Week Three Assignment: Descriptive Statistics & Data Displays

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Chapter 4     A Picture Really Is Worth

a Thousand Words

What You Will Learn in Chapter 4

 Understanding why a picture is really worth a thousand words

 Creating a histogram and a polygon  Understanding the different shapes of

different distributions  Using SPSS to create incredibly cool charts  Creating different types of charts and

understanding their application and uses

Why Illustrate Data?

 A visual representation is an effective way to examine the characteristics of a data set.

Ten Ways to a Great Figure 1. Minimize the junk. 2. Plan before you start creating. 3. Say what you mean; mean what you say. 4. Label everything. 5. Communicate ONE idea. 6. Keep things balanced. 7. Maintain the scale in the graph. 8. Simple is best, and less is more. 9. Limit the number of words. 10. The chart alone should convey what you want

to say.

Creating a Frequency Distribution

 Method of tallying and representing the number of times a certain score occurs

 Usually group scores into interval classes/ranges

The Classiest of Intervals

 A class interval is a range of numbers.

 This is the first step in the creation of a frequency distribution.

Creating Class Intervals  Step 1: Determine the size of each interval. Select

a class interval that has a range of 2, 5, 10, or 20 data points.

 Step 2: Select a class interval so that 10–20 of the class intervals cover the entire range of data.

 Step 3: Begin listing the class interval with a multiple of that interval.

 Step 4: The largest interval goes at the top of the frequency distribution.

Frequency Distribution  Step 1. Determine the range.  Step 2. Decide on the number of class

intervals.  Step 3. Decide on the size of the class

interval.  Step 4. Decide the starting point for the first

class.  Step 5. Create the class intervals.  Step 6. Put the data into the class intervals.

Frequency Distribution Example

Creating a Histogram

 Step 1: Using a piece of graph paper, place values at equal distance along the x-axis. Now identify the midpoint of the class intervals.

 Step 2: Draw a bar or column around each midpoint that represents the entire class interval, and make its height represent the frequency of that class interval.

Histograms  Class Intervals Along the x-Axis

Hand-Drawn Histogram

Tally-Ho Method

 A continuous line that represents the frequencies of scores within a class interval

Frequency Polygon

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

Other Cool Charts

 Column Chart

Line Chart

Cool Ways to Chart Data

 Pie Chart

Using the Computer to Illustrate Data  Creating Histogram Graphs

Using the Computer to Illustrate Data  Creating Bar Graphs

Using the Computer to Illustrate Data  Creating Line Graphs

Using the Computer to Illustrate Data  Creating Pie Graphs

Chapter 4     �A Picture Really Is Worth a Thousand Words�
What You Will Learn in Chapter 4
Why Illustrate Data?
Ten Ways to a Great Figure
Creating a Frequency Distribution
The Classiest of Intervals
Creating Class Intervals
Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution Example
Creating a Histogram
Histograms
Hand-Drawn Histogram
Tally-Ho Method
Frequency Polygon
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Other Cool Charts
Line Chart
Cool Ways to Chart Data
Using the Computer to Illustrate Data
Using the Computer to Illustrate Data
Using the Computer to Illustrate Data
Using the Computer to Illustrate Data