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Schwinghammer’s Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 12th Edition
Chapter 54: Acute Kidney Injury: There’s Nothing Cute About It Level II
Scott Bolesta
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email Customer Success ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Assess a patient with AKI using clinical and laboratory data.
Classify AKI in a patient.
Distinguish between AKI resulting from prerenal and that from intrinsic injury.
Recommend changes to the pharmacotherapeutic regimen of a patient with AKI.
Justify appropriate therapeutic interventions for a patient with AKI.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I feel really weak.”
HPI
A 72yearold man presents to the ED with complaints of severe weakness that started this morning and recent stomach pain for the past week. He was feeling well until he developed stomach pain 1 week ago that worsened with meals. Two days ago, the pain worsened to the point where he avoided eating, and last evening he felt more tired than usual and went to bed early. He had difficulty sleeping due to the pain, and since waking this morning he has been in too much pain and too weak to perform his normal ADLs.
PMH
HTN × 30 years
CAD × 20 years
MI × 2 with most recent 2 months ago s/p PCI with drugeluting stent placement
s/p CABG 20 years ago
HFrEF × 4 years
OA × 5 year
FH
Father died of an acute MI at age 52; mother had diabetes mellitus and died of a stroke at the age of 65.
SH
Retired and living at home with his wife. Before retirement, the patient was employed as an accountant. No alcohol, no tobacco use.
Meds
Aspirin 81 mg PO daily
Amlodipine 10 mg PO once daily
Furosemide 40 mg PO once daily
Metoprolol succinate 50 mg PO once daily
Enalapril 20 mg PO once daily
Prasugrel 10 mg PO daily
Atorvastatin 80 mg PO daily
Naproxen 500 mg PO BID
All
NKA
ROS
In addition to weakness and stomach pain, the patient complains of feeling cold but denies chills or fever. No changes in vision. Denies SOB, CP, and cough. Complains of feeling lightheaded. Has been having frequent loose black stools over the past 3 days and abdominal pain that has become severe in the past 2 days. Has noted a decrease in the frequency of his urination over the past 24 hours. Denies musculoskeletal pain or cramping.
Physical Examination
Gen
Pale man who appears in moderate distress and generally weak and lethargic
VS
BP 89/43 mm Hg (77/32 mm Hg on standing), P 123 bpm, RR 25, T 36.1°C; Wt 171.6 lb (78 kg), Ht 5′9″ (175 cm)
Skin
Pale and cool with poor turgor
HEENT
PERRLA; EOMI; fundi normal; conjunctivae pale and dry; TMs intact; tongue and mouth dry
Neck/Lymph Nodes
No JVD or HJR; no lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly
Lungs
No crackles or rhonchi
CV
Tachycardic with regular rhythm; normal S1, S2; no S3; faint S4; no MRG
Abd
Rigid with guarding, epigastric tenderness, ND; no HSM; hyperactive BS
Genit/Rect
Stool heme (+); slightly enlarged prostate
MS/Ext
Weak pulses; no peripheral edema; mild swelling of MCP joints of both hands
Neuro
A&O × 3; CNs intact; DTRs 2+; Babinski (–)
Labs
Na 132 mEq/L Ca 8.6 mg/dL
K 5.6 mEq/L Mg 2.1 mg/dL
Cl 97 mEq/L Phos 4.3 mg/dL
CO2 22 mEq/L WBC 8.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 53 mg/dL Hgb 7.6 g/dL
SCr 1.8 mg/dL Hct 22.5%
Glu 123 mg/dL Plt 96 × 103/mm3
Assessment
Admit to hospital for evaluation and management of dehydration, evaluation for acute GI bleed, and potential acute kidney injury.
Clinical Course
On admission, the patient was resuscitated aggressively with balanced crystalloids given IV and multiple transfusions (4 units of PRBCs). His home medications were held, he was started on a continuous IV pantoprazole infusion of 8 mg/hr, and he underwent an emergent EGD. During endoscopy, a large ulcer in the gastric antrum was found with an exposed spurting artery. Endoscopic therapy was unsuccessful, and the patient was taken to the OR for surgical intervention. He was hypotensive in the OR (BP 70 mm Hg systolic on average) and was started on a norepinephrine infusion to maintain a stable BP. Postoperatively, he remained on mechanical ventilation, and his urine output averaged 35 mL/hr over the first 12 postoperative hours despite continued IV hydration and repeated transfusions in the OR. He also remained on norepinephrine for a continued low BP. On the morning of postoperative day 1, his labs were as follows:
Na 134 mEq/L Ca 8.2 mg/dL
K 5.4 mEq/L Mg 2.2 mg/dL
Cl 111 mEq/L Phos 4.7 mg/dL
CO2 19 mEq/L WBC 14.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 49 mg/dL Hgb 10.3 g/dL
SCr 2.5 mg/dL Hct 29.8%
Glu 145 mg/dL Plt 112 × 103/mm3
Urinalysis also showed muddy brown casts, urine sodium of 72 mEq/L, and specific gravity of 1.004. The patient remained on mechanical ventilation and norepinephrine, his urine output had not improved, and his chest radiograph showed diffuse bilateral pulmonary edema with a decrease in O2
saturation to 86%. An echocardiogram revealed hypokinesis of the anterior portion of the left ventricle and an EF of 25%. The patient was started on dobutamine, and an internal jugular vein catheter was inserted and CVVHDF was begun.
Assessment
A 72yearold man with an acute UGI bleed, AKI, and volume overload heart failure.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of AKI postoperatively?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s AKI postoperatively?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of AKI based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy for AKI in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient’s AKI?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic options are available for treating AKI?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for the AKI and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
FollowUp: Monitor and Evaluate
5 . Explain how to monitor and evaluate the care plan for medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence by using clinical and laboratory data, patient feedback, and other information.
CLINICAL COURSE
On postoperative day 5, his pulmonary edema had resolved, he had been weaned off norepinephrine and dobutamine, the dialysis catheter was removed, and he was extubated. His subsequent hospital course was uneventful, and his kidney function gradually improved.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Evaluate the evidence regarding the effectiveness of intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride compared to balanced crystalloids (eg, Plasmalyte, Ringer’s lactate) in volume resuscitation for outcomes related to kidney function.
2 . Write a brief paper that discusses the utilization of intravenous sodium bicarbonate in the setting of AKI in patients who present with shock.
CLINICAL PEARL
Most laboratory markers of kidney function (eg, serum creatinine) in patients with AKI usually lag behind the true change in GFR, often by a day or more. Therefore, adjustment of drug therapy dosing in these patients can be challenging, and often trends in urine output over the previous hours are used to anticipate the need to make dose adjustments.
REFERENCES
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Inter Suppl. 2012;2:1–138.
Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):829–839. [PubMed: 29485925]
Prowle JR, Kirwan CJ, Bellomo R. Fluid management for the prevention and attenuation of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:37–47. [PubMed: 24217464]
Palevsky PM. Renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20:76–84. [PubMed: 23265599]
Ejaz AA, Mohandas R. Are diuretics harmful in the management of acute kidney injury? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23:155–160. [PubMed: 24389731]
Kellum JA, Lameire N. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (part 1). Crit Care. 2013;17:204. [PubMed: 23394211]
Texas Southern University Sch of Pharmacy
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2024731 12:10 P Your IP is 132.174.248.24 Chapter 54: Acute Kidney Injury: There’s Nothing Cute About It Level II, Scott Bolesta ©2024 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 1 / 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Schwinghammer’s Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 12th Edition
Chapter 54: Acute Kidney Injury: There’s Nothing Cute About It Level II
Scott Bolesta
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email Customer Success ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Assess a patient with AKI using clinical and laboratory data.
Classify AKI in a patient.
Distinguish between AKI resulting from prerenal and that from intrinsic injury.
Recommend changes to the pharmacotherapeutic regimen of a patient with AKI.
Justify appropriate therapeutic interventions for a patient with AKI.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I feel really weak.”
HPI
A 72yearold man presents to the ED with complaints of severe weakness that started this morning and recent stomach pain for the past week. He was feeling well until he developed stomach pain 1 week ago that worsened with meals. Two days ago, the pain worsened to the point where he avoided eating, and last evening he felt more tired than usual and went to bed early. He had difficulty sleeping due to the pain, and since waking this morning he has been in too much pain and too weak to perform his normal ADLs.
PMH
HTN × 30 years
CAD × 20 years
MI × 2 with most recent 2 months ago s/p PCI with drugeluting stent placement
s/p CABG 20 years ago
HFrEF × 4 years
OA × 5 year
FH
Father died of an acute MI at age 52; mother had diabetes mellitus and died of a stroke at the age of 65.
SH
Retired and living at home with his wife. Before retirement, the patient was employed as an accountant. No alcohol, no tobacco use.
Meds
Aspirin 81 mg PO daily
Amlodipine 10 mg PO once daily
Furosemide 40 mg PO once daily
Metoprolol succinate 50 mg PO once daily
Enalapril 20 mg PO once daily
Prasugrel 10 mg PO daily
Atorvastatin 80 mg PO daily
Naproxen 500 mg PO BID
All
NKA
ROS
In addition to weakness and stomach pain, the patient complains of feeling cold but denies chills or fever. No changes in vision. Denies SOB, CP, and cough. Complains of feeling lightheaded. Has been having frequent loose black stools over the past 3 days and abdominal pain that has become severe in the past 2 days. Has noted a decrease in the frequency of his urination over the past 24 hours. Denies musculoskeletal pain or cramping.
Physical Examination
Gen
Pale man who appears in moderate distress and generally weak and lethargic
VS
BP 89/43 mm Hg (77/32 mm Hg on standing), P 123 bpm, RR 25, T 36.1°C; Wt 171.6 lb (78 kg), Ht 5′9″ (175 cm)
Skin
Pale and cool with poor turgor
HEENT
PERRLA; EOMI; fundi normal; conjunctivae pale and dry; TMs intact; tongue and mouth dry
Neck/Lymph Nodes
No JVD or HJR; no lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly
Lungs
No crackles or rhonchi
CV
Tachycardic with regular rhythm; normal S1, S2; no S3; faint S4; no MRG
Abd
Rigid with guarding, epigastric tenderness, ND; no HSM; hyperactive BS
Genit/Rect
Stool heme (+); slightly enlarged prostate
MS/Ext
Weak pulses; no peripheral edema; mild swelling of MCP joints of both hands
Neuro
A&O × 3; CNs intact; DTRs 2+; Babinski (–)
Labs
Na 132 mEq/L Ca 8.6 mg/dL
K 5.6 mEq/L Mg 2.1 mg/dL
Cl 97 mEq/L Phos 4.3 mg/dL
CO2 22 mEq/L WBC 8.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 53 mg/dL Hgb 7.6 g/dL
SCr 1.8 mg/dL Hct 22.5%
Glu 123 mg/dL Plt 96 × 103/mm3
Assessment
Admit to hospital for evaluation and management of dehydration, evaluation for acute GI bleed, and potential acute kidney injury.
Clinical Course
On admission, the patient was resuscitated aggressively with balanced crystalloids given IV and multiple transfusions (4 units of PRBCs). His home medications were held, he was started on a continuous IV pantoprazole infusion of 8 mg/hr, and he underwent an emergent EGD. During endoscopy, a large ulcer in the gastric antrum was found with an exposed spurting artery. Endoscopic therapy was unsuccessful, and the patient was taken to the OR for surgical intervention. He was hypotensive in the OR (BP 70 mm Hg systolic on average) and was started on a norepinephrine infusion to maintain a stable BP. Postoperatively, he remained on mechanical ventilation, and his urine output averaged 35 mL/hr over the first 12 postoperative hours despite continued IV hydration and repeated transfusions in the OR. He also remained on norepinephrine for a continued low BP. On the morning of postoperative day 1, his labs were as follows:
Na 134 mEq/L Ca 8.2 mg/dL
K 5.4 mEq/L Mg 2.2 mg/dL
Cl 111 mEq/L Phos 4.7 mg/dL
CO2 19 mEq/L WBC 14.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 49 mg/dL Hgb 10.3 g/dL
SCr 2.5 mg/dL Hct 29.8%
Glu 145 mg/dL Plt 112 × 103/mm3
Urinalysis also showed muddy brown casts, urine sodium of 72 mEq/L, and specific gravity of 1.004. The patient remained on mechanical ventilation and norepinephrine, his urine output had not improved, and his chest radiograph showed diffuse bilateral pulmonary edema with a decrease in O2
saturation to 86%. An echocardiogram revealed hypokinesis of the anterior portion of the left ventricle and an EF of 25%. The patient was started on dobutamine, and an internal jugular vein catheter was inserted and CVVHDF was begun.
Assessment
A 72yearold man with an acute UGI bleed, AKI, and volume overload heart failure.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of AKI postoperatively?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s AKI postoperatively?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of AKI based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy for AKI in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient’s AKI?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic options are available for treating AKI?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for the AKI and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
FollowUp: Monitor and Evaluate
5 . Explain how to monitor and evaluate the care plan for medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence by using clinical and laboratory data, patient feedback, and other information.
CLINICAL COURSE
On postoperative day 5, his pulmonary edema had resolved, he had been weaned off norepinephrine and dobutamine, the dialysis catheter was removed, and he was extubated. His subsequent hospital course was uneventful, and his kidney function gradually improved.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Evaluate the evidence regarding the effectiveness of intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride compared to balanced crystalloids (eg, Plasmalyte, Ringer’s lactate) in volume resuscitation for outcomes related to kidney function.
2 . Write a brief paper that discusses the utilization of intravenous sodium bicarbonate in the setting of AKI in patients who present with shock.
CLINICAL PEARL
Most laboratory markers of kidney function (eg, serum creatinine) in patients with AKI usually lag behind the true change in GFR, often by a day or more. Therefore, adjustment of drug therapy dosing in these patients can be challenging, and often trends in urine output over the previous hours are used to anticipate the need to make dose adjustments.
REFERENCES
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Inter Suppl. 2012;2:1–138.
Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):829–839. [PubMed: 29485925]
Prowle JR, Kirwan CJ, Bellomo R. Fluid management for the prevention and attenuation of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:37–47. [PubMed: 24217464]
Palevsky PM. Renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20:76–84. [PubMed: 23265599]
Ejaz AA, Mohandas R. Are diuretics harmful in the management of acute kidney injury? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23:155–160. [PubMed: 24389731]
Kellum JA, Lameire N. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (part 1). Crit Care. 2013;17:204. [PubMed: 23394211]
Texas Southern University Sch of Pharmacy
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2024731 12:10 P Your IP is 132.174.248.24 Chapter 54: Acute Kidney Injury: There’s Nothing Cute About It Level II, Scott Bolesta ©2024 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 2 / 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Schwinghammer’s Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 12th Edition
Chapter 54: Acute Kidney Injury: There’s Nothing Cute About It Level II
Scott Bolesta
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email Customer Success ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Assess a patient with AKI using clinical and laboratory data.
Classify AKI in a patient.
Distinguish between AKI resulting from prerenal and that from intrinsic injury.
Recommend changes to the pharmacotherapeutic regimen of a patient with AKI.
Justify appropriate therapeutic interventions for a patient with AKI.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I feel really weak.”
HPI
A 72yearold man presents to the ED with complaints of severe weakness that started this morning and recent stomach pain for the past week. He was feeling well until he developed stomach pain 1 week ago that worsened with meals. Two days ago, the pain worsened to the point where he avoided eating, and last evening he felt more tired than usual and went to bed early. He had difficulty sleeping due to the pain, and since waking this morning he has been in too much pain and too weak to perform his normal ADLs.
PMH
HTN × 30 years
CAD × 20 years
MI × 2 with most recent 2 months ago s/p PCI with drugeluting stent placement
s/p CABG 20 years ago
HFrEF × 4 years
OA × 5 year
FH
Father died of an acute MI at age 52; mother had diabetes mellitus and died of a stroke at the age of 65.
SH
Retired and living at home with his wife. Before retirement, the patient was employed as an accountant. No alcohol, no tobacco use.
Meds
Aspirin 81 mg PO daily
Amlodipine 10 mg PO once daily
Furosemide 40 mg PO once daily
Metoprolol succinate 50 mg PO once daily
Enalapril 20 mg PO once daily
Prasugrel 10 mg PO daily
Atorvastatin 80 mg PO daily
Naproxen 500 mg PO BID
All
NKA
ROS
In addition to weakness and stomach pain, the patient complains of feeling cold but denies chills or fever. No changes in vision. Denies SOB, CP, and cough. Complains of feeling lightheaded. Has been having frequent loose black stools over the past 3 days and abdominal pain that has become severe in the past 2 days. Has noted a decrease in the frequency of his urination over the past 24 hours. Denies musculoskeletal pain or cramping.
Physical Examination
Gen
Pale man who appears in moderate distress and generally weak and lethargic
VS
BP 89/43 mm Hg (77/32 mm Hg on standing), P 123 bpm, RR 25, T 36.1°C; Wt 171.6 lb (78 kg), Ht 5′9″ (175 cm)
Skin
Pale and cool with poor turgor
HEENT
PERRLA; EOMI; fundi normal; conjunctivae pale and dry; TMs intact; tongue and mouth dry
Neck/Lymph Nodes
No JVD or HJR; no lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly
Lungs
No crackles or rhonchi
CV
Tachycardic with regular rhythm; normal S1, S2; no S3; faint S4; no MRG
Abd
Rigid with guarding, epigastric tenderness, ND; no HSM; hyperactive BS
Genit/Rect
Stool heme (+); slightly enlarged prostate
MS/Ext
Weak pulses; no peripheral edema; mild swelling of MCP joints of both hands
Neuro
A&O × 3; CNs intact; DTRs 2+; Babinski (–)
Labs
Na 132 mEq/L Ca 8.6 mg/dL
K 5.6 mEq/L Mg 2.1 mg/dL
Cl 97 mEq/L Phos 4.3 mg/dL
CO2 22 mEq/L WBC 8.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 53 mg/dL Hgb 7.6 g/dL
SCr 1.8 mg/dL Hct 22.5%
Glu 123 mg/dL Plt 96 × 103/mm3
Assessment
Admit to hospital for evaluation and management of dehydration, evaluation for acute GI bleed, and potential acute kidney injury.
Clinical Course
On admission, the patient was resuscitated aggressively with balanced crystalloids given IV and multiple transfusions (4 units of PRBCs). His home medications were held, he was started on a continuous IV pantoprazole infusion of 8 mg/hr, and he underwent an emergent EGD. During endoscopy, a large ulcer in the gastric antrum was found with an exposed spurting artery. Endoscopic therapy was unsuccessful, and the patient was taken to the OR for surgical intervention. He was hypotensive in the OR (BP 70 mm Hg systolic on average) and was started on a norepinephrine infusion to maintain a stable BP. Postoperatively, he remained on mechanical ventilation, and his urine output averaged 35 mL/hr over the first 12 postoperative hours despite continued IV hydration and repeated transfusions in the OR. He also remained on norepinephrine for a continued low BP. On the morning of postoperative day 1, his labs were as follows:
Na 134 mEq/L Ca 8.2 mg/dL
K 5.4 mEq/L Mg 2.2 mg/dL
Cl 111 mEq/L Phos 4.7 mg/dL
CO2 19 mEq/L WBC 14.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 49 mg/dL Hgb 10.3 g/dL
SCr 2.5 mg/dL Hct 29.8%
Glu 145 mg/dL Plt 112 × 103/mm3
Urinalysis also showed muddy brown casts, urine sodium of 72 mEq/L, and specific gravity of 1.004. The patient remained on mechanical ventilation and norepinephrine, his urine output had not improved, and his chest radiograph showed diffuse bilateral pulmonary edema with a decrease in O2
saturation to 86%. An echocardiogram revealed hypokinesis of the anterior portion of the left ventricle and an EF of 25%. The patient was started on dobutamine, and an internal jugular vein catheter was inserted and CVVHDF was begun.
Assessment
A 72yearold man with an acute UGI bleed, AKI, and volume overload heart failure.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of AKI postoperatively?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s AKI postoperatively?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of AKI based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy for AKI in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient’s AKI?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic options are available for treating AKI?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for the AKI and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
FollowUp: Monitor and Evaluate
5 . Explain how to monitor and evaluate the care plan for medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence by using clinical and laboratory data, patient feedback, and other information.
CLINICAL COURSE
On postoperative day 5, his pulmonary edema had resolved, he had been weaned off norepinephrine and dobutamine, the dialysis catheter was removed, and he was extubated. His subsequent hospital course was uneventful, and his kidney function gradually improved.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Evaluate the evidence regarding the effectiveness of intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride compared to balanced crystalloids (eg, Plasmalyte, Ringer’s lactate) in volume resuscitation for outcomes related to kidney function.
2 . Write a brief paper that discusses the utilization of intravenous sodium bicarbonate in the setting of AKI in patients who present with shock.
CLINICAL PEARL
Most laboratory markers of kidney function (eg, serum creatinine) in patients with AKI usually lag behind the true change in GFR, often by a day or more. Therefore, adjustment of drug therapy dosing in these patients can be challenging, and often trends in urine output over the previous hours are used to anticipate the need to make dose adjustments.
REFERENCES
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Inter Suppl. 2012;2:1–138.
Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):829–839. [PubMed: 29485925]
Prowle JR, Kirwan CJ, Bellomo R. Fluid management for the prevention and attenuation of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:37–47. [PubMed: 24217464]
Palevsky PM. Renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20:76–84. [PubMed: 23265599]
Ejaz AA, Mohandas R. Are diuretics harmful in the management of acute kidney injury? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23:155–160. [PubMed: 24389731]
Kellum JA, Lameire N. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (part 1). Crit Care. 2013;17:204. [PubMed: 23394211]
Texas Southern University Sch of Pharmacy
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2024731 12:10 P Your IP is 132.174.248.24 Chapter 54: Acute Kidney Injury: There’s Nothing Cute About It Level II, Scott Bolesta ©2024 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 3 / 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Schwinghammer’s Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 12th Edition
Chapter 54: Acute Kidney Injury: There’s Nothing Cute About It Level II
Scott Bolesta
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email Customer Success ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Assess a patient with AKI using clinical and laboratory data.
Classify AKI in a patient.
Distinguish between AKI resulting from prerenal and that from intrinsic injury.
Recommend changes to the pharmacotherapeutic regimen of a patient with AKI.
Justify appropriate therapeutic interventions for a patient with AKI.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I feel really weak.”
HPI
A 72yearold man presents to the ED with complaints of severe weakness that started this morning and recent stomach pain for the past week. He was feeling well until he developed stomach pain 1 week ago that worsened with meals. Two days ago, the pain worsened to the point where he avoided eating, and last evening he felt more tired than usual and went to bed early. He had difficulty sleeping due to the pain, and since waking this morning he has been in too much pain and too weak to perform his normal ADLs.
PMH
HTN × 30 years
CAD × 20 years
MI × 2 with most recent 2 months ago s/p PCI with drugeluting stent placement
s/p CABG 20 years ago
HFrEF × 4 years
OA × 5 year
FH
Father died of an acute MI at age 52; mother had diabetes mellitus and died of a stroke at the age of 65.
SH
Retired and living at home with his wife. Before retirement, the patient was employed as an accountant. No alcohol, no tobacco use.
Meds
Aspirin 81 mg PO daily
Amlodipine 10 mg PO once daily
Furosemide 40 mg PO once daily
Metoprolol succinate 50 mg PO once daily
Enalapril 20 mg PO once daily
Prasugrel 10 mg PO daily
Atorvastatin 80 mg PO daily
Naproxen 500 mg PO BID
All
NKA
ROS
In addition to weakness and stomach pain, the patient complains of feeling cold but denies chills or fever. No changes in vision. Denies SOB, CP, and cough. Complains of feeling lightheaded. Has been having frequent loose black stools over the past 3 days and abdominal pain that has become severe in the past 2 days. Has noted a decrease in the frequency of his urination over the past 24 hours. Denies musculoskeletal pain or cramping.
Physical Examination
Gen
Pale man who appears in moderate distress and generally weak and lethargic
VS
BP 89/43 mm Hg (77/32 mm Hg on standing), P 123 bpm, RR 25, T 36.1°C; Wt 171.6 lb (78 kg), Ht 5′9″ (175 cm)
Skin
Pale and cool with poor turgor
HEENT
PERRLA; EOMI; fundi normal; conjunctivae pale and dry; TMs intact; tongue and mouth dry
Neck/Lymph Nodes
No JVD or HJR; no lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly
Lungs
No crackles or rhonchi
CV
Tachycardic with regular rhythm; normal S1, S2; no S3; faint S4; no MRG
Abd
Rigid with guarding, epigastric tenderness, ND; no HSM; hyperactive BS
Genit/Rect
Stool heme (+); slightly enlarged prostate
MS/Ext
Weak pulses; no peripheral edema; mild swelling of MCP joints of both hands
Neuro
A&O × 3; CNs intact; DTRs 2+; Babinski (–)
Labs
Na 132 mEq/L Ca 8.6 mg/dL
K 5.6 mEq/L Mg 2.1 mg/dL
Cl 97 mEq/L Phos 4.3 mg/dL
CO2 22 mEq/L WBC 8.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 53 mg/dL Hgb 7.6 g/dL
SCr 1.8 mg/dL Hct 22.5%
Glu 123 mg/dL Plt 96 × 103/mm3
Assessment
Admit to hospital for evaluation and management of dehydration, evaluation for acute GI bleed, and potential acute kidney injury.
Clinical Course
On admission, the patient was resuscitated aggressively with balanced crystalloids given IV and multiple transfusions (4 units of PRBCs). His home medications were held, he was started on a continuous IV pantoprazole infusion of 8 mg/hr, and he underwent an emergent EGD. During endoscopy, a large ulcer in the gastric antrum was found with an exposed spurting artery. Endoscopic therapy was unsuccessful, and the patient was taken to the OR for surgical intervention. He was hypotensive in the OR (BP 70 mm Hg systolic on average) and was started on a norepinephrine infusion to maintain a stable BP. Postoperatively, he remained on mechanical ventilation, and his urine output averaged 35 mL/hr over the first 12 postoperative hours despite continued IV hydration and repeated transfusions in the OR. He also remained on norepinephrine for a continued low BP. On the morning of postoperative day 1, his labs were as follows:
Na 134 mEq/L Ca 8.2 mg/dL
K 5.4 mEq/L Mg 2.2 mg/dL
Cl 111 mEq/L Phos 4.7 mg/dL
CO2 19 mEq/L WBC 14.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 49 mg/dL Hgb 10.3 g/dL
SCr 2.5 mg/dL Hct 29.8%
Glu 145 mg/dL Plt 112 × 103/mm3
Urinalysis also showed muddy brown casts, urine sodium of 72 mEq/L, and specific gravity of 1.004. The patient remained on mechanical ventilation and norepinephrine, his urine output had not improved, and his chest radiograph showed diffuse bilateral pulmonary edema with a decrease in O2
saturation to 86%. An echocardiogram revealed hypokinesis of the anterior portion of the left ventricle and an EF of 25%. The patient was started on dobutamine, and an internal jugular vein catheter was inserted and CVVHDF was begun.
Assessment
A 72yearold man with an acute UGI bleed, AKI, and volume overload heart failure.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of AKI postoperatively?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s AKI postoperatively?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of AKI based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy for AKI in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient’s AKI?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic options are available for treating AKI?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for the AKI and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
FollowUp: Monitor and Evaluate
5 . Explain how to monitor and evaluate the care plan for medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence by using clinical and laboratory data, patient feedback, and other information.
CLINICAL COURSE
On postoperative day 5, his pulmonary edema had resolved, he had been weaned off norepinephrine and dobutamine, the dialysis catheter was removed, and he was extubated. His subsequent hospital course was uneventful, and his kidney function gradually improved.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Evaluate the evidence regarding the effectiveness of intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride compared to balanced crystalloids (eg, Plasmalyte, Ringer’s lactate) in volume resuscitation for outcomes related to kidney function.
2 . Write a brief paper that discusses the utilization of intravenous sodium bicarbonate in the setting of AKI in patients who present with shock.
CLINICAL PEARL
Most laboratory markers of kidney function (eg, serum creatinine) in patients with AKI usually lag behind the true change in GFR, often by a day or more. Therefore, adjustment of drug therapy dosing in these patients can be challenging, and often trends in urine output over the previous hours are used to anticipate the need to make dose adjustments.
REFERENCES
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Inter Suppl. 2012;2:1–138.
Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):829–839. [PubMed: 29485925]
Prowle JR, Kirwan CJ, Bellomo R. Fluid management for the prevention and attenuation of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:37–47. [PubMed: 24217464]
Palevsky PM. Renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20:76–84. [PubMed: 23265599]
Ejaz AA, Mohandas R. Are diuretics harmful in the management of acute kidney injury? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23:155–160. [PubMed: 24389731]
Kellum JA, Lameire N. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (part 1). Crit Care. 2013;17:204. [PubMed: 23394211]
Texas Southern University Sch of Pharmacy
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4.
5.
6.
Schwinghammer’s Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 12th Edition
Chapter 54: Acute Kidney Injury: There’s Nothing Cute About It Level II
Scott Bolesta
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email Customer Success ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Assess a patient with AKI using clinical and laboratory data.
Classify AKI in a patient.
Distinguish between AKI resulting from prerenal and that from intrinsic injury.
Recommend changes to the pharmacotherapeutic regimen of a patient with AKI.
Justify appropriate therapeutic interventions for a patient with AKI.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I feel really weak.”
HPI
A 72yearold man presents to the ED with complaints of severe weakness that started this morning and recent stomach pain for the past week. He was feeling well until he developed stomach pain 1 week ago that worsened with meals. Two days ago, the pain worsened to the point where he avoided eating, and last evening he felt more tired than usual and went to bed early. He had difficulty sleeping due to the pain, and since waking this morning he has been in too much pain and too weak to perform his normal ADLs.
PMH
HTN × 30 years
CAD × 20 years
MI × 2 with most recent 2 months ago s/p PCI with drugeluting stent placement
s/p CABG 20 years ago
HFrEF × 4 years
OA × 5 year
FH
Father died of an acute MI at age 52; mother had diabetes mellitus and died of a stroke at the age of 65.
SH
Retired and living at home with his wife. Before retirement, the patient was employed as an accountant. No alcohol, no tobacco use.
Meds
Aspirin 81 mg PO daily
Amlodipine 10 mg PO once daily
Furosemide 40 mg PO once daily
Metoprolol succinate 50 mg PO once daily
Enalapril 20 mg PO once daily
Prasugrel 10 mg PO daily
Atorvastatin 80 mg PO daily
Naproxen 500 mg PO BID
All
NKA
ROS
In addition to weakness and stomach pain, the patient complains of feeling cold but denies chills or fever. No changes in vision. Denies SOB, CP, and cough. Complains of feeling lightheaded. Has been having frequent loose black stools over the past 3 days and abdominal pain that has become severe in the past 2 days. Has noted a decrease in the frequency of his urination over the past 24 hours. Denies musculoskeletal pain or cramping.
Physical Examination
Gen
Pale man who appears in moderate distress and generally weak and lethargic
VS
BP 89/43 mm Hg (77/32 mm Hg on standing), P 123 bpm, RR 25, T 36.1°C; Wt 171.6 lb (78 kg), Ht 5′9″ (175 cm)
Skin
Pale and cool with poor turgor
HEENT
PERRLA; EOMI; fundi normal; conjunctivae pale and dry; TMs intact; tongue and mouth dry
Neck/Lymph Nodes
No JVD or HJR; no lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly
Lungs
No crackles or rhonchi
CV
Tachycardic with regular rhythm; normal S1, S2; no S3; faint S4; no MRG
Abd
Rigid with guarding, epigastric tenderness, ND; no HSM; hyperactive BS
Genit/Rect
Stool heme (+); slightly enlarged prostate
MS/Ext
Weak pulses; no peripheral edema; mild swelling of MCP joints of both hands
Neuro
A&O × 3; CNs intact; DTRs 2+; Babinski (–)
Labs
Na 132 mEq/L Ca 8.6 mg/dL
K 5.6 mEq/L Mg 2.1 mg/dL
Cl 97 mEq/L Phos 4.3 mg/dL
CO2 22 mEq/L WBC 8.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 53 mg/dL Hgb 7.6 g/dL
SCr 1.8 mg/dL Hct 22.5%
Glu 123 mg/dL Plt 96 × 103/mm3
Assessment
Admit to hospital for evaluation and management of dehydration, evaluation for acute GI bleed, and potential acute kidney injury.
Clinical Course
On admission, the patient was resuscitated aggressively with balanced crystalloids given IV and multiple transfusions (4 units of PRBCs). His home medications were held, he was started on a continuous IV pantoprazole infusion of 8 mg/hr, and he underwent an emergent EGD. During endoscopy, a large ulcer in the gastric antrum was found with an exposed spurting artery. Endoscopic therapy was unsuccessful, and the patient was taken to the OR for surgical intervention. He was hypotensive in the OR (BP 70 mm Hg systolic on average) and was started on a norepinephrine infusion to maintain a stable BP. Postoperatively, he remained on mechanical ventilation, and his urine output averaged 35 mL/hr over the first 12 postoperative hours despite continued IV hydration and repeated transfusions in the OR. He also remained on norepinephrine for a continued low BP. On the morning of postoperative day 1, his labs were as follows:
Na 134 mEq/L Ca 8.2 mg/dL
K 5.4 mEq/L Mg 2.2 mg/dL
Cl 111 mEq/L Phos 4.7 mg/dL
CO2 19 mEq/L WBC 14.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 49 mg/dL Hgb 10.3 g/dL
SCr 2.5 mg/dL Hct 29.8%
Glu 145 mg/dL Plt 112 × 103/mm3
Urinalysis also showed muddy brown casts, urine sodium of 72 mEq/L, and specific gravity of 1.004. The patient remained on mechanical ventilation and norepinephrine, his urine output had not improved, and his chest radiograph showed diffuse bilateral pulmonary edema with a decrease in O2
saturation to 86%. An echocardiogram revealed hypokinesis of the anterior portion of the left ventricle and an EF of 25%. The patient was started on dobutamine, and an internal jugular vein catheter was inserted and CVVHDF was begun.
Assessment
A 72yearold man with an acute UGI bleed, AKI, and volume overload heart failure.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of AKI postoperatively?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s AKI postoperatively?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of AKI based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy for AKI in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient’s AKI?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic options are available for treating AKI?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for the AKI and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
FollowUp: Monitor and Evaluate
5 . Explain how to monitor and evaluate the care plan for medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence by using clinical and laboratory data, patient feedback, and other information.
CLINICAL COURSE
On postoperative day 5, his pulmonary edema had resolved, he had been weaned off norepinephrine and dobutamine, the dialysis catheter was removed, and he was extubated. His subsequent hospital course was uneventful, and his kidney function gradually improved.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Evaluate the evidence regarding the effectiveness of intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride compared to balanced crystalloids (eg, Plasmalyte, Ringer’s lactate) in volume resuscitation for outcomes related to kidney function.
2 . Write a brief paper that discusses the utilization of intravenous sodium bicarbonate in the setting of AKI in patients who present with shock.
CLINICAL PEARL
Most laboratory markers of kidney function (eg, serum creatinine) in patients with AKI usually lag behind the true change in GFR, often by a day or more. Therefore, adjustment of drug therapy dosing in these patients can be challenging, and often trends in urine output over the previous hours are used to anticipate the need to make dose adjustments.
REFERENCES
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Inter Suppl. 2012;2:1–138.
Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):829–839. [PubMed: 29485925]
Prowle JR, Kirwan CJ, Bellomo R. Fluid management for the prevention and attenuation of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:37–47. [PubMed: 24217464]
Palevsky PM. Renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20:76–84. [PubMed: 23265599]
Ejaz AA, Mohandas R. Are diuretics harmful in the management of acute kidney injury? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23:155–160. [PubMed: 24389731]
Kellum JA, Lameire N. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (part 1). Crit Care. 2013;17:204. [PubMed: 23394211]
Texas Southern University Sch of Pharmacy
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2024731 12:10 P Your IP is 132.174.248.24 Chapter 54: Acute Kidney Injury: There’s Nothing Cute About It Level II, Scott Bolesta ©2024 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
Page 5 / 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Schwinghammer’s Pharmacotherapy Casebook: A PatientFocused Approach, 12th Edition
Chapter 54: Acute Kidney Injury: There’s Nothing Cute About It Level II
Scott Bolesta
Instructors can request access to the Casebook Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email Customer Success ([email protected]) for more information.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Assess a patient with AKI using clinical and laboratory data.
Classify AKI in a patient.
Distinguish between AKI resulting from prerenal and that from intrinsic injury.
Recommend changes to the pharmacotherapeutic regimen of a patient with AKI.
Justify appropriate therapeutic interventions for a patient with AKI.
PATIENT PRESENTATION
Chief Complaint
“I feel really weak.”
HPI
A 72yearold man presents to the ED with complaints of severe weakness that started this morning and recent stomach pain for the past week. He was feeling well until he developed stomach pain 1 week ago that worsened with meals. Two days ago, the pain worsened to the point where he avoided eating, and last evening he felt more tired than usual and went to bed early. He had difficulty sleeping due to the pain, and since waking this morning he has been in too much pain and too weak to perform his normal ADLs.
PMH
HTN × 30 years
CAD × 20 years
MI × 2 with most recent 2 months ago s/p PCI with drugeluting stent placement
s/p CABG 20 years ago
HFrEF × 4 years
OA × 5 year
FH
Father died of an acute MI at age 52; mother had diabetes mellitus and died of a stroke at the age of 65.
SH
Retired and living at home with his wife. Before retirement, the patient was employed as an accountant. No alcohol, no tobacco use.
Meds
Aspirin 81 mg PO daily
Amlodipine 10 mg PO once daily
Furosemide 40 mg PO once daily
Metoprolol succinate 50 mg PO once daily
Enalapril 20 mg PO once daily
Prasugrel 10 mg PO daily
Atorvastatin 80 mg PO daily
Naproxen 500 mg PO BID
All
NKA
ROS
In addition to weakness and stomach pain, the patient complains of feeling cold but denies chills or fever. No changes in vision. Denies SOB, CP, and cough. Complains of feeling lightheaded. Has been having frequent loose black stools over the past 3 days and abdominal pain that has become severe in the past 2 days. Has noted a decrease in the frequency of his urination over the past 24 hours. Denies musculoskeletal pain or cramping.
Physical Examination
Gen
Pale man who appears in moderate distress and generally weak and lethargic
VS
BP 89/43 mm Hg (77/32 mm Hg on standing), P 123 bpm, RR 25, T 36.1°C; Wt 171.6 lb (78 kg), Ht 5′9″ (175 cm)
Skin
Pale and cool with poor turgor
HEENT
PERRLA; EOMI; fundi normal; conjunctivae pale and dry; TMs intact; tongue and mouth dry
Neck/Lymph Nodes
No JVD or HJR; no lymphadenopathy or thyromegaly
Lungs
No crackles or rhonchi
CV
Tachycardic with regular rhythm; normal S1, S2; no S3; faint S4; no MRG
Abd
Rigid with guarding, epigastric tenderness, ND; no HSM; hyperactive BS
Genit/Rect
Stool heme (+); slightly enlarged prostate
MS/Ext
Weak pulses; no peripheral edema; mild swelling of MCP joints of both hands
Neuro
A&O × 3; CNs intact; DTRs 2+; Babinski (–)
Labs
Na 132 mEq/L Ca 8.6 mg/dL
K 5.6 mEq/L Mg 2.1 mg/dL
Cl 97 mEq/L Phos 4.3 mg/dL
CO2 22 mEq/L WBC 8.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 53 mg/dL Hgb 7.6 g/dL
SCr 1.8 mg/dL Hct 22.5%
Glu 123 mg/dL Plt 96 × 103/mm3
Assessment
Admit to hospital for evaluation and management of dehydration, evaluation for acute GI bleed, and potential acute kidney injury.
Clinical Course
On admission, the patient was resuscitated aggressively with balanced crystalloids given IV and multiple transfusions (4 units of PRBCs). His home medications were held, he was started on a continuous IV pantoprazole infusion of 8 mg/hr, and he underwent an emergent EGD. During endoscopy, a large ulcer in the gastric antrum was found with an exposed spurting artery. Endoscopic therapy was unsuccessful, and the patient was taken to the OR for surgical intervention. He was hypotensive in the OR (BP 70 mm Hg systolic on average) and was started on a norepinephrine infusion to maintain a stable BP. Postoperatively, he remained on mechanical ventilation, and his urine output averaged 35 mL/hr over the first 12 postoperative hours despite continued IV hydration and repeated transfusions in the OR. He also remained on norepinephrine for a continued low BP. On the morning of postoperative day 1, his labs were as follows:
Na 134 mEq/L Ca 8.2 mg/dL
K 5.4 mEq/L Mg 2.2 mg/dL
Cl 111 mEq/L Phos 4.7 mg/dL
CO2 19 mEq/L WBC 14.6 × 103/mm3
BUN 49 mg/dL Hgb 10.3 g/dL
SCr 2.5 mg/dL Hct 29.8%
Glu 145 mg/dL Plt 112 × 103/mm3
Urinalysis also showed muddy brown casts, urine sodium of 72 mEq/L, and specific gravity of 1.004. The patient remained on mechanical ventilation and norepinephrine, his urine output had not improved, and his chest radiograph showed diffuse bilateral pulmonary edema with a decrease in O2
saturation to 86%. An echocardiogram revealed hypokinesis of the anterior portion of the left ventricle and an EF of 25%. The patient was started on dobutamine, and an internal jugular vein catheter was inserted and CVVHDF was begun.
Assessment
A 72yearold man with an acute UGI bleed, AKI, and volume overload heart failure.
QUESTIONS
Collect Information
1.a. What subjective and objective information indicates the presence of AKI postoperatively?
1.b. What additional information is needed to fully assess this patient’s AKI postoperatively?
Assess the Information
2.a. Assess the severity of AKI based on the subjective and objective information available.
2.b. Create a list of the patient’s drug therapy problems and prioritize them. Include assessment of medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence.
Develop a Care Plan
3.a. What are the goals of pharmacotherapy for AKI in this case?
3.b. What nondrug therapies might be useful for this patient’s AKI?
3.c. What feasible pharmacotherapeutic options are available for treating AKI?
3.d. Create an individualized, patientcentered, teambased care plan to optimize medication therapy for the AKI and other drug therapy problems. Include specific drugs, dosage forms, doses, schedules, and durations of therapy.
Implement the Care Plan
4.a. What information should be provided to the patient to enhance adherence, ensure successful therapy, and minimize adverse effects?
4.b. Describe how care should be coordinated with other healthcare providers.
FollowUp: Monitor and Evaluate
5 . Explain how to monitor and evaluate the care plan for medication appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and patient adherence by using clinical and laboratory data, patient feedback, and other information.
CLINICAL COURSE
On postoperative day 5, his pulmonary edema had resolved, he had been weaned off norepinephrine and dobutamine, the dialysis catheter was removed, and he was extubated. His subsequent hospital course was uneventful, and his kidney function gradually improved.
SELFSTUDY ASSIGNMENTS
1 . Evaluate the evidence regarding the effectiveness of intravenous 0.9% sodium chloride compared to balanced crystalloids (eg, Plasmalyte, Ringer’s lactate) in volume resuscitation for outcomes related to kidney function.
2 . Write a brief paper that discusses the utilization of intravenous sodium bicarbonate in the setting of AKI in patients who present with shock.
CLINICAL PEARL
Most laboratory markers of kidney function (eg, serum creatinine) in patients with AKI usually lag behind the true change in GFR, often by a day or more. Therefore, adjustment of drug therapy dosing in these patients can be challenging, and often trends in urine output over the previous hours are used to anticipate the need to make dose adjustments.
REFERENCES
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Inter Suppl. 2012;2:1–138.
Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):829–839. [PubMed: 29485925]
Prowle JR, Kirwan CJ, Bellomo R. Fluid management for the prevention and attenuation of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10:37–47. [PubMed: 24217464]
Palevsky PM. Renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20:76–84. [PubMed: 23265599]
Ejaz AA, Mohandas R. Are diuretics harmful in the management of acute kidney injury? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2014;23:155–160. [PubMed: 24389731]
Kellum JA, Lameire N. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (part 1). Crit Care. 2013;17:204. [PubMed: 23394211]
Texas Southern University Sch of Pharmacy
Access Provided by:
Downloaded 2024731 12:10 P Your IP is 132.174.248.24 Chapter 54: Acute Kidney Injury: There’s Nothing Cute About It Level II, Scott Bolesta ©2024 McGraw Hill. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use • Privacy Policy • Notice • Accessibility
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