HLF 210
olatunde
Chapter8.pptxAn Invitation to Health
THE POWER OF NOW BRIEF EDITION 10 edition
Chapter 8
Sexual Health
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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Objectives (1 of 2)
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
Describe women’s and men’s sexual health, their sexual anatomy, and the role of sex hormones in the development of gender identities
Specify the aspects of healthy sexual relationships that lead toward responsible sexuality
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Objectives (2 of 2)
Summarize the sexual practices of college students
Discuss sexual diversity in human beings
Outline the major types of sexual activity
Describe the stages of sexual response in men and women
Identify the risk factors and characteristics of sexually transmitted infections and diseases
Review the signs, symptoms, and treatment of common sexually transmitted diseases
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Sexual Health (1 of 3)
A state of optimal well-being related to sexuality throughout the lifespan
Sexual health of emerging adults (ages 18-25): at greater risk than rest of the population
Sexuality affects various dimensions of health
Physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and environmental
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Women’s Sexual Health (2 of 3)
Recommendations
Contraceptive counseling for those not wishing to become pregnant
Pre-pregnancy counseling for those wishing to conceive
Counseling for all who may become pregnant
Counseling on reducing the risks of STIs and screening
Cervical cancer and HIV screening
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Women’s Sexual Health (3 of 3)
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Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 8.1 The female sex organs and reproductive structures
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The Menstrual Cycle (1 of 5)
Monthly cycle associated with ovulation, potential conception, and menstruation
Hormones stimulate growth of immature eggs stored in follicles
Ovulation triggered at mid-cycle; egg cell (i.e., ova) is released
If ova not fertilized, menstruation occurs
Uterine lining shed during a period
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The Menstrual Cycle (2 of 5)
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Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 8.2 The menstrual cycle
(a) In response to the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland releases the gonadotropins FSH and LH. Levels of FSH and LH stimulate the cycle (and in turn are affected by production of estrogen and progesterone).
(b) FSH does what its name says: It stimulates follicle development in the ovary. The follicle matures and ruptures, releasing an ovum (egg) into the fallopian tube.
(c) The follicle produces estrogen, and the corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone. The high level of estrogen at the middle of the cycle produces a surge of LH, which triggers ovulation.
(d) Estrogen and progesterone stimulate the endometrium, which becomes thicker and prepares to receive an implanted, fertilized egg. If a fertilized egg is deposited in the uterus, pregnancy begins. If the egg is not fertilized, progesterone production decreases, and the endometrium is shed (menstruation). At this point, both estrogen and progesterone levels have dropped, so the pituitary responds by producing FSH, and the cycle begins again.
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The Menstrual Cycle (3 of 5)
Premenstrual syndrome symptoms
Irritability
Anxiety
Tearfulness
Headache
Water retention
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
Regular symptoms of depression and physical symptoms during last week of cycle
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The Menstrual Cycle (4 of 5)
Menstrual cramps
Dysmenorrhea: discomforts that can occur during menstruation
Abdominal cramps and pain, back and leg pain, diarrhea, tension, water retention, fatigue, and depression
Amenorrhea: ceased menstruation
Occurs for a variety of reasons, including a hormonal disorder, drastic weight loss, strenuous exercise, or change in the environment
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The Menstrual Cycle (5 of 5)
Toxic shock syndrome
Rare, potentially deadly bacterial infection primarily strikes menstruating women under age 30 who use tampons
Symptoms include a high fever; a rash that leads to peeling of the skin on the fingers, toes, palms, and soles; dizziness; dangerously low blood pressure; and abnormalities in several organ systems and in the muscles and blood
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Men’s Sexual Health (1 of 3)
Male sexual anatomy
Refer to Figure 8.3 (following slide)
Sperm
Male reproductive cells
Stored in the epididymis
Transported outside the body by ejaculation
The penis
Contains three hollow cylinders loosely covered with skin
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Men’s Sexual Health (2 of 3)
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 8.3 Male sex organs and reproductive structures
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Men’s Sexual Health (3 of 3)
Circumcision
Removal of the foreskin on the penis
May be done for religious or preventative health reasons
Personal decision
Critics emphasize the pain, bleeding, and risk of infections
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Responsible Sexuality
Creating a sexually healthy relationship
Characteristics of a healthy sexual relationship
Consensual
Nonexploitative
Honest
Mutually pleasurable
Protected against unintended pregnancy and STIs
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Making Sexual Decisions
Considerations for partner discussions
Prior sexual histories
High-risk behavior
Birth control
Relationship roles
Values
STI precautions
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Saying No to Sex
Strategies
Recognize your own values and feelings
Be direct and just say no
If you’re a woman, monitor your sexual signals
Communicate your feelings
Remember that if saying no to sex puts an end to a relationship, it wasn’t much of a relationship in the first place
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Sexual Behavior (1 of 4)
Sexuality may be timeless, but sexual behaviors change over time
Younger age for sexual initiation
More sexual partners
More women with same-sex partners
Less of a gender gap in sexual activity
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Sexual Behavior (2 of 4)
Sexual initiation: “having sex” for the first time
Most engage in vaginal intercourse for the first time between ages 15 and 17, with 70–90 percent engaging in sexual behavior by 18
Sex on campus
College students see sexual activity as normal behavior
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Sexual Behavior (3 of 4)
Hooking
Experience in which partners engage in physically intimate behaviors without explicit expectation of future romantic commitment
Friends with benefits
Varied sexual behaviors occurring between two individuals who have a friendship extending beyond a one-time sexual encounter
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Sexual Behavior (4 of 4)
Choosing sexual partners
Physical attraction may matter most
Romantic relationships
Most college students still engage in sex in the context of a romantic relationship
Ethnic variations
Acculturation—the process of adaptation that occurs when immigrants enter a new country— affects sexual behavior
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Sex in America
Average American adult reports having sex once a week
However, one in five Americans has been celibate for at least a year
Married couples
About 58 times per year
Americans who have attended graduate school
Among least sexually active population
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Sexual Diversity (1 of 2)
Heterosexuals and heterosexuality
Attracted to the opposite sex
Homosexuals and homosexuality
Prefer partners of their own sex
Often referred to as gay or lesbian
Probably emerges from biological and environmental factors
Coming out: several stages
Attitudes towards homosexuality vary
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Sexual Diversity (2 of 2)
Bisexuality
Sexual attraction to both males and females
The gender spectrum
Transgender: individuals whose behaviors do not conform to commonly understood gender norms
Transyouth
Transsexual
Transwomen
Transwomen
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Sexual Activity (1 of 8)
Celibacy
Refraining from sexual activity; may or may not include masturbation
Abstinence
Refraining from sexual activities which involve vaginal, anal, and oral intercourse
Fantasy
Can be pleasurable by itself
Men’s and women’s fantasies differ
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Sexual Activity (2 of 8)
Pornography
Explosive growth of the Internet has made pornography more available, affordable, and accessible almost anywhere
Masturbation
Men generally see as normal and healthy
Women may struggle with stigma and taboo
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Sexual Activity (3 of 8)
Nonpenetrative sexual activity (outercourse)
Kissing, touching, and stimulating erogenous regions
Intercourse
Vaginal intercourse, or coitus, refers to the penetration of the vagina by the penis
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Sexual Activity (4 of 8)
Oral sex
oral stimulation of the woman’s or man’s genitals
Condom should be used to prevent infection
Anal stimulation and intercourse
Stimulation can produce intense erotic responses
Intercourse involves penetration of anus by the penis
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Sexual Activity (5 of 8)
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Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 8.4 A cross-sectional view of sexual intercourse
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Sexual Activity (6 of 8)
Sexual response
Excitement
Rush of blood to genitals causes erection in men
Vaginal lubrication in women
Plateau
Penis increases in length and diameter
Vagina swells
Orgasm
Three to twelve pelvic muscle contractions
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Sexual Activity (7 of 8)
Ejaculation
Discharge of semen by a male
Female orgasm
Primarily result from stimulating the clitoris
Resolution
Sexual organs return to normal state
Refractory period
Time period during which males are incapable of another orgasm
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Sexual Activity (8 of 8)
Other models of sexual response
Physiology alone can never explain the complexity of human sexual response
Desire, arousal, pleasure, and satisfaction are highly subjective
For women, sexual satisfaction cannot be defined, as it typically is for men, by whether or not they achieved orgasm
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Sexually Transmitted Infections and Diseases (1 of 4)
Term sexually transmitted infection (STI) is replacing sexually transmitted disease (STD)
Many infected people do not show symptoms
Estimated 65 million Americans have an STI
Transmitted mainly through direct sexual contact, sharing contaminated needles, or maternal transfer
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Sexually Transmitted Infections and Diseases (2 of 4)
Zika virus
Can be transmitted sexually and is of particular concern during pregnancy
Associated with serious birth defects, including blindness and congenital microcephaly, a condition characterized by abnormally small head size caused by impaired brain development during pregnancy
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Sexually Transmitted Infections and Diseases (3 of 4)
Risk factors for sexually transmitted infections
A sexual partner who has an STI
A history of STIs
Feelings of invulnerability
Multiple partners
Meeting sex partners through the Internet
Failure to use condoms
Alcohol and drugs
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Sexually Transmitted Infections and Diseases (4 of 4)
The ABCs of Safer Sex
Key fundamentals
A is for abstain
B is for be faithful
C is for condoms
STIs and gender
Both men and women can develop STIs, but their risks are not the same
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STIs on Campus
The college years are a prime time for contracting STIs
More opportunities to have different sexual partners and may use drugs and alcohol more
What college students don’t know about STIs
Many do not realize that STIs can exist without symptoms
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Common STIs and STDs (1 of 7)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Most common STI
Vaccination exists
Causes genital warts
No single treatment
Genital herpes
HSV-1 causes cold sores around the mouth
HSV-2 is sexually transmitted
Treatment involves antiviral medications
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Common STIs and STDs (2 of 7)
Chlamydia
Most widespread sexually transmitted bacterium in the United States
The use of condoms with spermicide can reduce, but not eliminate, the risk
Symptoms may or may not be present
Treatment involves antibiotics
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Common STIs and STDs (3 of 7)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Complication of an STI
Infection of a woman’s fallopian tubes
Treatment involves antibiotics
Gonorrhea
Causes yellow-white pus discharge from the penis and burning sensation when urinating
Treatment involves prescription medications
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Common STIs and STDs (4 of 7)
Nongonococcal urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
Causes discharge from the penis and burning sensation when urinating
Treatment involves prescription medications
Syphilis
Causes genital ulcers
Primary, secondary, late, latent, and tertiary
Treatment involves antibiotics
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Common STIs and STDs (5 of 7)
Chancroid
Soft, painful sore or localized infection
Treatment involves antibiotics
Pubic lice and scabies
Treatment involves applications of permethrin cream and lindane shampoo
Trichomoniasis
Symptoms may or may not be present
Treatment involves oral medication
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Common STIs and STDs (6 of 7)
Bacterial vaginosis
Imbalance of normal bacteria in the vagina
Treatment involves antibiotics
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Triggers a state of all-out war within the immune system
Sexual and nonsexual transmission
Behavioral prevention methods
Tests measure antibodies
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Common STIs and STDs (7 of 7)
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Anyone with HIV whose immune system is severely impaired
New forms of therapy have been effective in boosting T cells and reducing viral load
Among the 40 million people living with HIV, there is only one confirmed cure: a patient who developed cancer and underwent intensive chemotherapy, total body radiation, and bone marrow transplantation
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