management discussion
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Chapter9.pptxChapter 9
Sex and Gender
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Chapter Objectives
Compare women’s and men’s education, participation rates, employment, and income levels within and across racial and ethnic groups
Discuss the role of gender role socialization in men’s and women’s occupations and opportunities
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Chapter Objectives (cont’d)
Explain the effects of sex segregation, sex discrimination, and sexual harassment on women’s careers and discuss selected cases related to them
Discuss methods that can be used to improve organizational climates for gender equity
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Introduction and Overview
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Sex and Gender Issues
Affect both men and women
Women are called the 51% minority
Overrepresented in lower-level jobs and underrepresented in higher-level jobs
Inaccurately construed as relatively new entrants to the workforce
Devaluation of women’s work results in gender and sex based discrimination
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Terminology
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Difference Between Sex and Gender
Sex- Is construed as biological
Males have XY chromosomes and females have XX chromosomes
Gender - Refers to perceptions of how men and women and boys and girls should behave
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Relevant Legislation
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Sex and Gender-Related Legislation
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The Equal Pay Act, 1963
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 1964
Executive Orders for Affirmative Action
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act, 1978
EEOC Guidelines on Sexual Harassment, 1980
The Family and Medical Leave Act, 1993
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, 2009
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Education
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Educational Levels
On average, men have more education than women
Approximately 60% of younger advanced degree holders are women
White, Asian, Black, and Hispanic women have higher level of education compared to their male counterparts
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Participation and Earnings
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Participation Rates and Income
Females represent 51% of the population and nearly half the workforce
Approximately 60% women and 73% of men of all ethnic backgrounds participate in the labor force
Sex segregation: Occurs when members of one sex constitute 70% or more of the incumbents of an occupation
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Gender Role Socialization
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Unequal Gender-Based Treatment
Gender role socialization: Process by which social institutions form and shape expectations of acceptable behaviors for men and women
Neutralizes the effectiveness of equal pay and antidiscrimination laws
Influences personal choices and managerial decision making
Gendered job steering: Directing applicants to occupations deemed appropriate for their sex
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Sex Discrimination
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Sex-Based Discrimination
Prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in employment-related matters
Title VII of the CRA
Intentional and differential treatment of an applicant or employee, typically a woman
Disparate treatment
Negative effect of an employer’s apparently neutral job policy on a person’s employment opportunities
Disparate (adverse) impact
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Sexual Harassment
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Sexual Harassment at Work Place
Unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature in the workplace
Quid pro quo harassment: Submission to or rejection of sexual demands is used as a basis for employment decisions
Hostile environment harassment: Unwelcome sexual conduct interferes with job performance
Approximately 25% - 75% of women and 15% of men will be harassed in their working lives
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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The Glass Ceiling and Other Glass Boundaries
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Barriers of Prejudice
Glass ceiling
Invisible barrier preventing minorities from progressing beyond a certain level in organizations
Affects women, people of color, and people with disabilities
Sticky floors
Phenomenon whereby relatively few women or minorities advance past the first or second level of management
Glass walls
Invisible barriers that constrain non-dominant group members to certain occupations and positions within organizations
Prevents the obtainment of experience and exposure required for advancement
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Barriers of Prejudice (cont’d)
Glass escalator
Men’s rapid ascent into management and higher-level positions after entering female-dominated occupations
Glass cliff
Higher likeability of women and other minorities to obtain leadership positions during times of crisis or decline, with higher risk of failure
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
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Unique Gender Issues
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Gender-Related Issues
Factors affecting feminization of poverty
Women’s lower rates of workforce participation
Women’s higher employment in part-time jobs
Male-female wage gap
Women’s longer life expectancies
Gender role socialization affecting job choices
Women and negotiation of pay
When women negotiate, they face more resistance and are less likely to succeed
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Individual Recommendations
Obtain knowledge of sex and gender issues
To reduce pay disparities, women must:
Complete college and advanced degrees
Consciously choose jobs that utilize their skills
Ensure societal support for nontraditional jobs
Conduct mentoring to help women employees gain skills for advancement
Gather support from male allies
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Curbing Sexual Harassment
Employ more female managers
Adopt a zero tolerance policy and communicate it clearly across the organization
Be well equipped to identify and curb harassment
Regularly train employees concerning acceptable and unacceptable workplace behaviors
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Breaking the Glass Boundaries
Dismantle formidable institutional obstacles that curb female employee advancement
Examine the appointment of female employees in challenging positions
Ensure that resources are provided to increase opportunities for success
Do not use the failure of one minority group member to harm the others
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Key Terms
Co-ethnic
Disparate impact
Disparate treatment
Gender role socialization
Gendered job steering
Glass ceiling
Glass cliff
Glass escalator
Glass walls
Hostile environment harassment
Sex-segregation
Sticky floors
Quid pro quo harassment
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Questions to Consider
What is the role of socialization in women’s and men’s “choice” of occupations and how do these relationships affect sex segregation and the wage gap?
What are some specific individual and organizational steps that could help reduce sex segregation?
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Questions to Consider (cont’d)
How are the participation rates, workplace experiences, income, occupations, and poverty of White women and women of color similar and dissimilar? Why are erroneous perceptions about the similarities and differences among these groups so pervasive?
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
Questions to Consider (cont’d 1)
Prior to reading this chapter, had you heard of the “glass escalator”? Are you aware of a situation in which a man is the manager or supervisor of a group of women employees in a female-dominated group?
What can individual women do to reduce the influence of sex and gender discrimination on their careers? What can parents do to reduce the influence of sex and gender on their daughters’ lives?
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2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use.
