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Person‐Centered Therapy

 At their core, humans are trustworthy and positive

 Humans are capable of making changes and living productive, effective lives

 Humans innately gravitate toward self‐actualization

 Given the right growth‐fostering conditions, individuals strive to move forward and fulfill their creative nature

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 A reaction against the directive and psychoanalytic approaches, PCT challenges:

 The assumption that “the counselor knows best”

 The validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis, and interpretation

 The belief that clients cannot understand and resolve their own problems without direct help

 The focus on problems over persons

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 This approach emphasizes:  Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people

 The person’s innate striving for self‐actualization

 The personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the therapeutic relationship

 The counselor’s creation of a “growth‐promoting” climate

 People are capable of self‐directed growth if involved in a therapeutic relationship

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 Three therapist attributes create a growth‐promoting climate in which individuals can move forward and become what they are capable of becoming:

 Congruence: Genuineness or realness

 Unconditional positive regard: Acceptance and caring

 Accurate empathic understanding: The ability to deeply grasp the subjective world of another person

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Six conditions that are necessary and sufficient for personality changes to occur:

1. Two persons are in psychological contact

2. The first, the client, is experiencing incongruence

3. The second person, the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship

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4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard or real caring for the client

5. The therapist experiences empathy for the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client

6. The communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved

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 Focuses on the quality of the therapeutic relationship

 Does not find traditional assessment and diagnosis to be useful

 Provides a supportive therapeutic environment in which the client is the agent of change and healing

 Serves as a model of a human being struggling toward greater realness

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 Is genuine, integrated, and authentic, without a false front

 Can openly express feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship with the client

 Is invested in developing his or her own life experiences to deepen self‐ knowledge and move toward self‐actualization

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 Therapist takes on the role of facilitator

 Creates therapeutic environment

 Techniques are not stressed

 Exhibits deep trust of the group members

 Provides support for members

 Allows group members set the goals for the group

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 The group setting fosters an open and accepting community where members can work on self‐acceptance

 Individuals learn that they do not have to experience the process of change alone; they grow from the support of group members

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Person-Centered Expressive Arts Therapy

 Various creative art forms  promote healing and self‐discovery  are inherently healing and promote self‐awareness and insight

 Creative expression connects us to our feelings which are a source of life energy  Feelings must be experienced to achieve self‐awareness

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Person-Centered Expressive Arts Therapy

 Individuals explore new facets of the self and uncover insights that transform them, creating wholeness  Discovery of wholeness leads to understanding of how we relate to the outer world

 The client’s inner world and outer world become unified

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 Acceptance of the individual

 A non‐judgmental setting

 Empathy

 Psychological freedom

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 Stimulating and challenging experiences

 Individuals who have experienced unsafe creative environments feel “held back” and may disengage from creative processes

 Safe, creative environments give clients permission to be authentic and to delve deeply into their experiences

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 MI is a humanistic, client‐centered, psychosocial, directive counseling approach that was developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in the early 1980s

 Initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking, MI is now applied to many clinical problems

 Both MI and person‐centered practitioners believe in the client’s abilities, strengths, resources, and competencies

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 MI is deliberately directive and is aimed at reducing client ambivalence about change and increasing intrinsic motivation

 It is important for therapists using MI to honor the “MI Spirit”

 Reluctance to change is viewed as a normal and expected part of the therapeutic process

 Ultimately, therapists help clients commit to change and assist them in implementing a change plan

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 Precontemplation stage

 Contemplation stage

 Preparation stage

 Action stage

 Maintenance stage

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 Evidence‐based approach developed by Leslie Greenberg

 Is rooted in a person‐centered philosophy, but it synthesizes aspects of Gestalt and existential therapies

 EFT emphasizes the importance of awareness, acceptance, and understanding of emotion and the visceral experience of emotion

 Emotional change can be a primary pathway to cognitive and behavioral change

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Strengths From a Diversity Perspective

 PCT has had a major impact on the field of human relations with diverse cultural groups

 Carl Rogers’ work has reached more than 30 countries, and his writings have been translated into 12 languages

 The therapist is viewed as a “fellow explorer” who attempts to understand the client’s phenomenological world in an interested, accepting, and open way

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Limitations From a Diversity Perspective

 Clients who expect a directive counselor can be put off by a professional who does not provide sufficient structure

 It is difficult to translate the core therapeutic conditions into actual practice in certain cultures

 The focus on development of individual autonomy and personal growth may be viewed as “selfish” in cultures that stress the common good

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Contributions of the Person Centered Approach

 Extensive research supports the effectiveness of PCT with a wide range of clients and problems of all age groups

 Carl Rogers literally opened the field to research

 The philosophy and principles of this approach permeate the practice of most therapists

 Natalie Rogers’ use of nonverbal methods and expressive arts to enable individuals to heal and develop has expanded her father’s pioneering work

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Limitations of the Person Centered Approach

 PCT does not focus on the use of specific techniques, making this treatment difficult to standardize

 Beginning therapists may find it difficult to provide both support and challenges to clients

 Limits of the therapist as a person may interfere with developing a genuine therapeutic relationship

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