Psychology

Psychology

Chapter 4STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS PowerPoint Image Slideshow

Figure 4.1

 Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily

lives. Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled Zwei

schlafende Mädchen auf der Ofenbank, which translates as “two sleeping girls on the stove,” by Swiss painter Albert Anker.)

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Circadian Change in Body Temperature (Source: Waterhouse et al ., 2012)

Sleep

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Figure 4.2

 This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours

in a group of eight young men. Body temperature rises throughout the

waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest

point occurring during the very early morning hours.

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H po halamus

Pi hary gland

m gland

Suprac · asm · c nu leus {SC )

Figure 4.3

 The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brain’s clock mechanism. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina.

Figure 4.4

 Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help

people maintain a regular circadian cycle. They can be helpful for people

working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light.

- lrrilab lity - tncreas d h an rat v riability - Cognitive imp irm nt - Ris of h an dis as - Memory lapses or loss - Im ir d mor I 1udgm nt - s v r y wning - Hallucinations - Symptoms similar to ADHD

- Increased reaction time - Decreas d accuracy - Tremors -Aches

- Impaired immune system

0th r: - Growth suppression

- Risk of diabetes Typ 2 - Ris of ob sicy - D ere d e

Figure 4.5

 This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep

deprivation. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body

systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. (credit: modification of

work by Mikael Häggström)

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Figure 4.6

 This is a segment of a polysonograph (PSG), a recording of several physical variables during sleep. The x-axis shows passage of time in seconds; this record includes 30 seconds of data. The location of the sets of electrode that produced each signal is labeled on the y-axis. The red bo x encompasses EEG output, and the waveforms are characteristic of a specific stage of sleep. Other curves show other sleep-related data, such as body temperature, muscle activity, and heartbeat.

Sup ach1asmatic nucleus (SCN)

Figure 4.7

 The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep.

Figure 4.8

 Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep.

(credit “sleeping”: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi)

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Tim (s conds}

Figure 4.9

 Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep.

Sleep spindle

K-comptex

Figure 4.10

 Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles

and K-complexes.

Figure 4.11

(a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize

(b) low-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep.

Figure 4.12

 (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment.

The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red b ox in (a),

look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness.

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Figure 4.13

 A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a

period of sleep. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through

the various stages of sleep.

Figure 4.14

 (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b)

affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth.

Stimulants

P<yr. or h ,.-,1$

Amphet mines Khat Ritalin tti~,. "' i

Haldol

R1sperdal Seroquel

Cocaine Caffeine N1coone Theophy11tne Theobromlne

Depressants

Figure 4.16

 This figure illustrates various drug

categories and overlap among

them. (credit: modification of

work by Derrick Snider)

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Figure 4.17

 The GABA-gated chloride (Cl-) channel is embedded in the cell membrane of certain neurons. The channel has multiple receptor sites where alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines bind to exert their effects. The binding of these molecules opens the chloride channel, allowing negatively-charged chloride ions (Cl-) into the neuron's cell body. Changing its charge in a negative direction pushes the neuron away from firing; thus, activating a GABA neuron has a quieting effect on the brain.

Figure 4.18

 Crack rocks like these are

smoked to achieve a high.

Compared with other routes

of administration, smoking a

drug allows it to enter the

brain more rapidly, which can often enhance the

user’s experience. (credit: modification of work by U.S. Department of Justice)

Figure 4.19

 As one of their

mechanisms of action,

cocaine and

amphetamines block the

reuptake of dopamine

from the synapse into the

presynaptic cell.

Figure 4.20

(a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit.

(b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman)

Figure 4.21

 Psychedelic images like these are often a ssociated with hallucinogenic

compounds. (credit: modification of work by “new 1lluminati”/Flickr)

Figure 4.22

 Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the

United States.(credit: Laurie Avocado)

Figure 4.23

 Popular

portrayals of

hypnosis have

led to some

widely-held

misconceptions.

Figure 4.24

(a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part.

(b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk)