, 89, 181; con­

fessor, 169,231

Confirmation(the sacrament), 51,279

Congregaciones, 89

Congregation of Regular Clerics, 26

n4 Conquerors, 111, 159, 234 nl, 235,

283,299,301 Conquista de Mtxico by G6mara, 10 Constable, 227,295; high, 149, 167

Convaleciente, See Brothers of the

Convalescents

Convent. See Nunneries

Corregidores, 20, 59, 73, 111, 161 n3,

253, 265; corregidor mayor, 43--45

· Corn, See Maize

Council, definition by Chimalpahin,

269 Council of the Indies, (Royal), 155,

177,193,213,221,251 Count (title), passim

Cradle, 49

Craftsmen, 157

Criollos, 1, 111,113,157, 159, 163, 175, 229, 231, 235, 265, 283, 291,

303 Crosses; at San Josef, 47, 55; in San

Francisco's hand, 49; of the Suvior,

73, 117; at San Francisco church,

75; in processions, 81, 83, 203-05,

209, 243, 273; stations of the, 227,

297; as an insignia, 231, 267, 279-

81, in the road, dispute over, 251-

57; mentioned, 201,219

Crozier, 201,207,213

Crucifix, 57, 81, 141, 273; crucified

thieves, 81; crucifixion of Francis­

cans in Japan, 63

Cypress. See Trees

Daggers, 61

Dance; dancers, 43; dancing, 45, 55,

79 Day of the Dead, 55

Deacons, 163, 203, 205, 237

Deans,49,245,249,261,279 Death of Christ, image of, 199, 247

Decapitation, 139, 249-51

Definidores, 37, 45

De la Piedad, church, 53

De las moradas (by Mother Teresa

de JesUs), 27

Deluge, 117, See also Flood

Deputies, 143,147,153,231

Desagile, 1

INDEX

Descendants ( called the hair and the

fingernails), 239

Devil, 125, 131,277

Diario, 4, 10, 12

Dikes,83,85,91-99, 107,163 Discalced, 16 n6, 27, 35, 39, 51, 65,

67, 173; Carmelite friars, 31, 109,

ll5, 175,205,221, 289, 303; nuns,

71, 199; San Agustfn, 89; San Diego,

friars, 221; San Francisco, 27, 205,

237,275,289,291 Doctors, 61,201,207,225,271,285 Dominican, See Santo Domingo

Drought, 129

Drums; kettle, 209; war, 209; drum­

mer, See Music

Dryness ( of the land), 95

Duke (title), 219

Dysentery. See Sickness

Eagle; eagle-speaker (eagle ruler),

21; on top of San Josef chapel, 16

n6, 43; painting of, 49; statue, 47;

Japanese as, 171

Earthquakes, 7, 8, 9, 33, 177, 187-91,

193 Easter, 157, 217, 225, 237, 249. See

also Feast day of the Resurrection

Eclipse (or eating of the sun), 8, 9,

177-85 Effigies, 73

Encarnaci6n (church/nunnery), 81

Encomienda, 11, 18, 27, 27 n6, 79, 94

n2, 139, 141, 165; encomendero,

233 Epidemic. See Sickness Espafl.oles, espafl.olesme, espaiioles­

tin, 6 Estancia, 73; sites, 303

Excommunication, 57, 65, 101, 227,

299 Famine, 85, 129, 129 n3

Farewell to our Lady (religious

scene), 57

Fast, 65; fasting, 73, 191

Feast days; of Annunciation of St.

Mary, 49, 53, 73; Ascension, 301;

Conception of Our Lady, 59, 231;

conversion of San Pablo, 35; exal­

tation of the Holy Cross, 261; Guar­

dian Angel, 273; [Holy) Sacrament,

283, 303; Holy Spirit, 255; Magi, 79;

Nuestra Sefiora de la Asunci6n,

SUBJECTS

285; our mother of Purificaci6n de

Candelarfa, 271; Resurrection, 4 7,

51, 61; Saint Elias, 57; San Agustfo,

79; San Andres, 55, 107; San An­

dres Ap6stol, 33, 107, 161, 269; San

Bartolome, 51; San Bernabe, 31;

San Blas, 39, 71; San Diego, 69; San

Francisco, 27, 47, 87, 89, 93, 161,

231; San Ger6nimo, 229; San Gre­

gorio Taumaturgo, 193; San Hip61ito

Martir, 159; San Ignacio de Loyola,

165-67; San Ildefonso, 175; San

Jacinto, 61; San Josef, 49, 65, 239;

San Juan Bautista, 95; San Lucas,

31; San Luis Beltran, 227; San Mar­

cos, 157; San Marcos Evangelista,

279; San Mateo Ap6stol, 85-87,

103; San Matfas, 237; San Matfas

the apostle, 47, 67; San Miguel, 115,

291; San Miguel ArCllngel, 265; San

Nicol.is de Tolentino, 193, 305; San

Pablo and San Pedro Ap6sloles, 29;

San Pedro ad Vincula, 159; San

Pedro Mll.rtir, 279; San Pedro and

San Pablo the apostles, 91; San

Roque, 227,285; San Sebastian, 31,

59, 173; San Sim6n and San Judas

Tadeo the apostles, 229; Santa Ana,

97; Santa Cruz, 225; Santa Marfa

del Carmen, 289; Santa Marfa

Magdalena, 29, 79; Santa Marfa,

Nuestra Scfiora de la Asunci6n,

285; Santa Marfa de la Natividad,

287; Santa Marla de las Nieves, 33;

Santa Marfa del Carmen, 289; Santa

Teresa de JesUs the virgin, 289;

Santa Ursula, 105; Santa Vera Cruz,

67; Santiago (Ap6stol), 51; 165;

Santo Domingo, 283; Santo Tomas

de Aquino, 47, 297; Three Kings,

163; Transfiguration, 45; Virgin of

Purificaci6n, 235; Visitaci6n, 229 Fifer, See Music

Firearms, 39

Fiscal, 65, 71, 73,111,173, 193, 199,

201,255 Fish, 51, 229; catfish, 51; trout-like,

89; white fish, 89

Floods, 41--43, 79, 81-85, 93-103, 115-17, 169,295

Flowers, 45, 51; garden, 57; lily, 247;

rose, 247; Spanish flower from a

broad-leafed water plant, 247

Flower war, 125. See also War

Footwear, Japanese, 171

Forests, 8, 95, 103-07, 195,235,281, 303

Forzados, forced laborers, 237, 297-

99 Fom, baptismal, 87

Founlains, 29, 247

Four parts of indigenous entities: of

Chalco, related to tribute labor, 83,

103-07; of Mexico Tenochtitlan,

explained, 8, 19; with tribute labor,

37, 85; and floods, 43, 99; alcaldes

chosen for each of, 67, 161, 163,

163 n2; at burial of friar, 79

Franciscan 01thogrnphic style, 13

Franciscans. See San Francisco

Freeze, 295

Fruit, 61

Gallows, 225, 249-51, 299

Gardens, 51, 63, 77 Giants, 111

Gloves, 207

Gold, 7,133,205,231,303 Good Friday, 63, 87, 199, 219, 245,

247 Gourd vessel, 51

Governors; Uudge-)governors in in­

digenous Mexico (Tenochtitlan), 41,

53, 59, 65, 67, 113, 137, 138 nl, 139-47, 161, 163, 233, 239, 243, 283, 301, 305; (judge-)governors in Tlatelolco, 67, 69, 85, 143, 243; in

Acolman, 59; in Azcapotzalco, 193,

229, 255; in Coyoacan, 283; in

Tacuba, 285; in Tetzcoco, 11 nl2,

97, 111; in Tlalmanalco, 11 n12,

Spanish governors: governor of

archdiocese for archbishop, 31, 49,

57, 63, 143, 153, 155; archbishop as

governor and viceroy of New

Spain, 29, 31, 141, 185. Spanish

governors in: Guadiana, 291; Ma­

nila, 169,171; New Mexico, 261

Grasshoppers, 39

Guardians (priors of Franciscan es­

tablishments), 33, 33 118, 45, 61, 63,

73, 77, 79,251, 269; internal, 65

Guardian Angel, feast day of, 273

Gui6n, 81

Habits (religious), 47, 55, 159, 161,

229,269,271,281,287,295 Hanging (of people), 135, 223-27,

249,299 Harquebuses, 165. See also Muskets

Head-flying pole. See Volador

Heaven, 115, 179, 181, 183

Heretics, 305

325

Hermanos Convalecientes of Mexi~

co, See Brothers of the Conva­

lescents

Hieronymite friars, 31, 75, 93, 153

Holy Council, 29, 31, 141

Holy Cross, exaltation of the, 261

Holy Father. See Pope

Holy Monday, 241,275

Holy Office, 65. See also Inquisition

Holy Saturday, 219

Holy Spirit, feast day of, 255

Holy Thursday, 81,217

Holy Tuesday, 217,241,243

Holy Wednesday, 57,217,243,245

Holy Week, 61, 163, 217, 219, 241, 297

Hoods, 207

Horses, 47, 49, 60 n3, 87, 89, 177,

187, 209, 223, 249; mounts, 61; on

horseback, 237, 273, 275

Hospitalers (Hermanos Convalecien-

tes), 233. See also Brothers of the

Convalescents

Hospitals, 281-83; de! Amor de Dias,

53 n6; de las Bubas, 53, 69; de los

Desamparados, 17 n6, 53, 77, 203;

de San Pedro, 27 n5; Espiritu Santo,

75, 165, 287; Juan de Dias, 17 n6,

77; de Locos at San Hip61ito (in

Tlacozpan, See San Hip6lito just

below), 233; Nuestra Sei'iora (in

Huitzillan), 213; Nuestra Sei'iora de

la Caridad, 243; Nuestra Sefiora de

la Misericordia, 225, 227, 251; Real,

39, 53; San Hip61ito, 203; San Lll.za­

ro, 107, at Atenantitech, 241, 285,

297; for sufferers of Saint An­

thony's fire, 279-81

Idolaters, 59, 73, 77, 171, 181;

idolatry, 277

Immaculate Conception, 247. See

also Nuestra Sefiora de la Con­

cepci6n

Indian, indio (term used by Chimal­

pahin), 17,297 Indulgences, 217,243,273,285,285

n2,297 Inquisition (Holy Office of the), 65,

73, 75, 91, 153,155,287 Inquisitors, 35, 39, 47, 51, 59, 73,

153-55, 193, 197, 265; chief in-

326

quisitor, 29, 161; lord, 45; minor, 59 Incense, 73

Insignia, 45, 209, 291; coat of arms,

209. See also Crosses Inspector, 47, 143, 151, 155; judge

inspector, 31; inspector general, 29,

49, 93,157,159, 175, 193

Interim rulers, 125, 127, 135, 147 Interpreters, 229, 253

lquac (ihquac, icuac, ihcuac), 14 Iron, irons, 133, 237; from Japan, 273; grill, 303; shackles, 249, 297

Jacket, 171

Jaguars, 39

Jail, 20, 195, 197; court, 35, 39, 57,

213, 249, 297

Jesuits, 13, 19,165,286 nl, 289; Casa

Profesa (San Ignacio church), 57, 165, 199, 215, 241, 243, 287, 305;

church (Mexico City), 99, 101, 103,

287; (Puebla) 237, 249; college of,

175, 287; Colegio de San Gregorio,

12; Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo, 12; as Company of Jesus, 27,

77, 159, 163, 165, 169, 175, 203,

217, 221, 225, 243, 285-87, 303;

e,,;pulsion, 12; Ignatius de Loyola,

27 n4; Jesuit savant, 8, 8 n13; as So­

ciety of Jesus, 27 n4; as Theatines,

26 n4, 27, 29, 35, 39, 49, 57. 77-79,

99, IOI, 165, 175, 203, 221, 243,

303; Theatine college, 189

Jews, 59, 75, 77, 115

Jubilee, 273, 285-87

Judge-governors. See Governors

Judges; of Audiencia, civil and crim­

inal, passim; judge of the Royal

Council of the Indies, 193; of textile

works?, 231. See also Alcaldes (de

carte)

Juego de canas, 87 n4

Justice, high, 147; royal seat of, 155

Labor, rotary draft, 61, 75, 301; work

duty, 83, See also Coatequitl, Tribute

Lakes, 81, 95, 96 n3, 97, 109, 111,

187,259,293

Lakeworms. See Worms

Lances, 209,211,275

Language; of Azteca changed, 117;

filthy, 253, 257; Japanese, 283;

Latin, 271,303; Nahuatl, 179

Latin, 71,271,303

Law, lawsuit, 109, 267; officers of,

43

Lay brothers, 63, 77, 187, 195, 259,

297; lay friars, 67, 75

Lent, 47, 63-67, 73, 91, 115, 157,

213,237-39,249,273-75,297

Letrado, 11-1 Letrero. See Paper

Letters, written, 41, 63,257,301

Lignum crucis, 273 Lily. See Flower

Lime spreading (for foundations), 37,

41

Logs, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111; wood­

en beams, 83

Luminarios. See Paper fire pots

Lutherans, 59

Macehualli, 6, 17

Maestrescuela, 31, 37, 52 nl, 53, 71,

265

Maguey patches, 119

Maize, 51; green ear of, 54 n3;

plants, 43; shelled, 61

Mantilla, 171

Market (place), 29, 38 nl, 41, 63;

Nucstra Sefiora de la Piedad (in

Huehuetlan), 257; San Hip6lito, 37,

53, 101, 137; San Juan, 101; San

Lazaro, 37, 39; Santiago Tlatelolco,

IOI Marques, mentioned, passim; Mar­

quesado, 161 Marriage, 89, 135; legitimate, 295

Mars, planet, 93

Theology; masters of, 63, 159, 205,

267; chair of, 159, 283 (in scripture)

Matlaltontonqui. See Sickness

Maunday Thursday, 91, 213-19, 243-

45, 277. See also Holy Thursday

Measles. See Sickness

Medicine, 61

Mercedarian friars, 35, 47, 51, 203,

289

Merchants, 37, 45,171,277,283,295

Merino, 40 n2

Mestiza/os, 35, 83, 105, 113, 143,

163, 233, 237, 297, 299-301, 305;

one as conqueror, 243 nl, 235

Metropolis, 269

Mexicano, 19

Mexicatl, 19

Michcuicatl, 45 n5

Minimites (order of San Francisco de

Paula), 193

Miracles, 61, 69, 181, 191,193,257,

267,281,305

Miters, 31,201,207,213,265

Mixtecs, 247,247 nlO

INDEX

Money, 45, 53, 197, 253; reales, 41,

51, 53; tomfn, 20. See also Pesos

Monstrance, 43

Monument. See Catafalque

Morillos. See Logs

Morlsca/os, 219, 221. See also Mu­ lattoes

Mules, 61

Mulattoes, 89,203,215, 219-25, 237,

249, 297-99. See also Blacks

Municipal building, 19, 20, 43, 50 nl,

59,87, 159,165,253

Music; chirimfa, 29, 157; cornet, 157;

drum[mers], 36 n3, 209; fife, 36 n3,

209; fish song, 45; musicians, 37, 45,

organ, 157; professional singers,

287; trombone, 157; wind instru­

ments, 29, 289

Muskets, 209, 211, 261. See also

Harquebuses.

Mutton, 61

Nahuatl (language), 179

Nails, 157

Nazarene, cofradfa of, 43, 245

Newberry Library, Chicago, 10 n3

Nican tepiltzin, 1

Nican tlaca, 6, 17

Nino Jeslls Perdido (see also Child Jesus), cofrad(a of, 217,243,245

Notaries, 73, 113, 195,253

Nuncio, 167

Nuestra Sefiora (in Huitzillan), hos~

pita! of, 213

Nuestra Sefiora de la Caridad; co­ frad{a at the Hospital of, 243

Nuestra Sefiora de la Concepci6n,

49; feast day of, 59, 231; nunnery

(at Ayoticpac), 69, 81, 169, 199,

299-301

Nuestra Sef\ora de la Encarnaci6n,

nunnery, 49

Nuestra Sefiora de las Mercedes,

monastery church of, 229, 305

Nuestra Sefiora de las Mercedes de

la Redenci6n de Cautivos, comen­

dador of, 271

Nuestra Sei'iora de la Misericordia,

hospital of, 225

Nuestra Sefiora del Carmen, nunnery

and church of, 289

Nuestra Sei'iora de[ Colegio de las

Nifias. See Colegio de las Niflas

7 [

SUBJECTS

Nuestra Sei'iora dcl Rosario, 83, 203,

247; cofrad(a of, 245

Nuestra Sef\ora (or our precious

mother of) de! Transito, 74 n2, 75

Nuestra Sci'iora de Montserrat;

church, 53, 235, 237; image, 33;

Our Lady of Montserrat, 4 7 Nuestra Sefiora de la Piedad, church

of, 257, market, 257. See also Visitaci6n

Nuestra Sefiora de la Soledad, image,

63

Nuestra Sei'iora de! TrUnsito, 77

Nuestra Sefiora Santa Marfa de

Guadalupe, 261

Nunneries, 59, 75, 81, 99, 101, 221,

243,289; Discalced, 71; Hospital de

las Bubas, 69; Nuestra Sci'iora de la

Concepci6n, 81, 169, 241,243,273,

299-301; Nuestra Sefiora del Car­

men, 289; Nuestra Sefiora de la

Encarnaci6n (next to the Thea­

tines), 49, 81; Regina Cocli, 177,

221, 251; San Juan (Bautista) de la

Penitencia (in Moyotlan), 49, 217,

227, 241; San Lorenzo, 215, 241,

273,291; Santa Catarina Maftir, 91;

Santa Catarina de Sena (or the

church), 81; Santa Clara (in Ayo­

ticpac), 27, 45, 49, 71; Santa Ines,

69, 213; Santa Isabel, 273; Santa

M6nica, 29, 169; Visitation, 241

Obispo, the term, 21

Obrajeros, 46 n2, 47, 51,231 n5

Oquichtli, the term, 7, 183 n7

Orchards, 27, 303

Orders, military, 27 n6, 139, 165,231

Our Lady of Montserrat. See Nuestra

Sefiora de Montserrat

Our mother of Purificaci6n de Can­

delaria, feast day of, 271

Oxen, 60 n2

Pagans, 181 Painters, 47

Painting, 49; on cathedral door, 263;

on cloth, 65

Palace; viceregal, role in proces­

sions, 65, 67, 211, 213, 273; pun­

ishments outside, 73, 225-27, 251,

299; in celebrations, 79, 87, 161;

entry and exit of high officials, 177,

185, 231, 263; interior, 193, 201,

207, 235, 303, 305. Archiepiscopal,

81, 93, 261; of indigenous Mexico

Tenochtitlan, 41, and called com~

munity palace, 39; at Tlailotlacan

Teccalco, 93; of Japanese emperor,

171

Pallium, 267-69

Palm Sunday, 29, 43, 215, 241

Paper; caps, 73; European, 11, 157;

fire pots, 79, 87, 161; with a legend

or other writing, 49, 73, 89. See also

Letters

Passion of our lord God (religious

scene), 29

Passion Sunday, 249

Patio; church, 47, 49; house, 189

Pelicans, 109

Penance, 33

Penitence, 81, 191; penitents, 83,227

Pentecost, 33, 43, 75

Pesos, 61,171,217,239,295

Petitions (or complaints), indigenous,

41, 195-97, 253,303

Pharmacy, 61

Philosophers, 179, 181

Piochtli, 171

Pirates, 297, 305

Pistol, 297

Platforms, 45, 47, 59, 67, 77, 253-55,

273; wooden, 73, 249. See also

Carrying platforms

Play, 67

Pochteca. See Merchants

Pope (Holy Father); mentioned, pas­

sim; the little, 285; Paul IV, 203;

Paul V, 165, 217, 243, 273, 275,

287, 291; Sixtus V, 35; Urban II,

281. See also Rome in Locales Precious lady at Ati9apan, image of,

77

President (of the Royal Audiencia); mentioned, passim

Priests, secular; mentioned, passim

Processions; funeral procession of

Archbishop Guerra, 201-11; men­

tioned, passim

Procurador, 91, 97 n4

Prosecutor, royal, 223, 279

Provincial heads: Franciscan; present

on ceremonial occasions, 33, 37, 45,

47, 61, 73; named, 53, 175, 271;

mentioned, 65, 199; Dominican,

227; Augustinian, 277-79; Jesuit,

287,289

Provincial chapter meetings; Augus­

tinian, 109, 277; Dominican, 227;

327

Franciscan, 53, 77,175,213,271

Pulque, 51 n5, 53; white, 51, 55

Punctuation, Chimalpahin's, 15-16;

Spanish, 15

Purgatory, 241

Pustules, See Sickness, smallpox

Quauhtlatoani, 21. See also Interim

rulers

Queens, 91,167,213,219,231

Rain, 43, 79, 81, 95-97, 101-05, 109,

195,207,219,235; freezing, 241

Recoletos. See Discalced friars of

San Agustfn

Rector, 169

Redemption of the Captives, 205. See

also Trinitarian friars

Reed darts, jousting with, 159

Regidores: indigenous; in Mexico Te­

nochtitlan, 61; in San Pablo Teopan,

41; in San Juan Moyotlan, 71, 239;

in Tlatelolco, 79; in Spanish cabU­

do, 35, 61, 71, 75,263

Regina Coeli, nunnery, 57,221

Relaciones, traditional name for

works of Chimalpahin, 3 n2

Repartimiento, 38 n3, 39

Residencia, 147

Resurrection, 47, 51; feast day of, 61,

217

Roads, 53, 85, 87, 99, 115, Il9, 123,

159, 163, 169, 173, 181, 189, 223,

225, 253, 255, 257, 273; boat, 96 n3;

highway, 109,217; roadside, 211

Rockets (fireworks), 87, 161, 243,

245, 289, 305

Ropes, measuring, 83

Roses. See Flower

Sacrament, (Holy); mentioned, pas­

sim; cofrad(a of, 229; feast day of,

283,303

Sacrifice, gladiatorial, 27

Sacristan, 195

Saint Anthony's fire (disease), 279-

81

Saint Benedict, 69, 113, 237

Saint EHas, feast day of, 57

San Agustfn, bishop of Hippo, 205;

church, mentioned passim; feast day

of, 79; friars, mentioned passim;

Hermits, 205; prior, 159; rule of,

281

San Andres, feast day of, 55; San

Andres Ap6stol, feast day of, 33,

107, 161,269

328

San Antonio Abad; church of, 8, 8 n13, 11, 37, 69, 173, 217, 251-59, 291, 301; church in Peru, 279;

comendadores, 173; father and church of, 47; order, 9, 9 nl5, 173, 281, 293; Oztocaltitlan, 85,

religious, 159, 167, 169, 291-93, 301; saint and patriarch, 159, 167,

173, 279-81 293; his Tau, 279-81 San Bartolome, feast day of, 51

San Basilio Magno, rule of, 293

San Bernabe, feast day of, 31

San Blas, 39, 71

San Diego; church, 51, 65; Discalccd

friars of, 221; feast day of, 69; image, 61; image of death of, 241,

243, 245; saint, 45, 69

San Francisco; church of in Mexico City, mentioned passim; church of in

Puebla, 67; feast day, 47, 87, 93,

161; friars of, mentioned passim;

Friars Minor, 205; lay brothers, 161,

297; lay friar, 37; order of Peni~

tence, 269; called our father, 231, 47, 49,215; patriarch, 205; saint, 45, 269; San Diego, Discalced friars of, 221; Santa Clara (nuns), 27; Ter­ cera Orden de, 269, 295. See also

San Josef, chapel San Francisco de Paula. See Mini­

mites San Gabriel, archangel, 73 San Ger6nimo; church, 47; feast day

of, 229 Sangleyes, 89 San Gregorio Taumaturgo; chapel of,

169; feast day of, 193 San Hip6lito; market, 37, 53, 101,

137; San Hip61ito Miirtir, feast day

of, 159 San Ignacio de Loyola, 163, 165; feast day of, 165, 167, See also

Jesuits San Ildefonso; college and seminary

of, 211; feast day of, 175 San Jacinto, feast day of, 61; saint, 61 San Josef; feast day of, 49, 65, 239; chapel at San Francisco church (Mexico City); masses said, 33, 35; Sacrament installed, 35; friar whips indigenous people, 41; bell, bell­ tower, 35, 41, 55-57; painting at, 49, 65; ceremonial activity, 61, 81, 139, 219; burial of lay brother, 161;

fiscal, 193. See also Zarate, fray Ger6nimo de; Gamboa, fray Fran­ cisco de, in Individuals. Chapel of San Josef in Avila, Spain, 289

San Juan Bautista; feast day of, 95; image made by Mexica, 241-45; Spanish cofrad!a and image, 241,

243 San Juan Bautista de la Penitencia, children of, 227; church, 45, 191;

nunnery, 49, 217, 227, 241; in San Juan Moyotlan, 45

San Juan de Dias, Brothers of. See

Brothers of San Juan de Dios San Juan Letran, called Colegio de

los Nifios, 203 San Judas Tadeo, 231 San Llizaro (at Atcnantitech), hos­

pital of, 107, 285, 297 San Lorenzo, nunnery of, 199, 215,

273,291 San Lucas, feast day of, 31 San Luis Beltr6.n, feast day of, 227;

saint, 227 San Marcos, feast day of, 157 San Marcos Evangelista, feast day

of, 279 San Mateo Ap6stol, 85, 87, 103, 105 San Matfas, 47,237 San Matfas the apostle, feast day of, 47, 67

San Miguel, feast day of, 115, 265,

291 San Nicolas de Tolentino, 69, 191, 215; cofrad{a of, 243,273; feast day

of, 193,305 San Pedro ad Vincula, feast day of,

159; saint, 159 San Pedro, priest of, 29, 265 San Pedro Martir, feast day of, 279 San Pedrn the Prince, 205 San Pedro and San Pablo, feast day of, 95

San Raimundo, Dominican saint, 75 San Roque, cofrad(a of, 241, 297;

feast day of, 285 San Sebastian, church, 31, 115; feast day of, 31, 59,173

San Sim6n, feast day of, 231 Santa Ana, church, 243; feast day of,

97 Santa Catalina Martir, 243; parish, 65 Santa Catarina Miirtir, 91 Santa Catarina de Sena, church or

INDEX

nunnery, 81 Santa Clara; church, 51; nuns, 45, 51. See also Franciscans

Santa Cruz, feast day of, 225 Santa Fe, church, 59 Santa Ines, nunnery of, 69, 213 Santa Isabel, 229; nunnery, 273 Santa Marfa, Nuestra Sefiora de la

Asunci6n, 285 Santa Marfa de la Asunci6n de la Redonda, church and jurisdiction of,

61, 63 Santa Marfa de la Natividad, feast

day of, 287 Santa Maria de la Redonda (in Cuep­ opan), church of, 231

Santa Marfa de! Carmen, 31, 115,

205; feast day of, 284 Santa Marfa de las Mercedes y de la

Redenci6n de los Cautivos, 203. See

also Mercedarians Santa Marfa de las Nieves, 33 Santa Marfa de los Remedios, 61 Santa Marfa de! Rosario, 203, 217,

243 Santa Marfa Magdalena, feast day of, 29, 79

Santa M6nica (Huitzillan), 29; nunnery, 29, 169

Santa Ursula, feast day of, 105 Santa Vera Cruz; church, 71; feast

day of, 69 Santiago; feast day of, 51, 163; as encomienda, 165; comendadores of, 35, 77, 139, 169, 231; insignia,

291; knight of, 151 Santo Domingo; church and friars of

in Mexico City, mentioned passim; feast day of, 283; island of, 149; the patriarch, 205; saint, 77, 87

Santo Tomas de Aquino, 47; feast

day of, 297 Scapulars, 57,205, 233 School, royal, 159, 271, 283; schol­

ars, 181, 285 Secretary, 251, 283 Sefiora, the term, 20, 183 n7 Ships, 251, 261; dispatch, 235, 291; Japanese, 275; pirate, 305-07. See

also Boats Shroud of Christ, 39 Sickness, 27, 61, 111, 283; arch­ bishop's, 193, 199, 201; dysentery, 91; headache, 257; matlaltotonqui

SUBJECTS

(probably typhus), 92 n2, 93, 95, 240 n2, 241, 257; measles, 55, 295, 297, 299; smallpox, 133, 133 n2, 155-57; St. Anthony's fire, 279-81; swollen foot, 71; throat inflamma­ tion, 71

Singers. See Music Skirt makers, 253

Slaves, 87, 215. See also Blacks Snow, 79,195,235,295 Society of Jesus. See Jesuits Soldiers, 41, 57, 157-59, 165, 209,

211, 215-19, 237, 283, 297, 307; mock warriors, 45

Soledad, cofrad{a, 35; processional

cross of, 83 Song. See Music Souls of Purgatory, altar of the, 285;

cofradfa, 215,241 Spiders, 89 Staff; archbishop's, 31, 201, 207; bishop's, 213

Standards, processional, 273 Stars, 93, 177 Subdeacons, 167,237,249 Sujeto, 84 nl, 89 Supreme Council, 149 Surplice, 205 Swords, 61,171,215 Syndics, 65, 73 Tabernacle, 71 Tablero, 71 n6 Taffeta, 207, 209 Tailors, 73, 75 Tassie (as a sign of scholarly field of

expertise), 207 Teacher; of the Jews, 73; fray Pedro

de Gante, famous teacher, 75 Tecpan, municipal palace of Mexico Tenochtitlan, located, 19. See also

Palace Tenientes, 59 Teohuateuctli (title), 167 Teopixcatlatoani, explained, 21

Teopixqui, explained, 19 Tepaneca, 43, 95, 129 Terccrones. See San Francisco, Ter~ cera Orden de

Testaments, 113, 197,259 Textile works, 231 Theology, master of, 63,227 Three Kings, feast day of, 163 Tlacanechicoltin, 6 Tlailotlac teuctli (title), 123 Tlatoani, 14, 21, 22, 138 nl

Tlaxllacalli, 6, 18, 197, 255, 257; church, 52 nl; of Acatlan, 257; of Cihuatlan, 299; of San Juan, 85; of Teocaltitlan (San Hip6lito), 47; of Tepetitlan, 85; of Tepetlatzinco Natividad, 53; of Tequixquipan, 53; of Tomatlan, 47; of Xoloco, 253, 255; tlaxilacaleque, 6

Tlayacatl altepetl, 19

11iltique, 6

Tobacco, 65 Tolteca canal, 133 Tombs, 75,217,219 Tomin. See Money Tonsure, 37, 299 Torches, 49 Tornado, 39 Tradespeople, 43, 45, See also Mer­ chants

Treasurer, 147 Trees, 7-8, 37, 43, 119, 129; cypress,

119,247,303; fruit, 239; olive, 247; paln, 247; silk cotton, 135; willow, 37,85

Tribute, 41, 53, 139, 221, 227, 239; duty, 229; house, 41; work, 85, 157. See also Coatequitl; Labor, rotary

draft Trinidad, church, 27, 27 n5, 57 Trinitarian friars, 205 Tunics, 208 n2, 209, 217; Japanese,

275 Typhus. See Sickness

Universe, creation of, 115, 117 University, 283

329

Veil, blacks wearing, 215. See also

Blacks Venus, 93 113, 247 Vicar general of the archdiocese, mentioned, passim

Viceroys; list of, 147-51; mentioned, passim, See Velasco, viceroy don Luis de; Mendoza y Luna, don Juan, Marques of Montesclaros, viceroy; and other viceroys in Individuals

Virgin of Purificaci6n, feast day of, 235

Virrcine, 77,231,233,263,271 Visitaci6n,. church, 33, 53; of Dis­ calced nuns, 71, 199; feast day of, 229. See also Nuestra Sefiora de la Piedad in Huehuetlan

Visitor general, 141 Volador, 45, 77 War: suspected or attempted re­

bellions; by Spaniards, 35, 139; by blacks, 155, 213-15, 219-21, 227; painted scenes of preconquest, 48 n2, 49; Spanish expeditions, 57; preconquest, 125; Cortes as captain general responsible for, 149; Tlaca­ ellel, preconquest war leader, 239; Japan and Spain not to make war, 277

Water channel, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 115, See also Canal

Water tank, 37 Weaver (obrajero), 46 n2 Wine, 55 n3; tavern, 231. See also

Pulque Wood, 7,87, 103,273,287,289,305; carver, 217. See also Logs

Worms, 51 n4; lakeworms, 51 Writing desks, Japanese, 275 Year count, indigenous, 75 Years, tying or binding of, 121, 123,

173. See also Calendar