answer two of the three questions listed below in an essay format.
YYHZ
Chapter4GoodJobsBadJobsNoJobsOct520.pdf
Prepared by Karen D. Hughes, William Silver, and Harvey J. Krahn, University of Alberta
Chapters 4 Good jobs, bad jobs
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Review…
• What are some of the themes discussed last week??? • Labour force participation trends • Emergence of the service economy • Occupational changes • The Canadian Labour Market: Regional Variations
Regional Differences (Last Class) § Regional distribution of industries across Canada
§ Agriculture jobs in Manitoba and Saskatchewan § Resource-based industries on the East Coast and
in British Columbia § Oil and gas workers in Alberta § Manufacturing industries in Quebec and Ontario
§ Regional dependence on natural resources § “Single-industry towns” § Staple theory of economic growth:
“overcommitment to extraction and export of a single or few resources makes a nation or region vulnerable to world markets” (p. 84 of text)
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Table 3.3 Industry by Region, Employed Population, Canada, 2012
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Summary of Key Ideas and Concepts § Demographic shifts § “Baby boom” generation § Age distribution § Social safety nets § Visible diversity § Visible minority § Educational attainment § Lifelong learning and
learning organizations § Underemployment § Labour force participation § Primary, secondary, tertiary
sectors § Upper- and lower-tier
services § Occupation § White-, blue-, pink-collar
occupations § Staple theory of economic
growth
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1) Job Quality
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Job Quality § No universal criteria for determining what
makes a job “good” or “bad” § Individuals match job rewards with needs,
preferences, and ambitions.
§ Personal decisions shaped by quantity and quality of jobs available
§ Extrinsic job rewards § e.g., pay, benefits, security
§ Ideal job for many Canadians = full time, full year, and permanent, with steady income and security
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Income Differences § Incomes in service industries typically less than in goods-
producing industries
§ BUT significant variations within industries, across occupational groups § Higher weekly earnings for upper-tier service workers (e.g.,
professionals in business and finance) compared with lower- tier workers (e.g., chefs and servers)
§ The role of unions and professional associations § Bargaining for higher wages and full-time jobs
§ Video – What has the union done for us???
§ Gender and income § Female–male earnings ratio varies across occupations § Gender wage gap: decreasing but not significantly
§ Income distribution: average earnings of top 50 CEOs in Canada more than 235 times higher than average income in Canada
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Employment Benefits § Form of indirect pay and increased income
security § Include: paid vacation; sick leave; medical,
dental, disability, and life insurance; private pension plans; maternity/paternity leave
§ Account for more than 1/3 of total labour costs in Canada (no longer a “fringe benefit”)
§ Access varies across occupation and work status § Full-time private-sector workers, high-status
professional occupations, unionized workers with higher access to benefits
§ Older, better educated workers more likely to receive benefits
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Figure 4.1 Non-Wage Benefits by Occupation, FT/PT, and Union Status, Canada, 2005
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Occupational Status § Impacts self-image and respect of others § Higher-status jobs generally have higher
incomes; require more education, cognitive ability, and skill
§ Relationship between occupational status and gender? § “Men’s work” has traditionally had higher status
than “women’s work” § Ranking occupation status
§ Goyder and Frank (2007): asked Canadians to rank the “social standing”/occupational prestige of NOC categories
§ Boyd’s (2008) “socioeconomic status (SES) scale”: based on average income and education
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2) Nonstandard Work Arrangements
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Varieties of Nonstandard Work § Also labelled “contingent,” “precarious”
§ Increasing prevalence in all industrialized societies
§ Includes part-time, temporary, self-employment
§ Growth linked to economic difficulties; ability for employers to have greater flexibility and reduce labour costs; increase in multiple-job holders
§ Typically offer less pay, fewer benefits, less employment protection and security § Women, younger, and older workers more likely than
men, middle-aged workers to be in nonstandard jobs
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Part-Time Work § Most prevalent type of nonstandard work in
Canada § Gender differences in part-time
employment § Higher rate for adult women (21.7%) compared with men
(7.6%) in 2012 § Women comprise over two-thirds of all part-time workers in
2012.
§ Youth and part-time employment § Dramatic increase in rate of part-time work over time (almost
50% of youth worked part-time jobs in 2012)
§ Voluntary and involuntary choices § “Involuntary part-time workers”: forced to accept part-time
work because they cannot find full-time job
§ Variation across industries and occupations § Higher rates in service industries (upper and lower tiers)
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Figure 4.2 Part-Time Employment by Age and Gender, Canada, 1976–2012
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Figure 4.3 Reasons for Part-Time Work, Canada, 1975 and 2012
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Temporary Employment § Historical forms in Canada (e.g., tourism,
construction industries) § Growth of limited-term contracts (over
permanent positions) in private- and public- sector organizations
§ Lack of employment and income security § Wage gap between permanent and temporary workers
§ Trends § Roughly 25 percent in seasonal jobs; 25 percent in casual jobs;
50 percent in jobs with specific, contracted terms § Grew by 57 percent between 1997 and 2008 § Young workers heavily overrepresented in temporary work
§ Presence of temporary foreign workers (TFWs)
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Self-Employment § Overall drop in rate over time
§ Changes in agricultural sector § Increase in secondary and service sectors in
past 25 years § “Self-employed employers” versus “own-
account self-employed” § Large increase in own-account
§ Gender and self-employment § More common among men § Female own-account rising steadily
§ Dispersed across industries and occupations
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Hours and Alternative Work Arrangements § “Standard number of hours” per workweek
declining since 19th century § Polarization in hours worked
§ Long hours versus part-time § Overtime (paid and unpaid) § Alternative work schedules
§ Flextime: choosing start and stop times § Job sharing: two individuals share one full-time
job § Teleworking: working from home or in a remote
site
§ How common are flexible work arrangements?
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Midterm 1
• Posted Oct 19/20 at the start of class and – due Oct 20/20 • Chapters 1 – 4 • 2 essay questions
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