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Chapter5CRJU-430powerpoint.pptComparative Criminal Justice
5th Edition
Chapter 5: Law Enforcement: Functions, Organization, and Current Issues
Adrianna Hughes
University of Scranton
Learning Objectives: Chapter 5
- Explain the two major functions of modern police forces
- Discuss the key elements of effective community policing programs
- Describe the unique features of policing in our model countries
- Understand the key operational issues for police around the world today
- Identify the major examples of international police cooperation
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing in a Democracy
- Four Key Elements
- Police must be willing to serve individual citizens as well as those in political power
- Police must be accountable to the law
- Police must practice a level of professionalism, including respecting human rights
- Police should be transparent in all their activities
* In Non- democratic societies police are expected to be responsive chiefly to the ruling elite
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing in a Democracy
- 3 generalizations about modern policing
- Formed and operate within a variety of cultural, historical, and economic factors
- Organized in 3 ways
- Centralized, semi-centralized, decentralized
- Police perform 2 major tasks
- Deviance control
- Civil order control
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing in a Democracy
- 5 models of policing
- Democratic Anglo- Peelian- Police are citizen focused, and service and welfare of the community are as important as crime control and prevention
- Democratic Continental- Police are concerned with legalistic approach that is government and law based- are less concerned with pleasing the public, and tend to be more militaristic in dealing with citizens
- Developing Countries- police have few financial resources, are paid poorly, and as a result are prone to corruption. The police may not even be run by the government.
- Authoritarian- Police are largely a governmental and military force. Citizens are likely to encounter repression, brutality, and torture. Policing may be based on religious law.
- Asian- Police place less emphasis on individual rights and utilize cultural norms to reinforce social order.
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing in a Democracy
- Deviance Control- refers to the police mission and tasks that enforce community values and laws.
- Police personnel must protect the citizens against lawbreakers such as those that steal or assault other citizens.
- conservative in nature, protecting the community against nonconformists and trying to keep violators of community norms under control. Having direct contact with the community in the form of police- community relations or crime prevention programs may be a part of this function of reinforcing community values and discouraging criminal behavior
- Civil Order Control- refers to the duty of police to respond to, supervise, or control two or more citizens in any situation that may disrupt the peace and tranquility of a society.
- often a strong political component in civil order control. Actions that disturb civil order may be extremely threatening to government.
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing:
England
- Police: “civilians in uniform”- friendly, helpful, and capable
- Provincial forces- funded by local districts and regions and by central government
- Chief constable- main administrator for each provincial force
- 3 other forces
- British Transport Police
- London
- Metropolitan Police
- London City Police
- Metropolitan Special Constabulary
- Police community support officers(PCSOs)
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing:
England
- Specialized police forces
- Ministry of Defence Police
- Port of London Authority Police
- Training
- 24 weeks of initial training
- 2 year probation period
- Administrators attend Bramshill College
- Classroom, field, and physical fitness training
- Current concerns for police
- Security for 2012 Summer Olympics
- Need for new improved methods of policing
- Enacted more sophisticated computer technology- better use of DNA
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing:
France
- The Gendarmerie Nationale(GN)
- Ministry of Defense
- Leadership centralized in Paris
- Conventional deviance control responsibilities
- Responsible for small towns and rural areas with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants
- Carries more prestige
- The Police Nationale (PN)
- Ministry of the Interior
- Leadership centralized in Paris
- Conventional deviance control responsibilities
- Responsible for Paris and other urban areas
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing:
France
GN
- Training: officers live in barracks- places greater emphasis on military aspect
- Assigned to civil disorder and other large scale problems
PN
- Larger police force
- Written and physical fitness tests
- Must attend night school
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing:
France
- Issues of concern for police
- Civil disorder- major problem for French police
- Long history of taking to streets to express unhappiness
- Violent riots
- Drugs
- Terrorism
- Immigration
- Arabs
- Jews- verbal attacks
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Current Event
- Read the following article involving France.
- How does this article align with what we know about the current crime concerns in France?
- What issues in particular are talked about in this article that relate to the discussion in the chapter about France?
- http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/12/world/europe/france-kurd-protest/index.html?iref=allsearch
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing:
Germany
- The German Constitution allows each of the 16 states( lander) to have its own police law and force
- Within each state are several kinds of police
- Schupo- equivalent to municipal police
- First to arrive at scene, handle all aspects of law enforcement and simple investigations
- Kripo- plainclothes police
- Handle serious investigations
- The Federal Border Police
- Organized along military lines under Ministry of the Interior
- Border control, sea patrol, railroad security
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing:
Germany
- Training: varies- generally 2-3 years
- Physical fitness, classroom, and field training
- While in training or being used as police for civil order, they are called Bepo.
- Issues of concern
- Influx of immigrants over the last 20 years
- Hate crimes
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing:
China
- Qin Dynasty- policing became more formalized and bureaucratic- central administration and uniform laws.
- Communist Party handed policing duties to 3 parties:
- Public security forces
- Militia groups
- The People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
- The Chinese Police are centrally monitored by the Ministry of Public Security
- divided into five main components: public security police, state security police, prison police, judicial procuratorates police, and judicial peoples court’s police
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing:
China
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
- Public Security Police- provide basic uniformed patrol and also 12 other specialized functions including supervision of probationers
- Make up almost 90% of all police in China
- Training- around 6 months
- Issues of concern for China
- Yanda Campaigns
- “Mass incidents”
- Economic crimes, corruption, civil unrest; calling for rights
Policing:
Japan
- National Police Agency( NPA) – handles all matters related to national security
- Provided training, research, crime investigations, communications, and public safety and supports the nations Prefectural Police
- Prefectures- divided into several local police stations
- Koban- police post located in an urban neighborhood; in large cities they can be found every couple blocks
- Acts as a community safety center
- Chuzaisho- rural equiv. of Koban. Spends time patrolling his district
- Resembles a Sherriff in a local community in the United States
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing:
Japan
- To become a police officer- must graduate from high school and pass a series of exams and interviews
- Field experience
- Civil order control- handled through separate division in each prefecture- these officers are called Kidotai
- Issues of Concern
- Main issue: Organized crime
- Cyber crimes
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Current Event
- What is Japan’s biggest crime issue? How does this article relate to that issue?
- Also, discuss how Japan deals with this serious crime problem.
- http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/18/japan.mob.arrest/index.html?iref=allsearch
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing:
Saudi Arabia
- The Saudi Arabian Police
- Highly centralized
- Responsible for the maintenance of peace and order throughout the country
- Minister of the Interior- responsible for the administration of all police matters
- Divided into 3 kinds of police
- The regular police
- The Department of Public Safety- handles daily functions
- The mubahith- secret police- conduct criminal investigations and handle matters relating to security and counterintelligence
- The mutawa- morals force- ensure that Saudi’s live up the rules of behavior described in the Q’uran
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Policing:
Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Arabia makes a strong distinction between commissioned officers and rank and file police
- Commissioned
- 3 years of training
- Rank and File
- Must be literate and spend three months in training
- Pilgrims and Festivals Police Force- handle civil order control functions
- Issues for concern
- Human rights issues, equal rights for women, terrorism
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Current Event
- Read the following article about policing in Saudi Arabia. Which police force in Saudi Arabia would be responsible for this type of arrest?
- What is the basis for this type of law?
- http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/03/05/saudi.arabia.woman.driver/index.html?iref=allsearch
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Community Policing
- Community Policing- one of the most commonly adopted police operational strategies in the world today
- Umbrella term describing programs that represent collaborative efforts between the police and the public to identify crime problems and then come to a solution
- Contributions to growth of community policing
- Ever present hostility between police and the public
- Increasing crime rates worldwide
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Community Policing
- There are many different ways to implement Comm. Policing- but there are four key elements
- Community based crime prevention- police and public work together to solves the root causes of crime and thereby prevent its long- term spread
- Reorientation of patrol activities to emphasize non- emergency servicing- Police are called daily to reorient their activities to improve the daily quality of life and solve problems for citizens in the community
- Accountability to the public- police are asked to be available and to listen to the needs of citizens and address those needs when necessary
- Decentralization of command- decentralization calls for having the police working in the neighborhoods and communities where crime may occur, not only in the station house or anonymously driving around town.
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Community Policing
- United States
- Zero Tolerance Policies- strict enforcement of laws against minor offenses as a means of preventing more serious crimes
- CompStat- most famous example of the use of computer technology to analyze crime data and access the extent of crime in NYC
- Enables police to identify trouble spots and target the appropriate resources to fight crime strategically.
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Community Policing
- England- arguably the first to implement community policing in the early 1800’s. New emphasis is called reassurance policing, which calls for a focus on addressing,” signal crimes and disorders,” that increase fear of crime and has an adverse effect on peoples sense of security and causes them to alter their beliefs or behaviors.
- France- Police de proximite- official slogan of the National Police- equivalent of community policing- emphasizes improved relations between the police, the public and governmental agencies.
- Germany- KoB- older specially trained officers who have been assigned to a beat or patrol. They perform what are traditionally the major functions of community police officers.
- Japan- model of effective community policing. Koban- small local police station- one that provides direct access to the police for community members and calls for police to address local crime issues
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Community Policing
- China- Unique forms of community policing (totalitarian state) - “mass line” strategies, “Yanda” campaigns, and” Building Little Safe and Civilized Communities.”
- China adapts many of the traditional community policing strategies- crime prevention through environmental design, developing positive relationships with local communities, and increasing police presence in high crime areas.
- Saudi Arabia- Does not engage in community policing in traditional ways. Instead, community policing is said to take place in a variety of ways, such as religious education in mosques that teaches about the destructive impact of crime and the harshness of punishment.
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Diversity
- Improve how police interact with diverse populations
- police must be trained to be more culturally sensitive to those they serve
- countries with such problems must enact legislation that protects minorities and addresses discrimination
- sincere efforts must be made to develop strategies to improve police relations with ethnic communities
- The diversification of the police force itself
- the police should reflect the diversity of the population that it is serving
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Privatization
- Private Police- any independent or proprietary commercial organization that provides protective services to employers on a contractual basis
- Ex. Uniformed guards protecting businesses
- One of the fastest growing components of policing
- Reasons: fearful public, decreased govt. budgets
- Concerns about private policing: lack of regulation, quality issues, legal accountability, lack of ability to coordinate with public security agencies
- England- it is now estimated that there are more private officers than sworn officers
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
Police Corruption
- Police corruption- police officers act corruptly when in exercising or failing to exercise their authority, they act with the primary intention of furthering private advantage
- No geographical region in the world is untouched by this problem
- Includes developing and fully developed countries
- Common forms of police corruption
- Corruption of authority *Internal Payoffs
- Kickbacks *Ticket Fixing
- Opportunistic theft *Hazing
- Shakedowns *Fixing
- Direct criminal activity *Protection
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
International Police Cooperation
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
- Goals of international police cooperation
- Share intelligence on criminal activities that assists with the investigation and apprehension of criminal suspects in one or more jurisdictions
- Create new training and education opportunities, including bilateral exchange of personnel and ideas
- Provide technical assistance that will help under- resourced police agencies
- Allow for officers to work in other countries to address crime issues of mutual concern
- Build professional relationships for future collaboration
International Police Cooperation
- Interpol- works with local and national police agencies to share information among its members regarding a range of international policing and crime issues
- Names, fingerprints, DNA profiles on international criminals, etc.
- UNODC- formed by United Nations
- Three main areas: providing technical support to countries wishing to fight illegal drugs, crime, and terrorism, conducting research about these issues, and assists countries that wish to develop legislation and treaties regarding drugs, crime, and terrorism
- Europol- European Law Enforcement- acts as an information clearing house, lacks the executive powers of search and seizure and arrest
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
International Police Cooperation
- Peace operations- term used to describe the range of military, police, and civilian interventions that seek to restore order and create a sustainable society after a period of war.
- United Nations Police(UNPOL)- main organization that carries out these peace operations
- Supports the reformation, restructuring, and rebuilding of domestic police and other law enforcement, and in some instances is directly responsible for all law enforcement functions, including the maintenance of law and order.
- Officers authorized to arrest, detain, and search
- Police have learned that by working together and sharing information they can better solve issues pertaining to crime
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
5th Edition
