Chapters Summary

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CHAPTER 4
Police History and Organization

Our English Heritage

  • Origins of American police traceable to England

  • English heritage contributed three key ideas to American policing
  • Police have limited authority
  • Local control
  • Decentralized

English Models of Policing

  • Kin police
  • Voluntary model
  • Adult males protected neighbors

  • Frankpledge
  • Tythings
  • Hundreds
  • Shire
  • Parish-constable
  • Night watchman
  • Hue and cry

  • Uniformed police
  • Thief takers
  • Bow Street Runners
  • Metropolitan Police Act

American Policing

  • Colonists brought over the parish-constable model

  • Colonists began evading their policing duty

  • Ordinances and fines not completely effective

Origins of Organized Police

  • Threats of fines insufficient; police work not attractive

  • Philadelphia tried hiring police; approach failed

  • Public riots frequent; precursor to Revolution

  • Crime increased

Growth, Brutality, and Corruption

  • Growing population—migrants and immigrants

  • American cities implemented system similar to London police model

  • Decentralized police and local political control led to police brutality and corruption

Police Professionalism

  • Theodore Roosevelt as NYC police commissioner
  • Changed how department was run
  • Reduced corruption

  • Inspired other departments to make similar changes

August Vollmer

  • Chief of Police, Berkeley, CA; used Roosevelt’s ideas, added new ones

  • Key principles of reform agenda
  • Restrict political influence
  • Hire qualified managers
  • Redefine police role
  • Raise personnel standards
  • Apply scientific management
  • Develop specialized units

Police Professionalism

  • Professionalism movement did not fulfill its own expectations

  • Technology changed how police worked
  • Automobiles
  • Two-way radios
  • Telephones

Testing the Reform Model

  • 1960s: social unrest, clash between police and public

  • Police reforms failed to calm angry public

  • Supreme Court decisions
  • Mapp v. Ohio
  • Miranda v. Arizona
  • Katz v. United States

A Quiet Revolution

  • Community policing
  • Police/public partnership
  • Reactive strategy

  • Problem-oriented policing
  • Proactive strategy
  • Police identify problem, develop solution

  • Zero-tolerance policing
  • Broken windows theory

Local Police

  • 18,000+ local policing agencies

  • Regardless of size, local police have similar duties

  • Racial, ethnic, gender composition very different from past police

Sheriff’s Departments

  • Sheriff: Chief law enforcement officer of county
  • Usually elected

  • Duties more varied, demanding than those of city police

  • Jurisdiction may have large geographical size but small population

State Police

  • 49 states have police agencies

  • Statewide authority

  • Conduct investigations, enforce traffic laws, and respond to calls for service

Federal Police

  • Wide variety of duties

  • 73 federal policing agencies

  • Employ more than 100,000 people authorized to make arrests and carry firearms

U.S. Marshals Service

  • Oldest federal police agency

  • Enforcement arm of federal courts

  • Involved in every federal policing program

  • Broadest authority, jurisdiction of all federal officers

U.S. Secret Service

  • Established in 1865 as bureau of Department of Treasury

  • Originally created to combat currency counterfeiting

  • Now also protects President, VP, heads of state

U.S. Postal Inspection Service

  • Founded in 1737 by Benjamin Franklin

  • Investigates crimes that may adversely affect the U.S. mail, the postal system, or postal employees

Federal Bureau of Investigation

  • Principal investigation arm of the Department of Justice

  • Primary focus: counterterrorism, cyber crime, white-collar crime, organized crime, major thefts, violent crime

  • Authorized to provide support to other law enforcement agencies

International Police: Interpol

  • No official international police force

  • Interpol facilitates international police cooperation and supports organizations in preventing, combating international crimes

  • Responsibilities
  • Secure global police communication services
  • Organize data services and databases for police
  • Operate police support services

Private Security Officers

  • Not sworn officers; arrest powers restricted

  • About three times as many private security officers as public sworn officers

  • Police officers may moonlight as private security

  • Private security officers typically poorly trained