IT/ Blockchain Questions. Answer in 75 mins

Michael L

Chapter4-SoftwareandMobileApplications1.pptx

Home >Information Systems homework help >IT/ Blockchain Questions. Answer in 75 mins

Principles of Information Systems, Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 4

Software and Mobile Applications

Principles of Information Systems, Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 4

Software and Mobile Applications

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

Identify and briefly describe the functions of two basic kinds of software

Define the term “sphere of influence,” and describe how it can be used to classify software

Define the basic functions performed by the operating system

Identify current operating systems that are used for personal, workgroup, and enterprise computing

Discuss the role of the OS in embedded systems

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

Identify and briefly describe the functions of two basic kinds of software

Define the term “sphere of influence,” and describe how it can be used to classify software

Define the basic functions performed by the operating system

Identify current operating systems that are used for personal, workgroup, and enterprise computing

Discuss the role of the OS in embedded systems

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you will be able to (cont’d):

Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives

Identify three basic approaches to developing application software and discuss the pros and cons of each

Identify programming languages in use today

Identify several key software issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you will be able to (cont’d):

Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives

Identify three basic approaches to developing application software and discuss the pros and cons of each

Identify programming languages in use today

Identify several key software issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals

An Overview of Software

Software

Consists of computer programs that control the workings of computer hardware

Software can be divided into two types:

System software – includes operating system (OS), utilities, and middleware that coordinate the activities and functions of the hardware and other programs

Application software – programs that help users solve particular computing problems

An Overview of Software

Software

Consists of computer programs that control the workings of computer hardware

Software can be divided into two types:

System software – includes operating system (OS), utilities, and middleware that coordinate the activities and functions of the hardware and other programs

Application software – programs that help users solve particular computing problems

Software Sphere of Influence

Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization

Personal sphere of influence

Serves the needs of an individual user

Personal productivity software

Enables users to improve their personal effectiveness

Software Sphere of Influence

Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization

Personal sphere of influence

Serves the needs of an individual user

Personal productivity software

Enables users to improve their personal effectiveness

Software Sphere of Influence

Workgroup: two or more people working together to achieve a common goal

Workgroup sphere of influence

Helps workgroup members attain their common goals

Enterprise sphere of influence

Serves the needs of the firm in its interaction with its environment

Software Sphere of Influence

Workgroup: two or more people working together to achieve a common goal

Workgroup sphere of influence

Helps workgroup members attain their common goals

Enterprise sphere of influence

Serves the needs of the firm in its interaction with its environment

Software Sphere of Influence

Systems Software

Controls the operations of computer hardware

Supports the application programs’ problem-solving capabilities

Types of systems software

Operating systems

Utility programs

Middleware

Systems Software

Controls the operations of computer hardware

Supports the application programs’ problem-solving capabilities

Types of systems software

Operating systems

Utility programs

Middleware

Operating Systems

A set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs

Combinations of OSs, computers, and users:

Single computer with a single user

Single computer with multiple simultaneous users

Multiple computers with multiple users

Special-purpose computers

Operating Systems

A set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs

Combinations of OSs, computers, and users:

Single computer with a single user

Single computer with multiple simultaneous users

Multiple computers with multiple users

Special-purpose computers

Operating Systems

Kernel

The heart of the operating system

Controls the most critical processes of the OS

Ties all of the OS components together and regulates other programs

Rescue disk

A storage device that contains some or all of the OS and can be used to start the computer if having trouble with the primary hard disk

Operating Systems

Kernel

The heart of the operating system

Controls the most critical processes of the OS

Ties all of the OS components together and regulates other programs

Rescue disk

A storage device that contains some or all of the OS and can be used to start the computer if having trouble with the primary hard disk

Operating Systems

Functions performed by the OS

Control common computer hardware functions

Provide a user interface and input/output management

Provide a degree of hardware independence

Manage system memory

Manage processing tasks

Provide networking capability

Control access to system resources

Manage files

Operating Systems

Functions performed by the OS

Control common computer hardware functions

Provide a user interface and input/output management

Provide a degree of hardware independence

Manage system memory

Manage processing tasks

Provide networking capability

Control access to system resources

Manage files

Operating Systems

Common Hardware Functions

Get input from keyboard or another input device

Retrieve data from disks

Store data on disks

Display information on a monitor or printer

User Interface and Input/Output Management

A user interface allows individuals to access and interact with the computer system

A command-based user interface requires text commands

A graphical user interface (GUI)

The user interacts with icons and menus to send commands to the computer system

Operating Systems

Common Hardware Functions

Get input from keyboard or another input device

Retrieve data from disks

Store data on disks

Display information on a monitor or printer

User Interface and Input/Output Management

A user interface allows individuals to access and interact with the computer system

A command-based user interface requires text commands

A graphical user interface (GUI)

The user interacts with icons and menus to send commands to the computer system

Operating Systems

Other user interfaces:

A natural user interface (NUI) or multitouch interface

Speech recognition

Sight interfaces

Brain interfaces

Hardware Independence

Application program interface (API): a set of programming instructions and standards for one software program to access and use the services of another software program

Hardware independence allows software development without concern for the specific underlying hardware

Operating Systems

Other user interfaces:

A natural user interface (NUI) or multitouch interface

Speech recognition

Sight interfaces

Brain interfaces

Hardware Independence

Application program interface (API): a set of programming instructions and standards for one software program to access and use the services of another software program

Hardware independence allows software development without concern for the specific underlying hardware

Operating Systems

Memory Management

Allows the computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing

Virtual memory: hard disk space is allocated to supplement the immediate, functional memory capacity of RAM

Paging

Operating Systems

Memory Management

Allows the computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing

Virtual memory: hard disk space is allocated to supplement the immediate, functional memory capacity of RAM

Paging

Operating Systems

Processing Tasks: Five basic task management techniques

Multiuser: allows two or more users to run programs at the same time on one computer

Multiprocessing: supports running a program on more than one CPU

Multitasking: allows more than one program to run concurrently

Multithreading: allows different threads of a single program to run concurrently

Real time: responds to input instantly

Operating Systems

Processing Tasks: Five basic task management techniques

Multiuser: allows two or more users to run programs at the same time on one computer

Multiprocessing: supports running a program on more than one CPU

Multitasking: allows more than one program to run concurrently

Multithreading: allows different threads of a single program to run concurrently

Real time: responds to input instantly

Operating Systems

Networking Capability

Allows computers in a network to send and receive data and share computing resources

Access to System Resources and Security

Provides protection against unauthorized access to the users’ data and programs

Establishes a logon procedure

May control access to specific system resources

Tracks who is using the system, length of use, and attempted security breaches

Operating Systems

Networking Capability

Allows computers in a network to send and receive data and share computing resources

Access to System Resources and Security

Provides protection against unauthorized access to the users’ data and programs

Establishes a logon procedure

May control access to specific system resources

Tracks who is using the system, length of use, and attempted security breaches

Operating Systems

File Management

Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed

Protects files from access by unauthorized users

Operating Systems

File Management

Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed

Protects files from access by unauthorized users

Current Operating Systems

Personal Computing Operating Systems

Microsoft PC OS

As of Windows 10, Microsoft is moving away from releasing major new versions, but will provide ongoing, incremental upgrades and improvements

Personal Computing Operating Systems

Microsoft PC OS

As of Windows 10, Microsoft is moving away from releasing major new versions, but will provide ongoing, incremental upgrades and improvements

Personal Computing Operating Systems

Apple Computer OS

Mac OS X has been upgraded multiple times

First eight versions were named after big cats

Latest versions are named after places in California

Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan is the latest version

Mac users can set up their computers to run both Windows and Mac OS X

Personal Computing Operating Systems

Apple Computer OS

Mac OS X has been upgraded multiple times

First eight versions were named after big cats

Latest versions are named after places in California

Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan is the latest version

Mac users can set up their computers to run both Windows and Mac OS X

Personal Computing Operating Systems

Linux

Open-source operating system

Three of the most widely used distributions come from software companies:

Red Hat

SUSE

Canonical

openSUSE is the distribution sponsored by SUSE

Personal Computing Operating Systems

Linux

Open-source operating system

Three of the most widely used distributions come from software companies:

Red Hat

SUSE

Canonical

openSUSE is the distribution sponsored by SUSE

Personal Computing Operating Systems

Google: Android and Chrome

Chrome OS

Linux-based operating system designed for netbooks and nettops

Designed to run on inexpensive low-power computers

Chromium OS: an open-source version of Chrome OS

Android: an operating system for mobile devices

80 percent of mobile phones worldwide use Android

Personal Computing Operating Systems

Google: Android and Chrome

Chrome OS

Linux-based operating system designed for netbooks and nettops

Designed to run on inexpensive low-power computers

Chromium OS: an open-source version of Chrome OS

Android: an operating system for mobile devices

80 percent of mobile phones worldwide use Android

Workgroup Operating Systems

Windows Server provides:

A powerful Web server management system

Virtualization tools that allow various operating systems to run on a single server

Advanced security features

Robust administrative support

UNIX

Can be used on many computer system types and platforms

Workgroup Operating Systems

Windows Server provides:

A powerful Web server management system

Virtualization tools that allow various operating systems to run on a single server

Advanced security features

Robust administrative support

UNIX

Can be used on many computer system types and platforms

Workgroup Operating Systems

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server can manage a cluster of several servers

Mac OS X Server

First modern server OS from Apple

Based on the UNIX OS

Makes it easy to collaborate, develop software, host Web sites and wikis, configure Mac and iOS devices, and remotely access a network

Workgroup Operating Systems

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server can manage a cluster of several servers

Mac OS X Server

First modern server OS from Apple

Based on the UNIX OS

Makes it easy to collaborate, develop software, host Web sites and wikis, configure Mac and iOS devices, and remotely access a network

Enterprise Operating Systems

Examples of mainframe OSs

z/OS: IBM’s first 64-bit enterprise OS

HP-UX from Hewlett-Packard

Linux

Enterprise Operating Systems

Examples of mainframe OSs

z/OS: IBM’s first 64-bit enterprise OS

HP-UX from Hewlett-Packard

Linux

Mobile Operating Systems

Smartphones employ full-fledged computer OSs

Google Android

Apple iOS

Microsoft Windows Phone

Mobile Operating Systems

Smartphones employ full-fledged computer OSs

Google Android

Apple iOS

Microsoft Windows Phone

Embedded Operating Systems

Embedded system: a computer system (including a processor) implanted in and dedicated to the control of another device

Popular OSs for embedded systems

Windows embedded

Proprietary Linux-based systems: Sony’s Wii; and OSs in e-book readers, ATMs, smartphones, networking devices, and media players

Embedded Operating Systems

Embedded system: a computer system (including a processor) implanted in and dedicated to the control of another device

Popular OSs for embedded systems

Windows embedded

Proprietary Linux-based systems: Sony’s Wii; and OSs in e-book readers, ATMs, smartphones, networking devices, and media players

Utility Programs

Utility program: a program that helps to perform maintenance or correct problems with a system

Utility Programs

Utility program: a program that helps to perform maintenance or correct problems with a system

Utility Programs

Hardware utilities

Security utilities

File-compression utilities

Spam-filtering utilities

Network and Internet utilities

Server and mainframe utilities

Other utilities: mobile device management (MDM), defraggers, system cleaners, etc.

Utility Programs

Hardware utilities

Security utilities

File-compression utilities

Spam-filtering utilities

Network and Internet utilities

Server and mainframe utilities

Other utilities: mobile device management (MDM), defraggers, system cleaners, etc.

Middleware

Software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data

Can also be used as an interface between the Internet and private corporate systems

Enterprise application integration (EAI): tying together of disparate applications

Service-oriented architecture (SOA): a software design approach using modules to provide specific functions as services to other applications

Middleware

Software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data

Can also be used as an interface between the Internet and private corporate systems

Enterprise application integration (EAI): tying together of disparate applications

Service-oriented architecture (SOA): a software design approach using modules to provide specific functions as services to other applications

Application Software

Application programs’ primary function

To apply the power of the computer to enable people, workgroups, and the entire enterprise to solve problems and perform specific tasks

Many software options are available

Software can be selected that best meets the needs of the individual, workgroup, or enterprise

Application Software

Application programs’ primary function

To apply the power of the computer to enable people, workgroups, and the entire enterprise to solve problems and perform specific tasks

Many software options are available

Software can be selected that best meets the needs of the individual, workgroup, or enterprise

Overview of Application Software

Proprietary software: a one-of-a-kind program for a specific application

Owned by the company, organization, or person that uses it

Off-the-shelf software: software mass-produced by software vendors

Addresses needs that are common across businesses, organizations, or individuals

Overview of Application Software

Proprietary software: a one-of-a-kind program for a specific application

Owned by the company, organization, or person that uses it

Off-the-shelf software: software mass-produced by software vendors

Addresses needs that are common across businesses, organizations, or individuals

Overview of Application Software

Cloud service providers

Companies that provide software, data storage, and other services via the Internet

Software as a service (SaaS)

Businesses subscribe to Web-delivered business application software

Vendors include Oracle, SAP, NetSuite, Salesforce, and Google

Amazon is considered one of the leading public cloud service providers because of Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform

Overview of Application Software

Cloud service providers

Companies that provide software, data storage, and other services via the Internet

Software as a service (SaaS)

Businesses subscribe to Web-delivered business application software

Vendors include Oracle, SAP, NetSuite, Salesforce, and Google

Amazon is considered one of the leading public cloud service providers because of Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform

Personal Application Software

Word Processing

Create, edit, and print text documents

Spreadsheet Analysis

Perform statistical, financial, logical, database, graphics, and date and time calculations using a wide range of built-in functions

Database Applications

Store, manipulate, and retrieve data

Personal Application Software

Word Processing

Create, edit, and print text documents

Spreadsheet Analysis

Perform statistical, financial, logical, database, graphics, and date and time calculations using a wide range of built-in functions

Database Applications

Store, manipulate, and retrieve data

Personal Application Software

Presentation Graphics Program

Develop graphs, illustrations, drawings, and presentations

Personal Information Managers

Helps people, groups, and organizations store useful information, such as a list of tasks to complete or a set of names and addresses

Personal Application Software

Presentation Graphics Program

Develop graphs, illustrations, drawings, and presentations

Personal Information Managers

Helps people, groups, and organizations store useful information, such as a list of tasks to complete or a set of names and addresses

Personal Application Software

Software Suites and Integrated Software Packages

A collection of single programs packaged together in a bundle

Suites can include: word processor, spreadsheet, database management, graphics, communications tools, and organizers

Programs are designed to work similarly

Bundled suite is cost effective

Personal Application Software

Software Suites and Integrated Software Packages

A collection of single programs packaged together in a bundle

Suites can include: word processor, spreadsheet, database management, graphics, communications tools, and organizers

Programs are designed to work similarly

Bundled suite is cost effective

Personal Application Software

Other Personal Application Software

TurboTax: tax-preparation program

Software for creating Web pages and sites, composing music, and editing photos and videos

Educational and reference

Entertainment, games, and leisure

Computer-assisted design (CAD)

Statistical software: SPSS and SAS

Personal Application Software

Other Personal Application Software

TurboTax: tax-preparation program

Software for creating Web pages and sites, composing music, and editing photos and videos

Educational and reference

Entertainment, games, and leisure

Computer-assisted design (CAD)

Statistical software: SPSS and SAS

Personal Application Software

Mobile Application Software

Number of apps has exploded

Hundreds of thousands of applications have been developed by third parties

Thousands of applications are available for iPhones from the Apple App Store

Over one million apps are available in the Android market on Google’s Play Store

Microsoft and other software companies are investing in mobile app software

Personal Application Software

Mobile Application Software

Number of apps has exploded

Hundreds of thousands of applications have been developed by third parties

Thousands of applications are available for iPhones from the Apple App Store

Over one million apps are available in the Android market on Google’s Play Store

Microsoft and other software companies are investing in mobile app software

Personal Application Software

Workgroup Application Software

Workgroup application software

Designed to support teamwork with people in the same location or dispersed around the world

Groupware helps groups of people work together more effectively

Also called collaborative software

Workgroup Application Software

Workgroup application software

Designed to support teamwork with people in the same location or dispersed around the world

Groupware helps groups of people work together more effectively

Also called collaborative software

Enterprise Application Software

Enterprise application software

Software that benefits an entire organization

Helps managers and workers stay connected

Cost, installation and ability to integrate with other software are major considerations in selecting this software

Usability on smartphones and mobile devices is also an important factor

Enterprise Application Software

Enterprise application software

Software that benefits an entire organization

Helps managers and workers stay connected

Cost, installation and ability to integrate with other software are major considerations in selecting this software

Usability on smartphones and mobile devices is also an important factor

Enterprise Application Software

Application Software for Transaction Processing, Business Analytics, and Competitive Advantage

Available in every industry

Examples:

Blackboard and other learning management software

Software to visualize and analyze the human genome

Natural resource planning

Application Software for Transaction Processing, Business Analytics, and Competitive Advantage

Available in every industry

Examples:

Blackboard and other learning management software

Software to visualize and analyze the human genome

Natural resource planning

Programming Languages

Programming languages

Sets of keywords, commands, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements

Allows humans to communicate instructions to a computer

Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language

Programming Languages

Programming languages

Sets of keywords, commands, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements

Allows humans to communicate instructions to a computer

Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language

Programming Languages

Compiler: a special software program that converts the programmer’s source code into the machine-language instructions

Software development kits (SDKs) and integrated development environments (IDEs) have made software development easier than ever

IDE combines all the tools required for software engineering into one package

SDKs often serve the purpose of an IDE for a particular platform

Programming Languages

Compiler: a special software program that converts the programmer’s source code into the machine-language instructions

Software development kits (SDKs) and integrated development environments (IDEs) have made software development easier than ever

IDE combines all the tools required for software engineering into one package

SDKs often serve the purpose of an IDE for a particular platform

Programming Languages

Software Issues and Trends

Software issues:

Software bugs

Copyrights and licensing

Freeware and open-source software

Upgrades

Global software support

Software Issues and Trends

Software issues:

Software bugs

Copyrights and licensing

Freeware and open-source software

Upgrades

Global software support

Software Bugs

Software bug: a defect in a program that keeps it from performing as it should

Tips for reducing the impact of software bugs

Check read-me files for solutions to known problems

Access the support area of the manufacturer’s Web site for patches

Install the latest software updates

Make sure you can recreate the bug and then call the manufacturer’s tech support line

Software Bugs

Software bug: a defect in a program that keeps it from performing as it should

Tips for reducing the impact of software bugs

Check read-me files for solutions to known problems

Access the support area of the manufacturer’s Web site for patches

Install the latest software updates

Make sure you can recreate the bug and then call the manufacturer’s tech support line

Copyrights and Licenses

Most software products are protected by law using copyright or licensing provisions:

In some cases, you are given unlimited use of software on one or two computers

In other cases, you pay for your usage; if you use the software more, you pay more

Some software now requires that you register or activate it before it can be fully used

Single-user license

Permits you to install the software on one or more computers, used by one person

Copyrights and Licenses

Most software products are protected by law using copyright or licensing provisions:

In some cases, you are given unlimited use of software on one or two computers

In other cases, you pay for your usage; if you use the software more, you pay more

Some software now requires that you register or activate it before it can be fully used

Single-user license

Permits you to install the software on one or more computers, used by one person

Freeware and Open-Source Software

Freeware: software that is made available to the public for free

Open-source software: distributed, typically for free, with the source code

Freeware and Open-Source Software

Freeware: software that is made available to the public for free

Open-source software: distributed, typically for free, with the source code

Freeware and Open-Source Software

GNU General Public License (GPL) grants you the right to:

Run the program for any purpose

Study how the program works and adapt it to your needs

Redistribute copies so you can help others

Improve the program and release improvements to the public

Freeware and Open-Source Software

GNU General Public License (GPL) grants you the right to:

Run the program for any purpose

Study how the program works and adapt it to your needs

Redistribute copies so you can help others

Improve the program and release improvements to the public

Software Upgrades

Software companies revise their programs and sell new versions periodically

Software upgrades vary widely in the benefits that they provide

Developing an upgrading strategy is important for many businesses

Helps to ensure that updated software is more stable with fewer errors and problems

Software Upgrades

Software companies revise their programs and sell new versions periodically

Software upgrades vary widely in the benefits that they provide

Developing an upgrading strategy is important for many businesses

Helps to ensure that updated software is more stable with fewer errors and problems

Global Software Support

Supporting local operations is one of the biggest challenges IS teams face when putting together standardized, company-wide systems

Outsourcing global support to one or more third-party distributors is gaining acceptance

Global Software Support

Supporting local operations is one of the biggest challenges IS teams face when putting together standardized, company-wide systems

Outsourcing global support to one or more third-party distributors is gaining acceptance

Summary

Software is valuable in helping individuals, workgroups, and entire enterprises achieve their goals

The OS is called the “soul of the computer” because it controls how you enter data into your computer, perform meaningful work, and display results

Organizations typically use off-the-shelf software to meet common business needs and proprietary software to meet unique business needs

The software industry continues to undergo constant change; computer users need to be aware of recent trends and issues in the software industry to be effective in their business and personal life

Summary

Software is valuable in helping individuals, workgroups, and entire enterprises achieve their goals

The OS is called the “soul of the computer” because it controls how you enter data into your computer, perform meaningful work, and display results

Organizations typically use off-the-shelf software to meet common business needs and proprietary software to meet unique business needs

The software industry continues to undergo constant change; computer users need to be aware of recent trends and issues in the software industry to be effective in their business and personal life