Chapter5D4.pptChapter 5
Introduction to
Qualitative Research
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- Seeks to answer difficult “why” questions
- Explanatory and descriptive
- Discovery oriented; explanatory, descriptive, and inductive in nature; uses words rather than numbers to explain a phenomenon
- Often used when just beginning to understand a phenomenon or if a new perspective is needed
- Paradigm
What Is Qualitative Research?
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- Phenomena studied in naturalistic settings
- Attempts to interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them
- Used when attempting to understand the nature of a phenomenon
What Is Qualitative Research? (Cont.)
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- The setting that people live in daily
- Important because qualitative researchers consider the context to be very important in understanding a phenomenon
Naturalistic Settings
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- There are multiple realities:
- There are similarities and differences in every person’s experience.
- Reality is socially constructed and context dependent:
- Meaning of an observation is defined by its circumstance or context.
Beliefs of Qualitative Researchers
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- Review of the literature
- Similar to quantitative reports but usually there is less published literature available
- May need to review studies with related or similar subjects, populations, or concepts
- May wait to do the literature review until after study, but still need a basic review for justification
Components of a Qualitative Research Report
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- Study design
- Should be congruent with the philosophy of the qualitative researcher
- May use a particular qualitative method or may follow the general tenets of qualitative research
Components of a Qualitative Research Report
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- Sample
- Usually a purposive sample (not random) because the researcher is looking for the particular person who can elucidate the phenomena being studied
Components of a Qualitative Research Report (Cont.)
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- Description of the sample
- Inclusion and exclusion criteria: description of characteristics a person must have to be selected or excluded from the study
- Sample size: determined when data saturation occurs, i.e., when information being shared with the researcher becomes repetitive
Components of a Qualitative Research Report (Cont.)
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- Recruitment and data collection
- Data: usually words, either an interview or a description
- Duration: from when the participant contacts the researcher until the end of the study
Components of a Qualitative Research Report (Cont.)
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- Description of the setting
- Two possible descriptions: the place where recruitment occurred and the place where data collection occurred.
- Naturalistic setting.
- The setting is a rich source of data in qualitative research.
Components of a Qualitative Research Report (Cont.)
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- Data collection
- Contains details about how long the researcher spent collecting data
- Description of how the researcher decided that data saturation had been reached
- The kinds of questions that were asked
- Grand tour questions
Components of a Qualitative Research Report (Cont.)
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- Data analysis
- How raw data were handled; usually transcripts of taped interviews
- Goal: to find commonalities and differences, then group these into broader categories that capture the phenomena
- Themes
Components of a Qualitative Research Report (Cont.)
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- Findings
- Usually describes a process, a set of conditions, or a description of an experience
- Themes identified; process used to distinguish themes described
- Quotes used to support themes
Components of a Qualitative Research Report (Cont.)
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- Results/implications for EBP
- Summarization of results
- Similarities and differences with existing literature
- New findings or conceptual conclusions
- Suggest how to use the findings in practice or future research
Components of a Qualitative Research Report (Cont.)
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- Descriptive categories
- Phenomenon vividly portrayed from a new perspective; provides a map into a human experience that previously was not well understood
Kearney’s Categories of Qualitative Findings
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- Shared pathway or meaning
- Synthesis of a shared experience or process; integration of concepts that provides a complex picture of a phenomenon
Kearney’s Categories of Qualitative Findings
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- Depiction of experiential variation
- Describes the main essence of an experience but also shows how the experience varies, depending on the individual or context
Kearney’s Categories of Qualitative Findings (Cont.)
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- Dense explanatory description
- Rich, situated understanding of a multifaceted and varied human phenomenon in a unique situation
- Portrays the full range and depth of complex influences
- Provides a densely woven structure to findings
- Highest level of complexity and discovery
Kearney’s Categories of Qualitative Findings (Cont.)
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- To understand experiences of patients
- To assess the patient’s status or progress
- To understand the range of responses from patients
- To provide anticipatory guidance
- To provide information helpful for coaching patients
- To improve communication between nurses and patients
How Can Nurses Use
Qualitative Evidence?
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- Does NOT test interventions
- Seeks to understand the patient’s experience
- May provide information necessary to pursue quantitative studies
- May be used for theory development or extension
Qualitative Research
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