Decline of Democracy in Turkey and Russia

THE WRITING CENTER

Unistructure, 1st floor

232-6567

http://www.bryant.edu/writingcenter

Call ahead for an appointment with a student Writing Consultant or a professional Writing Specialist.

Drop-ins also accommodated whenever possible.

Guidelines for Using Chicago Style Author-Date (In-Text) Citation System

The Chicago Manual of Style is a specific method of documenting and formatting used to cite sources for humanity fields such as political science, history and the arts. This format is now required for Bryant politics and law majors and for political science classes.

Chicago style is the format to use when citing sources in the text of your paper, creating a list of references and formatting your paper. Citing sources is important for three reasons: 1) to avoid plagiarism; 2) to give your paper credibility; and 3) to give the reader the information necessary to seek out the source for themselves. Chicago style provides guidelines and rules to ensure clear and consistent presentation of written material.

There are two approaches to Chicago style, both referenced and fully described in The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition. One is known as the “Notes-Bibliography” (NB) system, and the other is referred to as the “Author-Date” or “In-Text” citation system. The two systems are similar in terms of their content, but use different formats. It is important for you to know which system your professor expects of you. This handout deals explains the “Author-Date” Chicago system. See our other handout on the “Notes-Bibliography” system.

In-text citations are used when you reference the ideas (a quotation, a paraphrase, or a summary) of others within your own narrative. Whenever this occurs, it is important to let your reader know the source of the referenced idea(s). An in-text citation gives the reader limited information—typically the author’s name and year of publication. For a direct quotation, an in-text citation also must include a page number or online location of the quote. The reference list gives the full details of the source. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

It is important to clarify with your instructor what aspects of Chicago style are required for course papers. Chicago style also includes specific guidelines for formatting formal papers that your professor may require that you follow these as well. Refer to the Chicago Manual of Style for more details.

If you have any further questions about Chicago style, you may also use http :// www . chicagomanualofstyle . org / tools _ citationguide . html or

http :// www . chicagomanualofstyle . org /16/ contents . html

To make sure citations are correct, www . citationmachine . net is a good, free resource to use.

Formatting Your Paper

· Double-space the text of your paper, use 1” margins on all sides, and use a legible font like 12-pt. Times New Roman.

· Check with your professor about whether you should double-space or single-space block quotations and the references page. The standard manuscript style is to double-space all text, including block quotes and the references page. Avoid extra space or blank lines between paragraphs.

· Unless your professor tells you otherwise, use a title page that includes the full title of your paper, your name, the course title, your professor’s name, and the date.

· Page numbers should be at the upper right corner of your paper. While there is no number on the title page, you do count it in the numbering (so the first page of text will be page 2). Check with your professor about whether she/he would also like you to include your last name or a shortened title in the upper right corner.

· If subheads are necessary, they should start on a new line, be aligned with the left margin, and be a larger bold font.

Formatting Your Bibliography

The bibliography should begin with the word “References”, “Bibliography” or “Works Cited” (check with professor to see if there is a preference) centered, in a larger font and in plain text.

· Use double spacing, unless your professor indicates otherwise.

· All lines after the first line of each entry should be indented one-half inch from the left margin, unless your professor indicates otherwise. This is called hanging indentation.

· Alphabetize the list by the last name of the first author of each work. If there is no author for a source, use the title to alphabetize.

Formatting Quotes

Short (Run-In) Quotations: If you are directly quoting from a work, and the quote is relatively short, you will need to use quotation marks and include the author, year of publication, and the page number or online location for the reference in parentheses. See “Formatting In-Text Citations” below for further details.

Long (Block) Quotations: The CMS (16th Edition) states that a “hundred words or more (at least six to eight lines of text in a typical manuscript) can generally be set off as a block quotation” (2010, 623). A block quote is set in a free-standing block of double spaced lines, with quotation marks omitted. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Long quotations can also be distinguished by using a smaller font. If the quote is more than one paragraph, the quotation should reflect the paragraph breaks of the original work (i.e. dialog). Check with your professor for her or his preferences on block quotations.

Summaries or Paraphrases: If you are summarizing or paraphrasing an idea from another work, you must reference the author and year of publication in your in-text citation.

Formatting In-Text Citations

What goes in the parentheses? Author and date followed by the page number with a comma in between: (Seinfeld 1995, 65). The period (or closing punctuation) follows the parenthesis.

Example of a direct quotation: Newman is often caught up in plots to undermine Jerry Seinfeld. In fact, “his relationships with all characters on the show exhibit the moral weaknesses of his character” (Costanza 1993, 48).

What if the name is in the text? If you mention the author’s name in the text, omit the author’s name from the in-text citation and leave the year and page number (if applicable).

Example: George Costanza claims in his essay “On the Orange Sublime” that “pulp can move” (1995, 65).

Citing a work with no author: Use the first word (not including ‘the’) of the title of the source. If the title is extended, a short form version of the title may be used.

Example: The characterization of Jerry’s hub of friends is intentionally varied, and reflects a variety of not only physical characteristics, but also emotional and psychological characteristics as well (Characters In Seinfeld 1994, 65).

Citing a work that has two or three authors or editors: Give all last names before the page number. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text or in the parentheses.

Example: 2 authors: (Seinfield and Costanza 1997, 28)

3 authors: (Seinfield, Costanza, and Kramer 1997, 28)

Citing a work that has four or more authors or editors: Use the first author’s name and follow with et al. (meaning “and others”).

Example: (Seinfeld et al.1996, 65).

Citing a print source that was retrieved electronically (e.g. on a database or online journal archive): Journal articles or books retrieved electronically should be cited in the text as you would the print version, including the page number.

Example: (Costanza 1994, 4)

Citing an electronic source with no page number: For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, cite the heading to direct the reader to the location of the material.

Example: (Benis 2008, “The Battleground”)

Citing a source within a source: According to the CMS: “If an original source is unavailable, and ‘quoted in’ must be resorted to, mention the original author and date in the text, and cite the secondary source in the reference list entry. The text citation would include the words ‘quoted in’” (808).

In text, it would look like this:

In Louis Zukofsky’s “Sincerity and Objectification,” from the February 1931 issue of Poetry magazine (quoted in Costello 1981)...

In References list, it would look like this:

Costello, Bonnie. 1981. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press.

Reference Lists

As you do research, you should be keeping a running list of the sources (and pages within those sources) that you are consulting and may be referring to or quoting from in your paper. Eventually, you will convert this into a References list, including only those sources that you did, in fact, cite in your paper (unless your instructor asks for a list of all sources consulted).

Some things to know about References lists:

· All in-text citations must correspond to full bibliographic references. That is, any sources referred to in the text of your paper should be listed on your References page, and all sources listed on your References page must be referred to in the text of your paper.

· Reference lists should be alphabetized by author’s last name. If two or more entries citing coauthors begin with the same name, alphabetize by the last names of the second authors listed. If two or more sources are by the same author(s), put in date order with the earliest publication first.

· All authors are named in reference lists with last name followed by a comma.

· The first author’s name for each source is inverted (last name first), while additional names are listed first name, then last. Use full names and initials when the author uses them.

· If the work has more than ten authors, list the first seven authors and then use “et al.” (meaning “and others”) after the seventh author's name to indicate the rest of the authors.

· If you have more than one source by the same author(s), start with the earliest year of publication. After the first listing, the 3-em dash is used instead of the name: ———. To create this, try: Ctrl+Alt+NumPadMinus. For the same author(s) in the same year, list alphabetically by title, and use the year with a, b, c beside it: 2004a, 2004b, 2004c.

Example: Here is an example of three works from the same author. The second listing was published later, and uses the 3-em dash: ———. The third listing was published in the same year as the second, and so they are listed alphabetically by title, and the year is listed with a letter beside it. NOTE: The letter next to the year would be used in-text as well.

Seinfeld, Jerry. 1996. Letters from a Nut. New York: St Martin’s Press.

———. 1998a. “Costanza and Benis: Exposed.” Pop Culture Studies, 31, 123-129.

———. 1998b. “Why I Wrote a Show about Nothing.” Journal of Television, 45, 345-367.

· Capitalize all major words in journal, book, and article titles.

· Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles and chapters are in quotation marks. The first letter of each major word should be capitalized.

· Publication year in a reference is placed after the author’s name followed by a period.

· Place chapter, article, and essay titles in quotation marks.

The following examples illustrate the form that the Chicago Manual Style recommends for the most common references. For those types of sources not listed here, consult The Chicago Manual of Style, a trusted writing handbook such as A Writer’s Reference, or http :// owl . english . purdue . edu / owl / resource /717/01/.

BOOKS

Books with one author:

Seinfeld, Jerry. 1996. Letters from a Nut. New York: St Martin’s Press.

Books with two or more authors (up to ten):

Seinfeld, Jerry, George Costanza, Cosmo Kramer, and Elaine Benis. 1997. What is THAT About? Richmond, VA: Nothing Publishers.

Books with ten or more authors: According to the CMS, “only the first seven should be listed in the bibliography, followed by et al” (696).

Seinfeld, Jerry, George Costanza, Cosmo Kramer, Elaine Benis, Jay Peterman, Sue Ellen Mischke, Morty Seinfeld, et al. 1997. What is THAT About? Richmond, VA: Nothing Publishers.

A book without an author:

No Soup for You. 1956. New York: St. Peter’s Press.

A book with an editor or translator in addition to an author:

Carter, Samuel. 2001. Love in the Time of Seinfeld. Translated by Paula Meyer. London: Penguin.

An article or chapter in an edited book:

Benis, Elaine. 1997. “What Not to Wear: Hats.” In Fashions from the Field, edited by Jay

Peterman, 17-70. New York: Benis Press.

PERIODICALS

Chicago style dictates that the title of an article in a periodical (journal or magazine) is written as seen on the original article and put within quotations. The periodical title is in title case, is italicized, and is followed by the date published or the volume number followed by a colon and the page numbers. The date accessed is then listed and URL if applicable.

An article in a magazine:

Willis, Jean. 1998. “Seinfield’s Last Dance.” Newsweek, March 13, 43-44.

An article in a daily newspaper:

Chan, Carla. 1994. “Seinfeld Around the Water Cooler.” Boston Globe, October 13, A1.

An article in a journal paginated by volume:

Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc. In these cases, the issue number may be omitted.

Seinfield, Jerry. 1998. “Why I Wrote a Show about Nothing.” Journal of Television, 45: 345-367.

An article in a journal paginated by issue:

Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume.

Seinfield, Jerry. “Notes on ‘The Good Samaritan.’” Rock the House: A Journal of Music

and Pop Culture, 15(30): 45-67.

MISCELLANEOUS PRINT AND NONPRINT SOURCES

Public documents published in secondary sources or as freestanding works

Continental Congress. 1904-37. Journal of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. Edited

by Worthington C. Ford et al. 34 vols. Washington, DC.

Government document:

US Bureau of the Census. 2005. Population of the United States According to State; From

1920 to 2003. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

International legal and public documents online:

UN General Assembly. 1990. Resolution 45/1, “Admission of the Principality of Lichtenstein to Membership in the United Nations,” Sept. 18, http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/res/resa45.htm

Online media:

Dreyfus, Julia-Louise. 2007. “Julia-Louise Dreyfus Discusses the Seinfeld Years.” Filmed March

15. TED video, 14:44. Posted April 2009.

http :// www . ted . com / index . php / talks / julia _ louise _ dreyfus _ discusses _ the_seinfeld_years.h

tml.

NOTE: in the above example, the 14:44 indicates the length of time for the video clip.

Single episode of a television series:

Cite the format consulted, but if available, also include information about the original source.

Seinfeld, Jerry. 1993. “The Puffy Shirt,” Seinfeld, season 3, episode 4, directed by Larry

David, aired October 15, 1996 (Burbank: CA Warner Home Video, 2003), DVD.

An interview you conducted:

According to the CMS, if you use an interview you conducted, you “should include the names of both the person interviewed and the interviewer; brief identifying information, if appropriate; the place or date of the interview (or both, if known); and if a transcript or recording is available, where it may be found” (744).

Seinfeld, Leo (uncle of Jerry Seinfeld), in discussion with the author, January 18, 2010.

Seinfeld, Leo (uncle of Jerry Seinfeld), e-mail message to author, September 1, 2011.

ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS

Online articles follow the same guidelines as printed articles. Include all information the online host makes available, including an issue number in parentheses. Provide a retrieval date only if the information is likely to be updated or changed at a later date (as in the case of blogs and wikis). Since many online periodicals appear in their "final" form, a retrieval date is not necessary unless your professor indicates that they should be listed.

NOTE: the following two examples show either a URL or a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for easier access to the source.

An article from an online journal:

Seinfield, Jerry. 1998. “On Why I Wrote a Show About Nothing.” Television Journal, 45. Accessed February 20, 2001. http://www.muse.columbia.edu/journals/tj/v45.html

An article from a print journal retrieved online:

Costanza, George. 1997. “Job Hunting for Dummies.”Social Science Research, 29:

535-555. doi:10.121255332.

An article retrieved from a database:

Smith, Andrew, Lauren Parker,and Davida Peace. 1999. “A Study of Television Shows

About Nothing.” Journal of Abnormal Television, 8(3): 323-40. PsycARTICLES

database.

NOTE: If there is a stable link to the article, or an identification number for the article, include it at the end of the citation. If there is no date of publication, include the date that the information was accessed. (Some professors ALWAYS require the date of access.)

Smith, Andrew, Lauren Parker,and Davida Peace. “A Study of Television Shows About

Nothing.” Journal of Abnormal Television, 8(3): 323-40. Accessed Jan. 30, 2005.

PsycARTICLES database (443245556).

A newspaper article retrieved online:

Archer, Dora. 2008. “Seinfeld Still Talking about Nothing.” New York Times, May 16.

http :// www . nytimes . com / index / seinfeld _ still _ talking _ about _ nothing . htm.

*NOTE: if no author is listed, then the name of the newspaper moves to the beginning of the citation:

New York Times. 2002. “People Sick of Seinfeld By Now.” July 31.

http :// www . nytimes . com / index / people _ sick _ of _ seinfeld _ by _ now . htm.

An article or page from a website:

European Union. “Introduction to EU Funding.” European Union. Accessed August 3, 2008. http :// ec . europa . eu / grants / introduction _ en . htm.

Lamy, Pascal. 2011. “WTO Director-General: Pascal Lamy.” World Trade Organization.

Accessed October 5, 2011. http :// www . wto . org / english / thewto _ e / dg _ e / dg _ e . htm.

Books downloaded from a library or bookseller:

Dickens, Charles. 2009. A Tale of Two Cities. New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle Edition.

Books consulted online:

Dickens, Charles. 2009. A Tale of Two Cities. New York: Penguin Classics.

http :// uofjpress.com/archive/a_tale_of_two_cities.htm.

(Updated 11/2011)

5