Biology Anatomy

A and P I Chapter 6 Bones and skeletal tissues

1. Skeletal cartilages-

a. functions-

b. anatomy-perichondrium-

chondrocytes-

lacunae-

extracellular matrix-

2. Types of cartilages-

a. hyaline-

e.g.

b. elastic-

e.g.

c. fibrocartilage-

e.g.

3. Growth of cartilage-

a. appositional growth-

b. interstitial growth-

3. Bones-206 bones

a. functions-

b. 2 divisions of the skeleton-

1) axial skeleton-

2) appendicular skeleton-

4. shape of bones-

a. long bones-

e.g.

2) short bones-

e.g.

3) flat bones-

e.g.

4) irregular bones-

e.g.

5. Gross anatomy of bones-

a. textures-

1) compact bone-

2) spongy bone-

b. structure of short, irregular and flat bones-

c. structure of a long bone-

1) diaphysis-

2) epiphysis-

epiphyseal line-

epiphyseal plate-

3) membranes-

periosteum-

outer layer-

inner layer-

cells of inner layer-

perforation fibers-

endosteum-

nutrient artery and vein, nerves-

nutrient foramen-

d. bone marrow-

red marrow-

yellow marrow-

locations-

e. bone markings-

1) projections-

2) surfaces-

3) depressions and openings-

6. Microscopic anatomy of bone-5 cell types-

a. osteogenic cells-

b. osteoblasts-

c. osteocytes-

d. bone lining cells-

e. osteoclasts-

f. compact bone-

1) osteon-

2) lamellae-

3) central or Haversian canal-

4) perforation or Volkmann’s canal-

5) lacunae-

6) canaliculi-

7) interstitial lamellae-

8) circumferential lamellae-

g. spongy bone-no osteons

1) trabeculae-

2) lamellae-

3) canaliculi-

7. Mineral composition of bone-

a. organic components-

1) cells-

2) osteoid-

sacrificial bonds-

b. inorganic components-

1) hydroxyapatites-

8. Formation of bone-

a. endochondral ossification-

b. intramembranous ossification-

c. postnatal bone growth-

d. hormone regulation of bone growth-

1) growth hormone-

2) thyroid hormone-

3) sex hormones-

9. Bone remodeling-

a. bone reabsorption-

b. bone deposition-

c. control of remodeling-

1) hormones-

2) mechanical stress-

10. Bone repair-

a. fracture classification-

1) position of bone-

displaced-

non-displaced-

2) completeness of break-

complete-

incomplete-

3) penetration of skin-

open-

closed-

4) other classification-depends on location or external appearance or nature of break-

comminuted-

spiral-

depressed-

compression-

epiphyseal-

greenstick-

b. fracture repair-

reduction-

repair occurs in 4 steps-

1) hematoma forms-

2) fibrocartilaginous callus forms-

3) bony callus forms-

4) bone remodeling-

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