week four informal essay 400-500 words

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http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/problems

Notes on The Problems of Philosophy Bertrand Russell

Chapter 15 - The Value of Philosophy

Summary

This chapter is an eloquent vindication for the practice of philosophy. Russell explicitly addresses

the “practical man” who only recognizes philosophy as a pursuit of “hair-splitting distinctions” and

irrelevant trifling. Viewing philosophy thus is a result of having a “wrong conception of the ends of

life” and “the kinds of goods which philosophy strives to achieve.” Russell contrasts the utility of

philosophy with that of the physical sciences. Scientific study has far-reaching effects on mankind,

through inventions, while philosophic study primarily affects the lives of those who study it, and

only indirectly affects others through them. The principal value of philosophy is thus to be found in

its disciples. Russell would have his reader free her mind of practical prejudices. Whereas the

practical man would only attend to food for the body and material needs, the philosophic attitude

also recognizes the need for food for the mind.

The aim of philosophy is the achievement of knowledge through criticism, “which gives unity and

system to the body of sciences.” However, philosophy does not maintain a substantial body of

definite knowledge in the sense that history, mathematics, or the physical sciences do. Part of the

reason why philosophy does not bear such a body of evidence is because when definite knowledge

on a subject becomes possible, it splits off forming another discipline. Study of the heavens, of

natural sciences, and the human mind originated in philosophic investigation and now assume the

figures of astronomy, physics, and psychology. Thus, with respect to definite answers, “the

uncertainty of philosophy is more apparent than real.”

Yet, part of the uncertainty in philosophy derives from the very nature of the questions that it

undertakes to answer. These questions address most profound human interests: “Has the universe

any unity of plan or purpose, or is it a fortuitous concourse of atoms? Is consciousness a permanent

part of the universe, giving hope of indefinite growth in wisdom, or is it a transitory accident on a

small planet on which life must ultimately become impossible? Are good an evil of importance to

the universe or only to man?” Besides the magnitude of these questions, the various answers which

philosophy suggests are usually not “demonstrably true.” Still, the pursuit of philosophy is not

merely to suggest answers to these questions but to make us sensitive to their importance and to

keep us conscious of a “speculative interest in the universe,” which we might otherwise forget.

Even though some philosophers have developed programs of thought that do offer a definite set of

conclusions about religious belief, human knowledge, and other issues, Russell urges that such

attempts are usually unwise dogmatic declarations. Consistent with the thought of his other

chapters, he claims that we cannot hope for definite answers or even high degrees of certainty.

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In fact, he theorizes, the value of philosophy appears in its very uncertainty. He persuasively writes,

“the man who has no tincture of philosophy goes through life imprisoned in the prejudices derived

from common sense, from the habitual beliefs of his age or his nation, and from convictions which

have grown up in his mind without the co-operation of consent of his deliberate reason.” This way

of thinking is closed to speculation or theory about possibility. Philosophizing, on the other hand,

allows us to see even the most ordinary things in unfamiliar light. Though such consideration

diminishes our faulty certainty about the world, it suggest numerous possibilities “which enlarge our

thoughts and free them from the tyranny of custom.” Though we lose a little of our confidence as to

what things are, we gain knowledge of what they may be. Philosophy banishes “arrogant

dogmatism” and liberates “our sense of wonder.”

Philosophic thought also has a value by virtue of the things it contemplates and the distinctness of

those things from “personal aims” and “private interests.” Philosophy lets in the outside world and

enlarges out interest. Russell writes, “in one way or another, if our life is to be great and free, we

must escape this prison” of our private world. Russell's belief is that everything that depends on the

private world “distorts the object” of contemplation and prevents the union of the object and the

intellect. Philosophic contemplation sponsors this escape by enlarging the Self. Russell holds that the

primary value of philosophy is not in any kind of definite answer, but exists in the questions

themselves. He concludes that, “through the greatness of the universe which philosophy

contemplates, the mind also is rendered great.”

Russell warns against self-assertion with respect to philosophic contemplation. Any study that

presupposes the objects or character of the knowledge that it seeks sets obstacles in its own path,

because such study is self-defeating in its obstinate desire for a certain kind of knowledge. Rather,

one must start from the “not-Self” and through “the infinity of the universe the mind which

contemplates it achieves some share in infinity.” The union of Self and not- Self constitutes

knowledge, not an “attempt to force the universe into conformity with what we find in ourselves.”

Analysis

In his last words of this book, Russell once again discusses the impairing influence of the idealist

position. He writes of the “widespread tendency towards the view which tells us that Man is the

measure of all things, that truth is man-made, that space and time and the world of universals are

properties of the mind, and that, if there be anything not created by the mind it is unknowable.”

This position robs philosophy of its value, “since it fetters contemplation to the Self.” This view

puts an “impenetrable veil between us and the world beyond.”

As we have seen, Russell has analyzed away the idealist veil, which took the form of a denial that the

physical world existed independent of a mind. In the process, Russell constructed his own veil.

Opposing the idealists in The Problems of Philosophy, Russell believed that material objects were real

and independent of a mind. He just didn't think that we were acquainted with any of them. Thus, a

veil remains intact.