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Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

CHAPTER 6

The Sociorelational Context

Flan 3440

Learning Objectives

Compare and contrast the nature of group membership and group behavior across cultures.

Define and discuss the concept of role relationships across cultures.

Compare and contrast sex and gender roles across cultures.

Compare and contrast families and family roles across cultures.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

The sociorelational context refers to how group memberships affect communication.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Dimensions of Group Variability

Membership groups

Involuntary membership groups

Voluntary membership groups

Nonmembership groups

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

In-Groups & Out-Groups

Ingroup

a group whose norms, aspirations, and values shape the behavior of its members.

Out-group

a group whose attributes are dissimilar from those of the in-group, or that opposes the accomplishment of the in-group’s goals.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Reference Groups

A group to which we may or may not belong but with which we identify in some important way

comparative function

normative function

Voluntary membership in-groups serve as positive reference groups

Voluntary nonmembership out-groups are seen as negative reference groups.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Role Relationships

One’s relative position in a group with an expected set of verbal and nonverbal behaviors.

Formal roles (well-defined behavioral expectations)

Explicit

Violations can lead to removal from role.

Informal roles (expectations vary greatly)

Implicit.

Learn from experience.

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Roles and Communication

Roles prescribe

1. with whom

2. about what

3. how to communicate with others.

Social identity

Dimensions upon which roles vary

Personalness

Formality

Hierarchy

Deviation

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Role Differentiation and Stratification

Social Stratification

Rank ordering of roles within a culture

Varies across cultures

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Role Differentiation and Stratification

Role Differentiation

Complexity of role hierarchy varies by culture

Some cultures make relatively few distinctions, whereas others make many

Differences in Cultures

High/Low Context

High/Low Power Distance

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Family Groups

Socialization and children

Patriarchy and Matriarchy

Profiles of family groups in

Hmong culture

Korea

Israel

Mosuo

Kenya

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Sex and Gender Groups

Sex is biological

Gender is socialized and constructed

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

Gender Stereotypes

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

SOURCE: Adapted from Williams, J. E., & Best, D. L. (1994). Cross-Cultural Views of Women and Men. In W. J. Lonner & R. Malpass (Eds.), Psychology and Culture (pp. 191–196). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Japan

Japanese Constitution stipulates all are equal

Younger Japanese have more egalitarian attitudes toward sex roles

Older Japanese have more traditional attitudes toward sex roles

Japanese women continue to sacrifice personal goals for harmony of family, in accordance with collectivism

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

India

Preamble of the Indian Constitution guarantees equality

Male children seen as a blessing

Continue family name

Economic asset

Female children seen as a burden

Dowry

Less education

Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications, 2018.

China

Patriarchal

1950 Marriage Law abolished feudal forms of marriage

China

Women have little freedom and few rights

Women discouraged from living alone

Women are considered more vulnerable and less capable of dealing with the outside world than are men

Mexico

More Mexican women than men are divorced, possibly because Mexican men tend to emigrate once they divorce

Today, Mexican women are more educated than ever.

Mexico

Nearly 93% of women age 12 years and older do domestic work

During the past few years, the roles of men as providers and women as in charge of domestic work have changed noticeably

Israel

Women have been guaranteed equal rights since Israel’s establishment as a state in 1948

Segregation still occurs

Israel

Certain fundamental religious groups reject such rights

Israel is the only country in the world with a compulsory military service requirement for women

Saudi Arabia

Overwhelming majority of published articles on Saudi women portray them as oppressed and passive victims of Islamic law

Saudi is sex segregated country

Saudi Arabia

Women have financial and emotional security

Women have less restrictions in semipublic and private settings

Women voted for the first time in December 2015

Summary

Focused on Sociorelational Contexts

Explored Group Memberships

Voluntary

Involuntary

Summary

Defined Group Roles

Formal

Informal

Examined Family and Sex Roles in various countries