Psychology lifespan
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CHAPTERTHREE.pptxCHAPTER THREE
Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby
DISCUSSION
Do parents get to choose when they become grandparents?
How has pregnancy, labor and delivery changed over the past one hundred years?
OVERVIEW
The Experience of Pregnancy
Developmental Principles
Stages of Prenatal Development
Environmental Influences
The Birthing Process
Delivery Techniques
Birth Complications
Assessing the Newborn
The Family
Review Questions
THE EXPERIENCE OF PREGNANCY
Pregnancy a.k.a. Gestation (medicalization)
Duration
38 weeks / 266 days (Gestational Age)
280 Days / 40 weeks – Starting with start of cycle
Medical Factors
Fertility treatments
Check-ups / imaging
Psychological Factors
The cost
Status changes
Social Factors
The effects on the entire family
DEVELOPMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Physical and Motor Development
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Simple to Complex
STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Germinal Stage (a.k.a. The Period of the Ovum)
Fertilization to Two Weeks
Cell division (mitosis)
Formation of the Zygote
By day four (~70 cells)
By day fifteen (~150 cells)
Development of the Placenta and Amniotic Sac
STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Embryonic Stage
Two weeks to ~8/12 weeks
Starts with implantation into the uterine wall
Cell differentiation begins (throughout life)
Organs and body systems start to develop
~ Day 18: The heart begins to appear
Fingers and arms develop
Size = ~ One inch
Risk, very high
STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Fetal Stage (pg. 1 of 2)
~Eight weeks to Delivery
Starts around the time of the first bone cells
Now known as the Fetus
Growth rate accelerates
Temperament now apparent
Fetus can: kick, squint, suck its thumb and hiccup
~ Eleventh week, gender can be determined
~ Four months, will respond to mothers voice
STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Five months: Lanugo (fine hair covering)
Vernix Caseosa (waxy coating)
~Thirteen weeks: Will respond to music
Six months: Bone starts to harden / response to light
Seven months: Reflexes appear
Fetal therapy / surgery
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
Critical period of development (maturational theories)
Teratogens – Any environmental substance that causes a change in the genetic code that in turn changes the fetus
Street drugs, alcohol, some antibiotics, some psychiatric meds., some vitamins (A, C & D), STD’s, AIDS, X-Rays, Paternal exposure to drugs, cigarettes, maternal stress
Maternal Nutrition
300 – 500 calorie increase needed
Maternal Weight Gain
Changes over time
18 – 20 pounds
THE BIRTHING PROCESS
General Points
90% born in the “proper position” / head down
Breech: Anything other than head down
First births tend to take longer
In general: two to twenty-four hours
Molding: The skull
Fontanels: the soft spot on the skull
THE BIRTHING PROCESS
The “Four” Phases:
Phase 1:
Longest
Often starts with Braxton-Hicks (false contractions)
Trigger: Hormone – Oxytocin
Start irregular / Peak: One per two or three minutes and the duration is upwards of a minute per
The pain is due to dilation of the cervix (effacing)
Phase 2:
Pushing Stage / Delivery
~ 90 minutes
Forceps versus Vacuum Extractor
Phase 3:
Expulsion of placenta and umbilical cord
“Phase 4”: No longer exists
Mother and baby rest
DELIVERY TECHNIQUES
Natural
Home birthing
Mid Wives
Lamaze
Prepared
C-Section / ‘V’ Backs
Medication
BIRTH COMPLICATIONS
Birth Weight
Point in gestation important
Full term under 5.5 pounds = low birth weight
Survival now under two pounds
Length of Gestation
Prematurity – Survival now down to 26 weeks
Post maturity
Neonatal Jaundice: Underdeveloped liver or swallow meconium
Stillbirth
ASSESSING THE NEWBORN
Neonate (first month of life)
Average size: 7.5 pounds / Twenty inches
First “Physical”: The APGAR Test
Score: 0, 1 or 2 per area
Under 7 is a concern
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
ASSESSING THE NEWBORN
Levels of Consciousness / Brain Activity
All based on the level of brain development
Levels:
Quietly alert
Actively alert
Crying
Drowsy
Quiet sleep
Active sleep
BODY SYSTEMS
Systems
Circulatory: First ten days, very unstable
Skeletal: Skull, long bones
Respiratory: Short, choppy
G.I.: Diapers
Senses
Vision: Limited, 8” – 10” focal distance
Hearing: Limited
Olfaction: Very well developed
Taste: Sweat develops first
Tactile: Mixed
***Can learn!
THE FAMILY
Mother: PPD
Change of roles for all
REVIEW QUESTIONS
At what point to refer to the developing life as a:
Zygote
Fetus
What is PPD?
In what stage is the child “born”?
