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Chapter9GroupBehaviorFoundationRobbinsBB2.pptx
Chapter 9: Foundations of Group Behavior
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Chapter 9: Foundations of Group Behavior
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Chapter 9 Outline
What?
Why?
Social Identity theory
Types of groups.
Group development stages
Five stage model
Punctuated-equilibrium
Group characteristics
Group decision making
Group Think & Group Shift
Techniques
Interacting,
Brainstorming,
Nominal group technique.
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When Is A Group A Group?
Interactivity
Interdependent
Mutual Goal
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Social identity
Why groups?
What is social identity?
Characteristics
Similarity- values & beliefs
Distinctiveness- different from other groups
Status- rank
Uncertainty reduction- who we are & our unique identity
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Social identity theory
Social identity theory
Implication for groups?
In-group favoritism
Self-esteem
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Types of Groups
Types?
Formal groups
Informal groups
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Types of Work Groups
Formal Work Groups
Command
Groups
Task
Forces
Teams
Self-
Managed
Work Teams
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Group Developmental Stages Models
Five Stage Model
What?
How it works
Considerations
Implications
Punctuated Equilibrium
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Five Stages of Group Development
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Group Developmental Stages Models
Five Stage Model
Punctuated Equilibrium (deadlines)
What?
How it works
First meeting – direction; Inertia; Midpoint transition;
Significant activity; Second inertia; Increased activity
Considerations
Implications
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Punctuated-Equilibrium
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Work Group Characteristics
Work Group
Characteristics
Group
Size
Group Roles/Norms/Status
Group
Composition
Group
Function (1)
Group
Cohesiveness
Group Decision Making
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Individual Roles and Groups
Role
What is? – expected behavior & actions related to job
Role perception
Role expectations
Psychological contract –mutual expectations
Role conflict
Different roles – competing demands from various roles
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Norms
Norms- Acceptable/unacceptable behaviors
Examples of Types?
Performance norms
Appearance norms
Social arrangement norms- friendships etc
Resource allocation norms – $$, job, equipment
Conformity
Collectivism/ individualism?
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Norms and Status
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Status
Status hierarchies within groups.
Derived from
The power a person wields over others.
A person’s ability to contribute to a group’s goals.
An individual’s personal characteristics.
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Norms and Status
Status and Norms
High status - freedom to deviate
Status and Group Interaction
High status & assertiveness.
Status Inequity
Creates disequilibrium - to resentment and corrective behavior.
Status and Stigmatization
Stigma by association.
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How Large Should A Group Be?
Benefits of Small Groups
Regular interaction
Ease of sharing information
Recognition of individual contributions to group
Strong identification with group
Higher group satisfaction
Benefits of Large Groups
More resources
Division of labor
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What about disadvantages of group size?
Social loafing
What?
Why?
Cultural implications?
Personality?
Ways to reduce?
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Group Cohesiveness
What?
Effects
Productivity
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Cohesive Groups
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Explain Exhibit
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Determinants of Group Cohesiveness
Group rewards
Time spent
together
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Group Composition: Homogeneous vs Heterogonous
Benefits of Homogeneous groups
Collegiality amongst group members
Information sharing
Low levels of conflict
Few coordination problems
Benefits of Heterogeneous groups
Diversity of views represented
High performance
Variety of resources
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Culturally and demographically
What about disadvantages of each?
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Decision Making: Group vs Individual
Strengths of group decision making
Weaknesses of group decision making
Effectiveness and efficiency of group decisions:
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Group Decision Making
Groupthink and Groupshift
Groupthink
What? Example?
How to reduce groupthink?
Size, leadership, devil’s advocate, negative views first
Implications?
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Group Decision Making
Groupshift
What?
toward either conservatism or greater risk
generally toward a more extreme version of the group’s original position.
Implications?
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Group Decision-Making Techniques
Interacting
Brainstorming
Nominal Group Technique
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Group Decision-Making Techniques
Interacting groups – basis for most group decisions
face-to-face
both verbal and nonverbal interaction
Brainstorming
Can overcome pressures for conformity. Avoids criticism
The nominal group technique –
restricts discussion or interpersonal communication
physically present, but operate independently.
main advantage
meet formally does not restrict independent thinking
Research shows that nominal groups outperform brainstorming groups. Why?
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Exhibit 9-5 Evaluating Group Effectiveness
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Implications for Managers
So what do you do with information on group dynamics?
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