answer questions

Chapters 5-9

Visibility Affects Stigma ⁃ Stigma visibility: how apparent a stigmatized identity is to others and how difficult

is is to conceal from others ⁃ Hidden social flaws make people feel marginalized and different ⁃ Associated with loneliness and social isolation ⁃ Visible stigmatized identities caught in a vicious cycle of rejection and limited

opportunity ⁃ Affect social skills

Peril Affects Stigma ⁃ Stigma peril: the danger that other people associate with a stigmatizing condition ⁃ Contagiousness ⁃ Avoid and exclude ⁃ Perilous

Implications Of stigma for identity ⁃ Mindfulness: actively paying attention to the present - Try to understand what others think of you ⁃ Try to understand the discrepancy between your self-concept and how others

view you. ⁃ Stereotype Threat: Doubts that arise in one’s mind about one’s own competence

and worthiness when faced with others negative beliefs about ones character and ability

⁃ Can be seen in many groups, including ⁃ Black students ⁃ Female

Stereotype Threat: Black Students ⁃ Feel anxious and vulnerable in school settings regarding their teachers

assumptions about their ability ⁃ Disengage with school ⁃ School performance drops ⁃ This confirms stereotypic beliefs about black students Female students ⁃ Women are illogical and not intellectually suited for scientific pursuits ⁃ Female students carry extra burden in math or engineering ⁃ Either master the material or run the risk of confirming what others believe ⁃ Women are not good at math ⁃ Give up belief that they can achieve in math and science domains

Stereotype Threat: Economically Disadvantaged students ⁃ Believed to be intellectually inferior and lazy ⁃ Burdens these students ⁃ Lowers their academic achievement

How does stereotype threat lower academic performance ⁃ Negative stereotypes… ⁃ Reduce memory capacity ⁃ Cause anxiety and stress ⁃ Interfere with cognitive control and self regulation Old Age Categorization and stereotyping ⁃ Intergeneration model of ageism ⁃ Generational conflict over the control of economic resources, ambivalence around

succession of the current old (my parents) with the future old (me) ⁃ Slow shift benevolent to hostile forms of ageism ⁃ Even older adults hold age stereotypes ⁃ People attribute memory lapses and other senior moments in older people to

stable, dispositional causes ⁃ Similar behaviors I n younger people are attributed to more changeable cures ⁃ Negative age related attitudes were higher among older participants

⁃ Older adults characters in the media often are portrayed in a stereotypical fashion ⁃ Dependent, lonely, having physical and mental limitations ⁃ 2x as likely to be shown with a disability ⁃ Illness, injury, etc ⁃ More positively portrayed on daytime soap

Old Age Prejudice ⁃ The role of pity in old age prejudice ⁃ Declining health and loss of opportunities ⁃ The role of anxiety in old age prejudice ⁃ Reminds us of what will happen in our future ⁃ Anxiety leads to avoidance and more stereotyping of the elderly, which in turn

produces more ignorance and negative emotions ⁃ The role of the threat…

Are old age stereotypes self fulfilling prophecies? ⁃ Negative age stereotypes are more impactful than negative age facts ⁃ Age based stereotypes threat is driven by assumptions of deficiency among

elders, rather than actual differences between older and younger people ⁃ Internalization and self fulfilling prophecies ⁃ Old age stereotypes that incorporate assumptions of cognitive decline and

memory loss have become a self fulfilling prophecy ⁃ Older adults with more negative beliefs about aging and health (time 1) do less

adaptive coping around their own illness or injury ⁃ And subsequently, (time 2), have a poorer self rated overall health ⁃ Becomes fulfillment of the original belief ⁃ Future old self ⁃ Reference for how they interpret their own aging and affects their ongoing self

perceptions

Discrimination of older workers ⁃ Age discrimination is most commonly experienced by being treated with less

respect and being assumed to be less intelligent. ⁃ Highest in the lowest income groups ⁃ Age based discrimination can be legitimized and rationalized, making it difficult to

challenge in court ⁃ Layoffs of older workers are preceded by a period of harassment ⁃ Refusal or legitimate inability to perform such duties is used to justify dismissal

⁃ The ADEA ( age discrimination in employment act) illegalized age based work place discrimination

⁃ It is more difficult for older adults to find employment than younger adults. ⁃ Stereotyped as resistant to change, difficult to train, having physical limitations ⁃ Younger workers given preference ⁃ Older workers take more temporary and part time jobs ⁃ Spend more time looking for work ⁃ Cut off from network of workplace social support