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Chapter 8

Public Policy & Physical Activity

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM: PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND CONSEQUENCES

Importance of physical activity for disease prevention and health promotion is well established

Known health benefits include:

Prevention of risk factors related to cardiovascular disease

Improvements in functional health and mental health

Reduction in premature deaths

2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans established guidelines

Adults should participate weekly in at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity, 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity, or a combination

Children should participate in 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day

However, only 36.5% of children and 41.1% of adults met these guidelines in 2009–2010 and rates have shown little improvement over the last decade

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

Epidemiology

Surveillance data also demonstrates that physical activity prevalence varies by population subgroup

Female, older age, Hispanic, having lower levels of education, and having a higher body mass index (BMI) are shown to be associated with being less physically active.

Prevalence of physical inactivity is also of concern and varies by state

33 states, almost one quarter of the population reported not engaging in any leisure-time physical activity

Prevalence of inactivity and increasingly sedentary behaviors = increase in adverse health effects

Technology coupled with reduced physical activity in occupational work, home/domestic work, and travel have all contributed to an increasingly sedentary population

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

Epidemiology

A large proportion of Americans are not getting enough daily physical activity and efforts are needed to promote an increase in “lifestyle” activity or ways to build in more physical movement, and less sedentary time, into the daily lives of Americans

Policies can play an important role in promoting lifestyle physical activity by making the choice to be physically active the “easy choice”

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

Public Policy Strategies Related to Physical Activity

Policy and environmental changes to provide opportunities, support and cues to help individuals become more active

In the U.S. there are 3 overarching policy and environmental strategies

Creating or enhancing safe places for physical activity

Enhancing physical education and physical activity in schools

Supporting street and community-scale designs that facilitate physical activity

Policies can be particularly relevant in reducing barriers that often inhibit physical activity

Automobile-oriented transportation systems

Community designs that require driving

Sedentary jobs

Lack of physical education in schools

Lack of or poorly maintained parks and public spaces

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

Public Policy Strategies Related to Physical Activity

A policy approach to increasing population physical activity requires collaboration and interaction among a wide variety of stakeholders and policymakers

Cooperation and creating a shared vision of varied goals and objectives across stakeholders is key to successful policy initiatives to promote population physical activity

Increasing the number of children who walk or bicycle to school will inevitably increase the time students spend being physically active

Key stakeholders reported a variety of reasons for supporting the policies:

Traffic abatement around the school (public safety officials)

Reduced bus costs (school administration)

Better student attention and focus for lessons (teachers)

2010 U.S. National Physical Activity Plan

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

Public Policy Strategies Related to Physical Activity

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

The 2018 United States Report Card on

Physical Activity for

Children and Youth

Public Policy Strategies Related to Physical Activity

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

Public Policy Strategies Related to Physical Activity

California was the first state in the country to legislate a Safe Routes to School (SR2S) program

AB 1475 in 1999

2007, AB 57 extended the program indefinitely with funding provided from the State Highway Account

Make grants available to local governmental agencies under the program based upon the results of a statewide competition

To date, there have been nine program cycles released under the SR2S program

$7 million of the funds were awarded in rural counties with $28 million awarded to projects that included at least one low-income school

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

Public Policy Strategies Related to Physical Activity

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

https://youtu.be/SW1x0NhvdGo

Public Policy Strategies Related to Physical Activity

Physical Activity Policy Examples Around the Globe

Brazil

The Academia da Cidade Program (loosely translated as “city gyms”)

Health promotion policy with a focus on physical activity, leisure, and healthy eating

Began in the city of Recife in 2002

Participation rate of over 300,000 and includes 19 settings in which activities are offered free of charge

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

https://youtu.be/TZQE0qf_60Q

https://youtu.be/gate8-FeGbE

Public Policy Strategies Related to Physical Activity

Physical Activity Policy Examples Around the Globe

Bogota, Columbia: Ciclovia program

Temporarily closes streets to motorized transport allowing access only to walkers, runners, and cyclists for recreation and socialization

Implemented every Sunday and holiday throughout the year from 7 am to 2 pm over a 121-kilometer-long stretch of road in sectors throughout the city

1,000,000 participants per event

Evaluation of Ciclovia shows that participants are likely to meet the recommended amounts of physical activity and it is cost beneficial

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

https://www.streetfilms.org/ciclovia-express-version/

Advocacy for Physical Activity Policy

Advocacy for physical activity policy through individual and organizational efforts is the first step in increasing awareness

Communicating with key decision-makers regarding the importance of a physically active population to the health, well-being, and economic welfare is imperative

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

Advocacy for Physical Activity Policy

Advocates need to provide evidence-based and easy to understand arguments to educate stakeholders and increase awareness

Some policies promoting physical activity can cause controversy

Requiring sidewalks and bike lanes on streets may encourage active transportation, but these policies also may affect automobile travel

Modifications in roads, such as reduced lane size or traffic slowing modifications (e.g., roundabouts or speed bumps) can cause controversy within transportation planning as well as the community

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

Advocacy for Physical Activity Policy

Several national and international agencies serve as advocates for policies that promote physical activity at the international, federal, state, and local level

See table 8.2

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

Case Studies pp.170-174

Case for Physical Education Policies

Case of Complete Streets Policies

Case of Gas Prices and Physical Activity

Organizations involved with physical activity policy (Table 8-3)

Break into five groups to review and assess each case study (3 groups) and the organizations (2 groups)

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016

3 groups review and assess each case study

Summarize each paragraph with two points

2 groups review the organizations

Each group select two organizations

What is their purpose/mission?

What policy has the organization been involved with/advocated for recently? Explain. Provide example

Eyler, A.A., Chriqui, J.F., Moreland-Russell, S.M., & Brownson, R.C. (Eds.). (2016) Prevention, policy, and public health (1st ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Reference

Eyler, Chriqui, Moreland-Russell & Brownson, 2016