Week 2 Assignment - Chapters 4, 5 and 6 /NO PLAGARISM PROFESSOR USES TURNITIN

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Justice Administration Police, Courts, and Corrections Management

CHAPTER

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

EIGHTH EDITION

Police Issues and Practices

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Terrorism

A number of attacks on American soil have demonstrated this nation's vulnerability to both foreign and domestic terrorists
Terrorism is:
unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government or its population, so as to further political or social objectives
International terrorist threats are:
Foreign sponsors of international terrorism
Formalized terrorist groups
Loosely affiliated international radical extremists

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

A Companion Threat: Bioterrorism

The U.S. is also vulnerable to biological weapons and bioterrorism—terrorist acts that involve the use of biological agents, to produce sickness, disease, or death.
Smallpox, botulism, and plague also constitute major threats; many experts feel that it is only a matter of time before biological weapons get into the wrong hands and are used like explosives.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Means of Addressing Terrorism

National Incident Management System: A nationwide system providing for levels of governments to work together to address domestic incidents.

USA Patriot Act: expanded the federal government's ability to investigate Americans without establishing probable cause for "intelligence purposes," and to conduct searches if there are "reasonable grounds to believe" that there may be national security threats.

Military Commissions Act of 2006: military commissions can try unlawful enemy combatants, sentence defendants to death, and prevent defendants from invoking the Geneva Convention

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Cyberterrorism

Cyberterrorism includes such activities as:
Identity theft
Attacks against computer data and systems
The distribution of child sexual abuse images
Internet auction fraud
Penetration of online financial services
The deployment of viruses, botnets, and various e-mail scams such as phishing

continued on next slide

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Drones: How to Balance Security
and Privacy?

UAVs (drones) have rapidly become available in a variety of shapes, sizes, and capabilities, from one that is about the size and appearance of a hummingbird and carrying a tiny camera to another the size of a jumbo airplane.

Americans are very suspicious of the over-flights of drones in this country as we have deployed them over Pakistan and other countries.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Managing the Use of Force

Use of force
The amount of effort required by police or other criminal justice functionary to compel compliance by an unwilling subject

Police and military are the only elements of our society allowed to use force against its citizens, up to and including lethal force.

Police must use force judiciously, only when necessary, and as a last resort, and in a legally acceptable manner.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Managing the Use of Force

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the use of force for arrests must be:
Objectively reasonable in view of all the facts and circumstances of each particular case, including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.
Determining what constitutes "objectively reasonable" is not an easy task.
Police officers are allowed to use only that force necessary to effect an arrest.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

A Typology of Abuse of Authority

Carter provided a typology of abuse of authority, which includes:

Physical abuse/excessive force

Verbal/psychological abuse

Legal abuse/violations of civil rights

Other researchers have found that arrest activity is the strongest predictor of use of force.
A few officers account for a large proportion of all the force incidents
Male officers are more likely to be involved in force situations than female officers.
Consider adopting an Early Warning System.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Use of Force on Persons
with Mental Disorders

Studies show that it is primarily when people are under the influence of drugs—rather than mental illness or alcohol—that police must use force.
Officers need to be trained in communicating and verbally deescalating incidents with people who are mentally disordered.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

New Approaches to "Active Shooters"

Active shooter:
An individual who is actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area
New protocol calls for police to react swiftly.
Responding officers are being trained to rush toward gunfire and, if necessary, even step over victims in order to stop the active shooter before more lives are lost.
Enter the scene in formation and confront the shooters ASAP.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Vehicular Pursuits

Police attempts to apprehend someone in a fleeing vehicle who has indicated he or she does not intend to stop or yield
Several hundred people are killed each year during police pursuits
Chief executives must insure that proper policies and procedures exist
Factors to be considered by the courts in evaluating pursuit liability include the following:
The reason for the pursuit
Driving conditions
The use of police warning devices
Excessive speed
Officers demonstrating due regard for others
The use of deadly force

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Use-of-Force Continuums

Continuums can be depicted as a simple staircase or ladder to a more elaborate wheel or matrix.
A simple linear use-of-force continuum might contain the following five escalating steps:

Officer presence/verbal direction

Touch control

Empty-hand tactics and chemical agents

Hand-held impact weapons

Lethal force

Today many police executives and researchers are uncomfortable with this depiction of the force continuum.

A new approach, DRRM, combines a use-of-force continuum with the behaviors of suspects.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

FIGURE 6-2 Dynamic Resistance Response Model
Source: From Charles Joyner and Chad Basile, “The Dynamic Resistance Response Model,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, September 2007, p. 19.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Social Media and the Police: The Good and the Bad

The power and usefulness of social networking sites has become quite evident.
Critics say it releases too much information without adequate filtering.
Furthermore, some authors caution police about their own personal use of social media.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

More Diversity in Policing and Less Sexual Harassment

Targeted efforts by local police agencies to recruit and hire racial/ethnic minorities have resulted in twice as many minorities being hired as women.
Obviously much work remains to be done.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Sexual Harassment: Enigma Wrapped in Anachronism

Sexual (workplace) harassment still exists in our society, particularly in occupations tightly controlled with policies and procedures such as policing.
One-half to three-fourths of all women working in law enforcement report having experienced some form of sexually harassing behavior in their workplace.
Administrators must ensure that sexually harassing behaviors are not committed or tolerated within their organizations and, when they do occur, that retaliation does not result.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Contract and Consolidated Policing

Contract policing
Where a (usually smaller) community contracts with an outside unit of government to provide its policing services
Consolidation
The merging of two or more city and/or county law enforcement agencies into a single entity.
Can achieve cost savings via economies of scale with the more resource-intensive police functions such as crime labs, communications, and training.

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Succession Planning for Future Leaders

Succession planning:
identifying and developing employees who have the potential to fill key leadership positions in the organization
Soon the management of police agencies could be in a crisis stage unless measures are taken to prepare for what is coming: the current aging, turnover, and retirement of baby boomers and other generational employees.
Efforts must be made to help such prospective leaders to develop a broader vision, and prepared to take on broader roles

Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management, 8e Kenneth J. Peak

Officer Uniforms and Appearance

Dress code
A set of rules, usually written as policy, specifying the required manner of dress and appearance for employees in an organization
Police executives must understand the uniform’s psychological and legal aspects.
The uniform conveys power and authority, identifies a person with powers to arrest and use force, and establishes order as well as conformity within the ranks.