Complete Study Guide

Chapter 9 & 10

1. Define pyloric stenosis. Know the manifestation, diagnosis and treatment.

2. Define gastroesophageal reflux disease. Know the manifestation, diagnosis and treatment.

3. Define hepatitis. What are the different types, phases, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment? How to determine past or current infections?

4. What are the clinical manifestations and treatment of cirrhosis? How is it diagnosed?

5. What are the manifestations and treatment of Esophageal Atresia? How is it diagnosed?

6. How are esophageal varices developed and what are the treatments?

7. What are some causes of a fatty liver?

8. What is cholecystitis? What are the contributing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment?

9. What are some changes that happens in the GI system with aging?

10. What is clostridium difficile and how is it manifested?

11. Define Gastritis. Chronic vs acute. What are the clinical manifestations, and treatment? How is it diagnosis?

12. How do fat soluble vitamins get absorbed?

13. Define Peptic Ulcers? What are the risk factors, contributing factors, clinical manifestations, common cause and treatment? How is it diagnosis?

14. Define Cholelithiasis? What are the risk factors, contributing factors clinical manifestations, and treatment? How is it diagnosis? Gallstones in bile duct vs cystic duct.

15. What does a elevated alkaline phosphatase and elevated γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) signify?

16. What is bacterium Helicobacter pylori? How does it affect the mucosal lining?

17. Which diagnosis best supports mucus and blood (“currant jelly”)?

18. What is Barrett esophagus? What is it a precursor of?

19. What is the difference in how food is absorbed in the small vs large intestine?

20. Intestinal motility is controlled by which cranial nerve?

21. What are the functions of Escherichia coli in the intestine?

22. What are some manifestations would support a diagnosis of diabetes insipidus?

23. What is prolactinemia? What causes it and what are the clinical manifestations?

24. What are some diagnostic test findings supports that a pituitary problem and how are they expressed?

25. What are some characteristic of acromegaly and what other manifestations could occur with it?

26. Define hypothyroidism. What are the potential complications? What are the different causes and how is it diagnosed? What are the lab values involved? Most common type?

27. What are some benefits of cortisol? When is it released?

28. Hyperparathyroidism? What are some lab values associated with it normal vs abnormal? Treatment? Diagnosis?

29.

30. Define Diabetes Mellitus. What are the potential complications? What are the different types, causes, treatments, contributing factors, lab values and how is it diagnosed? Patient teachings? Know the medication class and how they work. What are the physiologic responses to increase blood sugar?

31. Define hyperthyroidism. What are the potential complications? What are the different causes and how is it diagnosed? What are the lab values involved?

32. Addison’s Disease? Treatment and manifestations? How is it diagnosed? Lab values.

33. Where does fat distribution confers the highest risk for more complications?

34. What is the protein that is bound to the thyroid hormone? 

35. What are the Anterior and posterior pituitary gland and how do they work?

36. What are differences between an endocrine and an exocrine gland?

37. What is pheochromocytoma? Treatment? How is it diagnosed?

38. Cushing’s Syndrome? Treatment and manifestations? How is it diagnosed? Lab values.

39. What are the characteristics of hormonal regulation?