Order 157066: CHDV/Article Term Paper
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CHDV1400-Ch1-4.pptxChapter 1: Introduction
CHDV 1400
Alma Villanueva, MA
California State University of Los Angeles
Overview
Understanding Human Development
All kinds of people: Culture, Ethnicity, & Race
Science
Caution & Challenges
Human Development
Science of Human Development:
Seeks to understand how and why people change over time
3 crucial elements
Science, People, & Change
Multidisciplinary
Variety of academic disciplines
3
The Scientific Method
5 STEPS:
CURIOSITY
Based on a theory (set of ideas)
HYPOTHESIS (testable prediction)
TEST HYPOTHESIS
Empirical (observable) evidence
CONCLUSIONS (support hypothesis?)
REPORT Results (share)
4
6th STEP
REPLICATION
Repeating procedures & methods with different participants
Research is shared via conferences, publications, etc.
Big Bang Theory explains Scientific Method
5
Nature-Nurture Debate
Historic & ongoing debate
Nature: Genetic influence
Nurture: Environment influence
How much are we influenced by nature and nurture? Not which
Nature always affects nurture
Nurture always affects nature
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3 DOMAINS
Biosocial: biology, neuroscience, and medicine
Body, genes, nutrition, health
Cognitive: psychology, linguistic, education
Memory, language, thought
Psychosocial: economics, sociology, & history
Emotions, social skills, friends
PG. 7 (10th ed.)
Speaking babies
- maturation of brain, vocal cords
Brain can link objects to words
People to talk to them
Developmentalists study everyone: All kinds of people
Difference-equals-deficit error
Belief that being different means you are lacking.
Misbelief & fallacy
Human tendency to jump to conclusions
E.g. sexual orientation
Social construction
Idea built & constructed by society
Not based on objective reality
Powerful & affects human thought
Example: Culture, Ethnicity, & Race
Misuse & leads to DEDE
Social Constructions
Culture: System of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, expectations that persist overtime
Family, community, college
Ethnicity/Ethnic Group: People whose ancestors were born in the same region (nationality) and who often share a language, culture and religion
Race: Categorizes people via physical features (outward appearances).
Socioeconomic status
SES (“social class”)
Income, occupation, education, residence
SES affects every aspect of development.
How? Why?
Critical Period
A time when something must occur to ensure normal dev.
E.g.
Human embryo grows arms and legs, hands and feet, toes and fingers all within 28 to 54 days after conception
Anti nausea drug (Thalidomide) after day 54 okay, but not before
After that, it’s too late
Humans never grow new limbs
Critical Periods are rare
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Sensitive Period
A time where certain dev. occurs more easily & may be difficult later.
Example: Language
If children do not start speaking b/n ages 1 to 3, grammar may be impaired later.
13
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Ecological-Systems Approach
Microsystem
Immediate surroundings
Exosystem
Local institutions
Macrosystem
Large context
Mesosystem
Interaction b/n other systems
Chronosystem
Time, historical context
Historical Change
Cohort
Group of people who share similar life experiences
Technology, war, cultural shifts, etc.
Plasticity
Like plastic, human traits can be molded
Yet, still maintain a certain identity
Hope & Realism
People can change over time but new behavior depends partly on what already has happened
Example: Child physically abused may grow into a loving parent
Dynamic Systems
Human development is:
Ongoing
Ever-changing
Connected to all other parts
Scientific Method
Methods of testing the hypothesis
Observation
Unbiased
Natural or laboratory
Experiment
What causes what
Surveys
Large population
Questionnaires, phone interviews, US Census
Experimentation
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV)
Affects the DV
Variable that can have an effect
DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV)
Depends on the IV
Variable that may change as a result
SMOKING CIGARETTES & THE RISK OF CANCER
IV = Smoking Cigarettes
DV = Cancer
Experimentation
Experimental group
Gets the treatment
Control group
Does not get tx
Cross-sectional Research
Quick/Least Expensive
Group of people of same age are compared with another group of people of another age
Collect data once & compare groups
Example: Comparing 2 and 5 year olds on obesity
May be missing information
Longitudinal
Collecting data on the same person over a long period of time
Example: Studying the long term effects of child abuse on adolescent emotional development
What are some drawbacks?
Cohort-sequential
Cross-sectional + Longitudinal
Studying several groups of people of different ages and following them over many years
Caution & Challenges
Misinterpreting Correlations
Depending too heavy on numbers
Ignoring ethics
Correlation
Correlation is NOT causation
Correlation indicates a relationship
Positive: both variables increase or decrease
Negative: one variable increase, the other decreases
Zero: no connection
Example:
From Birth to 9
(+) Age and height
(-) Age and napping
(0) Age and # of toes
Quantity & Quality
Quantitative Data
Numbers, percentages
Qualitative Data
Interviews, narratives
Ethics
Code of Ethics
Set of moral rules researchers must follow
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Group ensuring research follows guidelines
