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Chapter9studentversionfall2017.pptxChapter 9: Psychoanalytic, Adlerian, and Humanistic Theories
Theory Defined
A model that counselors use as a guide to hypothesize about the formation of possible solutions to a problem.
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Theory into Practice
Counselors tend to connect theories versus create new ones (current trend)
Counselors must consider intrapersonal, interpersonal, and external factors of clients and few theories blend all these dimensions together
60-70% identify as eclectic
Average 4.4 theories
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3 Orientations
Psychoanalytic
Adlerian
Humanistic: 3 separate theories
Person-centered
Existential
Gestalt
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud
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Human Nature Concepts
Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious
Id, Ego, and Superego
Psychosexual Developmental Stages
Defense Mechanisms
Structure of Personality
ID (biological) – demanding, pleasure oriented, unconscious
EGO (psychological) – reality oriented, balances ID and environment, “executive of the mind”
SUPEREGO (social) – perfection oriented, moralistic
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Ego Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Regression
Repression
Projection
Displacement
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
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Goals of Therapy
Make unconscious conscious
Resolve Problems
Strengthen the Ego
Work through unresolved stages
Coping Strategies
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Interventions/Techniques
Free Association
Dream Analysis/Dream Work
Analysis of Resistance
Analysis of Transference
Analysis of Counter-
Transference
Interpretation
Adlerian Therapy
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Key Concepts
Consciousness is center of personality
Growth/strength model
Non-deterministic
Private logic
Life goals
Social interest
Feelings on inferiority
Superiority
Family constellation
Our purpose
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Therapeutic Goals
Challenging faulty assumptions/goals/
motivations
Private Logic
Develop courage
Develop insight
Purpose of behavior
Encouragement
Recognize strengths
Social interest
Sense of equality
Life is a journey
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Techniques/Procedures
Therapist’s flexibility
Attending/Empathy
Encouragement
Confrontation
Interpretation
Summarizing
Early recollection
Homework
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Basic Mistakes = Pathology
Overgeneralizing
False or impossible goals of security
Misperceptions of life and life’s demands
Minimization or denial of one’s worth
Faulty values
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Life Tasks = Health
Friendship (community)
Intimacy (love/marriage)
Work
Self Development
Spiritual
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The Question
How would your life
be different, and what
would you do
differently, if you did
not have this
problem?
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Potential Client Questions
What is the purpose of your life?
Where do you find purpose?
When in your life had you felt inferior? How did you compensate for that?
Tell me about your brothers and sisters.
What do you make of being….?
Go back in the past and recall your earliest memories and repeat them as if they are happening now.
How would you like your life to be different?
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Humanistic Theories
Person-Centered Therapy
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Person-centered Counseling
View of Human Nature
Good, positive, forward-moving, constructive, realistic, trustworthy
Self-actualization
Meaning; finding purpose
Perception is reality
Positive regard
Ideal self
Real self
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Role of the Counselor
Holistic
Facilitate, not direct
Does not set goals
Equality
Expert at the process
To be patient
Provide therapeutic core conditions
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Therapeutic Core Conditions
Congruence/Genuineness
Unconditional Positive Regard and Acceptance
Accurate Empathic Understanding
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Goals of Therapy
Focus on the person not the problem
Provide conducive environment (Core Conditions)
Client to discover authentic self – remove facades
Client growth: Teach clients to cope
Encourage self-actualization
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Self-Actualization
Open to experience
Trust themselves
Internal source of evaluation
A willingness to grow
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Person-centered
Techniques
Empathy
Unconditional Positive Regard
Congruence
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Existential Counseling
Living the Ultimate Concerns
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Existentialism
A dynamic approach to psychotherapy focusing on concerns rooted in an individual’s existence
Relationship-focused
Humanistic
Anxiety from ultimate concerns
Psychopathology = failure to make meaningful choices and to maximize potential
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Key Concepts
Self-Awareness
Freedom and Responsibility
Striving for Identity and Relationships
Meaning
Anxiety
Death, freedom, choice, isolation, and meaninglessness (ultimate concerns/givens of existence)
Death and Nonbeing
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Therapeutic Process
1st Task: Understand the client
2nd Task: Find techniques that will help us do our jobs
Confrontation
*Relationship is most important technique
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Role of the Therapist
Model
Focus on here and now living
Help clients establish “a new way of being in the world”
No uniform standard
Establish a deep and personal relationship with the client
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Goals Telling Story Sharing Existence Centered Awareness Self-responsibility Working Resistances Confronting Anxiety Sustaining Changes
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Existential Therapy
Strengths & Contributions
Stresses uniqueness
Stresses meaningfulness
Anxiety can be healthy
Provides hope to clients
Effective in multicultural counseling
Connects clients to universal problems through meaning making
Easily combined with other theories
Limitations
Not a fully developed model
Lacks educational and training programs
Difficult to use in groups
Difficult for beginning practitioners to use
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Client Questions
How are you wrestling with freedom and responsibility in your life?
What is it you feel you need to do now that you are aware of…?
What is it you would like to do that you are not doing?
What would it take for you to take action?
What aspects of your life provide meaning?
Tell me something about your background in religion or spiritual aspects and how it is related to your problem?
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Gestalt Therapy
Fritz and Laura Perls
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Question:
Identify a time when you relied on others to do something for you instead of taking responsibility and doing it yourself
How did you benefit?
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Gestalt Therapy
View of Human Nature
People are more than the some of their parts
Strive for wholeness and completeness
Self-actualization in present
Trust inner wisdom of client
Anti-deterministic
Existential, experiential, phenomenological
Healthy = aware
Psychopathology = overdependence on intellectual experiences or unfinished business
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Concepts
Here-and-now
Direct
Resistances challenged
Unfinished business
Nonverbal cues
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Therapeutic Relationship
Clinician pays attention to verbal language and non-verbal cues
“It” talk
“You” talk
Power minimizers
Maybe, perhaps, I guess, I suppose, etc.
Listening to Client’s Metaphors
Who put you through the meat grinder?
Listening for Uncovered Stories
Are you keeping my interest right now?
Therapeutic Relationship
Contemporary gestalt focuses on presence, gentleness, sensory awareness, self-discovery, minimal stereotypical exercises
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Gestalt Therapy
Role of the counselor
Provide appropriate atmosphere
Personal relationship = honest
Here and now focus
Help clients recognize patterns
Help clients grow
Goals of therapy
Now=experience=awareness=reality
Client knows life includes making choices
Help client resolve past to become integrated
Primary focus is on acceptance of polarities
Emphasize action
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Techniques/Interventions
Therapeutic Relationship Paramount
Acting out fantasies, role-playing, psychodrama
Dream work – what is it like to be each part of the dream
Empty chair
Confrontation
Making the rounds
I take responsibility
Exaggeration
Reversal
Staying with the feeling
May I feed you a sentence?
Address polarities of self
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